Latitude December 2021

Latitude, Volume 8, Issue 1, December 2021 ISSN 2395-2520 1
3 Latitude, Volume 8, Issue 1, December 2021 ISSN 2395-2520

LATITUDE is the official research journal published annually by the

Government College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Sanquelim, Goa.
Volume 8, Issue 1, December, 2021
ISSN 2395-2520
Editorial Board :
Editor : Dr. Soniya Sirsat, Professor in Hindi

9423316038 (M), E-mail : [email protected]
Members : 1) Dr. Sneha Prabhu Mahambre , Associate Professor in Marathi
2) Dr. Rajesh Parvatkar, Assistant Professor in Organic Chemistry
3) Dr. Suphala Pujari, Assistant Professor in Zoology
4) Dr. Guruprasad Naik, Assistant Professor in Economics
Publisher: Dr. Gervasio S. F. L. Mendes, Professor and Principal, Government

College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Sanquelim, Goa.
www.gcascs.ac.in Email: [email protected]
© Principal, Government College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Sanque-

lim, Goa reserves all rights.
No portion of the research articles from this research journal ‘Latitude 2018-2021’
shall be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated in any form without the
prior written permission from the Publisher.
Disclaimer:
The statements made in or opinions expressed in the published research articles
are exclusively those of the contributors and do not necessarily express views
either of the editorial board or of college authorities.
Cover design: Dr. K. R. Badiger
Printed at: Ra Printers,

Panaji - Goa
Rama Harmalkar 9326102225
Editorial
We are glad to present the Volume 8, Issue 1 of the research Journal ‘Latitude
December 2021’. The journal established in the year 2010 is now seeking attention of
research scholars and critics which are promising signs. We could reach this stage through
the constant support and intellectual generosity of the contributors and readers.
The ‘Latitude’ aims to advance research-based knowledge that can help to improve
the teaching, learning, and understanding process at all educational levels. The journal
encourages both empirical and the theoretical contributions and reaches out to scholars of
varied disciplines.
We deeply regret for not being able to reach out to our readers during COVID-19
pandemic outbreak due to administrative constraints. The Journal is now in your hand.
Enrich yourself and spread the fragrance of knowledge all around. Happy reading !
Prof. Soniya Sirsat

Editor, ‘Latitude’, December 2021
VISION
EMPOWERMENT
FOR
SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
THROUGH
HOLISTIC EDUCATION WITH A HUMANE APPROACH
Message from the Publisher
It gives me immense pleasure to pen these few lines as the Publisher of our Research
Journal Latitude , Volume 8, Issue 1, December 2021. Latitude provides an outlet to our
forays in Research.
Although Covid 19 created administrative difficulties, but in no way it could dampen
our spirit to undertake research and contribute to the society. I urge my colleagues
to continue in their journey so that our research insights can make an impact on our
surroundings.
I congratulate the Editor and her team for the painstaking efforts in this endeavor.
Prof. Gervasio S. F. L. Mendes

Principal
MISSION
TO INITIATE POSITIVE SOCIAL CHANGE

THROUGH
EQUAL OPPORTUNITY
AND
DIVERSE APPROACHES,
IN A HEALTHY, RESPONSIVE
AND
INCLUSIVE ENVIRONMENT
Contents
1 Socio Economic Status of Migrant Labourers of Cuncolim Industrial Estate
*Baptist Rebelo and S.S Hiremath 09
2 Preliminary Study of Socio-Economic Status of Fish Vendors In Goa.
Manda Parab 24
3 Mentoring: How Important Is It For Rural Students?
Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes 29
4 In The Aftermath of Iron Ore Mining In Goa and Imbroglio Among The People
Guruprasad R. Naik* 44
5 Some Demographic Aspects of Women Population In Goa: A Spatial Perspective
Dr. K. R. Badiger, Sunayana P. Haldankar, 65
6 A Study of Msmes Relief Measures on The Stressed Msmes Sector In Goa After
Covid-19
Namdev M. Gawas 78
7 Psychological Murder Mystery In Ruth Rendell`S The Bridesmaid
Vitthal Gangaram Shinde 84
8 Effect of Seawater Concentration on The Production of Butyrolactone I In
Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus Terreus,
Rajesh R. Parvatkar 89
9 A Comparison of Occurrence of Fossils of Two Whale Families
(Cetacea Brisson ,1762: Odontoceti Flower,1867): Kogiidae and Kentriodontidae
S. Pujari* And P.S. Bhatnagar** 95
10 Dimensions of Destination Image of Goa
Vanita Patil Gaude 101
11 Exploring Psychological Challenges Through English Fiction
Saiee Ganesh Dhargalkar 107
12 Digitalization of Learning
Ms. Shilpa Satoskar 115
13 H$m|H$Ur MiditV ~m`bm§Mmo dm§Q>mo AmZr Am`Mr XmdoXmar
Cd©er Zm`H$ 122
14 {dœZmW àgmX {Vdmar Ûmam a{MV g¨ñ‘aU ‘EH$ Zmd Ho$ `mÌr’: EH$ AZwerbZ
Á`mo{V ~modmbH$a 125
15 qhXr H$Wm gm{hË` ‘| d¥ÜX {d‘e
VZwOm Jm§dH$a 128
16 {ÌbmoMZ emór Ho$ H$mì` ‘| {M{ÌV ào‘ Ho$ {d{dY ê$n
gmo{Z`m {gagmQ> 131
17 a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imMo H${dVobm ‘m¡{bH$ `moJXmZ
ñZohm gwdmg à^w ‘hm§~ao 137
OBJECTIVES
1) To continually enhance the quality of teaching-learning and evaluation
through the optimum use of latest and rapidly evolving technology
2) To equip the learners with the required skills in interpersonal interactions,
knowledge and global outlook for gainful employment and entrepreneurship
through the adoption of the National Education Policy 2020
3) To mould our learners into worthy citizens of the country and the world with
strong moral and ethical values
4) To continuously strive towards an inclusive and plural society through positive
discrimination
5) To facilitate capacity building of local communities
Socio Economic Status of Migrant Labourers of

Cuncolim Industrial Estate
Baptist Rebelo
Assistant Professor, Dept of Geography, Government College of Arts, Science and
Commerce Sanquelim-Goa
S.S Hiremath
Associate Professor, (Retired) Dept of Geography, Parvatibai Chowgule college of Arts &
Science (Autonomous) Gogol, Margao-Goa
ABSTRACT
M igration is one of the most important factors that determine the population change in any
region. After the liberation of Goa, it has been attracting migrants from all over India and
there has been large inflow of migrant labourers from different parts of the country for its prosperity.
The high demand for labor, better job opportunities, higher wages, and high standard of living
favor’s the migration process. Socio economic status is essential characteristics of developing
countries in the world. It tries to explain the actual situation of population in a particular region.
The Study focuses on socio economic conditions of migrant labourers of Cuncolim Industrial Estate
as the significant number of migrants could be seen in industries or construction activities. Native
labour is unable to meet the demand for cheap casual labour as they have higher educational
attainment and varied skills, which results in higher wage rate. The acute demand for cheap casual
labour is met by the incorporation of large number of migrant labours from backward districts
of the country. It tries to explain about labor migration which is a common phenomenon that has
existed for several decades and due to increasing industrial development there has been significant
movement of labor from neighboring and other states. The aim of the project is to examine socio-
economic and cultural life of Migrant labourers working at Cuncolim Industrial Estate.
KEY WORDS:
Labor migration, socio economic conditions, education, occupation, industrial estate
INTRODUCTION
Migration is known as the movement of people or the shift of residence from one place to the
other in order to settle down in the latter permanently or semi-permanently (Sawant & Athavale,
1994). Migration entails movement of people from one locality or location to another, sometimes
over long distances and in large groups. Migration of people occurs for various reasons: exodus
during ethnic conflict, natural disaster, political instability, economic hardship as well as search of
economic and social improvement, betterment of livelihood and so on. (Economic and Statistical
Organization, Department of Planning, Government of Punjab)
Socio Economic Status of Migrant Labourers of Cuncolim Industrial Estate Baptist Rebelo, S.S Hiremath
Labour migration in particular means moving from one place to another for the purpose of
labor (work) in order to earn a livelihood. Labour migration may be defined as form of Labour
mobility towards districts or states or outside where industry and employment are expanding.
International Labour Organization (2011) estimates the migrant workers at 105 million worldwide.
According to International Labour Organization (2015) labour migrant workers contribute to
growth and development at their place of destination, while place of origin greatly benefits from
their remittances and sills acquired during their migration experience.
Chandna (2001) affirms that migrants migrate from less developed areas to more developed
areas for their economic development by getting job or employment. This is basically based on
two factors namely push and pull factors. In rural areas poverty, unbearable employment, low
wages, lack of education, health facilities and so on tends them to migrate in other areas. Whereas
pull factors include better employment opportunities, regular ad higher wages, better amenities
of living, facilities of education and health, etc. Labour migrants are concentrated mainly near
industrial estates, urban centers which provide them with amenities, work and so on.
Since liberation and increasing industrial development there has been significant movement of
labour either from neighboring states and other states. Migration of workers has become a social,
economic and universal phenomenon in modern times. Due to the expansion of transport and
communication, it has become a part of worldwide process of urbanization and Goa being a world
known tourist destination has lot of economic growth potential and has been attracting lot of labour
forces from other parts of the nation and is also likely to face the problems due to the in-migration
of migrant labours.
Review of Literature
1) (Balaji & Das, 2015) Socio-Economic Conditions of House Construction Workers in
Vijayawada City. The analysis done to understand the socio economic conditions of house
construction workers, and also to analyze the workers economic status by using the category
of labour i.e. skilled, un-skilled basis. The results shows the problems of construction workers,
like low wages, lack of social security, exploitation from contractors and degraded social
status and also the problems from money lenders. By using structured questionnaire data was
collected, results are discussed and recommendations are offered for improving the economic
conditions of construction workers.
2) (K & Viswanath, 2015) Socio-Economic Conditions of Migrant Labourers -an Empirical
Study in Kerala. Though more and more employment is being generated, such employment is
characterized by poor working conditions and lack of effective social protection. In the above
context, this paper makes an empirical study of the socio-economic conditions of unorganized
sector domestic migrant labourers (DML) in Ernakulam District of central Kerala and suggests
strategies for improving the working and living conditions of the migrant labourers.
3) (Mukherjee, Bino, & J, 2014 ) Migrant Workers in Informal Sector: A Probe into Working
Conditions. The research discusses the socio- economic aspects of migrant labourers with
respect to their livelihoods, wages, working conditions. Cues from the literature show that
the socio-economic condition of the migrant workers is far below the level, due to migrants’
transitional and informal nature of employment. In addition, lack of skill and educational
attainment among migrants renders them to a vulnerable economic and social life in the city.
Cues emerging from this study points out that these workers get higher wages in their current
work than wages they would have earned in their region of origin.
4) (Saikia, 2016) The Socio-economic Status of Migrant Workers in Thiruvananthapuram District
of Kerala, India .This paper examines the socio-economic condition of the migrant workers
in Kerala. It analyses the income, consumption and savings pattern, and nature of work of
the migrant workers in the Thiruvananthapuram district, based on data from a sample of 166
migrant workers. Poor economic conditions in the native place and high wage rate and better
employment opportunities in Kerala have been identified as the main reasons of migration to
Kerala. Notwithstanding the improved income level the living condition for most of migrant
workers is deplorable, most of them live together in either poor rented houses or work sites
with one room shared by many, without proper provision of hygienic sanitation.
5) (Srinivasan & Illango, 2012) Research study focuses on Socio Economic Condition and
problems of Migrant Women Workers. The migrant women workers face several problems
such as low wages, health hazards, sexual exploitation and denial of their fundamental rights.
Through this study the researcher aims to analyze the life of these migrant.
6) (Economic and Statistical Organisation, 2009) A Study on the Problems of Migrant Labour
in Punjab. The large scale in-migration to Punjab by labours/workers more as seasonal as
permanent is concern for many. This research also deals with problems arising through
migrants in two districts of Punjab.
Objectives of the study
1. To assess the personal and work profile of the migrants
2. To understand the factors responsible for their migration
3. To study the social status and economic conditions of migrant workers.
DATA ANALYSIS
DEMOGRAPHIC STATUS
Table 1: Age structure of migrant labourers
The table 1 shows age structure of migrant labourers in Cuncolim Industrial estate. The age of
migrant labourers varies from 18 to 55. Out of surveyed 150 migrant labourers there were 147 male
and only 3 females. 43% of migrant labourers belong to active working age of 26-30. 21% were
found in the category of 31-50. Around 11% of migrant labourers belong to the age group of 41-45.
The age group of 46-55 has only 2 migrant labourers. The economic development and prosperity of
an industry largely depends on the demographic composition and quality of its people.
Table 2: Educational qualification
As regards to educational background of the respondents only one migrant labourer has
completed his graduation, while 53% of migrant labourers have completed upto metric. 43% of
migrant labourers studied upto 8th. Whereas 2 migrant labourers went to primary school and left
due to economic condition. One migrant labourer was illiterate and hence she works as a helper in
the industry.
Table 3: No. of earning and dependent members in each family
The social status is also determined by the number of earning and dependent members in the
family. It is an important indicator of social and economic development. There are 836 family
members in 150 migrant labourers surveyed where in some of them migrated and living with them
and rest all are there in the native place. From the table it is noticed that around 67% of family
members are dependent on these migrant labourers. Most of them are children, housewives and
old aged people. Some of the family members are unemployed in their parent state and so they are
dependent on the income earned by these migrant labourers.
Table 4: Migrant labourers working in different positions
Migrant labourers do different kinds of work in the industries. The table shows migrant
labourers working in different position. 72% of migrant labourers do manual work in the industry
like helpers. 4% of migrant labourers work as a security, while 5.3% of migrant labourers work as
machine operators. 15 migrant labourers works as welders, fabricators. Very few of them work as
painters, packers, etc. 6% of migrant labourers works as boiler operators in chemical industries.
MIGRATION STATUS
Figure 1: Occupation before migration
35% of migrant labourers were unemployed before coming to Goa due to lack of job
opportunities. Figure 1 shows most of the migrant labourers were from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
wherein they were practicing agriculture before migration which earned very little income. 25% of
migrant labourers were daily waged labourers or working in industries in their parent state. Only
2% of migrant labourers were other kinds of jobs like painters, other household works.
Figure 2: Place of Migration
Figure 2 shows place of migration of migrant labourers. 51% of migrant labourers hailed from
Uttar Pradesh due to high unemployment rates in the state which is followed by Jharkhand which
constitutes 16% of total migrant labourers. 14% of migrant labourers were from Bihar. Assam and
Karnataka constitutes 7% of total migrant labourers in Cuncolim Industrial estate. 4% of migrant
labourers came from Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Orissa
Table 5: Reasons for migration
72% of migrant labourers migrated due to income, lack of economic assets in their families.
Most of them were unemployed and engaged in primary activities like agriculture their income
was very low, to attain higher income they migrate it to Goa. Whereas, 17.3% of migrant labourers
migrated due to unemployment in their parent state. 11% of migrant labourers moved due to attain
better job opportunities in Goa.
RESIDENTIAL STATUS
Most of the migrant labourers in Cuncolim industrial estate live in rental rooms in which most
of the rooms are shared by many people. The rented house consists of only one or two rooms and
migrant labourers cook and rest in the same room. The rented house is constructed with cemented
walls and roofing is made with galvanized sheets and the floor of the house is without tiles. The
rented houses have electricity and tap water connection. All Migrant labourers have access to
toilets and bathrooms. The migrant labors that are living in the vicinity of industrial estate have
no access to toilets and they defecate in the open. Many companies provide housing facilities and
food arrangements. Since the migrant labourers lives on rental basis make use of gas and in some
companies food is shared by migrants living together. The workers who earned less income didn’t
have access to any appliances like TV, Private vehicles, Refrigerator and Air conditioner. Only 20
migrant labourers have TV in their living room. 4 migrant labourers have 2 wheeler and 2 of them
have 4 wheeler at the place of destination. Only 2 migrant labourers have Refrigerator in their
house. Similarly only 1 migrant has Air conditioner in his house.
HEALTH STATUS OF MIGRANT LABOURERS
Table 6: Treatment taken by migrant labourers
Health is an important aspect of social as well as economic development of either people or

state’s development. The migrant labourers mostly go to private doctors and clinics for any illness
they suffer. Out of total workers surveyed 119 members visit private doctors for their medical
checkup. There were only 28 migrant workers who visit government hospitals for their healthcare
facilities. There were 3 migrant labourers who take health care facilities from both government as
well as private doctors.
Table 7: Unhealthy habits of migrant labourers
Migrant labourers have a habit of chewing tobacco; smoking and consuming alcohol. 69
migrant labourers were found to be not indulged in unhealthy habits. 65 migrant labourers have a
habit of both chewing tobacco and consuming alcohol. Whereas, 8 migrant labourers have a habit
of chewing tobacco only. Similarly 8 migrant labourers have a habit of drinking alcohol.
Table 8: Garbage disposal by migrant labourers
About 49% of migrant labourers dispose their garbage in the dustbin provided by the Cuncolim
Municipality. Whereas, 37% of migrant labourers dispose the garbage in the open field which
pollutes the environment. 14% of migrant labourers burn the waste created by them.
ECONOMIC STATUS
Income of migrant labourers before migration:
Generally, migrant labourers come from economically backward areas to earn higher income.
Thus it was important to know their income before coming to Goa. The table below shows the
income categories and No. of workers of migrant laborers before migrating from their place.
Table 9: Income of migrant labourers before migration
Table 10: Yearly income of migrant labours after migration.
One migrant labors annual income is very less i.e. he earns only 43200 Rs. 44 migrant labourers
per head income is about 95000 Rs and 20.5 % migrant labourers are falling in this category. 86
migrant labourers per head per year income is 137000 Rs which can be stated as moderate income.
Totally 57% of migrant labourers fall under moderate category of earnings. 14 migrant labourers
per head per year income is about 200000 compared to above categories it can be classified as high
income and 12.5% of migrant labourers are found in this category. 5 migrant labourers per head per
year income is more than 3.5 lakhs, which can be considered as very high income and about 9% of
migrant labourers are falling in this category. The table makes it clear that the average per head per
year earnings is not so high and can be categorized as moderate. However the monthly salary paid
to migrant labourers varies from 3600 to 50000 Rs.
Table11: Use of Paired t test to know change in economic status.
Notes: T test indicates that there is significant difference in the income of migrant labourers
after the migration, since p < .01. The average mean before migration was 2352.34 and 11316.10
after migration. The average per head income before migration was very less and it is the main reason
for migration. The T test clearly shows the income level of migrant labours and thereby evaluates
their economic condition before and after migration. The test also proves that the economic status
of migrant labourers has substantially improved.
Money spent by migrant labourers on different aspects

In the research it was observed that migrant labourers are spending different amount of money
earned on several aspects like food, fuel, clothes, utensils, rent, health and medicines, entertainment,
unaesthetic habits, and money spent of travelling to their native place. Migrant labourers also send
part of their earned money to their parents and relatives who are living in their native place. The
following observation reveals the same. The table below shows money spent by migrant labourers
on different aspects per year.
Table 12: Money spent by migrant labourers on different aspects
Table 13: Economic Status of migrant labourers.
The table shows economic status of migrant labourers of selected samples of 150. To know
the economic status it is necessary to take out annual earnings, annual expenditures, and annual
remittances sent to their families and remaining balance after all expenditures. The very low
category income group migrant earns around 43200 and spends Rs 42000 and only 2.86% that is
Rs 1200 is remaining with him incurring all expenditures. From the low category income group it
is noticed that averagely they save around 6% of total income after all expenses. Moderate income
group migrant labourers’ saves around 7% of total income for any emergency expenses. There is a
gradual increase in remaining balance of high income category migrant labourers which is 250800
that is 11%. Since income of very high income category is very high the remaining balance is huge.
Although their expense is more they tend save more money which constitutes around 47% of their
total income. To conclude, as income increases the savings also increases and through the study of
remaining balance economic status of migrant labourers can be determined.
Table 14: Anova test showing income and habit of expenses does not differ with locations of
labours
The anova test was conducted to show the economic conditions of migrant labourers in
Cuncolim Industrial Estate and for that purpose Yearly income, Total expenditure and Balance
(savings) were taken into consideration. The hypothesis was made whether economic conditions of
migrant labourers is same or varies from labourer to labourer by taking location into consideration.
Similarly whether due to varying income led to difference in spending pattern is considered.
Whether the income and place of migration has any difference in their spending pattern. There is
significant difference in spending habits of labors on unhealthy habits, travelling, rent and clothes
and utensils. As each migrant labourer earns different amount of money their spending pattern also
differs. All migrant labourers do not attain the habit of chewing tobacco and drinking alcohol as
the P value is less than 0.5 (P=0.023). Similarly in the case of travelling all migrants have come
from different places, and each migrant spends different amount of money. Therefore the P value
for money spent by labourers on travelling is 0.018. All the migrant labourers do not spend same
amount of money on clothes. Some of the companies provides clothing for the migrant labourers
and the P value is 0.001. The money spent on clothes is less than any other expenses of the migrant
labourers. There is a significant difference in the saving of migrant labourers as the mean value
differs from one location to the other. The balance of migrant labourers from all the three location
i.e. North, North east and South shows significant difference in their savings after remittances.
Whereas the other aspect like spendings on entertainment, food, fuel, remittances, medicines do
not show significant difference with respect to locations of labours. Therefore the null hypothesis is
accepted that the income and habit of expenses does not differ with locations of labours.
CONCLUSION
In the research it was observed that migrant labourers have come from different states like
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand of our countries with different social background. The social
status of migrant labourers invariably differs from the locals and 35% of migrant labourers were
unemployed before coming to Goa. Most of the migrant labourers were practicing agriculture
before migration and rest migrant labourers were engaged in industrial activities and other manual
work. Further it was noticed that less income, poor economic and financial conditions were the
main reasons for migration and other reasons were unemployment and better working opportunities
in Goa. Out of total migrant labourers surveyed there were 147 males and only 3 females. The
age of migrant labourers varies from 18 to 55. Forty Three of migrant labourers belong to active
working age of 26-30. The Literacy level of migrant workers is not satisfactory as most of the
migrant labourers didn’t complete their education. Around 67% of family members are dependent
on migrant labourers working in Cuncolim Industrial estate. Most of the dependents consist of
children, housewives and old aged people. Further, most of the migrant labourers working in
Cuncolim industrial estate live in rental rooms and each room is shared by many people. All
facilities are found in the rented houses. Majority of migrant labourers are (79%) taking medical
treatment from private doctors. Most of the migrant labourers have a habit of chewing tobacco,
smoking and drinking alcohol. The social status is quite different from the local people and their
living condition, sanitation conditions differs them from with local people and hence found to be
socially excluded. In the research it was observed that the economic condition of migrant labourers
was very bad before migrating to Goa and the yearly income of migrant labourers has increased
substantially after coming to Goa. The increase in per head earnings of migrant labourers helped
them to spend more money for their different requirements like food, clothes, utensils, medicines,
travelling, entertainment, etc. Migrant labourers spent very little money on entertainment. The
remitted money help the migrant labourer’s families to sustain food security, house rent, meet
expenses on education, etc. I observed that the very low income and the very high income category
migrant labourers send comparatively less money to their native place. Finally it is concluded that
the economic status and conditions of migrant labourers has increased substantially after migrating
to Goa.
Suggestions
In view of solving the problems created by migrant labourers and problems faced by migrant
labourers the following suggestions are made:
1. Garbage issues could be solved by creating awareness about pollution and promote clean
environment in the industrial estate.
2. The government should look into the benefits like reducing the price of gas cylinders.
3. The provision of toilet facilities shall be mandatory and there is need to check sanitation
condition in their residential area.
4. Social awareness about unhealthy habits could be possible to deviate the habit of chewing
tobacco and drinking alcohol.
Bibliography
Balaji, A., & Das, T. V. (2015). Socio-Economic Conditions of House Construction Workers
in Vijayawada City. International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR),
Volume 4,( No. 12), 38-46.
Chandna, R. (2014). Geography of Population, Concepts, determinants and Pattern (11th ed.).
Kalyani Publishers.
Deshingkar, P., & Sandi, M. (2009). Migration and human development in India—New
challenges and opportunities. National Workshop on Internal Migration and Human Development
in India, Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), New Delhi, India.
Economic and Statistical Organisation, D. o. (2009). A Study on the Problems of Migrant
Labour in Punjab. Economic and Statistical Organisation, Department of Planning, Government
of Punjab. New Delhi: FAITH HEALTHCARE PRIVATE LIMITED 57 (5TH FLOOR), NEHRU
PLACE, NEW DELHI - 110 019.
Government of Goa Department of Industries, T. &. (2003). Industrial Policy of Goa 2003.
Government of Goa Department of Industries, Trade & Commerce , Panaji.
K, M. P., & Viswanath, V. (2015). Socio-Economic Conditions of Migrant Labourers-An
Emperical Study in Kerala. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 5(11), 88-93.
Morakar, P., Mulimani, A., & Jakati, D. (2010). A Spatial Analysis of Industrial Estates of
Goa. The Research Journal of Geographer’s Association Goa (GAG), 7(1), 66-71.
Mukherjee, P., Bino, P., & J, P. (2014 ). Migrant Workers in Informal Sector: A Probe into
Working Conditions. ATLMRI Discussion Paper Series, 1-28.
Nemikal, V. (2016). Hotel Industry and Nepali Labour Migrants: A study of Coastal Destination,
Colva, Salcete-Goa. Department of Geography and Research Centre, Parvatibai College of Arts
and Science (Autonomous) Margao Goa, Margao.
Oberoi, A., & Singh, M. (1983). Causes and Consequences of internal migration: A study in
the Indian Punjab. Delhi: Delhi: Oxford University Press.
R, S. (2011). Labour Migration in India: Recent trends, patterns and policy issues. Indian
Journal of Labour Economics, 54(3), 411-440.
S, S. K., & Kumar, N. A. (2007). Labour Migration to Kerala: A Study of Tamil Migrant
Labourers in Kochi. Centre for Socio-economic & EnvironmentalStudies (CSES).
Saikia, D. (2016). The Socio-economic Status of Migrant Workers in Thiruvananthapuram
District of Kerala, India. Journal of Economic and Social Thought www.kspjournals.org, 3(1),
113-125.
Srinivasan, S., & Illango, P. (2012). A Study on the Problems of Migrant Women Workers in
Thuvakudi, Trichy District. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (JHSS) , 4(4), 45-50.
Srivastava, R., & Sutradhar, R. (2016). Labour Migration to the Construction Sector in India
and its Impact on Rural Poverty. Indian Journal of Human Development, 10(1), 27-48. doi:DOI:
10.1177/0973703016648028
Thapa, R., & Yadav, S. K. (2015). Rural Labour Migration in India: Magnitude and
Characteristics. International Journal of Apllied Research, 1(2), 114-1118.
Zachariah, K., Mathew, E., & Rajan, S. I. (2000). Socio-Economic and Demographic
Consequences of Migration in Kerala. Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvanathapuram.
Preliminary Study of Socio-Economic Status of Fish

Vendors in Goa.
Manda Parab
Associate Professor in Commerce
Govt. College of Arts Science & Commerce
Sanquelim, Goa
ABSTRACT:
F ish consumption has traditionally been and remains an important source of food and provides
employment to many communities in Goa.The fish curry, fried fish and rice is the staple food
of Goan people. Fish selling is the most common and profitable business in Goa. Fish vendors
operate as an important link between producers and the final consumers by making fish available to
the consumers in urban and rural areas. Both men and womenare engaged in fish selling business
including non-Goan community. The total fisherman population in Goa is about 10,545 of which
South Goa and North Goa contributes about 64% and 36% respectively. The Government has
introduced new scheme for fisherfolk i.e. the PradhanMantriJeevanJyotiBimaYojana(2016). The
aim of this scheme is to provide financial support to the fish vendors.
KEYWORDS: Fish Vendors, Employment opportunities, Financial supportschemes.
Introduction:
Goa as it is known worldwide for its hospitality and fish curry rice. The fish curry, fried fish
and rice is the staple food of most Goan people as well as the tourists who visits Goa. Fish selling
is the most common and profitable business in Goa. Fish vendors operate as an important link
between producers and the final consumers, by making fish available to the consumers in urban
and rural areas. Both men and women, including non-Goan community, are engaged in fish selling
business. Fish vendors buy fish from traders and merchants from the wholesale market for resale at
retail or local market. The wholesale fish market at Margao has become a trading center for Goan
and non-Goan fish vendors. They transport the fish from the lending center to the markets in trucks
or mini vans on a regular basis at specific locations or places at the village market and even sell fish
at door to door. The men fish vendors use cycles, motor cycles, van, rickshaw, etc. to sell the fish.
As our state Goa is famous for tourism,the vendors have made agreement with tourist hotels and
restaurants to sell fish to them directly. This ensures daily sales and an income to the fish vendors.
Fish may be sold as fresh fish that is stored in ice and sold in local markets and door to door or
salted, dried or smoked fish, which is also sold in the local markets by fish vendors.Fish vendor
plays a very important role in village life because in villages it is not possible for everyone to go
to the market every day and buy fish. These fish vendors make it convenient for them.Goa holds
Preliminary Study of Socio-Economic Status of Fish Vendors in Goa. Manda Parab

a huge scope in the fisheries development, particular brackish water and marine production.The
subsidies for these fish vendors are provided by the Goa State Department of Fisheries to purchase
motorcycle, auto rickshaws and insulated trucks, which are used to sell fish. This started recently
when funds were allocated by the central government under blue revolution for the year 2016–2017.
Under this scheme, it offers 50% subsidy to the fish vendors for purchasing any of these vehicles.
The coastal length of Goa is 104 kms. Total 7 talukas of Goa are involved in fishing business.
Almost 39 villages of North and South Goa districts are directly involved in fishing activities.
(Source: Marine Fisheries Census, 2010(Goa) Published by Ministry of Agriculture & CMFRI).
The Fisheries sector occupies a prominent place in the economic development of the state.
Fish selling is one of the major activities that bring on average higher revenue to the people
involved in vending business. Thus, fisheries play a significant role in meeting the people’s
nutritional requirements, supplementing food supply, earning foreign exchange and in generating
employment. Based on the above setting, a study has been conducted to analyze the economic
conditions of fish vendors in Goa.
Review of Literature:
A review of previous studies on fish vending is essential to get a bird’s eye view about these
sector. The information gathered is useful to go in depth and to identify the unknown areas. Several
authors have dealt extensively with various aspects of fishery sector. Some of the following studies
are reviewed:
1. Mahesh V Joshi (1996) in his study had pointed out the importance of fisheries in Indian
national economy. He analyses the impact of mechanization on fish catchment, income, export,
standard of living and employment opportunities in marine fishing sector.
2. KanwarSurendra Singh and Radhika (1996) in their study analysed socioeconomic conditions
of fisherfolk in Himachal Pradesh area. They laid stress on the comparative conditions of
living of this section of the society. The applications of certain indices to the several aspects
are well carried out in their micro work.
3. Thadeus (1999) suggested that fishery community is the society of those who are part of the
ancestry and culture of fishing, and belongs to the castes that follow fishing as the traditional
occupation. In this study, he gives a detail account of the different sections and sub sections of
the community and the social status of fisherfolk.
4. Asha Krishna Kumar (2010) in her study stated that fisherfolk along the rural coastal areas
live in damaged huts and their living condition is poor, Infrastructure facility like housing,
sanitation and health care are major problems faced by the fishing community. Majority of the
people are lagging in literacy and education. This study is about fisher folks engaged in fishing
as well as selling.
Objectives of the study:
1. To study street fish vendors and their socio-economic status.
2. To document challenges and the problems faced by thesefish vendors in selling fish.
3. To study their financial background before and after engaging in fish vending business.
4. To make suggestions and recommendations for promoting employment opportunities in fish
vending in the state of Goa.

Scope of the study:

The study focuses on the street fish vendors in Goa. The scope of the study covers the socio-
economic status of fish vendors in Goa. Besides, their role in fish vending is analysed to find out the
future scope for employment opportunities in this area. To carry out the above study, randomly 50
fish vendors have been selected, both male and female from the local areas or village areas due to
Covid 19 pandemic and lockdown issues. Appropriate statistical tools are used to analyze the data
collected with the help of a structured questionnaire
Research Methodology:
The required information for the study was collected from two basic sources, namely, the
primary source and the secondary source. The primary data were collected by means of interview
with the help of a questionnaire. As there was no specific data on number of fish vendors due to its
highly unorganized nature, randomly 50 fish vendors have been selected for the studyand survey is
conducted on the basis of the questionnaire framed.The study aims at analyzing street fish vendors
engaged in fish selling business, their problems on starting and carrying out vending business and
future scope for employment opportunities in this area. Responses from the fish vendors who are
selling the fish in the market at their local areas i.e. in villages and also door to door selling were
collected. The observation method was also used to collect information. The secondary data has
been collected from the several websites and articles, books, journals which have been mentioned
in the references.
Findings and Discussion:
In the present study, 50 fish vendors were surveyed and it was found that:
• 58% of the vendors have completed their high school education and only 2% were without any
formal education.
• 96% were male fish vendors, 78% of them were married and having their families dependent
on them.
• 92% residing in their own houses and 42% and 18% are engaged in fish vending business for
12 years and more than 12 years respectively and 40% are doing it for less than 6 years. This
shows that there is wide scope for employment in fish vending business in recent years as the
consumption of fish has increased in Goa.
• 82% purchase fish from Margao wholesale market early morning i.e. 4 a.m. and 56% spends
around Rs.5000 – Rs.10000 in buying fish daily.
• 88% fish vendors use two wheelers and four wheelers to sell fish. Most demanded species of
fish are mackerel, prawns and sardines as the prices of these species are reasonable.
• 50% earned more than Rs 2000 profits per day in fish vending business, which shows that this
business is profit oriented in spite of several costs to be incurred.
Conclusion:
This study has been an attempt to understand the problems and challenges faced by fish
vendors operating in both formal and informal sectors in Goa. 50 fish vendors were interviewed
on the basis of questionnaire prepared. The information collected from these vendors has been
analyzed to arrive at conclusion. Fish vendors, though economically independent, are socially and

politically weak. They are generally not recognized as fish workers, leading to a neglect of their
problems. There are few schemes addressing their needs, for example, schemes for provision of
ice boxes, transport facilities and credit. The various problems faced by these fish vendors were:
Problem faced by the fish vendors:
• Large number of sellers:-
There are large numbers of fish vendors. This gives them tough competition to sell the fish and
hence the vendors have to sell the fish sometimes at the price demanded by the customers.
• Urgent need of cash :-
Most of them purchase fish on cash basis and hence there is always an urgent need of cash.
This forces them to sell the fish on cash basis.
• Sale of fish :-
At the end of the day, if the fish remain unsold, then the vendors are forced to sell that fish at
low price due to its perishability. If they don’t do so, then they might have to suffer a loss.
• Lack of storage facilities :-
Most of the fish vendors have lack of storage facilities, which creates a problem to store the
fish. Since there are no storage facilities available, they are forced to sell their fish immediately
once purchased as fish is highly perishable commodity. Hence, sometimes they get poor price
for the fish.
• High transportation cost :-
Most of the fish is purchased from Margao whole sale market and the distance is so far from
many rural places which increases the transportation cost.
Irrespective of the above problems, the fish vendors are economically independent and sound.
They are happy to carry out this business as there is very high demand for fish from the consumers,
i.e. local Goan people and tourists. If the above problems are solved, then fish vending is actually
a profitable business in Goa as 80% population of Goa consumes fish. Thus there is always a
very high demand for fish in Goa. Fish vending generates employment opportunities for the Goan
youths, but due to status issue many Goan youth are not involving themselves in this business.
Because of this reason, migrants have started this business and are running it profitably, sometimes
involving themselves in unethical business practices.
SUGGESTIONS
The study suggests that:
• All the fish vendors should uniformly decide on the price and quantity to be sold so that there
is no exploitation of the vendors as in some cases ‘vatto’ system is used in selling fish instead
of weighing in kgs.
• The vendors should adopt the proper cold storage facilities. This will help them to preserve the
fish and their profit margin will further increase. It will be better if such facilities are provided
to them by Fisheries Department of Goa. The problem of using unethical business practices for
storing the fish for longer period using formalin will also be solved.
• The vendors should switch to credit purchases so that they can even sell fish on credit basis,
which will further increase their sale. The wholesale markets should adopt such credit
transactions on weekly or monthly basis.

• In view of the significance to improve the socio-economic condition of fisherman community

and to achieve sustainable utilization of resources for fisheries development, optimum
production of fish from water bodies, employment generation and availability of protein rich
food, appropriate planning and strategies are of utmost importance by the Fisheries Department
of Goa.
• Some banks should provide the finance for these fish vendors purely on business front as most
of the fish vendors have to use their own personal savings for purchase of fish.
• Government is intervening to change the socio-economic position and status of fish vendors
by introducing various schemes but proper information and guidance should be provided to
these fish vendors to avail those schemes.
References:
1) ‘Catch Trends in major marine fisheries Resources of Goa’ Published by: Dr.NarendraPratap Singh, Director:
ICAR - ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Year: 2015
2) Narayanakumar, R, Panikkar, K.K.P., Sehara, D.B.S., Sathiadas, R., Pillai V.N., and Menon, N.G., (2000),
Socio-Economic Analysis of Marine Fisherwomen in India, Marine Fisheries Research and Management,
CMFRI, Cochin, Kerala.
3) Shrivastava, Uma Kant (1985) Inland fish marketing In India(Volume:1 Overview Summary & Conclusions).
IIM-Ahmadabad & Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi
4) GaonkarRekha R., Rodrigues Maria D. C Fishery Management, A. P. H, publishing corporation – 4435-36/7,
Ansari road – Darya ganj – New Delhi – 110002. – 2008.
5) Rao, P. S. (1983). Fishery Economics and Management in India. Pioneer Publishers and Distributors, Mumbai,
pp. 197-217.
6) The Project Report of T.Y.B.Com. Students of 2020-2021, ‘A Study of Fish vendors in Goa.’
(By KashinathShet,KishanGaonkar, VishwarajGaonkar, MayuriMainkar, AnkitaMatonkar,
DarshanaGholkar,MayuriUsapkar, RaghobaGaonkar, NamrataGaonkar and Alisha Varsekar)
7) Economic Survey, (India), 017-18.
8) http://www.firstpost.com.india
9) en.m.wikipedia.org

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students?

Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes
Professor in Economics
Principal
Government College of Arts, Science & Commerce
Sanquelim, Goa
ABSTRACT :
M entoring enables the mentee to achieve all round development in the process of learning.
In the mentoring process, the mentor plays a crucial role. Mentoring has become extremely
important in higher education as evidenced by recent research. It has become vital in rural areas
especially in view of the fact that students in rural areas have special and unique needs which have
to be met by the mentoring process. Quality and continuous feedback on the mentoring process
enables one to fine tune the same to achieve better results for the benefit of the protégés.
KEY WORDS: Mentoring, protégé, rural students.
1 INTRODUCTION
“Mentoring is to support and encourage people to manage their own learning in order that
they may maximise their potential, develop their skills, improve their performance and become
the person they want to be” (Parsloe & Leedham, 2009). It is an effective and powerful tool for
personal development and empowerment tool to help people to progress in their careers. It is
becoming an increasingly popular human resources tool in corporates all around the globe, as they
(the corporates) have realised its potential. It is a partnership between two people (mentor and
protégé) predominantly from similar fields of work and sharing similar experiences. It is a mutually
beneficial relationship based upon trust and respect.
A mentor is a guide who can help the protégés to find the right direction and who can help
them to develop solutions to career issues. As Alleman & Clarke (2002) observe, a mentor is a
person with greater rank, experience and or expertise, who teaches, counsels inspires guides and
helps another person develop both personally and professionally. Mentors gain empathy and an
understanding from a protégé due to similar experiences during their course of work. Mentoring
programs give the protégés a chance to explore new career options and growth.
A mentor should aid the protégés enhance their self-belief and the confidence to believe in
themselves. A mentor should enquire, challenge and provide counselling and encouragement.
Through mentoring programs, a protégé can explore new ideas with poise and belief. It provides
the protégés an opportunity to look more closely at themselves, their problems, prospects, and
Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students? Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes

what they desire out of life. The whole idea of mentoring is to make a person more self-aware, take
responsibility for their life and to direct their life on the path they decide, rather than leaving it to
luck.
Clutterbuck (2001) traces the phenomenon of modern mentoring to the concept of apprenticeship.
When the guilds of craftsman dominated the commercial world, the young apprentice was taken
under the wing of an older, more experienced master craftsman. It was through this relationship
that the apprentice received knowledge as to how the task was to be performed and how to operate
it in the commercial world. The relationship often became intimate and ensured that the key skills,
knowledge and ability were kept intact and not lost to a competitor.
A mentor’s primary functions consist of the following:
• Teaching the protégé regarding a explicit topic
• Coaching the protégé on a specific expertise
• Assisting development by sharing resources and networks
• Challenging the protégé to perform above and beyond her/his area of comfort
• Constructing a safe learning atmosphere for taking risks
• Focusing on the protégé’s holistic growth
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review is divided into three parts. In the first part, the study looks at the need for
examining the issue of mentoring relationships particularly in institutions in higher education. The
second part reviews the findings of some of the studies on mentoring in higher education. In the
third part this study examines the case study of a mentorship program in higher general education
for rural students in one of the states in India.
2.1 Why Examine Mentoring in Higher Education
An educational institution offers ‘a relationship- rich environment’ with a large number
of stakeholders involved in the process. This requires the examination of work and non-work
relationships contributing to an individual’s growth (Hall, 1996) and one type of a relationship of
this nature is mentoring (Kram, 1996; Fletcher & Ragins, 2007). Mentoring involves intensity and
reciprocity at the interpersonal level by the mentor and the protégé. The essence of this relationship
is the provision of guidance, advice, counsel, feedback and support by the mentor to the person she/
he mentors in both personal and professional development (Kram, 1985; Eby, Rhodes, & Allen,
2007). How strategic is the mentoring tool to employee development has evoked a lot of interest
(Finkelstein & Poteet, 2007). Mentoring leads to skill up gradation and helps the employee especially
the new entrant to be comfortable in the new setting. As a result, career outcomes are considerably
improved. The close link between mentoring and career outcomes such as job satisfaction, salary
etc have been well established (Allen et al, 2004 ; Eby et al, 2008; Ng et al, 2005). Improved job
performance, recognition and visibility, sense of fulfilment and a loyal support base are some of the
perceived and actual benefits of mentoring (Eby et al, 2006; Ragins & Scandura, 1999). Mutuality
and reciprocity in the relationship between the mentor and mentored individual are strengthened by
these benefits (Kram, 1996; Fletcher & Ragins, 2007). The organization stands to gain by higher
organizational attraction among the job seekers (Allen & O’Brien, 2006), greater organizational
commitment (Payne & Huffman, 2005) and the development of talent pool, enhanced performance

and productivity (Ramaswami & Dreher, 2007).

Similarities between higher education and a work place in an organization are not hard
to find. A protégé in a seat of higher learning would in all probability seek the same type of
mentoring relationships that are sought at a work place and expect to reap similar benefits from this
relationship. The reasons for the similarities are obvious. Provision of guidance, advice, counsel,
feedback and support by the mentor to the protégé is as much necessary in higher education as it is
in a manufacturing unit. Improved performance, recognition and visibility, sense of fulfilment and a
loyal support base as some of the perceived and actual benefits of mentoring are as much important
in an educational institution as they are in a workplace.
The value of mentoring has been accepted both in literature and in practice (Cohen, 1993). As
observed in the large number of formalized programs and practices in the institutions which include
a component of mentoring, it has become a national priority in many countries (Grives et al 2005).
There is a strong agreement that mentoring relationships are personal and reciprocal (Davidson
& Foster – Johnson, 2001; Kram and Isabella, 1985; Healy and Welchert, 1990; Green and Bauer,
1995; Johnson and Nelson, 1999). However the development and availability of technology may be
changing this personal relationship as evidenced from the inclusion of internet or video component
as part of the students’ mentoring activities in the works of (Carlson & Single, 2000; Collier and
Morgan, 2006; Edwards and Gordon, 2006).
The role of a mentor in an educational institution is no longer confined to the faculty alone
but has widened to include the mentoring services rendered by college and university staff, senior
students, peers, friends, religious leaders and family (Kram and Isbella, 1985; Zalaquett and
Lopez, 2006). The work of Phililp and Hendry, (2000) in this direction has identified five types
of mentoring relationships occurring naturally among adolescents and adults: classic mentoring
(one to one relationship between an experienced adult and a younger person), individual team
(young group of people looking to an individual or a few individuals for advice), friend – to friend,
peer – group and long term relationships involving risks. The long term relationship is similar to
classic mentoring. The difference however is that in long term mentoring the mentored person has
a history of rebellion.
Mentoring relationships are varied. They can be informal or formal (Luna & Cullen 1995).
The former are not structured, managed or formally recognized by the institution (Chao et al 1992)
and develop naturally with the mentor and the protégé seeking each other to achieve long – term
goals (Campbell & Campbell 1997). Formal mentoring relationships are managed and sanctioned
by an educational institution (Chao et al 1992). Other than the mentor and the protégé, there is a
third part involved to match the mentor and the mentored. The duration of relationship is relatively
short (Phillips – Jones 1982; Kram and Isabella 1985). However in some cases they may last for
over a decade (Levinson et al, 1978).
2.2 Studies on Mentoring in Higher Education
Some recent studies have attempted to assess the prevalence of mentoring relationships.
Examples of such studies are Lloyd and Bristol (2006), Kador and Lewis (2007) and Paglis et al
(2006). According to Johnson (1989), a study on mentoring in higher education was first taken up by
the engineering faculty at the University of Michigan in 1911. However the first attempt to identify
the roles and functions in mentoring and their perception by students was made only in 1988 in
the works of Anderson and Shannon (1988). Their work focused on international and supportive

mentoring. Since then, a large number of studies have attempted to conceptualize mentoring in the
context of higher education. Atkins and Williams (1995) attempted to understand the perceptions of
registered nurses of mentoring undergraduate nursing students in England. Using a semi-structured
interview and with a sample size of 12, this study observed six themes: support for students through
empathy, encouragement and positive reinforcement; facilitation of learning through negotiating
learning experiences and serving as a role model; students’ critical analysis of their own practice
through reflection; managing conflicting roles and responsibilities due to the extra work generated
as a result of mentoring; support from colleagues through activities such as support groups; and
working in partnerships with students using significant mentoring activities.
In the same fashion Watson (1999) with a sample size of 35 protégés and 15 mentors attempted
to understand the meaning of the term mentoring within the context of a theory / practice nursing
module. The findings of the study were that students (protégés) and mentors understood the role of
mentor as assessor, facilitator, role model and a supporter.
Hauer et al (2005) have examined the characteristics and roles of mentoring from the
perspectives of medical students. Their findings indicated that medical students conceptualized
mentoring as interpersonal dynamics involving support, trust, a personal connection (i.e. friendship
and appreciation of students’ abilities), career development (i.e. supporting interests while remaining
open minded and helping to achieve a vision), and student empowerment. The findings of Aagaard
and Hauer (2003) regarding medical students’ perceptions of mentoring were that mentoring should
perform key functions such as personal support (involving mentor motivating and providing mental
support and personal advice to students), career advising (including assisting medical students with
their speciality, choice of residency and providing opportunities for career advancement), serving
as a role model, research and non-research opportunities and collaboration and resources such as
office space.
Ishiyama (2007) examined how first generation low income and /or African American students
perceived a formal research- based mentoring relationship. The participating students were asked
to describe the benefits of mentoring relationship, a mentor’s role and to describe what they felt was
a “good” mentoring relationship.
The results were coded into 3 reliable latent variables:
(i) Career support (involving helping students find opportunities, giving advice and standing up
on his/her behalf).
(ii) Research and academic support (including providing students with guidance related to finding
literature, research techniques and selecting a research topic) and
(iii) Personal consideration (including listening to students’ personal concerns and being a good
listener).
2.3 Mentoring Programs in Higher General Education in India
in a Rural Setup
While there is a considerable amount of literature on studies on mentorship in higher education
most of them have largely confined themselves to study mentoring relationships in professional
courses like nursing and medicine. In the background of a poor collection of empirical studies on
mentoring programs in India especially in higher general education, Vishwanath’s (2007) study
is a breath of fresh air. The study critically examines the work of Vidhya Poshak- a mentoring

program implemented in the district of Dharwad in Karnataka (India) in order to empower students
joining college education programmes and to bridge the gap between these students’ potential and
actual results. Apart from financial difficulties and the difficulty of adjustment in a college, it was
observed that there existed a void in the area of support of role models, guides and of a dose of
regular encouragement to students from rural areas joining college. Vidhya Poshak adopted the
mentoring program by enlisting volunteers from among the upwardly mobile Indians. The study
provides an “in-depth look at the methods and procedures involved in creating a program, the
challenges faced and lessons learned. It additionally provides a general view of the benefits that can
potentially follow if a quality mentor program for disadvantaged students in India is implemented”
(Vishwanath, 2007 pp 2).
The above study notwithstanding, there is still a dearth of studies on mentoring in general
education and more so at the undergraduate level. It is expected that the mentoring needs of a
fresher who has just passed through the higher secondary education in India (10+2), and has entered
the university system to pursue a general degree in arts, commerce or science could be different.
The present study aims to fill this gap.
This research study sought to uncover the concept of mentorship as understood by undergraduate
students in a rural college in Goa, their concept of an ideal mentor and the benefits that a protégé
gained from a mentoring programme. Based on the findings a mentoring programme was designed
to cater to the specific mentoring needs of students in the college.
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Sample
This study was conducted among the students of Government College of Arts and Commerce
Virnoda Pernem Goa. Among the 248 students enrolled in the first year and the final year B.A
and B.com courses 50 students were invited to respond to the questions out of which 31 students
responded (12.5%). The sample consisted of girls and boys in almost equal proportion. Actual
respondents consisted of 16 girls 15 boys.
3.2 Procedure
The students were interviewed on their conceptualizations of mentoring. Questions for
interview were chosen based on the review of literature on mentoring. The respondents were asked
open ended questions and were probed for further explanation for obtaining the meaning in their
responses. Each interview that was recorded on a sheet of paper lasted for about 15 to 20 minutes
and the participants were assured of confidentiality.
3.3 Content Analysis
Following the approaches adopted by Ishiyama (2007) and Ramaswami & Dreher (2010)
who in turn adopted the procedure followed by Weber (1990) Glaser (1992), Allen et al. (1997)
Krippendorf (2004), Eby et al. (2000) Eby and Lockwood (2005), all the “applicable comments
for each content area (addressed by research questions) were selected and grouped into themes
that reflected the comments’ underlying meaning. All comments reflected respondents’ unique
ideas; if a respondent repeated an idea, it was counted only once” Ramaswami & Dreher (2010 pp
506). For all content areas, an inductive approach was used, whereby the comments were grouped
into dimensions of content areas, based on the underlying meaning they reflected, with keywords

representing dimension labels (Glaser, 1992; Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Krippendorf, 2004). The
participants were asked about their perceptions of a mentor’s role, who they felt was a good mentor
and to give a description of the benefits that accrued to them in a mentoring relationship. To analyse
the perception of a mentor’s role the approach adopted by Ishiyama (2007) was used. In analysing
the concept of an ideal mentor and the benefits of mentorship to protégé the Ramaswami & Dreher
(2010) approach was used. This approach was suitably adjusted to the present study by eliminating
those themes which did not reflect in the statements given by the interviewees. Percentages in
parentheses in the findings denote the percentage of statements to each question unless explained
otherwise.
4 FINDINGS
Respondents made 96 statements in response to the question ‘who is a mentor and what is
a mentor’s role’ (See Table 4.1). Results were coded into three variables namely career support,
research and academic support and personal consideration. Out of the total responses, 23 (23.96%)
responses considered mentor as a provider of career support, 16 (16.67%) responses looked at a
mentor for research and academic support and an overwhelming 57 (59.37%) responses considered
a mentor to be a provider of personal support.
With regard to characteristics of an ideal mentor, respondents made 103 statements describing
and ideal mentor (See Table 4.2). These statements were grouped into 3 categories namely (1)
seniority and competence (2) personal qualities and (3) faculty similarity. Out of the total
responses 16 (15.53%) responses veered towards seniority and competence and 11 (10.68%)
towards faculty similarity. Majority of the responses 76 (73.79%) looked at an ideal mentor on the
basis of a mentor’s personal qualities.
Respondents made 74 statements in responses to the benefits that a protégé derived from
mentoring (See Table 4.3). These were classified into three domains namely: (i) performance
related gains (ii) knowledge gains and (iii) relational gains. 10 statements (13.51%) were in the
performance related gains domain and 15 statements (20.27) were in the knowledge gains
domain. The most commonly mentioned benefits to the protégé 49 statements (66.22%)
stressed on the relational gains to the protégé.

Table 4.1Who is a Mentor to me? What is a Mentor’s role?

Dimensions (Number of statements N=96) Sample Statements

Table 4.2 Characteristics of an Ideal Mentor

Table 4.3Benefits of Mentoring
5. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

The current study sampled a relatively homogenous group of students pursuing undergraduate
courses in Arts and Commerce stream. It was entirely based on the responses from the perspective
of a protégé. The interviewees were both male and female in almost equal proportion and came
from predominantly rural background.
The study showed that students across gender coming from rural background and pursuing
general education courses preferred their mentor to be a personal support provider with good
personal qualities. Majority of the students looked up to strong relational gains accruing to them
from a strong mentoring relationship.
Students coming from a rural background with many of them being first generation learners
in higher general education, have special mentoring needs as compared to general students. They
seek more personal support. They value the personal qualities of a mentor over other characteristics
of an ideal mentor.
A mentor teacher in a college has to possess strong personal qualities if she/he has to foster a
healthy and fruitful mentoring relationship with the protégé.

Since many students expect relational gains from a mentoring relationship, a teacher mentor
has to look beyond the parameters of aptitude. Attitude in this profession is equally important.
Recruitment and training policies in colleges for college teachers will have to address this issue.
The hitherto neglected role of informal mentoring programmes in colleges will have to be
revisited and given due importance. Accreditation agencies will have to factor in this role while
assessing the colleges.
There appears to be a thin line between counselling and mentoring needs of students in colleges
in general education. Counselling services need to be streamlined to meet the needs of the students.
Teacher mentors will have to play the dual role of mentors and counsellors.
It is obvious that a teacher mentor has to work closely with the parents of the student protégés
supplementing the role of the parents in some cases or filling in a deficiency in other cases.
This micro level study highlights the special expectations of college students with a rural
background. To what extent a college is a ‘home away from home’ to college students needs to be
further studied and validated with more such studies involving a bigger number of students with
varied backgrounds.
6 MENTORING PROGRAMME BASED ON FINDINGS
The mentoring program in the college was implemented in the following steps:
6.1 The Issues
In the first instance the problems of the students were sought to be identified by the core team
consisting of the Mentoring Committee of the college. Some of the problems of the students that
were identified were as follows:
1. Most of the students are from vernacular medium and they face communication difficulties
with English medium of instruction.
2. Many students suffer from an “inferiority complex” due to their poverty.
3. Inability to cope with shifting from rural life style to semi-urban life style in college.
4. Lack of access to various resources such as tuitions, newspapers, and additional training.
5. Not being aware of processes and procedures to renew their scholarship.
6. Lack of confidence and overall fear.
7. Lower grades and even failures due to language barriers.
8. Lack of proper role models and guidance.
9. A lack of awareness and exposure regarding college and careers.
10. Not having anyone to talk with regarding questions and doubts.
6.2 The Solution through Mentor Program Goals
The following mentoring goals were identified to arrive at a solution to the issues.
1. Through constant interaction, understand the student community and their need for a mentor
program.
2. Identify and induct interested and needy students into the Mentor Program.
3. Create partnerships with various community organizations mainly NGOs for their involvement
in the program. Many of them like the Family Service Centre regularly visit the college to

interact with the students.
4. Identify members of the teaching community to provide selfless service by being a dedicated
mentor.
5. Create a clear and systematic plan to implement and monitor the program.
6. Provide training and orientation to both students and mentors.
7. Match the students who need mentors with faculty members who are ready to serve.
8. Ongoing assessment of the Mentor Program through “Feedback Meetings”
9. Ensure benefits to students and mentors.
10. Replicate the successes in other areas.
6.3 Plan for Implementation of the Mentoring Program:
The plan for implementation was adopted on the following lines:
1. A presentation was created for the information of the students at the time of admission. Based
on the findings in the study, the four key areas that were identified were One-on- one support,
Personality development, Career Awareness and Academic Support.
2. ‘Mentor’s’ and ‘Protégés’ forms were created to give structure to the program
3. Informal meetings were conducted for both teacher mentors and student protégés.
4. Infrastructural support and regular co-ordination was provided to the Mentoring Program.
5. Mentor’s visit to students’ were arranged whenever required
6. Parents were involved and a Parent’s Consent Form was created.
6.4 Plan for Monitoring of the Mentoring Program:
The mentoring program is monitored through
1. Formal Feedback from Mentors
2. Formal Feedback from Protégés
3. Informal feedback from mentors and protégés
The first two are structured feedback forms which are used to evaluate the mentoring program
while the informal feedback is a non-structured open ended assessment. Very often it is it is difficult
to define and evaluate a mentoring program. In situations like these, evaluation can be anecdotal
and reports. One protégé for example had this to say. “After my graduation where I had scored a
distinction, I wanted to quit higher studies due to financial constraints and take up a job. I knew
that I had the potential to do well in my post graduation. When my mentor teacher came to know
of my decision she convinced me to enrol for M.A at the Goa University. She arranged for my
financial needs. I am in my final year and expect to come out with flying colours. I am thankful to
my mentor.”
6.5 Concluding Remarks:
Mentoring is concept not widely formulated in India. However it has huge potential since
youth who partake in mentoring relationships enjoy a number of positives/benefits (Vishwanath,
2007). Mentoring relationships in a college are of relatively shorter duration. They last for a
maximum of 3 years. The various mentoring relationships as enumerated by (Philip & Hendry,
2000) and the findings of this study have been considered while formulating and implementing a
mentorship programme in the college. The mentoring programme in the college largely stresses

upon the following mentoring relationships.

1. Classic mentoring relationship involving a one – on -one relationship between the teacher
(mentor) and the student (protégé). This relationship occurs during the guidance that the
mentor provides in the course of the teaching programme in an individual subject. Teachers
in charge of their respective classes as well as the subject teachers forge this relationship
with the students (protégés). Moreover the teacher in charge of the Attendance Committee
(designated as the Convenor of the Attendance Committee) for an academic year along with
her/his team of teachers allotted to each class which constitute the Attendance Committee
in the college employ a one to one relationship with the students. By keeping a track of the
student’s attendance throughout the semester, the Committee members are able to arrest the
number of cases that are detained at the end of each semester. Records show that in recent
times (last two semesters), the number of detainees are almost zero due to this intervention.
2. Individual team mentoring relationship where a group of students look up to a teacher or a
group of teachers for guidance or advice. This type of mentoring relationship is forged between
the research cum project groups and the teachers. Each teacher is allotted a teacher guide and
she/he looks after the needs of the group.
While the mentoring programmes enumerated above fall in the formal mentoring programmes
domain, the findings in the study necessitated the need to introduce an informal mentoring
programme that would cater to the expressed needs of the students in the present study. Majority of
the students expressed the role of a mentor as a provider of personal support. To cater to this need,
teachers are encouraged to identify and intervene in case they find a student requiring personal
support. It is pertinent to observe that experience in the college shows that a formal programme
alone, cannot and has not succeeded in catering to this need of the students in the past. Students
have their own affinity and choice towards a particular teacher and a formal intervention may
distort this affinity. There is a need to acknowledge informal mentoring that occurs naturally and
forges a ‘friend-to-friend’ mentoring relationship.
As Chao, et al., (1992) observe, informal mentoring relationships are unstructured, unmanaged
and are not formlly recognized by an institution. However the present study reinforces the need to
strengthen these informal relationship. Records show that about 15% of the graduates still continue
to keep their links with their informal mentor teachers in the college long after they have ceased to
be on the rolls. This lends credence to the fact that mentoring relationships that develop naturally
are those where there is a reciprocal seeking of long-term goals. A formal relationship is relatively
shorter. It is observed that many an informal mentoring relationship was fostered through a formal
mentoring programme. In this regard, the college recognizes and values both the mentoring
relationships.
The role of a mentor has widened to include even the non-teaching staff. Considering the
specific mentoring needs of the students in the college based on the findings, the college counsellor
plays a very important role. The college has employed a qualified psychiatrist on a part time basis to
render counselling services to the students. The frequency of the visits by the counsellor have been
increased to meet the growing demand of the students for meeting counselling/mentoring needs.
The PTA (Parents Teachers Association) has been strenghtened by building strong ties between
the parents and the teachers. A teacher mentor is expected to work in tandem with the parent/s of the
concerned student protégé. This involves informal meetings with the individual parents in addition
to the formal meetings.

REFERENCES
Aagaard, E., & Hauer, K. (2003). A cross sectional descriptive study of mentoring formed by medical students.
Journal of General Internal Medicine, 298-302.
Alleman, E., & Clarke, D. (2002). Manual for the Alleman Mentoring Questionnaire. Sharon Center OH:
Silverwood Associates.
Allen, T., & O’Brien, K. (2006). Formal mentoring programs and organizational attraction. Human Resource
Development Quarterly 17(1), 43-58.
Allen, T., Eby, L., Poteet, M., Lentz, E., & Lima, L. (2004). Career benefits associated with mentoring for protégés:
A meta-physical analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 89(1), 127-136.
Allen, T., Poteet, M., & Burroughs, S. (1997). The mentor’s perspective: A qualitative inquiry and future research
agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51(1), 70-89.
Anderson, E., & Shannon, A. (1988). Toward a conceptualization of mentoring. Journal of teacher Education,
39(1), 38-42.
Atkins, S., & Williams, A. (1995). Registered nurses’ experience of mentoring undergraduate nursing students.
Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, 1006-1015.
Campbell, T., & Campbell, D. (1997). Faculty/student mentor programs: Effects of academic performance and
retention. Research in Higher Education, 38(6), 727-742.
Carlson, W., & Single, P. (2000). Factors related to success in electronic mentoring of female college engineering
students by mentors by working in industry. New Orleans LA: National Association for Research in Science
in Teaching.
Chao, G., Waltz, P., & Gardner, P. (1992). Formal and informal mentorships: A comparison on mentoring functions
and contrast with nonmentored counterparts. Personnel Psychology, 45(3), 619-636.
Clutterbuck, D. (2001). Everyone needs a mentor: fostering talent at work. London: CIPD Publishing.
Cohen, N. (1993). Development and validation of the principles of adult mentoring for faculty mentors in higher
education. Doctoral dissertation, Temple University Dissertation Abstract International 54/02, 400 (UMI No.
AAT9316268).
Collier, P., & Morgan, D. (2006, August). Students’ first mentoring project: Using role theory to improve low
income, first generation student retention . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological
Association, Montreal Convention Center. Montreal Quebec.
Davidson, M., & Foster-Johnson, L. (2001). Mentoring in the preparation of graduate students of color. Review of
Educational Research, 71(4), 549-574.
Eby, L., & Lockwood, A. (2005). Protégés’ and mentors’ reactions to participating in formal mentoring programs:
A qualitative investigation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(3), 441-458.
Eby, L., Allen, T., Evans, S., Ng, T., & DuBois, D. (2008). Does mentoring matter? A multi-disciplinary meta-
analysis compared mentored and non-mentored individuals. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 72(2), 254-267.
Eby, L., Durley, J., Evans, S., & Ragins, B. (2006). The relationship between short-term mentoring benefits and
long-term mentor outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 69(3), 424-444.
Eby, L., McManus, S., Simon, S., & Russel, J. (2000). The protégé’s perspective regarding negative mentoring
experiences: The development of taxonomy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 57(1), 1-21.
Eby, L., Rhodes, J., & Allen, T. (2007). Definition and evolution of mentoring. In T. Allen, & L.Eby, The Blackwell
handbook of mentoring: A multiple perspectives approach (pp. 7-20). Malden MA Blackwell.
Edwards, J., & Gordon, S. (2006). You should - I should: Mentoring responsibilities as perceived by faculty, alumni
and students. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. San
Francisco, CA.
Finkelstein, L., & Poteet, M. (2007). Best practices for workplace formal mentoring programs. In T. Allen, & L.
Eby, The Blackwell handbook of mentoring: A multiple perspectives approach (pp. 2345-2367). Malden,
MA: Blackwell.
Fletcher, J., & Ragins, B. (2007). Stone Center relational cultural theory: A window on relational mentoring. In
B.R.Ragins, & K. Krams, The handbook of mentoring at work: Theory, research and practice (pp. 373-399).
Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.
Glaser, B. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine.
Goold, M., & Campbell, A. ( 2002). TOOL KIT Do You Have a Well-Defined organization? Harvard Business
Review, 117-124.
Graham, A. (2012). Good Governance, Good Leadership. School of Policy Studies, Queen’s university.
Green, S., & Bauer, T. (1995). Supervisory mentoring by advisers: Relationships with doctoral student potential,
productivity and committment. Personnel Psychology, 48, 537-561.
Grives, J., Zepeda, Y., & Gwathmey, J. (2005). Mentoring in a post-affirmative action world. Journal of Social
Issues, 61(3), 449-479.
Hall, A. &. (1996). The career is dead: Long live the career. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Hauer, K., Teherani, A., Dechet, A., & Aagaard, E. (2005). Medical students’ perception of mentoring: a focus
group analysis. Medical Teacher, 27(8), 732-739.
Healy, C., & Welchert, A. (1990). Mentoring relations: A definition to advance research and practice. Educational
Researcher, 19(9), 17-21.
Ishiyama, J. (2007). Expectations and perceptions of undergraduate research mentoring: Comparing first generation,
low-income white/Caucasian and African American students. College Student Journal, 41(3), 540-549.
Johnson, C. (1989). Mentoring programs. In M. Upcraft, & J.Gardner (Eds.), The freshman year experience:
Helping students survive and succeed in college (pp. 118-128). San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.
Johnson, W., & N.Nelson. (1999). Mentor-protégé relationships in graduate training: Some ethical concerns. Ethics
& Behaviour, 9(3), 189-210.
Kador, J., & Lewis, C. (2007). The role of mentors/advisors in the doctoral training of African American students
at predominantly white universities: Implications for doctoral training. Essays in Education, 19, 100-118.
Kram, K. (1985). Mentoring at Work. Glenview,IL Scott, Foresman.
Kram, K. (1996). A relational approach to career development. In D.T.Hall, the career is dead: Long live the career
(pp. 132-157). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kram, K., & Isabella, L. (1985). Mentoring alternatives: The role of peer relationships in career development.
Academy of Management Journal, 28(1), 110-132.
Krippendorf, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Levinson, D., Carrow, C., E.B.Klein, Levinson, M., & McKee, B. (1978). The seasons of a man’s life. New York:
Ballentine.
Lloyd, S., & Bristol, S. (2006). Modeling mentorship and collaboration for BSN and MSN students in a community
clinical practicum. Journal of Nursing Education, 45(4), 132-139.
Luna, G., & Cullen, D. (1995). Empowering the faculty: Mentoring redirected and renewed. ASHE-ERIC Higher
Education Reports, 3, 1-87.
McCallum, J. S. (December 2001). Adapt or Die - Improving the Practice of Management. Ivey Business Journal.
Ng, T., Eby, L., Sorensen, K., & Feldman, D. (2005). Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A meta-
physical analysis. Personnel Psychology, 58(2), 367-408.
Paglis, L., Green, S., & Bauer, T. (2006). Does advisor mentoring add value? A longitudinal study of mentoring and
doctoral student outcomes. Research in Higher Education, 47(4), 451-476.
Parsloe, E., & Leedham, M. (2009). Coaching and Mentoring:Practical Conversations to Improve Learning. USA:
Kogan Page Publishers.
Payne, S., & Huffman, A. (2005). A longitudinal examination of the influence of mentoring on organizational
committment and turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), 158-168.
Philip, K., & Hendry, L. (2000). Making sense of mentoring or mentoring making sense? Reflection on the mentoring
prosess by adult mentors with young people. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 10, 211-
223.
Phillips-Jones, L. (1982). Mentors and protégés. New York: Arbor House.
Ragins, B., & Scandura, T. (1999). Burden or blessing? expected costs and benefits of being a mentor. Journal of
Organizational Behaviour, 20(4), 493-509.
Ramaswami, A., & Dreher, G. (2007). The benefits associated with workplace mentoring relationships. In T.
Allen, & L.T.Eby, The Blackwell handbook of mentoring: A multiple perspectives approach (pp. 2211-2231).
Malden MA: Blackwell.

Ramaswami, A., & Dreher, G. F. (May - June 2010 Vol 49 No 3). Dynamics of Mentoring Relationships in India:
A Qualitative, Exploratory study. Human Resource Management, 501-530.
Rosenberg, M. (2003). Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life 2nd Ed. PuddleDancer Press.
Vishwanath, S. (2007). A Case Study of Implementing a Mentor Program for Disadvantaged Indian College
Students. Ahmedabad: indicorps.
Watson, N. (1999). Mentoring today-the students’ views. An investigative study of pre-registration nursing
students’ experiences, perceptions of mentoring on one theory/practice module of the Common Foundation
Programme on a Project 2000 course. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(1), 254-262.
Weber, R. (1990). Basic content analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zalaquett, C., & Lopez, A. (2006). Learning from the stories of successful undergraduate Latina/Latino students:
the importance of mentoring. Mentoring & Tutoring, 14(3), 337-353.

In the Aftermath of Iron Ore Mining in Goa and

Imbroglio Among the People
Guruprasad R. Naik*
Assistant Professor in Economics
Government College of Arts, Science & Commerce
Sanquelim, Goa
ABSTRACT :
Mining Sector is yet another alternative available to the people to get employed. Employment
in mining sector is mostly advantageous both because they are situated in areas close to the
households of the employed personnel and secondly, due to good salary package.
KEYWORDS: Imbroglio, Iron Ore Mining, Livelihood, People.
INTRODUCTION
Most of Goa’s soil cover is made up of laterites which are red in colour. The soil is rich in
minerals. The state of Goa is well served by two navigable rivers namely the Mandovi and the
Zuari which pass through the iron ore and manganese ore carrying areas and come together near
Mormugao harbour. The inland waterway system available to Goa has been properly utilized by the
mining industry in Goa. This has led to the speedy movement of mineral carriers from the interior
parts of the state to the port areas this helps in the reduction of the cost of transportation of the
ore. These two rivers with the Cumbharjua canal provide advantages such as the cheap transport
of mineral ore through barges from land located mines to port harbour where the barges offload
minerals.The estimated indicated reserves of recoverable iron ore is about 58 per cent, iron content
is to the order of 405 million tonnes. Similarly reserves of black iron ore and manganese ore are
about six lakh tons and 12 lakh tons respectively. The reserve estimate for washed clay is about 1
to 3 lakh tonnes. Certain clay is suitable for ceramic industry and the rest can be used as refractory
material. Aerial surveys have led to the discovery of bauxite and luminous laterite in some northern
parts of the district. Huge reserves of bauxite have also been reported in the southern part of Goa.
Therefore, mining in Goa has flourished. Goa’s ore is of low quality and this low grade iron ore
is exported easily out of Goa because of its easy access to the sea. The iron ore production in Goa
always has been 100 per cent export oriented and also it substantially contributes to the State Gross
Domestic Product (SGDP).
With a view of understanding the “Economic Impacts caused due to mining activity in the
state of Goa” the present research study was undertaken. The 204 samples (respectively 161 from
Bicholim and 43 from Sanguem Taluk of north and south Goa) have been taken up with the help
of which the data pertaining to the study are collected from the two mining Taluks of Bicholim
In the Aftermath of Iron Ore Mining in Goa and Imbroglio Among the People Guruprasad R. Naik
and Sanguem of the five mining Taluks in Goa namely Bicholim, Sattari, and Dharbandora in
North and Sanguem and Quepem Taluks in South Goa respectively. At the onset pilot study was
conducted to determine and assess the extent of the problem faced by the farming community in
the study area in November 2014 and finally in the light of our experiences of the pilot exercise the
questionnaire was revised to obtain the necessary data from the farmers affected due to the mining
respectively from the Bicholim and Sanguem Taluks of this mining state. Having pre-structured
the questionnaire and finalized the actual areas having impact of mining were in person visited
by the present researcher to collect the data. The Sarpanch, Panch members, village panchayat
Secretaries, Zonal agricultural officers and other office staff from the two Taluks of Bicholim and
Sanguem villages have been very instrumental in providing us with the information in respect to the
cultivating households and also helped us to organize farmers so that the speedy collection of data
could be made possible. Various farmers clubs have also helped us mainly from Bicholim Taluk in
gathering the farmers to put up their problems before us and giving us the precious data required
for the study after realizing the nature of our study and to disburse the information about the state
of their fields and the resultant ill effects of mining on their lives and household economy.
The pre-structured questionnaire that has been used for obtaining primary information from
204 farming households respectively 161 from Bicholim and 43 from Sanguem taluka of North
and South Goa happened to be a set of 60 questions. All these households located in the villages
(The Annexure containing the list of respondents along with their addresses includes the name of
villages) with close proximity to the iron ore mining and transportation roads of the same were
visited in person and the questions were posed preferably to the elderly respondents from the
respective households with parallel and informal discussions so that the information we got had a
quality up to the mark.
Table 1: Household wise Sources of Water Available for Irrigation in the Vicinity of the Mining
Areas of Two Taluks Covered by the Present study
Source:- Field Survey
Base= Land Owned + land Lent in and Lent Out
Irrigation is nothing but using water from some another source rather than rainwater. Objective
of undertaking irrigation is to maintain the minimum amount of water required for the crop rearing.
The data in the above table number 1 displays the household wise sources of water available for
irrigation in the vicinity of the mining areas of two taluks from covered by the present study from
both the North and South Goa. Again the dependence of agriculture on monsoons is highlighted
because of the fact that 59.72 per cent of the farming households have rainwater as the source
of water for their farms. Bicholim Taluk has maximum of 62.79 per cent farming households
depending on rainwater as a source of water for their farms as opposed to 47.73 per cent farming
households from Sanguem Taluk that are dependent on rainwater as the source of water for their
farms. Next most used source of water for watering of farms is canals that has 29.17 per cent share
with Bicholim Taluk housing 29.65 per cent such households and Sanguem Taluk housing 27.27
per cent of the households. Still today we have traditional way of drawing water from the wells that
is being used as another source of water by 8.33 per cent households with 8.72 per cent households
and 6.82 per cent households respectively using this as source of water in Bicholim and Sanguem
Taluks. Bore well is used by 0.93 per cent of the farming households to water their farms by 1.16
per cent farming households in Bicholim Taluk only.Rest 6.48 per cent of the farming households
have been using other sources of water which comprise of 2.91 per cent farming households from
Bicholim Taluk and 20.45 per cent farming households from Sanguem Taluk respectively.
Table 2: Methods Used for Lifting of Water for Irrigation by the Households from Mining
Areas of Two Taluks from Covered by the Present study from North and South Goa

Although farmers have started irrigation practices to store water that can be supplied in the
absence of monsoons is very crucial. Yet it is noteworthy to find out the type of methods that the
farmers have used for lifting water for irrigation. There are various methods available for lifting
water for irrigation and due to various problems faced by the farmers which are socio-economic
in nature. Still due to the limited size of the land and other financial problems faced by them
they undertake different types of practices that suit their current agricultural practices.The data
in the above table number 2 displays the methods used for lifting of water for irrigation by the
households from mining areas of two taluks from covered by the present in bothfrom North and
South Goa.However, it should be noted that top method of lifting water is found to be gravitation
force occupying 47.69 per cent among other methods used for lifting water.Some farmers have
failed to report which would have really played an important role in shaping the future policies
for incentivizingvarious schemes for farm water management by the government at various policy
levels.Gravitation force means the natural canal is used as a method of lifting water that comprises
of 47.69 per cent of all the methods used for lifting water by the farmers.Gravitation Canal is used
as a method of lifting water that comprises of 2.31 per cent of all the methods used for lifting water
by the farmers. Rain water storeis used as a method of irrigation that comprises of 0.46 per cent of
all the methods used for irrigation by the farmers. Pump on Farm Tank is also used as a method of
lifting water that comprises of 0.46 per cent of all the methods used for lifting water by the farmers.
Electric Pump Set is an electrical equipment used by the 11.11 per cent farmers for lifting water.
Although the ownership of Electric Pump set has been revealed but still there are farmers who own
both Electric Pump sets as well as Diesel Pump Sets. But this proportion is only 0.46 per cent of the
entire equipment’s ownership. Lastly, we have the Natural streams which are used by some farmers
to lift the water for agricultural purposes.These are flowing for years together making it easy for the
farmers to avail the nature’s gifts for free.Since, majority of the farmers are from Bicholim Taluk it
is assumed that they will usually dominate the farmers from Sanguem Taluk in every aspect. But,
here in terms of Method of Lifting of water we find that for NO RESULT and for Electric Pump set
the Sanguem Taluk farmers have overtaken Bicholim Taluk farmers with 38.64 per cent and 22.73
per cent respectively. Hence, for other methods of lifting water that is Diesel Engine, Gravitation
Force, Gravitation Canal, Rain Water storage, Pump on Farm Tank, Diesel and Electric Pump set
and Natural Streams the farmers from Bicholim Taluk hold an upper hand with 0.46 per cent, 47.69
per cent, 2.31 per cent, 0.46 per cent, 0.46 per cent, 0.46 per cent and 2.78 per cent respectively.
Table 3: Method of Applying Irrigation Water used by the Households from Mining Areas of
Two Taluks Covered by the Present from North and South Goa

There are sprinkler, drip and surface types of irrigation practiced in agriculture. Sprinkler
systems depend on the land area to be irrigated. Surface irrigation, also known as flood irrigation,
is the least commonly used system. This system applies thorough and large volumes of water.
The data in the above table number 3 displays the Method of Applying Irrigation Water used by
the Households from Mining Areas of Two Taluks Covered by the Present study from both North
and South Goa. In previous table number 5.9 the various methods used by the farmers to lift water
have been specified but, here the stress lies on the Method of Applying Water to the farms by the
farmers. Here we find that farmers are using various methods to apply water such as Sprinklers,
Drip, Surface Irrigation, Sprinkler and Surface Irrigation and Drip and Surface Irrigation. Of all the
methods used for applying water Surface Irrigation is used by the majority of the farmers forming
78.70 per cent share in all the methods used for applying water. In Bicholim Taluk 80.23 per cent
among all the farmers are using Surface Irrigation to apply water for farms and the same situation
persists in Sanguem Taluk where 72.73 per cent among all the farmers are using Surface Irrigation
to apply water for farms. Second most used method for applying water is through Sprinklers.It
consists of 4.63 per cent share among methods for applying water. Surprisingly, in Sanguem Taluk
farmers are at forefront in the usage of Sprinklers with 15.91 per cent farmers using as opposed
to 1.74 per cent farmers from Bicholim Taluk who are using the same for applying water for their
fields. Whereas, only 1.39 per cent share is occupied by Drip Irrigation with 1.74 per cent farmers
using it in Bicholim Taluk and in Sanguem Taluk none of the farmers is found to be using Drip
Irrigation. Some farmers from Bicholim Taluk are also found to be using both the Sprinkler and
Surface Irrigation as well as Drip and Surface Irrigation methods to apply water with 0.46 per cent
share each respectively. Surprisingly in Bicholim Taluk only 0.58 per cent farmers are found to be
using both the above mentioned methods to apply water for their fields.
Table 4: Ownership of Agricultural Equipment by the Households from Mining Areas of Two
TaluksCovered by the Present study from both North and South Goa


Agricultural equipments refer to tools used for farming. The best is the tractor. The data
in the above table number 4 displays the ownership pattern of Agricultural Equipments by the
Households from Mining Areas of Two Taluks Covered by the Present study from both North and
South Goa.Farmers have been practicing agriculture for years together and while doing so they
have used equipments to practice cultivation. The data portrays that 75.93 per cent of the farmers
have ownership of agricultural equipments among the two Taluks of Bicholim and Sanguem with
farmers from these Taluks comprising ownership with percentage of 77.33 per cent from Bicholim
Taluk and 70.45 per cent from Sanguem Taluk respectively. Only 11.11 per cent the householdshave
said that they do not own any agricultural equipment where 9.88 per cent hail from Bicholim Taluk
and 15.91 per cent are from Sanguem Taluk. Small section of farmers consisting of 7.41 per cent
did not reveal about the ownership of agricultural equipments by them, here from Sanguem Taluk
11.36 per cent farmers and 6.40 per cent farmers from Bicholim Taluk have not revealed their
ownerships of agricultural equipments respectively. This shows the state of farming community
in the two Taluks of Bicholim and Sanguem in the state of Goa. Except for the ownership of
agricultural equipments Sanguem Taluk farmers have an upper hand over Bicholim Taluk farmers.
Table 5: Details of Ownership of Agricultural Equipments by the Households from Mining

Areas of Two Taluks Covered by the Present study from North and South Goa

Ownership of agricultural equipments plays a very important role in performing agricultural

operations.The data in the above table number 5 displays Details of Ownership of Agricultural
Equipments by the Households from Mining Areas of Two Taluks Covered by the Present study
from both the North and South Goa. Table number 5.11 showed the statistics on the ownership,
non-ownership and non-statement of ownership of agricultural equipments by the farming
community in the two Taluks of Bicholim and Sanguem of the state of Goa. Observation of the
data structured above shows now the type of agricultural equipments possessed by the farmers in
the above mentioned two Taluks of Bicholim and Sanguem.Close observation of the data shows
that majority of the farmers own the agricultural equipment called as Spade that comprises 89.81
per cent among all the agricultural equipments. Spade has been used since traditional agricultural
times with the introduction of metal equipments used for various purposes. Hence, it is economic to
buy and is used for various purposes not only in the agricultural sector but also used at construction
sites having multiple uses. Therefore, it can be classified as multipurpose economic equipment.
The second most used equipment by households with 87.50 per cent is “Hand Tiller”. Likewise,
spade it also has multiple uses.In Bicholim Taluk 88.95 per cent farmers are using it as opposed to
81.82 per cent farmers from Sanguem who are its users. “Sickle” follows up with 63.89 per cent
among all agricultural equipments among farmers with Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk owning it
with 65.70 per cent and 56.82 per cent respectively. Age old agricultural equipment but still the
backbone of farming is the “Plough” takes share of 33.33 per cent in all the equipments.Bicholim
Taluk farmers seem to be using plough still in majority with 38.95 per cent followed by Sanguem
farmers with 11.36 per cent.“Grass cutting machine” owns a share of 5.56 per cent owing to start of
usage of machinery to practice various activities previously done manually by the farmers.“Spray
Pump” usage has also gone to 5.56 per cent to speed up the process of production of crops with 4.65
per cent farmers using it in Bicholim Taluk and 9.09 per cent of the farmers using it in Sanguem
Taluk.“Power Tiller” is used by 4.17 per cent of the households with 4.65 per cent and 2.27 per
cent farmers owning it in Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively.“Harvester” similarly is used
by5.55 per cent farmers having share of 4.65 per cent households from Bicholim and 9.09 per cent
farmers from Sanguem Taluk.“Tractor” is having share of 3.24 per cent with only 4.07 per cent
households possessing it in Bicholim Taluk.Households have also started using “Cultivator” with
a share of 1.85 per cent among all the other agricultural equipments.Only1.74 per cent farmers that
too only from Bicholim Talukownit.Same share is held by “Mini Tractor” ownership of 1.85 per
cent that too 2.33 per cent households only from Bicholim Taluk having it.“Wider” is having the
share of less than 1 per cent (0.46 per cent) and 0.58 per centhouseholds from Bicholim Taluk only
are having it.
Thus, it can be noted that the farmers are using both traditional as well as modern mechanical
farming equipments to undertake cultivation in the state of Goa. Slowly due to various schemes
provided by the state/central government farmers which were earlier resorting to only traditional
equipments have now switched over to modern mechanical equipments in the state of Goa however
due to the restriction of the limited size of the land despite the assistance provided by the government
large machinery provided cannot be used by the farmers to till the land.
Table 6: Details of Ownership of Household Assets by the Households from Mining Areas of
Two Taluks Covered by the Present study from Northand South Goa

Along with ownership of agricultural equipments it is essential to note that the ownership
of household assets is also important to assess the financial position of the farmers. The data in
the above table number 6 displays in details of ownership of household assets by the households
from mining areas of two taluks from covered by the present in both north and south Goa. The
household assets owned by the farming community places “Fan” at the first position with 96.08
per cent share among all assets held with Bicholim Taluk households 96.27 per cent and 95.35 per
cent owners in Sanguem Talukhouseholdsrespectively.At second position we have “Cooking Gas”
a necessary asset held by the people with 95.59 per cent share where 96.27 per cent and 93.02 per
cent from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively. At third position we have “Refrigerator”
held by the people with 77.94 per cent share where respectively 76.40 per cent and 83.72 per cent
from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk. At fourth position we have “Television” held by the people
with 76.96 per cent share where 73.91 per cent and 88.37 per cent from Bicholim and Sanguem
Taluk respectively.Majorly used around the world in different types the device of “Mobile” held by
the people with 60.29 per cent share where 50.93 per cent and 95.35 per cent from Bicholim and
Sanguem Taluk respectively.The traditional and the initial two wheeler termed as “Scooter” is still
held by the people with 39.71 per cent share where 34.78 per cent and 58.14 per cent from Bicholim
and Sanguem Taluk respectively.The most economical and widely used for its eco-friendly benefits
the “Cycle” is held by the people with 37.25 per cent share where 35.40 per cent and 44.19 per cent
from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively.With its fast growing usage all around the world
and its ability to go from the shortest routes “Motorcycle” held by the people with 32.35 per cent
share where 27.33 per cent and 51.16 per cent from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively.
Historical and the first mode of communication used by the Government of India which is “Radio”
is owned by the people with 24.02 per cent share where 26.71 per cent and 13.95 per cent from
Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively.Due to competition in the automobiles industry that has
created cut throat competition based on the sales of vehicles combined with the resultant lowered
costs and huge consumer market it has become affordable for the people to own “Car” that takes up
the shareof 13.73 per cent where 8.70 per cent and 32.56 per cent from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk
respectively.To reap the benefits of mining especially transportation of the iron ore from the mining
sites to the port areas from where the iron ore is finally exported to its different buyers situated
across the continent people have purchased “Truck” acquiring a share of 12.75 per cent where
9.94 per cent and 23.26 per cent shares belong to the Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively.
Advancements in technology have also reduced the prices of different gadgets with “Laptop” being
no exception to it are held by the people with 8.82 per cent share where 6.21 per cent and 18.60
per cent from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively.Traditional fixed mode of communication
being telephone and post-independence of the nation in 1947 and subsequent setting up of Bharat
Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) and later on after the economic reforms stormed the country in the
1990’s the “Landline” is possessed by the people with 14.70 per cent share where 7.46 per cent and
41.86 per cent from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively.Digitization brought “Computer” to
the doorstep of the people with 14.70 per cent share where 9.94 per cent and 32.55 per cent from
Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively.Sharing of information has attained great importance
in the modern era alongwith the necessity to keep in contact with each other has led people to
have “Internet” with 6.86 per cent share where 3.11 per cent and 20.93 per cent from Bicholim
and Sanguem Taluk respectively.Some people who are fond of keeping different type of vehicle
and desire to off the road keep “Jeep” with them that takes up a share of4.90 per cent where 3.11
per cent and 11.63 per cent from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively.Age old tradition of
vehicles that struck the 20th century led people to occupy the vehicle of “Moped” with 1.96 per
cent share where 0.62 per cent and 6.98 per cent from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively.
Table 7: Details of Ownership of Livestock by the Households from Mining Areas of Two
Taluks from Covered by the Present from North Goa and South Goa
A large number of farmers undertake animal rearing by running activities such as supplying
milk, meat, eggs,wooland hides andother animals. Therefore, animal husbandry is of critical
importance in the rural economy.The data in the above table number 7 displays Details of
Ownership of Livestock by the Households from Mining Areas of Two Taluks from Covered by
the Present in both North and South Goa.The livestock owned by the farming community consists
of many animals where “Bull” ownership consists of16.67 per cent share among all animals with
Bicholim Taluk20.50 per cent and 2.33 per cent owners in Sanguem Taluk. Another important
milching animal owned by households is “Cow” held by the cultivators with 14.22 per cent share
where 16.77 per cent and 4.65 per cent from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively. “Buffalo
(Female)” is yet another mulching animal that is owned by cultivating households with 9.80 per
cent share where 11.80 per cent and 2.33 per cent from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively.
Some households also have poultry animals such as “Hen” held by the people with 6.37 per cent
share where 6.21 per cent and 6.98 per cent from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively.A
segment of the people also are found to having “Pig” with 2.94 per cent share where 1.86 per cent
and 6.98 per cent from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively.For purposes such as animal
games termed in Goa as “Dhiryo” whereby “Buffalo (Male)” is used for fighting with another
Buffalo (Male) which is an important illegal economic earning opportunity to the people of Goa
that takes up a share of1.96 per cent where 2.48 per cent from Bicholim Taluk. In South Indian state
of Tamil Nadu such sporting fights are termed as “Jallikattu” and is widely popular among the local
population. For commercial sale and the subsequent economic upliftment purposes “Goat (Male)”
is in possession of almostpeople who have 0.98 per cent share where 1.24 per cent from Bicholim
Taluk.For milk rearing purposes and other economic incentives that come with it “Goat (Female)”
held by the people with 0.49 per cent share where 0.62 per cent from Bicholim Taluk.Very few
people are found to be holding the ownership of “Donkey” with a share of 0.49 per cent where
0.62 per cent from Bicholim Taluk.For the large scale requirement of clothing wool the people own
“Sheep” with 0.49 per cent share where 0.62 per cent from Bicholim Taluk.Small proportion of the
people also have possession of “Horse” with 0.49 per cent share where 0.62 per cent from Bicholim
Taluk. Therefore, it can be said that majority of the farmers are having Cow and Bull.
Table 8: Households Reporting the Occupation Other Than Agriculture Supporting their Farm
Income and its Nature in the Mining Areas of Two Taluks Covered by the Present study from North
and South Goa


Since mining has resulted in large scale destruction of agriculture in the state of Goa farmers
are severely affected but it. In the absence of production or adverse impact of mining and lowered
levels of production the only option is to have another option of occupation termed here as “Off
Farm Occupation” undertaken to support the family in absence of healthy agricultural practices.
The data in the above table number 8 displays households reporting the occupation other than
agriculture supporting their farm income and its Nature in the Mining Areas of Two Taluks Covered
by the Present study in both North and South Goa. Responses on Off Farm Occupation has revealed
that 21.57 per cent households are engaged in Off Farm Occupation of which 19.25 per cent are
from Bicholim Taluk and 30.23 per cent farmers are from Sanguem Taluk. On the other hand,
69.12 per cent farmers do not have any Off Farm Occupation of which 72.05 are from Bicholim
Taluk and 58.14 per cent are from Sanguem Taluk. But, 9.31 per cent farmers have not revealed
whether they are engaged in Off Farm Occupation or not. Hence, it can be said that majority of the
farmers are only practicing farming and are not doing any other Off Farm Occupation.
Table 9: Households Reporting of the Type of Occupation Supporting Their Cultivation in the
Mining Areas of Two Taluks Covered by the Present study from North and South Goa
Some farmers may have started Off Farm Occupations but understanding the nature of such
activities is very important which is captured in the present study. The data in the above table
number 9 displays Households Reporting the Type of Occupation Supporting their Cultivationin
the Mining Areas of Two Taluks Covered by the Present in both North and South Goa. Nature of
Off Farm Occupation places “Labour” at first position with 45.45 per cent share with Bicholim
Taluk 61.29 per cent and 7.69 per cent in Sanguem Taluk. At second position we have the Off Farm
Occupation of “Animal Husbandry” with 27.27 per cent share where 35.48 per cent and 7.69 per
cent from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively. We also have “Other” Off Farm Occupation
by the people with 13.64 per cent share where respectively 6.45 per cent and 30.77 per cent from
Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk. Occupation of “Poultry House” is developed by the people with
6.82 per cent where 6.45 per cent and 7.69 per cent from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk. At fifth
position the ownership of “Shop” is with 6.82 per cent where respectively 3.23 per cent and 15.38
per cent from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk. Goa is a tourist state hence at sixth position we have
the Off Farm Occupation of “Taxi Driver” by the people with 4.55 per cent share where 0.00 per
cent from Bicholim and 15.38 per cent from Sanguem Taluk. Another activity of this tourist state
is giving “Vehicle on Rent” it is done by 4.55 per cent share where nobody from Bicholim while
15.38 per cent from Sanguem Taluk are in this business. At eighth position we have the Off Farm
Occupation of “Flour Mill” started by people that has 4.55 per cent share where 6.45 per cent from
Bicholim and 0.00 per cent from Sanguem Taluk while at ninth position we have the major Off
Farm Occupation of “Tourist Guide” by the people with 2.27 per cent share where 3.23 per cent
from Bicholim and 0.00 per cent from Sanguem Taluk.
Mining and Employment Opportunities in the Study areas
Table 10: Availability of Employment on the Mining Sites for the Persons Belonging to
theHouseholds from Mining Areas of Two Taluks Covered by the Present study from North and
South Goa

Mining has brought with it not only the large chunk of machines but also labour to operate the
same and also to perform the other functions in the overall mining activity. This brought in a lot of
migrants from the neighbouring state of Karnataka to work on mines and they too got employment
by doing such jobs.The data in the above table number 10 displays the availability of employment
on the mining sites for the persons belonging to the households from mining areas of two taluks
covered by the present study in both North and South Goa. People reported that 25.98 per cent
of them have got employment on the Mining sites from which 29.19 per cent are from Bicholim
Taluk while 13.95 per cent are from Sanguem. Whereas, 68.14 per cent of them did not get any
employment on the Mining sites from which 66.46 per cent are from Bicholim Taluk whereas 74.42
per cent are from Sanguem.
Table 11: Nature of Work Available on the Mining Sites for the Persons Belonging to
theHouseholds from Mining Areas of Two Taluks Covered by the Present study from Northand
South Goa

Unemployment is a major cause of concern for majority of the people around the world
especially in the unorganized sector. But, in the industrial sector the requirement of labour is very
large due to the vast extent of operations of different kinds that have to be carried out every day
to run the industry. Speaking of the mining industry there are different types of jobs available to
the people working on mines or associated activities such as transporting ore, barge owners, etc.
Some of the jobs are mentioned in the data of which was gathered through the field visits conducted
for the present study purpose. The data in the above table number 11 displays thenature of work
available on the mining sites for the persons belonging to the households from mining areas of two
taluks covered by the present study in both North and South Goa. The nature of work available
on the mining sites for the persons belonging to the households from mining areas of two taluks
places job of Labour at first position with 60.38 per cent share among all jobs with Bicholim Taluk
farmers 65.96 per cent and 16.67 per cent farmer in Sanguem Taluk. At second position we have
the Truck Driver a necessary job held by the people with 18.87 per cent share where 14.89 per cent
and 50 per cent are from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively. Temporary Workers have the
share of11.32 per cent where 12.77 per cent and 0.00 per cent from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk
respectively. At fourth position we have Pump Operator held by the people with 5.66 per cent
share where 6.38 per cent are from Bicholim taluka while none is from Sanguem Taluk. Mining
involves daily activities of loading extracted ore into trucks and other services for which Daily
Wage Workersare required who take share of3.77 per cent where 4.26 per cent and 0.00 per cent
from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk respectively. Mining companies also have their offices to record
the regular activities undertaken at mines and other jobs to be done in the office for which Clerkis
necessary who acquires share of1.89 per cent where 2.13 per cent from Bicholim and 0.00 per
cent from Sanguem Taluk. Having processed the ore it needs to be loaded on to the trucks to be
transported to the port vessels for which Machine Operatoris in demand who has1.89 per cent share
where 2.13 per cent from Bicholim and 0.00 per cent from Sanguem Taluk. Since transportation of
ore body from mining site to port occurs frequently the machinery needs to be intact in the cases
of breakdown of the same an Engineerplays a very important role with 1.89 per cent share where
0.00 per cent from Bicholim and 16.67 per cent from Sanguem Taluk. Appointment of Managers
on the mining sites helps to conduct mining activities smoothly at the mining site which in our
study takes up1.89 per cent share where 2.13 per cent from Bicholim and 0.00 per cent from
Sanguem Taluk. Protection of the mined ore stored at the dump site and the overall machinery is
very essential therefore Security Guardis appointed who takes1.89 per cent share where 2.13per
cent from Bicholim and 0.00 per cent from Sanguem Taluk. Transportation of ore from inland
mining sites to the port vessels is done by the Barges carrying the ore from inland rivers to the main
ports hence a Barj Navigatoralso plays an important role but here he takes0.00 per cent sharealong
with Barj Owner hence it can be said that no individuals from our study sampleare doing such
type of job from Bicholim and Sanguem Taluk. Similarly, there are no Administrators in our study
sample neitherfrom Bicholim taluka norfrom Sanguem Taluk. Surprisingly despite of lot of mining
activity going on in the last few years in the state of Goa no person from our study sample seems
to JCB Operator.
References:
1. Oliveira A, Cacodcar J, Motghare D D (2014), Morbidity Among Iron Ore Mine Workers in
Goa, Indian Journal of Public Health, 58:57-60.
2. Xavier Llavina Pascual, Miriam Pablos Cascallar, MireiaPlanell I Calle, Eloi Puig dollars
Rodes, Clara Sole Carbonell I Aida Vila I Casau (2013), Iron Mining in Goa (India): An
Interdisciplinary Study, A Degree Thesis in Environmental Sciences, Autonomous University
of Barcelona.
Some Demographic Aspects of Women Population in

Goa: A Spatial Perspective
Dr. K. R. Badiger,
Associate Professor in Geography,
Government College of Arts, Science &
Commerce, Sanquelim, Goa
Sunayana P. Haldankar,
Assistant Professor in Geography,
Government College of Arts, Science &
Commerce, Sanquelim, Goa
ABSTRACT :
R oles of women vary widely across the cultures and regions. The role of women in today’s world
has changed significantly and for better. They have attained immense success in every field,
whether it is sports, politics and academics. Education is an important key to success. Empowering
women would become more pertinent if women were well informed and educated. They have
established them-selves socially, politically and economically in almost every field. Today-along
with handling tough clients at office, they successfully multitask at home too. Women are more
focused and have a unique decision-making power even at senior leadership level, in the most
optimal manner, and at times are in a better position than men.
In this paper an attempt has been made to assess some aspects of demographic characters of
women population in Goa through 1991 till 2011. The statistical techniques such as classification,
tabulation, ratio, percentage, growth rate, etc. are employed for data analysis. Maps and diagrams
are used for visual impression and interpretation.
The results indicate that there is a typical spatial pattern in demographic aspects of women
population specially in distribution, growth, social class, work participation, and migrationin Goa.
The spatial pattern implies the role of physical factors and their influence on distribution pattern of
socio-cultural and economic factors especially of women in Goa.
KEYWORDS: Demographic, Spatial pattern, Social class, Occupation, Migration
SOME DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF WOMEN POPULATION IN GOA:A

SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE
Some Demographic Aspects of Women Population in Goa: A Spatial Perspective Dr. K. R. Badiger, Sunayana P. Haldankar,
INTRODUCTION
Of late the roles of women vary widely across cultures and countries, they have expanded
significantly in many countries. The role of women in today’s world has changed significantly
and for better. Women are now self-sufficient, well aware and financially independent. They have
attained immense success in every field, whether it is sports, politics and academics.
Education is an important key to success. Empowering women would become more pertinent
if women were well informed and educated. A woman needs to understand her rights so that she
can walk at par with men.
The role of women has changed tremendously and they have been able to create a positive
impression in the society. They have established them-selves socially, politically and economically
in almost every field. Women are no longer considered unfit or weak for military or for other
defence forces.
Today-along with handling tough clients at office, they successfully multitask at home too.
Women are more focused and have a unique decision-making power even at senior leadership
level, in the most optimal manner, and at times are in a better position than men. Empowering
women can help the society to grow and developat a faster pace.
OBJECTIVES
• To highlight the distribution patterns of Goa’s population in general and female population in
particular in Goa.
• To analyse and understand somespatial patterns of demographic characters of the female
population in Goa.
STUDY AREA
For the present study Goa state has been selected. Goa state lies in the western margin of
peninsula India. The state is located geographically between 14º 53’ N and 15º 48’ N latitude and
73 º 40’ E and 74 º 20’ E longitude (fig.no.1.). It lays along the Western (Konkani) Coast on 600 km
South of Mumbai and 300 km North of Mangalore. The state is surrounded by Sindhudurga District
of Maharashtra state in north, parts of Belgaum and Uttar Kannada Districts of Karnataka state in
the east and south respectively, and the Arabian Sea in the west and the geographical area of the
state is 3702 sq. km, the smallest among the Indian states.
The geographical and climatological variations, which could be considered for their role in
guiding or influencing the growth, distribution, development and density of female population.
The basic reasons led for the selection of Goa as a study are; 1) A large quantity of population
data is available for the past several decades online on the website of the Department of Census
operations, India, and hence data collection and processing is relatively easier and 2) also fairly
large diverse geographical unit like Goa could yield a good result in understanding the role of relief
and drainage on women population distribution pattern.
Figure No. 1
DATA SOURCE AND METHODOLOGY

The major sources of data for the present work have been the Census of India, District Census
Hand Book of North Goa and South Goa for the year 1991, 2001 and 2011. All the data related to
demography are collected from website of the department of Census operations, Government of
India.
The entire analysis in this study rests on what has emerged from the data generation, analysis
and presentation of the derived results. Simple techniques like processing, tabulation, classification,
ratio, percentage, and average are used.
Free and Open-source software like QGIS were used for analysis and to prepare appropriate
maps. Similarly, to get a better visual impression and for better understanding graph and maps are
used.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
The basic things considered here regarding demographic aspects especially of women are
growth, distribution, social class, literacy, work participation and property ownership. Migration
is just touched upon. An attempt primarily is made to give trendsof demographic aspects of Goa’s
women population for three census years from 1991 till 2011.
Spatial Spread of Population
The pattern of spatial spread of population in any region displays the role of physical and
cultural factors working in that region. A known fact is that plain areas support more population
and mountainous areas relatively very less. Distribution, growth, density and other various aspects
of demography of female population are governed by socio-cultural and religious traditions and
practices of region.
Table No. 1 Taluka-wise distribution of Population in the State as per 2011 census
Source: Goa Economic Survey 2014-15
From the table no1 it is evident that there are 8,18,008 persons in North Goa district (56.08%)
of the total population, whereas there are 6,40,537 persons in South Goa district (43.92 percent).
Most populated taluka of the state is Salcete with 20.19 percent of the total population (2,94,464
persons).
It is followed by Bardez with 2,37,440 persons (16.28%) and Tiswadi with 1,77,219 persons
(12.15%). About 48% of the state’s population is shared by these three talukas. Canacona is the
least populated taluka accounting for 3.10 percent of the total population (45,172 persons).
Density of Population
The density of population is a measure of man and land ratio, means the average number of
persons per unit area. In Goa state the density of population has increased from 364 persons per sq
km. in 2001 to 394 persons per sq. km in 2011. The Taluka wise density of population as per 2011
Census is given in the table no. 2.
Table No. 2 Taluka-wise Density of Population
Source: Goa Economic Survey 2014-15

The density of population is above the State average of 394 in the talukas of Mormugao,
Salcete, Tiswadi, Bardez and Ponda. Mormugao has the highest density of population of 1,416 per
sq km, followed by Salcete with 1,005. Bardez, Tiswadi and Ponda have density of population of
899, 830 and 566 per sq km respectively. The density of population is lowest in Sanguem taluka
with 78 persons per sq Km.
GROWTH OF WOMEN POPULATION IN GOA- 1991-2011
The Figure No. 2 shows the growth of women population in Goa during 1991 till 2011. It is
evident from the figures that the growth of women population in Goa had considerable geographical
variation. 5 talukas out of 11 show the considerable continuous increase in the women population
during the study period. Salcete, Bardez, Tiswadi, Marmugoa and Ponda have witnessed relatively
a high degree of growth in women population as compared to other talukas. The growth is seen
in more industrialized & talukas with more tourist spots. These 5 talukas have not only shown
the growth of women population by natural factor but also show the impact of cultural factor
like migration. However, it is obvious that the growth of women population is continuous and
consistent.
Figure No. 2
The growth of women population in Bicholim taluka is almost in the lines of coastal talukas
where as in Pernem, Sattari, Sanguem, Quepem and Canacona the women population growth looks
almost near stable. It is also implying that the migrants to Goa are not settling in the interior talukas
compared to the talukas with tourism, active construction work and more industrialized regions.
DISTRIBUTION OF WOMEN POPULATION IN GOA 1991-2011
Figure No. 3. A (1991), B (2001) and C (2011) show the spatio-temporal variation in distribution
of women population in Goa during 1991 upto 2011 census year. State of Goa is relatively small
geographically but reveals very clear spatial pattern in the proportion of women population of Goa.
The coastal talukas namely Salcete, Bardez, Tiswadi, Ponda and Mormugoa share more than 65
percent of the population and rest of the talukas share roughly around 1/3 the women population of
Goa. When we compare all 3 maps of Goa (A, B & C) it is evident that there is considerable variation
in the women population prominently in aforesaid 5 talukas more than other less developed talukas.

Figure No.3
DISTRIBUTION OF WOMEN BY SOCIAL CLASS IN GOA - 2011

The figure no. 4. show the distribution of female Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe
population in Goa in 2011. It shows the typical pattern of Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe women
population. A cursory glance at the map yields that Scheduled Caste population is more in Goa
and also spread more in Central and Northern Goa. Among all the talukas female Scheduled Caste
population is found more in Bardez, Tiswadi, Mormugoa, Salcete, Ponda, Bicholim and Pernem.
The least female Scheduled Caste population is found in Canacona followed by Quepem, Sanguem
and Sattari. It can be concluded that the talukas with Western Ghat section house less Scheduled
Caste population. It simply means Central and Northern talukas are concentrated with Scheduled
Caste population.
Figure No. 4
It is evident from the figure that Scheduled Tribe population is more concentrated in Central
and South Goa with more proportion in Salcete, Ponda, Tiswadi, Quepem, Sanguem and Canacona.
The figure also displays the more Scheduled Tribe people in Goa in comparison with the Scheduled
Caste female population. However, Northern talukas are found with more proportion of Scheduled
Caste population whereas Southern talukas with more proportion of Scheduled Tribe female
population.
DISTRIBUTION OF WOMEN BY LITERACY IN GOA 1991-2011
The figure no. 5. A (1991), B (2001) and C (2011) show the distribution of female Literate and
Illiterate population during 1991-2011. It is evident from the figure no. 5. A (1991) that Goa is an
exception compare to other states with more proportion in female literate category in the year 1991.
Almost all the talukas had female literacy more than female illiterate except Sattari, Sanguem and
Canacona.
Figure no. 5. B (2001) gives an impression that by the year 2001 almost all talukas have had
more proportion in female literate as against its illiterate counterpart. The proportion of literate
women is more than 2/3 the population in Bardez, Pernem, Mormugoa, Ponda, Salcete, Tiswadi
and Bicholim. However, Sattari, Sanguem and Canacona have scored better proportion in female
literate.

Figure No. 5
Figure no 5. C (2011) shows the tremendous increase in the female literacy especially in
Tiswadi, Salcete, Ponda, Bardez, Pernem, Bicholim and Mormugoa. Western Ghats talukas namely
Sattari, Sanguem, Quepem and Canacona have also raised substantially the female literacy as
compared to female illiteracy.
A comparative study of female literacy maps for the census year 1991, 2001 and 2011 portray
that the female literacy is much higher in the Central and Coastal talukas whereas it is relatively
less in Western Ghat talukas of Sattari, Sanguem, Quepem and Canacona.
FEMALE WORK PARTICIPATION IN GOA 1991-2011
The Figure no. 6. A (1991), B (2001) and C (2011) show the distribution of female population
in Goa as Worker, Marginal Worker and non-Worker during 1991, 2001 and 2011 census year.
The figure no. 6. A (1991) shows that a large proportion of women in Goa in the census
year 1991 is classified as non-Worker. However, in almost all talukas a fairly good proportion of
women also classified as worker group. More than 41000 up to 1 lakh women are found in Bardez,
Tiswadi, Ponda, Salcete, Mormugoa of which only 20 percent are classified as worker. However,
large proportion of women do not participate in any productive economic activities.

Figure No. 6
By the year 2001 (figure 6. B) the proportion of women participation both in the category
of Main Worker and Marginal Worker has increased, however, more than 70 percent women still
belong to non-worker group.
The figure no. 6. C (2011) reveals that the proportion of women participation in productive
economic activities is constantly increasing. But, only some of the talukas namely; Salcete, Ponda,
Bardez, Tiswadi and Mormugoa where women workers are concentrated more as compared to
other talukas. However, disheartening fact is that still large proportion of women is classified as
non-worker in 2011 census year also.
It can be concluded that till date women participation in productive economic activity may be
slightly more than other states. However, still large proportion is specified as non-worker.
WOMEN POPULATION BY PROPERTY OWNERSHIP 2011
In India, traditionally the family is patriarchal in practice. A property ownership of women
is very close to 1 percent or less than 1percent. Only Mizoram state; in the north-eastern parts of
India has nearly 95% of its land property in the name of women. However, in Goa state like any
other states of India, 95% of land property is registered in the name of men population rather than
women.
Almost 95 percent of the women are not having any property registered in their name. However,
a fairly good proportion of women appears to own property especially in the talukas of Salcete,
Bardez, Tiswadi, Ponda and Mormugoa. A noteworthy feature of Goa’s society is that almost all
talukas show some property owned by female as per the census year 2011.
MIGRATION IN GOA
Goa is one of the popular host regions or destinations for immigrant labour population. It is
also a source region for out migration especially to Mumbai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Pune and
Gulf countries in seek of well-paid different grades of jobs. In the decade 2001 - 2011, 1.35 lakh
persons migrated into Goa from other states in the country. Goa receives the most migrants from its
neighbouring states of Karnataka and Maharashtra.

But persons from Uttar Pradesh form the third largest group from another state migrating into
Goa. Around 12,897 persons from Uttar Pradesh and 5781 persons from Bihar migrated to Goa
between 2001 and 2011.
Karnataka state stands first as a source region for migration to Goa with 53,000 migrants
followed by Maharashtra with 30644 migrants (table no.3 and figure 7) as per the Census year 2011.
Table No. 3. Immigration to Goa 2011
Source: Census of India, 2011
Figure No. 7.
Most of the migrants who moved to Goa were in the highly productive age groups of 20 and
35, possibly an employment could be the reason for migration. In the case of Karnataka, Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar, it was mainly people from rural areas of these states that moved to Goa.
But, from Maharashtra out of the 30,000-odd people shifted to Goa, more than 20,000 were
from urban regions, while 10,000 came from rural areas.
Between 3,000 to 4,000 persons each also shifted to Goa from the states of Kerala, West
Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. However, Goa received a small number of migrants
from the rest of the states and Union territories as well, making the tiny state a truly cosmopolitan
place with persons from every part of India.

There were also 2.60 lakh Goan’s who moved homes to another location within the state
between 2001 and 2011, with residents of urban areas more likely to shift homes to another part
of the state. A large part of those migrating within the state were women, after getting married as
compulsion for move out of their parents’ home. Another reason could be the job for migration
within Goa.
According to the census year 2011, 43.8% of female migration was due to marriage which is
the single largest cause for the migration in India. In Goa also the marriage is the main cause for
female migration but within Goa, however, very meagre quantity is from outside Goa.
Marriage was cited as the pre-dominant reason for migration among females in India. About
42.4 million migrants out of total 65.4 million female migrants cited this reason for migration. An
estimation in the 2017 shows that 56% female from urban and 73% female from rural India migrate
interstate to work in primary sector, manufacturing, construction activities.
About 8% of Goa’s population moved out of the state especially to Mumbai, Hyderabad and
Bengaluru in search of IT job and other business activities and also abroad. Most of the Goans go
abroad specially to Gulf countries, UK, Australia, New Zealand, etc., not only for better paid job
but also for better life.
FINDINGS
Demography as a field of study usually carried out by the social scientists. Sociology,
Economics, Geography, Demography are social sciences study from different approaches and
present the analysis in different way for different purposes.
The spatio-temporal variation in the growth of women population in Goa shows the considerable
geographical variation. 5 talukas out of 11 show the considerable continuous increase in the women
population during the study period. Salcete, Bardez, Tiswadi, Mormugoa and Ponda have witnessed
relatively a high degree of growth in women population as compared to other talukas.
Economically and industrially advanced regions record an imbalance in proportion of women
population compare to total population in the study period in India. Goa state is relatively small
geographically but reveals very clear spatial pattern in the proportion of women population.
Talukas namely Salcete, Bardez, Tiswadi, Ponda and Mormugoa share more than 50 percent
of the women population.
The distribution of Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe women population shows typical pattern
in Goa. ST women are more than SC women.
The Scheduled Caste population is spread more only in Central and Northern Goa. It is the
least in Canacona followed by Quepem. The Western Ghat talukas have less women SC population.
The Scheduled Tribe population is more concentrated in Central and South Goa. The Northern
talukas have more of SC women population whereas Southern talukas more in ST female population.
More developed talukas; Salcete, Marmugoa, Ponda, Tiswadi and Bardez have almost balanced in
female population of SC & ST.
In 1991 almost all the talukas of Goa had female literacy more than female illiteracy.
By 2011 there is tremendous increase in the female literacy. Western Ghats talukas namely
Sattari, Sanguem, Quepem and Canacona have also raised substantially in female Literacy as
compared to female illiteracy.
The female Literacy is much higher in the Central and Coastal talukas whereas it is relatively
less in Western Ghat talukas.

A large proportion of women in Goa is classified as non-Worker in 1991.
By the year 2001 the proportion of women participation both in the category of Main Worker
and Marginal Worker has increased, however, more than 70 percent women still belong to non-
Worker group.
The proportion of women participation in productive economic activities is concentrated more
in Salcete, Ponda, Bardez, Tiswadi and Mormugoa as compared to other talukas in 2011. The
disheartening fact is that still large proportion of women is classified as non-worker in 2011 also.
In Goa state like any other states of India, 95% of land property is registered in the name of
men population rather than women. However, a fairly good proportion of women appear to own
property especially in the talukas of Salcete, Bardez, Tiswadi, Ponda and Mormugoa. Almost all
talukas show some property owned by female as per the census year 2011.
Goa is one of the popular host regions or destinations for immigrant labour population. In the
decade 2001 - 2011, 1.35 lakh persons migrated into Goa from other states. 70% of migrants to Goa
are from Karnataka and Maharashtra.
Migrants who moved to Goa were in the highly productive age groups of 20 and 35.
There were also 2.60 lakh Goans who moved homes to another location within the state
between 2001 and 2011. A large part of those migrating within the state were women, after getting
married. About 5% of Goa’s population moved out of the state especially to Mumbai, Hyderabad
and Bengaluru in search of IT job and other business activities and also abroad. Most of the Goans
go abroad specially to Gulf countries, UK, Australia, New Zealand, etc., not only for better paid
job but also for better life.
REFERENCE
Books:
1. Census of India (1991), India’s Population Heading Towards Billion,Census of India.
2. Desai S. P (2011), A Portrait of Population in Goa, Dy. Director of Census Operations, Goa
3. Hussain M, (2005), Human Geography of India, Rawat Publisher, NewDelhi.
4. Knowles & Weiring (1989), Social & Economic Geography, Rupa Publishers,New Delhi.
Websites:
https://censusindia.gov.in/ for 2001 & 2011 Population Data
https://karam.in/role – women – today-world/The role of women in today’s world
A study of MSMEs relief measures on the stressed

MSMEs sector in Goa after Covid-19
Namdev M. Gawas
Associate Professor
Commerce, Government College of Arts, Science & Commerce,
Sanquelim, Goa.
ABSTRACT:
Like a lightning bolt, Covid-19 stuck humanity and caught every one in disbelief. Unprepared to
facesuch an unprecedented and deadly virus, nations are grappling to find a solution and assure
the masses, who are gripped in fear and uncertainty.The MSMEs known as the backbone of Indian
economy. MSME sector employing total 40% of the country’s workforce with almost 50% of exports
and contributing close to 30% of India’s GDP is struggling to survive. This sector had suffered
three blows earlier with the demonetisation, the GST, the burden of the economic slowdown
andfeels entirely derailed in the post lockdown scene. The shares of MSMEs related to export from
during 2018-19 was 48.10 percent. Goa the younger State of the Union of India was liberated from
the Portuguese in December 1961. After Goa attained its statehood in May 1987, the economic
growth increased further and in particular, good progress was made in the manufacturing sector.
MSME sector is very much important for moving towards a faster and inclusive growth of the State.
Covid-19 has brought the whole MSMEs Sector to its knees as it can not be business as usual for
sure. Covid-19 pandemic hastaken a severe toll on the goan economy and has already affected
the livelihood of the goanenterpreneurs. This research paper gives insights and implications of
Covid-19 on the MSMEs Sector in Goa suggesting suitable remedial measures to grant sustenance
and support to the goan enterprises.
Key words: Pandemic, MSMEs, Goan, lockdown,introspect
Introduction
Like a lightning bolt, Covid-19 stuck humanity and caught every one in disbelief. Unprepared
to face such an unprecedented and deadly virus, nations are grappling to find a solution and assure
the masses, who are gripped in fear and uncertainty.
In just a matter of a few weeks, almost every aspect of normal life has altered. There is a new
normal that has swept the world. This change was not anticipated and when it came it was not
welcomed. It was grudgingly accepted.
A study of MSMEs relief measures on the stressed MSMEs sector in Goa after Covid-19 Namdev M. Gawas
The ensuing days will unfold the reality of the virus and the truth behind the whole episode.
One thing is sure, life as we know prior to Covid-19 will never be the same again. Nation have
employed ‘ shut downs’ as a tool to contain Covid-19. But certainly shutdown is not sustainable
for along period of time. In the meantime, businessmen have to learn to adjust to the new reality.
The current global pandemic Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak has posed a very
serious challenge to the entire world, including India. Almost all states and union territories in India
have faced the brunt of the problem to varying degrees.
MSMEs Sector
MSMEs known as the backbone of Indian economy. MSME sector employing total 40% of
the country’s workforce with almost 50% of exports and contributing close to 30% of India’s GDP
is struggling to survive. This sector had suffered three blows earlier with the demonetisation, the
GST, the burden of the economic slowdown and feels entirely derailed in the post lockdown scene..
The shares of MSMEs related to export from during 2018-19 was 48.10 percent.
Now, after the Indian government announced lockdown of whole country on March 24 ,
MSMEs sector is started to struggling again. Many steps to curtail the outbreak such as travel
bans, closure of malls, theatres and educational institutions have led to widespread disruptions in
economic activity, which in turn has hampered the business operations of the MSMEs.
SIU: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises ( MSMEs) in Goa
Goa the younger state of the Union of India needs to introspect about the overall transformation,
it took place after the lockdown. Goa is handicapped in terms of raising its own revenue of the
proportions required for development projects and to support social security schemes.
Today, it looks that Goa along with developments has also integrated with the unhealthy
currents of the national mainstream. Goan’s will have to make efforts to preserve the social
harmony, which is under trial and conserve its unique natural environment which is put on sale
under pretext of economic development by greedy politicians and vested business interests.
After Goa attained its statehood in May 1987, the economic growth increased further and in
particular, good progress was made in the manufacturing sector.Goa started the process of planning
and development much later than the other states and was also deprived of the advantage of two
five year plans which had provided a valuable lead in the economic growth to the rest of the
country. Despite this disadvantages, Goa didwell, initially, to bring about industrial growth and
settings up of small scale industries in the State.
MSME sector is very much important for moving towards a faster and inclusive growth of the
State. Covid-19 has brought the whole MSMEs Sector to its knees as it can not be business as usual
for sure. Covid-19 pandemic hastaken a severe toll on the goan economy and has already affected
the livelihood of the goanenterpreneurs.
Goa became a state in 1987, also got the radical new version of Panchayat Raj in 1992. So it
has everything in place to create a small, efficient, state administration, which consulted regularly
with people about development plans. In 2008, Goa even designed a proper regional plan andsent
it to the panchayats for their discussion and approval- something never done before in any other
parts of the country.
In the time of pandemic, the state is dependant on the central government for their grants. The
National Disaster Management Authority has made the state cabinet redundant and it is the IAS
officer who have taken over the administration. The MSME sector has run out of money to pay staff
salaries,rents and other expenses.
The trade credit has almost dried out and the Non Performing Assets are piling up has left
them gasping for breath with productions stopped and lost their trained workers. The MSMEs badly
needed help and thankfully, the reliefs have been announced.
This sector already suffered severe hardships due to twin impact of demonetization and
introduction of a flawed Goods and Service Tax (GST) regime. This double whammy leads to
distress and defaults on bank loans. As a corollary many of MSMEs were shutdown and numerous
others were forced to levy of employees.
However, even if global economics times back than expected, Indian MSMEs are likely to pay
high prices. Indian MSMEs are too small to have enough of potential to last through pandemic like
this one add to this the fact that many of these companies have been asked to down shutter curtail
operations while still paying employees and that’s apart from the meeting cost to taxes, power and
other utilities. Most of the MSMEs depend on agricultural production. But because of Lockdown
in whole country the MSMEs are unable to purchase the Rabi crops from the farmers. So we can
say that the down shutter of MSMEs will directly effect on agricultural sector too. It takes time to
settle the chain of supply and demand.
It’s expected that more than 50 percent MSMEs employees will lost their job, this may led
to rise in social violence. India has initiated a PM Cares Fund, combined with huge savings from
the reduced oil import bills should be able to provide the requisite financial support to industry
and enterprise especially in the stressed MSMEs sector. Of course this will have to be calibrated
as per the priority sectors. However, increasing unemployment and consequent social dissent will
be the biggest problems for the world during the currency and post COVID-19 scenario. Dole
outs and subsidies and cash grants are only temporary solutions and even for that timely disbursal,
is absolutely essential to keep the lid. This is a bigger problem in labour intensive developing
countries including India where almost 8% of the working population is in the MSMEs sector
and susceptible to real job losses. Providing for them and the marginal farmers becomes a socio-
economic priority for the government.
Adequate financial resources and liquidity in the economy will be a major challenge. As a part
of a central economic relief package, the Honourable, Finance Minister announced six measures
for the MSMEs to relive a Covid-19 hit economy. The first one is collateral or guarantee free
automatic loan up to 3 lakhs crore with 4 yrs tenure. With this it is expected that the lending bank,
will not worry about potential NPA as it is transferred to the government. The second relief is
about Rs 20,000 crore subordinated debt for MSMEs that are either NPA or economically stressed.
The government will provide Rs 4000/- crore partial credit guarantees and around 2 lakh MSMEs
quality under this category.
The fund of fund for the infusion of Rs30000/- crore as equity into MSMEs is the third
measure. In the other 3 measures the definition ofMSME is being changed to encourage MSMES
to grow bigger without losing on the benefits availed by the MSMEs. The new definition allows
business with an investment of up to Rs 50 crore and annual turnover of up to Rs 250 crore to be
classified in the medium enterprises segment. Over the last few weeks, the centre has announced a
series of steps to help MSMEs cope better and encourage them to scale up. The central government
announced a new platform called champions- creation and harmonious application of modern
processes for increasing the output and national strength for handholding, grievance redressal,
harnessing entrepreneurial talent and discovering new business opportunities of MSMEs.

The above size measures look attractive but may not be so in reality.
Literature review
Books
1. Ali N, the author, on the basis of case studies explored the policies and strategies to be used for
preventing the industrial sickness, according to him the financial institutions shall have to take
the precautionary measures to curb the industrial illness. The post care of loans by the financial
institutions be one of the remedies that has been suggested by the author.
2. Benjamin R.K ,has touched the topic the Impact of SSI on the employment in Goa. While
exploring the theme he has categorically mentioned the creation of employment in Goa is
facilitated through bank finances and through government. He suggested that the employment
expanding industrial units shall be financed by the financial institutions on the propriety basis.
3. Kopardekar,Sharode D, the book cover significant issues pertaining to small scale industries
right from the promotion and also explains the role of government and impact of the small
scale industries over national economy.
4. N. Gawas and S.Sirsat, Institute – Industry interface: Developing Employability Skills, the
book experienced persistently mis-matched between supply and demand for manpower and
consequential problems of unemployment in the different forms as well as un-employability
of the output of educational institutions.
5. L.H.C. Tippet, developed the concept of work sampling to determine the machine and
manpower utilisation and for selling performance standards for long cycle jobs, operations
involving team working and homogeneous activities.
6. Walter Shewhart, introduced the concept of statistical quality control to the industry. He
pioneered the concept of control charts for monitoring the quality of production processes.
Ph.D. Thesis
1. H.S. Kalasannavar (2011) has made a study of 120 SSI units in the twin cities of Hubli-
Dharwad. The study revealed that 43.3% of the SSI units covered by the study were unaware
of the government incentives and subsidies.
2. Kulkarni, A.V. (2001) have dwelt with the various patterns of financing small scale industries.
The study has identified the main financial problems faced by SSIs.
3. Laddha, R.L.(2004) have analysed the industrial sickness and has suggested many solutions
and have asked the concerned authorities to assist the SSIs to solve their industrial sickness.
4. Nare P.D (2002) has focussed on the problems of the bakery industry in relation to finance and
marketing.100 bakery units has been taken for the study from 10 Talukas and Belgaum city.
One of the major finding was that there was no bakers association at Belgaum District level.
Government Reports
1. Annual Report (2013-14), Govt. of India, Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium enterprises,
Udyog bhavan, New Delhi has highlighted the progress and performance of MSME sector.
The report has 16 chapters and XI annexures where as the chapter 4 mentions about the role
and functions of the development commissions. The last chapter signifies the citizen charter,
performanceanalysis of evolution and benefits of person with disabilities.
2. MSME- Development Institute (2012), brief industrial profile of North and South Goa
District, Ministry of MSME, government of India has listed out some pertinent challenges
for both the districts of Goa such as price competition, improper infrastructure, regressive tax
regime, mindset problems etc. The report also gives some corrective measures such as MSME
entrepreneurial guidance cell at each taluka level, setting up of district industry center and
single window agencies.
Research Gaps
Above books, journals, thesis and government reports available up till now, do not focus on
the impact of Covid-19 as this pandemic has struck recently. There has been no study in the state of
Goa covering the grass roots of the SSI Sector endeavouring to investigate intricacies of working
of MSMEs . Hence current study is an effort to fill up the gap that occurs in the literature on SSI
with special reference to Goa.
Problems of MSMEs after the impact
After the impact of COVID-19 the problems faced by these enterprises are noticed as: No
stabilisation fund to manage the financial crisis, difficult to carry on the collection work and sale of
finished product, given the uncertainty towards inflows, the lenders also have a liquidity problems.
None of these announcements actually involve the government pumping its money in the system
but only nudges the financial system to lend more money. MSMEs desires in having immediate
liquidity and not mere extension of loans. Most of the MSMES by now have already exhausted
their collaterals. There was also a demand to reduce the interest rates. The measure propose no
interest waiver for term loans, nor has the EMI moratorium been extended. Further no reductions
in GST rates concerning the MSMEs has been proposed. lack of welfare measures for artisans and
workers, insufficient measures to encourage size edifice and their collection. It’s a death knell for
the MSME sector.
The new definition of MSME leads to confusion as both the investment and turnover conditions
will have to be satisfied to keep the status and will not help the existing units that have been
suffering for the past 5 yrs. The new definition will also help big companies enter the MSME sector
to bid the under Rs 200 crore tenders and also enjoy all benefits deserved by the struggling MSME
units. Finally the announcement by the centre to clear all MSME dues from the government will
make sense if the centre releases their pending payments attributable to the states and impress upon
them to pay the MSME due immediately.
For wage support, the demand is for creation of a corpus in terms of additional liquidity to
meet their wage liabilities during the shutdown. To consider the lockdown period as national
emergency leading to temporary closure of workplace due to natural calamity.
Keeping all the above factual and doubtful factors in view, a detailed study on impact of
covid-19 on MSME sector in India has assumed a greater importance. Hence the researcher intends
to undertake a special research study on “ Impact of COVID-19 on MSME Sector in India”. The
findings of the study will be of immense use to policy makers for the MSME Sector.
Some suggestions are as under:

1. Central government package should reach the MSMEs immediately.
2. Supplementaryrestoration term loans with a government surety on non-payment, up to 25%.
3. Extend the 3 months suspension timegiven by RBI to 6 months for MSMEs.
4. Increase net worth of Mudra Bank and other MSMEs- focussed financial institutions.
5. Expedite U.K. Sinha Committee suggested fund of funds for MSMEs to support VC/PE firms
investing in the MSME sector.
6. Pay all unpaid government payments to MSMEs, including payments for supply for Goods and
services to PSUs by MSMEs, GST refunds, various states and central government subsidies
for MSMEs.
7. All outstanding on account of goods and services supplied by MSMEs to PSUs should be
cleared immediately, both at the central and state levels.
8. Payments for goods and services supplied to PSUs, henceforth should be made within 15 days,
instead of the current limit of 45 days.
9. Monitor payment delays by CPSUs to MSMEs closely through a portal for complaints and
ensure necessary funds are provided and utilised for this purpose.
10. In case of other relief measures, CII has asked for delays in discharging , social security
liabilities may be condoned without any penal actions for next 6 months.
Conclusion:
The Covid-19 Pandemic has taken a severe toll on the MSMEs Sector in Goa and has already
affected the livelihood of theGoans. In this difficult situation it is urge to ensure sustenance, support
and livelihood allowance to self employedgoans such as taxi drivers, rickshaw drivers, motorcycle
pilots etc in order to help them tide over these challenging days which have threatened their
livelihood. The Government of Goa must consider granting insurance aid, bank instalment waiver
and such other measures which would go a long way in helping hardworking goan entrepreneurs.
The above issue need to be addressed by the government on humanitarian ground urgently and
necessary remedial action must be carried out in the interest of the State of Goa and the people.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Aureliano Fernandes (1997), Cabinet Government in Goa : 1961-93.
2. Desai. V. organisation and Management of SSIs, New Delhi, Himalaya, 1979.
3. Hrishikesh Bhattacharya, Working Capital Management :Strategies and Techniques 2nd ed.
ISBN-978-81-203-3636-0/375 latest print 2011.
4. Prabhakar S. Angel (2001), Goa: An Economic Update
5. Statistics Department, Govt. of Goa (2014) statistical pocketbook of Goa(1993-2013).
6. Wright, Patrick. (2011),Building Organizational,Functional, and Personal Talent’’. Cornell
Centre for Advanced Human Resource Studies(CAHRS).
6. www.docstoc.com/docs/144913561/POM-Index.
Psychological Murder Mystery in Ruth Rendell`s THE

BRIDESMAID
Vitthal Gangaram Shinde
Assistant Professor in English
Government College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Sanquelim, Goa
ABSTRACT :
The present paper is an attempt to study the Psychological Murder Mystery element with specific
reference in fictional work of the acclaimed British Woman Novelist. She was known as the queen
of Crime mystery as well as Psychological murder mysteries. She expressed many problems:
Domestic Violence, Murder, Depression, Feminine quality, Eccentric nature, Sexual Obsessions,
Guilt, Non- violence in her Fictions. To expressing all these problems , she used the elements of
puzzle, suspense, crime, murder etc. Although, she was a woman novelist but she deftly expressed
the contemporary social issues like men novelist. She made a craze of Psychological Mystery for
modern readers. She was a regular Sunday Times bestseller. Her Bestselling novels include Police
Procedure, some of which have been successfully adapted for T.V, Stand alone Psychological
mysteries and a third strand of crime novels under the pseudonym Barbara Vine. The Wexford
series which engaged with social or political issues close to her heart. There is an inner and outer
resistance which is explored through the tension between the individual and social, the modern, the
personal feelings and the duty.
KEY WORDS : Domestic violence, , Crime , Murder, Eccentric nature, sexual obsessions ,
Jealousy.
Psychological Murder Mystery in Ruth Rendell`s THE

BRIDESMAID
The period of 1920 is known as the Golden age of mystery fiction. This genre became very
popular in England and America. In this era many sub-genres of mystery fiction were developed.
They are Cozy Mystery, Hard-Boiled Mystery, etc. One can not forget Agatha Christie ( 1890-
1976) for her huge contribution to develop and flourish this genre. She wrote more than 80 novels
which are still read and discussed by readers. Her books The Mousetrap and Six Romances are the
best examples of murder mystery. However, the contribution of Earle Derr Bigger(1884-1933) ,
Erle Stanley Gardner (1889-1970) cannot be forgotten. Gardner `s novel Perry Mason(1966) is a
thing of demand for readers. The debut of Mickey Spillane (1918-2006) proved to be a mile stone
in the history of mystery fiction. He developed Mike Hammer (1947) as a detective character in his
stories who is as famous as Micky and Mouse . More than 225 million copies of his books are sold
Psychological Murder Mystery in Ruth Rendell`s THE BRIDESMAID Vitthal Gangaram Shinde
all over the world.

The long golden tradition of mystery fiction in continued by the contribution of Ruth Rendell
(1930- 2015), R. L. Stine ( 1943) and Christopher Pike (1955 ). Pike and Stine created Goosebumps
television series. More than 62 books were published under the Goosebumps umbrella title. Among
these writers, Ruth Rendell ( 1930-2015) stands as the most leading and critically acclaimed writers
of England . She dominated mystery fiction for more than forty years. Born in a middle class family
on 17 February 1930 in South Woodford,Essex ( now Greater London ). Rendell developed her
linking for literature which resulted in her huge contribution she offered to develop and flourish
the genre. She began writing mystery novels at age of 34 and remained loyal to the genre – thriller
and murder mystery. Her character Chief Inspector Wexford has become an icon for many people .
Even after death, the number of her fans is increasing day by day. Ruth Rendell wrote 42 novels, 23
short stories, 3 novellas and 24 series on Inspector Wexford. ` From Doon with Death` is her first
series book in 1964 . Her famous novel are A judgment in Stone ( 1977), Diary of the Dead (1976),
Live Flesh ( 1986), The Tree of Hands( 1984), One Across, Two Down ( 1971), The Bridesmaid (
1989).
Rendell has been honoured with many prestigious awards which include the Silver, Gold and
Cartier Diamond Daggers from the crime writer`s association since the year 1975 to 2010. She has
also received three Edgars from the mystery writer of America, and The Sunday Times Literary
Award. Her seven novels have been adapted for film or television. T.V. series took Ruth Rendell in
every home of England.
Ruth Rendell has repeatedly proclaimed against violence and human torture in her novels. Her
works can be divided in three phases . She first introduced Inspector Wexford services in which
she presented a microcosm of society. Later she started writing the crime thriller as well as mystery
fictions. Moreover, under the name of Barbara Vine, she published her Psychological novels deeply
influenced by her childhood experiences. She exposes inequalities, racial and sexual discrimination
and gender biases in novels. Her stand- alone novels are directly concerned with social and political
issues such as labour exploitation, domestic violence, female circumcision thereby placing her in
the array of popular writers who , in their literature , expose social concern.
Psychological Murder Mystery
Psychological murder mystery is a literary genre that emphasizes interior characterization as
well as the motives, circumstances, and internal action which is deriving from and creates external
action, it rather reveals and studies the motivation behind the action, character and characterization
are prominent, often delving deeper into characters mentalities than other genres. It is also known
as Psychological realism.
Definition :
``Narrative with domesticated setting in which action is suppressed and where mysteries are
provided instead via investigations of psychologies of the principal characters``
- Peter Hutchings
Characteristics of the Psychological Murder Mystery

I) Elaborately constructed plots are very common with this genre , which is why it appeals to the
human intellect.
II) Storylines are layered with frequent twists, suspense and after unresolved ending.
III) Measured pacing with mental activity driving the stories as opposed to the more intense
physical action common in traditional suspense novel.
IV) The tone is often chilling, edgy, disturbing, unsettling, moody ominous and foreboding.
V) The writing style is often compelling elegant and stylistic in nature.
The psychological perspective is largely based on groundbreaking ideas of Sigmund Freud.
A detailed discussion of Freud`s theory of psychoanalysis is beyond the scope of this paper.
It is sufficient to note the Freud thought that human behavior, including violent behavior, was
the product of unconscious forces operating within a person`s mind. Freud also felt that early
childhood experiences had a profound impact on adolescent and adult behavior. Freud, for example,
believed that conflicts that occur at various psychosexual stages of development might impact an
individual`s ability to operate normally as an adult. For freud aggression was thus a basic ( idbased)
human impulse that is repressed in well-adjusted people who have experienced a normal childhood.
However, if the aggressive impulse is not controlled, or is repressed to an unusual degree, some
aggression can leak out of the unconscious and a person can engage in random acts of violence.
Freud referred to this as ‘displaced aggression’.
THE BRIDESMAID - A Psychological Murder Mystery
Ruth Rendell moved to write the chilling tales of Psychological suspense. The Bridesmaid
is becoming a shivery story of sexual obsession, jealousy and of course, violent death. Nancy
Pate who is the Sentient book critic said about this novel that `` Violent death fascinates people`
This novel was published on 6th April 1989. It remains a fan- favorite, and was adapted into an
acclaimed 2004 film by Claude Chabrol. Philip Wardman , 22 lives with his widowed mother and
sisters in a rundown London suburb. He doesn`t complain when his mother gives the marble statue
known as Flora to one of her new suitors. But when the man later breaks off the relationship, Philip
steals Flora and stashes her in his bedroom closet. Not long after, he meets actress Senta Pelham, a
bridesmaid at his sister`s wedding. She is a striking ,slender girl with milk- white skin and silvery
hair. But perhaps the most remarkable thing about herto him, the most exciting thing was her
resemblance to Floara. Her face was Flara’s, the oval contour, the straight rather long nose that
described on unbroken line from its tip to her forehead, the widely separated calm eyes, the short
upper lip , the lovely mouth that was neither full lipped nor narrow.
So, Philip is already primed to fall in love with Santa when she shows up his bedroom after
the wedding makes passionating love to him and declares , `` I saw you across the room and I
knew you were the one for me for always``. Philip is so overwhelmed by Santa that he is ready to
disregard the oddies of her lifestyle. Her preference for staying indoors in her dirty apartment in
a dilapidated house, her interest inn astrology and the occult , er sudden outburst of anger. He is
intrigued by her reference to her past and to her work, but he doesn`t take them to seriously. He
figures Santa is just embroidering the truth. But he has trouble laughing her off when she suggests
that their love demands proof. `` I shall prove I love you by killing someone for you, and you must
kill someone for me``.

Here, Rendell is creating atmosphere and building suspense. She shows readers in the
details of both Philip`s exterior world: his job with a design firm, his relationship with his mother
and sisters. And the interior nightmare of his obsession with Santa. The ending of this novel is
shocking but not especially unexpected. Getting, there , however , is remarkable experience. This
novel promotes reader`s participation because it encourages readers to deduce a solution from
provided clues. Moreover, this novel provides an opportunity to discuss many aspects of literature
including setting, characters, and plot.the beginning of this novel makes readers brainstorming,
gradually readers get clues. So, Regarding the five essential elements of a Mystery chart which is
systematically shown by Penguin. These are in popular mystery novels involve a protagonist who
takes it upon him solve the crime, plus a cast of clients, victim and suspects.
Ruth Rendell moved both the detective and suspense genres toward serious fiction, as did
Wilkie Collins in the 19th century. She does this not only with her well-crafted style but also with
her concern for psychological analysis of both the criminal mind and the investigator’s mind often
also encompassing the victim`s mind. She structure her plots and subplots using a sophisticated
parallelism, and there is a keen awareness of the context of literature with in plotting. There is in
other words, a conscious crafting in her fiction.
Her awareness of contemporary British culture and its cross currents melds strongly with
concrete description and accurate characterization. While studying of this novel, one question is
come to the mind of reader that how could she get a topic for writing this novel. The view of
mental illness in the 1980s was more of an arbitrary condition, whereby those who were mentally
ill were `sick` and the perception of institutionalization was quickly attached. The notion of mental
illness acutely was caught by Ruth Rendell for writing this novel. Hence, two people in love had to
prove their love by killing a person. Here , she presented the mental imbalance in this novel. In the
suspense novel have no normative presence. This novel develops an understanding of why the girl
( Senta) is committed such apparently crime. It is only for her eccentric objective for love. Thus,
Rendell was willing to leave this novel open-ended for readers.
Conclusion
After Golden age of a mystery fiction, this genre became very popular in England and America.
She introduced readers a new taste of Psychological mystery. Suspense is a main theme of her
novel. She wanted to make that reader should keep turning pages to know the further story. She
tried to change the morality of the society through her writing. she recorded the contemporary
issues of her times in novels. Ruth Rendell used this literary work to convey against violence,
crime , murder on contemporary issues of her times. Rendell succeeded admirably in creating the
psychological murder mystery.
Works Cited
• Ruth Rendell . The Bridesmaid , Hutchinson (U K) ,1989, Print.
• Hornby, A.S. ( 1948). Oxford Advanced learner`s Dictionary of Current English. New Delhi:
• oxford University Press. 2010.
• George M. Johnson. Dynamic Psychology in Modernist British Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan,
• U.K.2006.
• Pate, Nancy ( Sep 7, 1989). ``Rendell`s The Bridesmaid Will Give Readers The Sivers``
Orlando
• Sentinel. Retrieved. 11 July 2015.
• The Bridesmaid ( 2004) New York Times. Retrived. 2016.03.03.
• John Scaggs . Crime Fiction: Routledge.2005. Print.
• Pramod K. Nayar. Contemporary Literary and Culture Theory. Dorling Kindersley (India)
Pvt.Ltd.2010.
• Dr. A.D.Joshi. Ramsey Campbell: A Passage from Traditional to Campbellian Horror.2016.
• https://www.telegraph.co.uk.
Effect of seawater concentration on the production of

butyrolactone I in marine-derived fungus
Aspergillus terreus
Rajesh R. Parvatkar
Assistant Professor in Chemistry
Government College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Sankhali, Goa
ABSTRACT:
F ungus Aspergillus terreus isolated from a Marine soft coral was evaluated for the production
of butyrolatone I under different seawater concentration in culture media. The production
of butyrolactone I, a characteristic bioactive metabolite of A. terreus was found to be a function
of seawater concentraion in the culture media. The results of this study provides knowledge that
butyrolactone I production can be improved in A. terreus by maintaining a intermediate ratio of
seawater to distilled water in the culture media.
KEY WORDS :
I. Introduction
Butyrolactone I (1) has been one of the most characteristic metabolite of the fungus Aspergillus
terreus(Kiriyama et al., 1977; Niu et al., 2008; Rao et al., 2000). Its unique structural properties
and highly selective and potent cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibition activity, makes it one of
the most studied metabolite of this fungus(Fischer et al., 2000; Brana et al., 2004).Butyrolactone
I(1) has been shown to present antitumor effects on lung cancer cell lines (Nishio et al., 1996) and
prostatic cancer cell lines (Suzuki et al., 1999) with IC50values in the order of 0.12 μM and 70 μM
respectively.
Though four decades have passed the isolation of 1, the synthesis of this molecule has not
been reported. However, theelegant synthesis method used by nature suggests,that the substituted
butyrolactonerepresents a good analogue template amenable tochemical synthesis(Nitta et
al, 1983).Butyrolactone II (2), the immediate precursor of 1, has been synthesized, butonly in
racemic form. Not only efficient chiral catalysis will be needed to produce optically pure 2, but
selective prenylation of ring B in 2 will also be problem to tackle as both the aromatic rings (rings
A and B) are equally susceptible to prenylation. Presently, 1 can be obtained through a large scale
fermentation of A. terreus. A procedure developed by Schimmel et al., (1999) yields 700 mg/l of
1 from fermentation of A. terreusATCC 20542 using optimized basic medium of glucose peptone
yeast extract. Our efforts to discover novel bioactive metabolites from marine derived fungi have led
to the identification of two fungi A. terreus and A. flavipes both yielding same types of metabolite
including 1, but in significantly different yields (Parvatkar et al., 2009). A careful observation of
Effect of seawater concentration on the production of butyrolactone I in marine-derived fungus Aspergillus terreus Rajesh R. Parvatkar
culturing condition led to the speculation that the yields were function of the seawater concentration
in culture media. Herein we discuss the effect of seawater concentration on the production of 1.
II. Results and discussion

A. terreus isolated from a soft coral produced low yield of 1 and high yield of terrein (3) in 100%
seawater (SW) potato dextrose broth (PDB). Surprisingly, the re-culturing of this strain under same
condition did not yield 1 and only a co-metabolite terrein (3)(Dunn et al., 1975; Ghisalberti et al.,
1990) was detected in major quantity. On the contrary, a closely related fungus A. flavipes produced
over 200 mg/l of 1 in PDB made in 75% SW medium. A careful observation of the culturing
medium of the two fungi goes to suggest that production of 1and other metabolites in these fungi is
a function of seawater (SW) concentration in the culture medium. Natural SW composition changes
with the seasons and the change incomposition of natural SW used for re-culturing should have
been responsible for non-production of 1 in A. terreusin our repeat cultures. To test the hypothesis
thatproduction of 1 is function of SW concentration, we carried out experiments of growing the A.
terreus in medium having different standardizedartificial SW concentrations.
The fungus A.terreus was cultured in PDB containing three different SW concentrations (Table
1) and the EtOAC extract of the broth was analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography
(UPLC).
Table 1: Culture media composition used for growing the fungus

Initially purified standard sample of 1 was analysed on UPLC, which gave a retention time of
5.57 min (Fig 1). The extracts mainly gave three main peaks at 0.99 min (compound not known),
2.60 min for terrain (3) and 5.57min for Compound 1 (Fig 2-4).
Fig 1: UPLC Chromatogram of Pure Butyrolactone I (1)
Fig 2: UPLC Chromatogram of EtOAc extract of Set I (0% SW)
Fig 3: UPLC Chromatogram of extract of Set II (50% SW)
Fig 4: UPLC Chromatogram of EtOAcextract of Set III (100% SW)
As expected, in Set III (100% SW) there was very small peak at 5.57 min amounting for
0.0067 mg of 1(Fig 4, Table 2). The change from 100% SW (Set III) to 100% DW (0% SW i.e.
Set I) resulted in marginal decrease of overall EtOAc extract from 73 mg (in Set III) to 69 mg, but
the amount of butyrolactone I (1) in the extract shoot up to 19.87 mg Fig 2). This indicates that the
production of other components such as terrein (3) (peak at RT 2.6 min) decreases in 100% DW
cultures. A change from 0% SW towards 50% SW saw increase in total extract (103 mg from 63 mg
in 0% SW) as well increase in production of 1 to 27.93 mg in 100ml culture (Fig 3).
.
Table 2: Amount of Butyrolactone I (1) per milligram of extract
Table 3: Total amount of Butyrolactone I (1) produced in each set of cultures
III. Concluding Remarks

Our results clearly indicate that the salinity of water has role to play in production of 1 and
other metabolites in A. terreus and the optimum production of 1 occurs at intermediate concentration
of SW. It is therefore warranted that an experiment designed by Schimmel et al., (1999), which
produces 70 mg/l of 1 in DW glucose-peptone-yeast based medium would produce larger amount
of 1, if carried with intermediate concentration of SW-DW in the medium.
III. Experimentals
i) Cultivation of fungus
Three media (100 ml each) containing PDB (24 g/l) having SW concentration 0%, 50% and
100% were prepared (Table 1). All the media were inoculated with fungus A. terreusculture
(0.5ml) grown on PDB. Flasks were incubated for 21 days under static condition at 27±2°C.
ii) Preparation of extracts
Each culture medium free of mycelium was extracted in ethyl acetate (40ml x 3). Organic
extracts were washed with water, dried on anhyd. Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum and
weighed.
iii) Analysis of Extracts on UPLC
Accurately weighed amount between 1-2mg of EtOAc extracts were dissolved in MeOH and
made up to the mark in std. flasks (10ml).The column used was AQUITY UPLC® BEH C18,
1.7µm, 2.1 x 100mm.First a method to analyze 1 from the extract was developed by varying
the gradient of AcCN and H2O on RP-18 column. Si-Gel purified 1 was used as reference
standard. The parameters used in the method are tabulated in table 4.
Table 4: UPLC mobile phase parameters

The wavelength of 254nm was used on UV detector. First the standard methanolic solution
of 1 was analyzed, which gave a retention time (RT) of 5.57 min and area under the peak was
recorded (Fig 1). Similarly, the EtOAc extracts of four experiments (table 2) were analyzed and the
area under the peak at 5.57 was recorded (Figs 2-4). The amount of 1 in the extracts was calculated
by correlating their area with area recorded for pure 1. The calculation of amount of 1 present per
milligram in the extracts is tabulated in table 2 and the amount of 1 present in the total EtOAc
extract is given table 3.
Acknowledgements:
The author is grateful to Director, CSIR-NIO, Dona Paula, Goa for providing the facilities to
carry out experimental work.
References:
1. Brana, M. F.,Garcia, M. L.,Lopez, B., Pascual-Teresa, B.,Ramos,A.,Pozuelo, J. M., Dominguez,
M. T., 2004. Org. Biomol. Chem., 2, 1864-1871.
2. Dunn, A.W., Ian, D.E., Johnstone, A.W., 1975. Phytochemistry, 14, 2081–2082.
3. Fischer, P. M., Lane, D. P., 2000.7, 1213-1245.
4. Ghisalberti, E. L., Narbey, M. J., Rowland, C.Y., 1990. J. Nat. Prod.,53(2), 520-522.
5. Kiriyama, N., Nitta, K., Sakaguchi, Y., Tagushi, Y., Yamamoto, Y., 1977. Chem. Pharm. Bull.,
(Tokyo) 25(10), 2593-2601.
6. Nishio, K., Ishida, A., Arioka, H., Kurokawa, H., Fukuoka, K., Nomoto, T., Fukumoto, H.,
Yokote, H., Saijo, N., 1996. Anticancer Res., 16, 3387-3395.
7. Nitta, K., Fujita, N., Yoshimura, T., Arai, K., Yamamoto, U., 1983. Chem. Pharm. Bull.,
(Tokyo) 31 (5), 1528-1533.
8. Niu, X., Dahse, H., Menzel, K., Lozach, O., Walther, G., Meijer, L., Grabley, S., Sattler, I.,
2008. J. Natl. Prod., 71, 689–692.
9. Parvatkar, R. R., DeSouza, C., Tripathi, A., Naik, C. G., 2009.Phytochemistry, 70(1), 128-132.
10. Rao, K.V., Sadhukhan, A.K., Veerender, M., Mohan, E.V.S., Dhanvantri, S.D., Sitaramkumar,
S., Babu, M. J., Vyas, K., Reddy, O. G., 2000. Chem. Pharm. Bull., (Tokyo) 48 (4), 559–562.
11. Suzuki, M., Hosaka, Y., Matsushima, H., Goto, T., Kitamura, T., Kawabe, K., 1999. Cancer
Lett., 138, 121–130.
A comparison of occurrence of fossils of two

whale families (Cetacea Brisson ,1762: Odontoceti
Flower,1867): Kogiidae and Kentriodontidae
S. Pujari* and P.S. Bhatnagar**
*Assistant Professor in Zoology, Government College of Arts, Science and Commerce,
Sanquelim, Goa, 403505, India
**Scientist E. Desert Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Jodhpur
ABSTRACT :
K ogiidae are a family of small odontocetes; toothed whales (Cetacea), While on the other
hand Kentriodontidae is an extinct family of dolphins and are small to medium sized toothed
cetaceans. One reason that Odontoceti are important is that they are highly encephalised;
encephalisation next only to humans. As the occurrence of the fossils of two families have not
been studied in a comparative way. The present study, therefore, had the objectives of –extracting
of data on occurrence of Kogiidae and Kentriodontidae from database www.paleodb.org and
comparing the occurrence of different taxa. In family Kogiidae,Thalassocetusspecies appeared
first among the Kogiids and its last fossil also occurred the earliest among the Kogiids. While in
In Kentriodontidae, Kentriodonpernixwas the oldest in terms of first occurrence. Well preserved
records of Kogiidae are very rare, while Kentrodontidae has relatively common fossils. Both the
extant species of Kogiidae are in sub-family Kogiinae and are covered in CITES.
KEYWORDS : Kogiidae , Kentridontidae, fossils occurrence.
INTRODUCTION
Kogiidae are a family of small odontocetes; toothed whales (Cetacea), which are similar and
closely related to the presentday sperm whale (Physeteridae) (Bianucci and Landini,1999). It is rare
to get well preserved fossils of Kogiidae. Some of the rare and almost complete skulls described
are that by Barnes (1973,1984) and Muizon (1988), the other being by Bianucci and Landini (1999)
.Kogiabreviceps and K. sima are the only two living species of this family (Bianucci and Landini
,1999).
While on the other hand Kentriodontidae is an extinct family of dolphins and are small to
medium sized toothed cetaceans which possibly also had ancestors of the some living species.
Kentriodonhobetsu from middle Miocene from Hokkaido, Japan was described as a new species
on the basis of partial skull, which significantly extended the geographic range of this genus
(Ichishimaet al.,1994). Kentriodontidae has also been described from Miocene sediments from
Italy (Bianucci,1994). They are relatively common fossils and are quite useful for intercontinental
A comparison of occurrence of fossils of two whale families (Cetacea Brisson ,1762: Odontoceti Flower,1867): Kogiidae...... S. Pujari* and P.S. Bhatnagar
correlations of marine deposits. Dawson (1996) described the family as almost cosmopolitan in
distribution.Kentriodontids are small odontocetes with a well-known fossil record in the Miocene.
The Kentriodontidae diversified in the Early Miocene and reached peak diversity by the Middle
Miocene. Cladistic analysis of Kentriodontidae has also been carried out (Aguirre Fernandez,
2003).
It is obvious from the foregoing review of literature that the occurrence of the fossils of
two families have not been studied in a comparative way. The present study, therefore, had the
objectives of –
1. Extracting of data on occurrence of Kogiidae and Kentriodontidae from database www.
paleodb.org
2. Comparing the occurrence of different taxa.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The paleo database from www.paleodb.org was used. First, in the analyze section
i) Count taxa was used
ii) Thereafter, generate data summary tables was used; in this option a) items to count was chosen
as occurrences, and b) fields to tabulate (rows) was selected as ‘continent’. The second field
(optional) for columns was left blank.
iii) Thirdly, analysis of taxonomic ranges was used. Taxon name was given and then break taxa
into species option was selected. It generated confidence interval taxon list. It was submitted
to display confidence interval options, wherein options shown by default were used, as a result
of which confidence interval output was obtained. Taxa were ordered by first occurrence.
iv) The following taxa were excluded from the chart because they could not be mapped to the time
scale specified:
Thalassocetusantwerpiensis (in case of kogiidae).
RESULTS
The outcome of the above methods has been depicted in Table 1 (Kogiidae) and Table 2
(Kentriodontidae). In family Kogiidae,Thalassocetusspecies appeared first among the Kogiids and
its last fossil also occurred the earliest among the Kogiids (Table 1).
Table 1: Occurrence of Kogiids
In Kentriodontidae ,Kentriodon premix was the oldest in terms of first occurrence followed
byRudicetus squalodontoides , with Kentriodon diusinus and Kentriodon obscurus occurring at the
same time after it and further followed by Kampholophos serrulus and Kentriodon schneideri at
the same time (Table 2 ) . This is based on phylogenetic tree by Predo et al. (2018) .
Table 2:Occurrence of Kentriodontidae
DISCUSSION
Most of the taxa had very good Confidence Interval except Kogiia species, where further
investigation of fossil specimen may be insightful. The taxa occurrence of Kogiddae in Table 1
is broadly in rhyme with phylogeny tree of (Velez-Juarbe, 2015). However, Kogiapriscalisted
in Table 1 has been considered as nomen dubium (Bianncci and Landini,1999). As per Muizon
(1988, 1991), Kogiidae are divided into two subfamilies on the basis of differential architecture of
supracranial basin: the Kogiinae (Kogia and Praekogia) and Scaphokogiinae (Scaphokogia). Both
the extant species of Kogiidae are in sub-family Kogiinae and are covered in CITES (www.cites.
int). Vale-Juarbe (2015) has drawn a phylogenetic tree that include Kogiidae. In this phylogenetic
tree also, both the extant species of Kogiidae form a single clade. As per these authors, divergence
between extant species of Kogia occurred at around the late Pliocene, later than previously predicted
by molecular estimates. Phylogenetically, an old separation (at least in the Lower Miocene) of
Kogiidae and Physeteridae is suggested (Bianucci and Landini, 1999).
Ichishimaet al. (1994) has givena classification of kentriodontidae, which is mainly based on
Barnes (1985a). They indicated that Kentriodontines are plausible ancestors to some Delphinidae
and mentioned the need of cladistics analysis for Kentriodontidae. All of modern Delphinoid
families evolved from middle or late Miocene Kentriodontidae (Barnes,1985 b). It is widely
accepted that living Delphinoids (Delphinidae, Phocoenidae and Monodontidae) originated from
within Kentriodontidae (Aguirre Fernandez, 2003). Predo et al., (2018) while describing a new
Kentriodontidfrom early Miocene of Washington state, Wimahl chinookensis(one of the oldest
known Kentridontids) has given a phylogenetic tree of kentriodontidae and their review of this
family includes only 4 genera; Wimahl, Kampholophos, Rudicetus and Kentriodon in this family.
They refer to ‘Kentriodontids’outsideof this clade as stem Delphinidians. As Wimahalchinookensis
is one of the oldest known Kentriodontid (Predo et al., 2018) , so as per Table 2 , Kentriodon pernix
would be second most oldest in terms of first and last occurrence.
It may be mentioned that Odontoceti (which includes Kogiidae and Kentriodontidae) are
important group, one of the reason being that they are highly encephalised; the encephalisation
being next only to modern humans and larger than all other mammals. Besides, they have behavioral
faculties that have been ascribed to humansand to some extent greater apes.(Marino et al.,2004).So,
they are important in understanding evolution of brain.However,well-preserved records of Kogiidae
are very rare: only two almost complete skulls from late Miocene sediments of Mexico (Barnes,
1973,1984) and Peru (Muizon, 1988) have been described previously. The third one by Bianucci
and Landini (1999). The lack of substantiated kogiid records until the Upper Miocene is probably
due to the rarity of these cetaceans (Bianucci and Landini,1999). On the other hand, fossils of
kentrodontidae are relatively commonfossils andquite useful for intercontinental correlations of
marine deposits (Ichishimaet al.,1994).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The support from the Director, Zoological Survey of India is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
• Aguirre Fernández, G. (2013). Neogene dolphins from New Zealand: implications for the
evolution of the family Kentriodontidae (Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy). University of Otago.
Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10523/4050
• Barnes L.G. (1973) - Praekogiacedrosensis, a new genus and species of fossil pygmy sperrn
whales from Isla Cedros, Baja California, Mexico. Contr. Sci., nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles C.,
247 : 1-20, Los Angeles.
• Barnes L.G. (1976) - Outline of eastern North Pacific fossil cetacean assemblages. Syst. Zool.,
v. 25 (a), pp.321-343, New Haven.
• Barnes L.G. (1984) - Fossil odontocetes (Mammalia: Cetacea) from the Almejas Formation,
Isla Cedros, Mexico. Paleobios,v. 42, pp. 1-46, Berkeley
• Barnes, L. G. 1985 a. The Late Miocene dolphin PithanodelphisAbel, 1905 (Cetacea:
Kentriodontidae) from California. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los
Angeles County 367, 1-27.
• Barnes, L. G. 1985 b. Evolution, taxonomy and antitropical distributions of the porpoises
(Phocoenidae, Mammalia). Marine Mammal Science 1, 149-65.
• Bianucci,G. and Landini,W. 1999. Kogiapusilla from the middle Pliocene of Tuscany(Italy)
and a phylogenetic analysis of the family Kogiidae (Odontoceti,Cetacea). RivistaItaliana di
Paleontologia E Stratigrafia . 105(3) : 445- 453.
• Dawson,S. 1996. A description of the skull and postcraniaof HadrodelphiscalvertenseKellogg
1966 and its position within the Kentriodontidae (Cetacea :Delphinoidea). Journal of Vertebrate
Paleontology. 16(1) : 125-134.
• Ichishima, H., Barnes, L. G., Fordyce, R. E., Kimura, M. and Bohaska, D. J. (1994), A review
of kentriodontine dolphins (Cetacea; Deiphinoidea; Kentriodontidae): Systematics and
biogeography. Island Arc, 3: 486–492. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1738. 1994.tb00127.x
• Ichishima, H., Barnes,L.G. ,Fordyce, R.E., Kimura,M. and Bohaska,D.J. 1994. A review
of kentriodontine dolphins (Cetacea ;Delphinoidea; Kentriodontidae) ; Systematics and
biogeography . The Island Arc 3 : 486-492.
• Muizon C. de .1988 . Les Vertébrés de Ìa Formation Pisco (Pérou). Troisièmepartie: Les
Odontocètes (Cetacea, Mammalia) du Miocène. Inst. Fr. Etud. Andine.r, mem. 78. pp. l-244.
Paris.
• Muizon C. de .1991. A new Ziphudae (Cetacea) from the Early Miocene of Washington State
(USA) and phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of odontocetes. Bull. Mus. natn. Hist.
nat., 12 (3-4): 279-326,Paris.
• Peredo, C. M., M. D. Uhen, and M. D. Nelson. 2018. A new kentriodontid (Cetacea: Odontoceti)
from the early Miocene Astoria Formation and a revision of the stem delphinidan family
Kentriodontidae. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2017.1411357.
Dimensions of Destination Image of Goa

Vanita Patil Gaude
Associate Professor in Commerce
Government College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Sanquelim, Goa
ABSTRACT :
T he growth in tourism industry has attracted destination managers to develop new tourism
destinations. Leading to increase in challenges before the destination marketers. In order to
remain competitive …in today’s world, destinations will have to design and implement strategies
and marketing initiatives which addresses to achieve the desired product positions in the target
markets”(Hawkes & Kwortnik 2006 ). “A key component of this positioning process is the creation
and management of a distinctive and appealing perception or image of the destination”(Calantone
et al, 1989). The aim of this paper is to understand the conceptual understanding of the term
destination Image and to identify the Dimensions of destination Image of Goa. Approach of the
study is qualitative and quantative. It identified six dimensions of destination image of Goa.
KEY WORDS: Tourism, Destination, Image, Dimensions,
Introduction:
Destination Image plays an important role in the success of Tourism. It is a crucial factor for
the Supply – Side i.e. promoters of tourism as well as for the Demand Side i.e. Tourist. From the
suppliers point of view important marketing decisions like promotion, planning, positioning etc.
depends on the Image of the destination. From Demand Side i.e. Tourist decision in selecting a
place to visit and future Behavioral Intention depends on the image created by the destination.
Researchers universally accepted this importance and various studies have been conducted in this
field. The aim of this paper is to understand the conceptual understanding of the term destination
Image and to identify the Dimensions of destination Image of Goa.
Literature Review:
The studies relating to Tourism destination image emerged from Hunt’s work of 1971. From
this time onwards, there were various researchers who made contributions in this field. They have
investigated destination image based on two approaches:
(a) Contribution in building the theory of Destination Image and
(b) Role of destination image on behavior and destination choice of the tourist.
Definition of Destination Image:
Numerous researchers have made an effort to define destination image Crompton (1979)
defines it as “Sum of beliefs, ideas and impressions that a person has of a destination”. Were
Dimensions of Destination Image of Goa Vanita Patil Gaude

as according to Tasci, Gartner & Cavusgil (2007) “Destination image is an interactive system of
thoughts, opinions, feelings, visualization, and intentions toward a destination”
Destination Image Formation: Destination image formation is a continuous process and
keeps on modifying from pre-visit to post visit stages of travel. According to Ditcher (1985) &
Embacher and Buttle (1989), “Image is formed by interrelating two components i.e. Cognitive &
Affective”. Baloglu and McCleary (1999), Chen & Uysal (2002), Kim & Richardson (2003,) Pike
& Ryan (2004), Beerli & Martin (2004) states ,“ Image formed by belief or knowledge is termed as
cognitive image and image formed by cognitive evaluation of a place and feelings towards it is termed
has affective image.” Similar opinion is also articulated by Martin & Bosque (2008) and mentions
that “Destination image is multi – dimensional that includes not only belief or knowledge about
the place’s attributes, but also the individual’s feelings towards the tourist destination.” According
to Gartner (1994), “Destination images are formed by three distinctly different but hierarchically
interrelated components: cognitive, affective and conative”. The conative or behavioral aspect of
the destination image is related to how a traveler acts toward a destination on the basis of cognitive
and affective image. Stern & Krakover (1993), Baloglu and McCleary (1999), Tasci, Gartner &
Cavusgil (2007) affirm that, “Interrelation between Cognitive & Affective components leads to
Composite Image or overall image”.
Dimensions of Destination Image: Destination Image consists of tourist perception of
various attributes/ dimensions of the destination, although these attributes or dimensions may vary
from place to place. Some of them can be adopted universally and hence various researchers like
Byon & Zhang ( 2009),Aksu et al., (2009), Alcaniz et al., (2009) Lee.,(2009) Martin and Bosque,
(2008), Chi and Qu( 2008), Hosany et al., (2006), Lee et al., (2005)Beerli and Martin(2004), Hui
and Wan(2003),Chalip et al.,(2003),Chen and Hsu(2000), Baloglu and McCleary(1999),Baloglu
and Bringerg(1997),Echtner and Ritchie(1991),Fakeye and Crompton (1991)etc. have made an
attempt to identify these dimensions. Beerli & Martin (2004) made an extensive literature review
and structured into nine dimensions of destination image. They are:
1. Natural Resources (Weather, Beaches, and Wealth of countryside),
2. General Infrastructure (Roads, airport, public & private transport, communication system
etc.),
3. Tourist Infrastructure (Hotels, Restaurants, Bars, discotheques and clubs, Tourist centers,
Network of tourist information etc.),
4. Tourist Leisure and Recreation (Theme parks, Water parks, Trekking, adventure activities,
Casinos, Night life, Shopping etc.),
5. Culture, History and Art (Museums, historical buildings, Museums, historical buildings,
Folklore, Customs and ways of life etc.),
6. Political and Economic Factors (Political stability, Economic development, Safety, Terrorist
attacks, Prices etc.),
7. Natural Environment (Beauty of the scenery, Attractiveness of the cities and towns, Cleanliness,
Overcrowding, Air and noise pollution, Traffic congestion etc.),
8. Social Environment (Hospitality and friendliness local residents of the, Underprivileged and
poverty, Quality of life. Language barriers etc.),

9. Atmosphere of the Place (Luxurious, fashionable, place with a good reputation, family-oriented
destination, exotic, mystic etc.)
Research Methodology: The approach of the study is qualitative as well as quantitative in
nature. Qualitative information was collected from secondary data like research paper, websites of
the travel agent/ tour operator etc. The quantative information was collected by conducting survey
of 85 tourist visited Goa in the month of October to December 2019.
Questionnaire as a survey instrument for this research was designed after including all the
constructs. The questions were framed based on literature review and specific identified Destination
characteristics. The survey instrument was revised and finalized based on feedback from four
professors from the Masters of Business Administration department of Goa University and expert
each from tourism field. A pilot study was conducted with 35 attendees of International Film
Festival of India.
Discussions: Dimensions of destination Image of Goa: The six dimensions of Goa’s Destination
Image are:
I. Leisure& Recreation:
Leisure & Recreation is a prominent destination Image Dimension identified by various
researchers. Some authors like Chen & Tsai (2007), Geng, Chi, Qu (2007), Martıń, & Bosque
(2008) named it as entertainment dimension where as researchers like Hui and Wan (2003), Beerli
& Martin (2004) recognized it as Leisure & Recreation .The present study also acknowledges the
views of Beerli & Martin .The attributes which are associated with Leisure &Recreation are Night
Life, Casinos, Bar & Clubs, Water sports, Spice plantations, Adventure Activities. Etc. However
in the research of Yen, Da Gama & Rajamohan (2008) Night Life has been identified as a separate
Dimension. Night life and parties can be identified as the dominant theme when it comes to leisure
tourism in Goa. It also offers vibrant night life for the visitors as there are plenty of music and
dance clubs, pubs, bars and restaurants all over the coastal belt of Goa. There are also beach parties
happening on full moon nights and Flea Market, where a whole world of trinkets and souvenirs
are available. Goa is one of the few states in India where gambling is legal. Casinos in Goa can be
found on boats anchored in the Mandovi River, and onshore in some up market hotels. Most of the
action, with live tables, takes place on the floating casinos -- which are entertainment destinations
within themselves. There are also other leisure & adventure activities in which tourist can spend
its time like water sports, Dolphin Rides, Parrasyling, visit to spice plantation, trip to waterfall etc.
Leisure & Recreation is a generic dimension of any tourist place which the visitor perceives. This
study also supports the previous researchers view point.
2. Socio – Environment:
Socio – Environment dimension includes three attributes they are Opportunity to meet new
people & make friends, Hospitality & friendliness of Locals and Opportunity to spend time with
Family & Friends. This study supports the researchers like Beerli & Martin (2004), Yen, Da Gama
& Rajamohan (2008), and Byon & Zhang (2009) who also identified this particular dimension. The
rationale behind could be tourist except that the local people should accept them and be courtiers.
Apart from this, the purpose of going on a vacation is to spend quality of time with family and
friends. However, the opportunity to meet new people & make friends is not present in the work

of above mentioned researchers this particular aspect is a focus of the present study due to event
participant being the sample of the study who has related the social environment of event image
with the destination image.
The present research brings out that Event participant visit the host destination with the
intention to meet new people and make new friends and hence destination managers should create
this kind of opportunities by organizing social programmes like evening parties etc. Local people’s
attitude toward tourists is a major social factor forming part of the destination image friendly and
helpful attitude of locals is a positive aspect of tourism in Goa. Goa is a great place to spend quality
time with family and Friends.
3. Culture, Art & History:
Exposure to Goan Art, Exposure to Goan History and Exposure to Goan Culture are the
attributes identified in the third dimension of destination image. Tourist visiting Goa is interested
in Goan Art, History and Culture may be because Goa has a unique Culture which is different
from rest of India. The lifestyle of Goa is a blend of different influences the Goan’s endured in its
past, tourist visiting Goa feels that Goa is ‘Pearl of the East’ because of indo western culture of
Goa. It has large number of mansions and churches that are built in Portuguese style plus temples
and houses which are built in a traditional style. There are also other historical monuments which
discover the Goan History to the tourist. This dimension is also similar to the study of Beerli &
Martin (2004). Authors like Martıń, & Bosque (2008) and Yen, Da Gama & Rajamohan (2008)
also has similar findings.
4. Infrastructure:
The fourth dimension of destination image of Goa is Infrastructure which includes three attributes
they are Quality of Roads, Quality of Transport and Quality of Accommodation which implies that
tourist look for availability of quality roads, transport and accommodation in the place which they
visit. Goa has good network of road connectivity to almost all the tourist attraction .tourist can visit
these places by hiring a two wheeler or can rent a car, it has a large number of hotels and resorts
of international repute. Berli & Martin(2004) study suggest considering two different dimensions
covering theses aspects they are General Infrastructure & Tourist Infrastructure, However in the
present study both theses dimensions were merged into one. Infrastructure dimension have been
also identified by most of the researchers like Fakeye and Crompton (1991), Hui and Wan (2003),
Chen & Tsai (20070, Geng, Chi, Qu (2007), Martıń, & Bosque (2008), Da Gama & Rajamohan
(2008), Byon & Zhang (2009) etc. due to its generic nature.
5. Natural Resources:
Natural resources are one of the prominent Dimensions in almost all the destination Image
studies carried on so far. The present study also brings out similar kind of result. The attributes
representing these dimensions are weather, Beaches and Flora and Fauna. Weather is an important
factor for tourist because if the weather is pleasant than only visitors can enjoy the attractions in
the tourist place .Goa has a moderate climate and tourism in Goa can be enjoyed in all the season
giving unique experience in each season. The primary identity of Goa is of “sun, sea and sand” and
the beaches are its main attraction. Goa’s 105 km long coastline is punctuated with several beaches,
each of which has a character of its own. Goa is also rich in its flora and fauna. hen & Tsai (2007),
have identified Natural Resource and Culture has one Dimension and Sun and sand has another,

where as Martıń, & Bosque (2008) considers Natural Environment & Culture has two separate
dimensions and Sun & Sand as another Dimension, However the present study Contradicts with
these authors and considers Natural Resource has separate dimension Which includes Sun, Sand
& Sea as one of the attribute and Culture is a component of Culture, Art & History Dimension.
Although Goa is primarily a Sea, Sand and Sun destination its rich Flora and Fauna is also the
major tourist attraction. The study is conducted during November and the weather during this time
of the year is pleasant.
6. Economic Aspect:
The last dimension extracted is economical aspect which includes Pricing of Accommodation,
Pricing of Food and Pricing of other tourist Facilities. The tourist place should be affordable to
the visitors it should cater to the all the class of society the main concern for the visitors will be the
amount which they have to spend on accommodation, food and other tourist facilities like entry
tickets, internal transport etc. Goa has Hotels and Restaurant which suit the need of all categories
of tourist the other tourist charges are also reasonable. Price is one of the attribute in the Beerli
& Martin (2004) study under Political & Economical Dimension. Geng, Chi, Qu (2007) have
considered it has Price and value, whereas Byon & Zhang (2009) identifies it has value for Money
dimension.
Conclusions: Destination image plays important role for sustainable tourism in Goa. The
identified attributes of Goa are Leisure & Recreation, Socio – Environment, Culture, Art &
History, Infrastructure, Natural Resources & Economic aspect. All these dimensions are crucial for
creating positive image of Goa; hence suitable policies are to be created to maintain the same. It is
also advisable that all the stakeholders work towards creating positive image of Goa, which will
influence the behavioral Intentions that is Revisit and sharing their positive experience with others.
References:
● Ahmed, Z.U. (1996). The need for the identification of the constituents of a Destination’s
tourist
● Image: a promotional segmentation perspective. Journal of Promotional Services Marketing
14(1), 37–60.
● Baloglu, S., and D. Brinberg 1997 Affective Images of Tourism Destinations. Journal of Travel
Research 35(4):11-15.
● Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K.W. (1999). A model of Destination Image formation. Annals of
Tourism Research, 26(4), 868–897.
● Beerli, A., & Martin, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing Destination Image. Annals of Tourism
Research, 31(3), 657–681.
● Bigne, E.J., Sanchez, I.M., & Sanjez, J. (2001). Tourism Image, evaluation variables and after
purchase behavior: Inter-relationship. Tourism Management, 22, 607–616.
● Gallarza, M.G., Saura, I.G., & Garcia, H.C. (2002). Destination Image: towards a conceptual
framework. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(10), 56–78.
● Hunt, J. (1975). Image as a factor in tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 13(3),
1-17.

● Kim, S.S., & Morrison, A.M. (2005). Change of Images of South Korea among foreign tourists
after the 2002 FIFA world cup. Tourism Management, 26(2), 233–247.
● Lee, C.-K., Lee, Y.-K., & Lee, B. (2005). Korea’s Destination Image formed by the 2002
World Cup. Annals of Tourism Research, 32, 839–858.
● Tasci, A. D. A., & Gartner, W. C. (2007). Destination Image and its functional relationships.
Journal of Travel Research, 45(4), 413–425.
● Tasci, A., W.C. Gartner and S.T. Cavusgil (2007), Conceptualization and Operationalization of
Destination Image. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 31, pp. 194-223.

Exploring Psychological Challenges through English

Fiction
Saiee Ganesh Dhargalkar
Assistant Professor in English
Govt. College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Sanquelim, Goa.
ABSTRACT :
L iterature has always tried to mirror societies and human conditions as close to reality as
possible. In doing so, writers have been very stark about their observations thus recreating
characters of everyday life in the pages of their narratives. In their attempt to portray truth and
reality, many writers consciously or otherwise have portrayed various psychological conditions,
personalities and emotions exhibited by those mentally challenged. Society’s attitude towards them
has changed from time to time, however the treatment given to them was, mostly of banishing them
from the social world. Owing to scientific progress and psychological studies, writers in the recent
times have improved portrayal and treatment of such characters and the associated disorders.
Today it is scientifically proven that such people need empathy and attention instead of being
alienated and marginalized by the society. The paper critically analyses the representation ofthose
psychologically challenged in the selective English texts, and reaction of the society towards such
conditions, through the texts.The study also observes the sensitive perspective maintained by the
writers while portraying those with abnormal conditions.
KEY WORDS: Psychologically, challenged, insanity, stress, isolation, alienation, stigmatization,
society, sensitivity, empathy, catharsis, etc.
INTRODUCTION:
Literature has always tried to mirror societies and human conditions as close to reality as
possible. In doing so, writers have been very stark about their observations thus recreating
characters of everyday life in the pages of their narratives. In their attempt to portray truth and
reality, many writers consciously or otherwise, have narrated incidents and situations from their
personal life making them autobiographical. Thus, the readers laugh, cry, and almost live the lives
of the characters they read.
In English fiction there are myriads of characters among who arethe characters in
psychologically challenging situations. Some of these characters exhibit typical symptoms of
psychological disorders noted inPearson’s Abnormal Psychologyand Diagnostic and Statistical
Mannual. Brought together, the two disciplines, English Literature and Psychology provides wider
scope for analyzing the characters from psychological perspective.
Exploring Psychological Challenges through English Fiction Saiee Ganesh Dhargalkar

Society’s attitude towards people with psychological challenges has changed from time to
time. Our writers have delicately portrayed their psychological condition. The treatment given to
such patientshas evolved from exorcism to CBT, and so is the treatment given to literally characters.
Until 20th Century most common treatment given to such characters was of banishing them from
the social world or exaggerating their conditions to fuel the plot.For example, Bertha, the first wife
of Rochester in the novel ‘Jane Eyre’ was portrayed as ‘mad’ but the author failed to empathize the
mental condition.
Owing to scientific progress and psychological studies, fiction in the recent times has improved
in their portrayal of characters and their associated disorder.Also it is scientifically proven that such
characters need empathy and attention instead of being ostracized from the society which further
degrades their health.
The critical analysis of the representations of psychological challenges in the selected texts
is undertakenwith reference to Pearson’s Abnormal Psychology.The role ofsociety in treatingor
worsening the state of ‘insane’ charactersis also evident in the analysis.
The selective texts along with the characters critically analysedare as follows:
1. Arthur Boo Radley, To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee
2. Walter, Woodsman bySteven Fechter
3. Blanche DuBois, A Streetcar Named Desire by William Tennessee
4. Teddy Daniels and Dolores, Shutter Island by Dennis Lehane
5. Dr. Jekyll, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson
6. Soaphead Church, The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison
Arthur ‘Boo’ Radley
To Kill a Mockingbird is a perfect example of what evilness can do to goodness and innocence.
Society demeans and ignores people who are enigmatic and mysterious. Boo is one of the book’s
‘mockingbirds’. Arthur ‘Boo’ Radley is a symbol of innocence and kindness. He becomes a recluse
and emotionally damaged because of the cruelty of his father. Mr. Radley’spuritanism prevents Boo
from participating in any social gathering and pleasures and as a result he grows up into a reclusive
man.
The readers and the children know about Boo only through rumours in Maycomb- that he
stabbed his father in the leg once. Hence he is feared by people. Jem gave a reasonable description
of Boo:
“Boo was about six-and-a-half feet tall, judging from his tracks; he dined on raw squirrels and
any cats he could catch, that’s why his hands were bloodstained—if you ate an animal raw, you
could never wash the blood off. There was a long jagged scar that ran across his face; what teeth he
had were yellow and rotten; his eyes popped, and he drooled most of the time.”
But Boo loved the children and secretly craved to be with them. For instance, he would leave
small gifts in the oak tree for the children. On another occasion, when Jem leaves his torn trousers
behind on the barbed fence, Boo folds and leaves it on the fence for Jem to pick it up. Although
Boo physically never spent any time with the children, he would watch them the entire day from
his house. The only time he would come out of the house was at night. The children’s last encounter
with Boo was the night when he saves them from Bob Ewell and stabs him to death. He takes every
opportunity to be with the children Jem and Scout but his father prevents him from any interaction
with anyone. Our assumptions of Boo’s personality are very limited. His personality means Social

Anxiety Disorder also called Social Phobia. The reason for his social shyness could be assumed to
be his father’s cruelty towards him. According to the characteristics of SAD, public scrutiny and
fear of social situations prevent the person to avoid people and society. Moreover, the person is
aware that his fear is unreasonable but doesn’t have enough courage to face social situations. After
observing Boo’s behavior, the above-mentioned traits are very much visible in his personality.
Finally at the end of the novel, Jem and Scout see Boo not as a monster and a figment of their
imagination but a live human being.
The last pages of the book illustrates this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been
reading to her, and in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson states about a character who
was misunderstood, “when they finally saw him, why he hadn’t done any of those things ... Atticus,
he was real nice,” to which Atticus responds, “Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them.”
Walter
The central character Walter from the play Woodsman, is in his early forties, handsome but
hardened by time, is suffering from pedophilia. He has a history of molesting five minors in the
past. When the play opens, Walter is released from prison, after completing 12 years of punishment.
He is willing to live a normal life like a common man of the state. But for Walter it seems to be a
hard task. His therapist, Rosen and he have weekly sessions, where they discuss about his present
feeling and impulses. Rosen mentors Walter to get out of the disorder. He wants to lead a normal
life and has a wish to get rid of the stigma he has been afflicted with.
Walter’s character fulfills the criteria provided by DSM-IV-TR for Pedophilia. In the play,
some of the symptoms that are highlighted are quite realistic. While travelling in bus, the bus
lurches into motion throwing one of the girls (a school girl) onto Walter. He helps her to regain her
balance and the girl smiles at him. When she gets down, Walter watches her move down the aisle.
It seems like he had fear of being caught gazing the girl.
Carlos, Walter’s brother-in-law, is the only person who cares for him and pays frequent visits
to his apartment and many a time talks about his daughter, Anna. Anna, his niece, was born after he
was sent to the prison so he had no attachment with her. But from Walter’s conduct it is clear that
he is afraid of harming her.
Once he follows a girl (Robin) in the mall. With no clear intention he follows her and reports
the same to Rosen who takes it positively. She says perhaps he wanted to see what it feels like
after so many years. May be he was testing himself. When he meets Robin for the second time he
experiences craving for her. He asks her if she would like to sit on his lap.
Walter has a strong will to improve his condition. Twelve years in prison is not a small period
of time and he is eager to prove that he deserves a normal life too.. His wife, daughter, sister, and
other loved ones have abandoned him. They see him as a monster. After returning back into the
society it becomes really difficult for him to adjust. Every time he tries, the society gazes at him
with mistrust and hatred.
People like Mary-Kay, Sergeant Lucas, and some people working in the warehouse stagnate
recovery of such patients. A cop, Lucas keeps an eye on Walter; he is suspicious of him and warns
him-“ he is let out of prison only for the cops to catch him once again.”, Mary –Kay suggests he be
kept away from the society, which is quite discouraging to Walter.
Instead of shunning people with such sexual disorders from the society, proper mentoring
and CBT support can prove helpful. Characters like Carlos, in spite of his whole family’s dislike

for Walter, continues to support his recovery; Leaving his past for past,Vicki does not change her
decision to spend life with him and accepts Walter; Rosen, Bob contributes to Walter’s strength.
Carlos, in the beginning of the play warns Walter that it’s not so healthy for him to reside so close
to school. May be not intentionally but Carlos reminds him of his illness and the risk involved.
The law prescribes Walter to maintain a distance of one hundred feet from a place where children
congregate which is better for Walter to be on safer side, however adapting a strong will shall
be the safest for him and children, both. Patients in such cases need to have a strong will to gain
control over their impulses. Patients like Walter need a strong social setupto trust him as well as a
circle of close onesto supporthim.
Pedophilia is an offence as well as a disorder which has no guaranteed treatment but may be
controlled if provided with proper counseling. If the person is stigmatized for having such sexual
disorder it may adversely affect degrading the patient’s health and may leave him with hatred
towards his/ her fellow human beings.
Blanche DuBois
In A Streetcar Named Desire Blanche DuBois presents herself as a refined Southern lady,
who has attitude of superiority and class differences. With a feeling of loneliness and insecurity,
economically and socially, she hides it all from the public, her actual personality.
This behavior of Blanche irritates Stanley because he is an immigrant. As the plot unfolds, it
becomes clear that she had lost everything - the teacher’s post, Belle Reve, her husband in youth,
and her youth itself. She is aware of the fact that she is ageing and her beauty is fading. She is very
proud of her beauty because she strongly believes that it’s the only wealth she had got and it will
help her find a true partner and lover for herself. Blanche is portrayed living on the edge of reality
and is very fragile.
Though at the end she is haunted by insanity, throughout the play she shows symptoms of
Histrionic Personality Disorder and partly of Narcissistic Personality Disorder. She shows excessive
emotions in the play, for instance, when she meets Stella after a long time, when she is told about
Stella being pregnant, and when she was introduced to Mitch. As against the other characters of the
play, her words are fully coated with impressionistic emotionality.
She tries to seduce a young boy who comes to the apartment for Stanley. She was expelled
from school for having an affair with a student. Her behavior with Stanley and Mitch are flirtatious,
seductive and provocative. Mitch, who was enamoured by Blanche, takes her very seriously and
imagines a life with her. But ends abruptlytheir affairthe day Stanley discloses Blanche’s past
to him. Throughout the play she is overly obsessed with her beauty and has a grandiose sense
of self in spite of having nothing left in hand. She is preoccupied with fantasies of a rich man
like ShepHuntleigh wooing her. It seems from her behavior that her existence itself is based on
the complements she gets; she has a strong urge to seek compliments, especially from men. She
considers Stanley, Mitch, Eunice as inferior to her; shows arrogant attitude to Eunice in Scene I.
At the end of the play, when she was molested by Stanley, she loses the last thing she had;
her sense of self. Blanche has a mental breakdown and can no longer distinguish between fantasy,
illusion and reality. Finally when Blanche is in need of her sister’s support and care, she is sent
to mental institution for treatment. As she is committed to an asylum, she tells the accompanying
doctor, “Whoever you are- I have always depended on the kindness of strangers.” – (Scene Eleven)

Teddy Daniels and Dolores

Teddy Daniels, U. S. Marshall - is the central character of the novel Shutter Island suffering
from Post-Traumatic-stress Disorder (PTSD) and from a Dissociative Disorder called Dissociative
Amnesia. The novel is a pre-planned drama to make him realize his identity and believe the
horrifying truth he has been running away from.
Teddy (Andrew Laeddis) served World War II as a dynamic soldier and after returning, wished
to spend his life like an ordinary citizen, as a family man. He had a beautiful wife Dolores with three
kids. After returning from war Teddy started being overly occupied with work and soon became
a chronic drunkard. Though the specific reason for his substance abuse is not stated in the novel,
DSM-IV-TR provides clues of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) which are quite applicable
to Teddy. Often soldiers after returning from war, face stressed life due too over vigilantness.
They try to keep themselves occupied in order to keep that stress away. There has been substantial
research on the influence of PTSD on soldiers (WW-I).
When Dolores insanely killed her three kids, behavior of Teddy seems disorderly; further
giving way to Dissociative Amnesia. When he finds Dolores being guilty, he feels rage and love
at the same moment. She asks him to free her from the world followed by her plans to take the
dead babies for picnic. For a man who loves his wife and kids endlessly such event can lead to
mental trauma. Moreover the stigma of being a cruel murderer humiliates him more. He is sent
to Shutter Island where either patients who are prisoners or mentally challenged are welcomed.
For two years he stays there as a Dissociative Amnesia patient. He forgets memories of his family
tragedy. He convinces himself to be still a U.S Marshall who had a wife but died in a fire accident
at the apartment. Patients of Dissociative Amnesia often forget the real accounts of the incidents
and create new story which can sound fair enough to protect them and give mental satisfaction.
Teddy shows most of the symptoms of Dissociative Amnesia. Though he suppressed the
dreadful event, he feels dizzy and gets vision of gloomy memories when he sees water and fire.
Delusions are the most frequent for him. He meets his dead wife (DAY ONE, part 6), his daughter
asking him to save her, meets a woman in caves near lighthouse (DAY THREE, part 17), blood
splashing on the wall when actually there is no bullet in the gun, etc. He has no knowledge of
his true identity and happenings in his life. He frequently gets migraines and headache which are
symptoms of not followingprescribed medicines on time. He tries to harm one of thefellow inmates
for calling him Andrew. At last the plan of Dr. Cawley& Dr. Sheehan’s seems to be successful as
Teddy accepts his identity and crime.
Another most tragic character in the novel is of Dolores. Her role exemplifies the extent to
whichfrustration can drag one if not treated on time. She is portrayed as the most helpless character;
she loved Andrew and wished he could give her time. “Being a soldier is not easy but being a
soldier’s wife is more than that”. When ultimately Teddy returned from war, he spent most of the
time working overtime. His drinking bothered Dolores deeply. She wished her husband would
spend time with her which never happened. Moreover she lived a lonely life. She had no social
contacts or friends to talk with. The first time she tried to commit suicide, she was saved to consult a
psychiatrist. Teddy gave a deaf ear to her call of help;he could not accept that his wife was suicidal.
She was diagnosed for Manic-Depression. The doctor suggested change of place for her quicker
recovery. She would spent most time lonely doing household chores, and feeling depressed. She
acted without core intention, without motives, with little or no control over her impulses.

Dolores asked for help; perhaps she identified the problem she had.However, Teddy was too
careless towardsthe symptoms she exhibited. He failed to save her and so the kids, and himself.
Author Dennis Lehane had experience of working in mental institution. He has utilized his
experience to portray the horrors of war, what it can lead to, and to what extent insanity can be
harmful if left unattended.
Dr. Jekyll
Reputation, popularity helps an individual to enhance ones self-esteem and provide confidence.
These self-actualizingfactors are for human need, but Dr. Jekyll is so obsessed with reputation that he
ends up harming himself and others for it. He suffered from Dissociative Identity Disorder wherein
he took shifts from a respected, popular Doctor, Dr. Jekyll to an impulsive criminal, Mr. Hyde. As
the criteria for DID suggests, both personalities were totally different from each other - Utterson,
his butler, could never understand the difference. Mr. Hyde had totally different perspective towards
the society. He was more interested in fulfilling his impulsive instincts than worry “what people will
say’’. Whereas Dr. Jekyll was a prominentdoctor- figure with connections with aristocrats. People
respected him for the knowledge and mannerisms he showcased. Committing horrific crimes like
Mr. Hyde was impossible for him to think of. He would first see how any deeds of his would affect
his reputation and do it, unlike Mr. Hyde who was slave to his impulses and pleasures. The cause
for this disorder in Jekyll’s case is clear enough, if not accurate. He experiments on himself with
certain drugs and potions.Itcaused chemical imbalance in his body which leads to dysfunction in
neurons and ultimately lead to DID. So his causal factors are quite neurological in nature. Often
causes of DID are said to be rooted in childhood (child abuse, parental conflicts/separation, trauma,
tragic event), but Dr. Jekyll is introduced as a learned man with comfortable childhood. However,
it was one of his dreams to prove his theory of separating evil side of individual from the conscious
bound, which kept him at unrest.
Sigmund Freud came with the theory of Structure of the Mind (Id, Ego and Superego). Id
operates according to pleasure principal, with illogical, erotic impulses whereas Ego operates
on reality principal with logical and rational thoughts. The third important structure within the
mind, the superego; represents moral principles, the conscious. When there is conflict on any
issue between id and superego, ego stands as mediator and solves the conflicts. Fictitious Scientist
Dr.Jekyll believed that individual has evil and conscious side bound together, and it is possible to
separate evil side, the dark side from the moral one, which is hidden from the world. He wanted
to bring that dark personality in picture and show the world that one can control it though it will
have no limitations of conscience.To experiment and prove his hypothesis he needsa subject but
his request seems to be rejected as unscientific and baseless. So in order to feed his curiosity, he
experiments with himself.
In the beginning it’s quite interesting for Dr.Jekylluntil Mr. Hyde’s personality begins taking
control over Dr. Jekyll’s. Being left free in society, Mr. Hyde, out of his destructive impulses,
does an array of crimes. Dr.Jekylldismisses the idea of informing the police or anyone to save his
reputation. By the time he understands the intensity of his dark side, it’s too late.
The whole novella is told from Lawyer Utterson’s point of view. The letter left by Dr. Jekyll
conveys his voice, his journey with the exploration of dark side of his personality. Ultimately he
confesses ‘his’ crimes. Though the disorder is genuine, the theory of Dr.Jekyll turns to be partially
true, ending his life at last.

Stevenson’s fascination of the dual nature of man came from his fascination towards stories
of respectable men turning into savage criminals at night i.e. Deacon Broadie who was a cabinet
maker during the day and a criminal at night. Stevenson’s family actually owned one of his cabinets.
Soaphead Church
Elihue Micah Whitcomb, popularly known as Soaphead Church, comes from an aristocratic
West Indian family of mixed race. He is the town “Reader, Adviser, and Interpreter of Dreams,” and
is known for having Pedophilic tendencies with young girls.
“His sexuality was anything but lewd; his patronage if little girls smacked of innocence and
was associated in his mind with cleanliness. He was what one might call a very clean old man.”
Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye
Though Soaphead Church is a minor character, Toni Morrison has done justice with the
pedophilic characteristics as well as positivity the man has towards his disorder. Usually pedophilic
characters have either feeling of guilt or hopelessness and hatred towards self for having unaccepted
urges. But Soaphead justifies it to God which is enough to conclude that he accepts it and adjusts
with the disorder. He writes a letter to God confronting him of his whereabouts and informing him
about his achievement. He believes that what God couldn’t do, he has done; he gave Pecola the
bluest eyes. He also confessed that she is the girl whom he didn’t even touch. Otherwise he liked
tender girls who are clean and easy to get convinced. He never harmed the little girls and they never
minded what he did with them by giving them small edible gifts. He especially remembers two girls
Doreen and Sugar Babe who would let him play with by enticing them with small gifts. He targeted
small girls who were not mature enough to discard him and who were vulnerable because of their
poverty and societal and parental negligence.
He loved Velma, a lady he was married to, whom he could not satisfy. Though she left him
because she was unable to change his ways, he always liked her. Moreover Pedophilia is a sexual
disorder.
Soaphead Church worked as a counselor to the people. For him listening to people’s stories
was a sort of enjoyment/entertainment. His depressed behavior is the outcome of social, cultural
and racial obsession. Throughout the text his voice is full of joy and an unexpressive energy. He
knows the problems of black people and loved listening to them. When Pecola meets him and asks
for help he realizes that he wouldn’t be able to help her, but finally decides to do so for his own
selfish agenda. He shows pity on the girl and perhaps feels empathy for her.
CONCLUSION:
There are no clear evidence stating effectiveness of social support but it’s accepted by
psychologist that moral support is important for recovery. There are various characters who needed
support - like Blanche Dubois, Dolores and Teddy. Pharmacological treatments doesit’s work but
mental disorders need to have psychosocial treatments as well.
The characters struggle and few like Boo Reedley and Walter are getting the chance to recover.
Blanche, Dolores, Teddy, Dr. Jekyll never recovered nor had hope to as they did not have any close
oneto look after them. Stella could not provide Blanche moral support when she actually wanted
it, Teddy turned deaf ear to Dolores suicidal instincts, and in could not identify his abnormality.
Dr. Jekyll had no one except a butler who could only call Utterson at the end. Utterson didn’t try to
search cross-check the reason for Dr.Jekyll’s unusual behaviour. There is no guarantee that Walter

and Soaphead Church would have recovered or not from Pedophilia but the difference is quite clear
between them. Walter had Rosen, Vicki, and his brother-in-law who provided him with enough
support and increased his will to be in control of his mind, whereas Soaphead Church had no one.
He himself worked as a counselor but didn’t realise he needed one too.
The role society plays in building a person as well as it’s ability to break a person is evident in
almost all the cases. And therefore, it is required that all the communities in the society learns what
‘insanity’ stands for, that mental disorders are as natural and common as physical disorders and can
be treated with medical and psychological assistance.
The author’s representation of the mentally challengedleaves the reader feeling pity for the
mentally challenged, suicidal and criminal characters. The reader develops sympathetic corner for
the characters and the tragic circumstances they go through. The reader doesn’t judge them as
antagonist or villain with unnatural and abnormal urges, rather become tolerant and humanistic in
approach towards the every other, sane or ‘insane’.
References:
● SHUTTER ISLAND. (2010, September ). African Journal of Psychiatry.
● Barlow, D. H. (2005). Abnormal Psychology (4th Edition ed.). New Delhi: Wadsworth
Cengage Learning.
● Bloom, H. (2010). Bloom’s Guide-The Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison. United states of America:
Infobase Publishing.
● Durand, B. (n.d.). Abnormal Psychology (2nd Edition ed.). Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
● Fechter, S. (n.d.).The Woodsman.
● Gerow, J. R. (n.d.). Psychology: An Introduction (4th Edition ed.).
HarperCollinsCollegePublishers.
● Lee, H. (1960). To Kill a Mocking Bird.arrangement with McIntosh and Otis, Inc.
● Lehane, D. (2006). Shutter Island
● Morrison, T. (1999).The Bluest Eye. Vintage Publication .
● Paul Brown. (n.d.).Trauma-induced dissociative amnesia in.Australian and New Zealand
Journal of Psychiatry.
● Robert C. Carson, J. N. (2008). Abnormal Psychology (13th Edition ed.). Dorling Kindersley
(India)Pvt. Ltd.
● Stevenson, R. L. (2000). The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. (A. H. Potter, Ed.)
England: Pearson Education Limited.
● Stevenson, R. L. (n.d.). Study Guide for The Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Digitalization of Learning
Shilpa Satoskar
Associate Professor. Department of Economics
Government college of Arts Science and Commerce, Sanquelim Goa
Abstract
T he learning takes place when there is an interaction. Learning occurs when we are able to: Gain
a mental or physical grasp of the subject. Make sense of a subject, event or feeling by interpreting
it into our own words or actions. Use our newly acquired ability or knowledge in conjunction
with skills and understanding we already possess. Various research studies have shown that using
technology has helped improve learning process with regards to student’s Learning outcome.
This paper emphasizes on the analysis of use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
and also to check what can improve the status of education sector by using ICT and which can be
helpful in stress-reduction in various aspects among students and teachers.
According to report by KPMG Indian online education industries has 1.6 million users with many
app-based companies, to name a few; Khan Academy, Byju’s, Unacademy.
Challenges for these industries were that the apps were very expensive and lack of interaction with
experts made parents skeptical about this method of learning. Tablets and mobiles were seen more as
a distraction rather than educational tools. But the industries have overcome all these obstructions
and are growing very fast, especially in B and C class cities where professional coaching classes
are not available. The key factor for success was that they developed trust among parents for the
use of this technology a learning aid.
Key words: ICT, learning apps, Education, Digital industry.
INTRODUCTION
Current scenario of Indian Education system: Around 26 Crores student are studying in 1.5
crores Schools and 39000 colleges across India. The Teacher to Student ratio is as high as 1:35.
There is weak Infra structure in most of non-metro schools. The learning culture is geared toward
memorization to pass exams. Most competitive entrance exams demand application of concepts to
solve MCQ. Parents feel the need for better concept training and coaching for entrance tests. This
has given a sense of need to adapt to Learning using Apps in addition to classroom learning.
Digitalization of Learning Shilpa Satoskar

Literature Review
What is ICT-Based Learning System?
It refers to any method of delivering learning material via information and communication
technologies, i.e. web-based, computer-based, video, etc.
APPLICATION OF ICT
There are following applications of ICT
• Media
• Audio and video
• Computers, tablets and mobile devices
• Social networks
• Webcams & whiteboards
• Screen-casting
• Virtual classroom etc.
Application-based learning is a beneficial concept that retains a sustainable aspect. It eliminates
the usage of large amounts of paper, pencils, pen, etc
Some of the significant benefits of using applications as a learning source are compiled as
follows:-
• Novel Learning Methodologies
The conventional methods of imparting bookish knowledge become monotonous and dull in
the generic sense. Also, the theoretical knowledge provided in the books tends to be difficult
for some students to comprehend. Applications are furnished with various pictures, videos,
and animated aids so that the students can visualize the practicality of the concepts in a better
way. This results in a better understanding of the data that is being furnished.
• Better Parent-Teacher Rapport
Due to the tight schedule and busy lives of the working parents, they are not able to keep
up frequent contact with the teachers of their wards. These applications help in establishing
a better interaction between the parents and the teachers. Teachers can provide feedback
regarding the performance of the children to their parents, along with the regular updates. The
parents are also able to track their child’s activities through these apps.
• Enhanced Communication
Applications have proved to be instrumental in enhancing the interactive tendencies of
the students. The children participate actively in the online activities establishing a better
interaction with the teachers, parents and the other students.
• Unlimited Resources
Today a majority of applications are online-based, they possess the access to an endless source
of information. The Internet is filled up with a ginormous amount of knowledge on every
subject possible. Students can clear their doubts and curiosities through the use of internet and
proxy sites such as Google, Bing, etc.. This is also a fantastic platform for those who may not
have access to schools or colleges under certain circumstances.

• Portability
One of the biggest concerns of the students worldwide is, carrying heavy books to school every
day. Not only that, the space requirements for keeping these books are also more extensive.
With the online applications, the entirety of your book’s content can be stored in your laptop,
mobile or other portable devices. You can now access the contents of numerous publications in
a single device. In addition to this, videos, tutorials, and lectures can also be stored in a single
device.
• Regular Updates
Applications always tend to keep their information and resources up to date with the latest
events and changes. The students through such applications are always in par with the
contemporary trends and developments that are taking place worldwide. The reach of these
applications is on the international level as well.
• Single Solution To Multiple Requirements
Applications eliminate the requirements of a pen, pencils, rulers, erasers, sharpeners, books,
sheets, registers, etc.. A single device can suffice the needs of the students. An electric pen can
be used for drawing or making diagrams.
• Sustainability
Because of the rising concerns over global warming and climatic changes, more relevance and
importance are being provided towards sustainable development and sustainability. The future
is in our hands, and it is our responsibility to compromise in the present day to ensure a better
tomorrow. Application-based learning is a beneficial concept that retains a sustainable aspect.
It eliminates the usage of large amounts of paper, pencils, pen, etc.. In the present times, large
numbers of trees are slashed down for making paper for books, magazines, newspaper, etc..
everyday. This is not a very sustainable way of living and hence should be greatly discouraged.
Applications can play a significant role in the elimination of paper usage in schools and colleges.
In a matter of few years, applications will conquer the teaching scenario. With the advancement
of technologies, many traditional methods are getting obsolete, and new and better technology is
taking its place.
Objectives
This study was undertaken to find the need to adopt to e learning using ICT tools in addition
to class room teaching- learning.
Online Education: Why it is Gaining Popularity
Internet penetration: India has an internet penetration of about 31% today, which means 409
million internet users. It is predicted that by 2022, there will be nearly 735 million internet users in
India, which will lead to increase in traffic for online education players.
Smartphone penetration: Currently, there are 290 million smartphone users in India and the
user base is expected to grow with the addition of another 180 million new users by 2022.
Flexibility of time: Students have flexible time to study and can repeat content videos
whenever required
Quality education: There are areas in India where there is lack of quality offline education
Non Availability Coaching class : In Non Metro Areas quality coaching classes are rare and
expensive

Population and Sample for the Study

Three schools from Goa were chosen for sample study. Two were from urban areas and one
from rural area.
1. Sunshine worldwide school , Old Goa
2. Mushtifund High school, Cujira
3. Kirti Vidyalaya , Shivolim
Tools Used for the Study

Data collection and Sample survey was conducted,


Findings:
Three schools selected randomly for sample survey were surveyed for the use of learning apps
in adding to classroom teaching. Out of which two schools were from urban area and one from rural
area. The students were randomly asked the need for using the apps and difficulties faced by them
were discussed. The following finds were observed.
Challenges of E learning APPs

The students in spite of the challenges had taken keen interest in acquiring knowledge through
the ICT based learning resources. They had varied valid reasons to adopt the learning method
which are e-learning Apps based.
Criteria for Selection of Apps
Source: Survey of Schools in Goa(sunshine worldwide

school, Mushtifund high school, Keerti vidyalaya)
Market research has shown that byjus is one of the most successful digital app for e-Learning
Byju’s Success Formula
Disadvantages of App learning

• No self-discipline. Student should have discipline and initiative to learn from Apps
• No face-to-face interaction. This might lead students not able understand concept thoroughly
• Lack of flexibility. The student may not able go beyond specified content
• Lack of input from trainers. The student level of understanding is not considered before giving
inputs

Conclusion:
. The field of Mobile Learning is still in its infancy, and so it is still difficult for experts to come
up with a single definition of the concept. Information and Communication Technology changes
the behavior of the students. The learning apps provide facility to learn anytime and anywhere
according to the convenience of the users.
With affordable mobile and very high internet penetration across ruler and urban Indias App
learning has becoming alternate platform for students who are willing to learn more and go beyond
conventional method of teaching.
In terms of effectiveness, almost 42.49% of respondents said learning apps very effective
whereas 34.45% of them said it effective. 15.56% of them some what effective 7.5% of them said
not clear about effectiveness.
Though app users are increasing very rapidly the cost of these apps are still very high and if
government can give incentives for these apps which will help penetration of this technology and
will result in better quality Education.
References:
1. Research Methodology : An Introduction by C. K. Kothari
2. Fundamentals of research methodology and statistics by Yogesh Kumar singh
3. ICT application in education: an overview
SS Kaware, SK Sain - International Journal of Multidisciplinary …, 2015
4. “ICT Based Education: A Paradigm shift in India”
Nishant Gunjan, New Delhi Publishers

H$m|H$Ur MiditV ~m`bm§Mmo dm§Q>mo AmZr Am`Mr XmdoXmar

Cd©er Zm`H$
ghm`H$ àmÜ`m{nH$m, H$m|H$Ur {d^mJ
H$bm, {dkmZ AmZr dm{UÁ` gaH$mar åhm{dÚmb`
gm§Iir, Jm|`
gmam§e :
Jm|` h| ëhmZ amÁ` Am{e„²`mZ H$m|H$Ur hr ëhmZ àXoemMr ^mg. nyU ho ^meoMmo {dñVma ~amoM ìhS> Amgm. H$maU
Jm|`m§Vë`mZ ñWbm§VarV OmdZ hoa amÁ`m§Zr nmV{i„²`m ^m¡gmH$S>oZ OoÞm Am‘r ni`VmV VoÞm hmo Am§H$S>mo ~amoM
ìhS> Amgm åhUnmM| Am‘À`m bjm§V òVm. Var Á`m amÁ`mMr H$m|H$Ur amO^mg Amgm V| amÁ` ëhmZ. EH$ Zm|X
H$anm gmaH$s JOmb åhUë`ma H$m|H$Ur ^mg Á`m Á`m amÁ`m§Zr nmdë`m Ë`m Ë`m amÁ`m§Zr {VMmo dmda, àMma AmZr
àgma ZoQ>mZ Mmby Amgm. hoa ^mgm§Mo Vwi|V H$m|H$UrH$ gm~ma ‘mZ ‘oimodnmH$ ~aoM Ìmg nS>bo. 10ì`m Om§d 11ì`m
e|H$S>çm§V Or ^mg Amnbmo gwdU©H$mi AU^dVmbr Vr ^mg 17ì`m e|H$S>çm§V eyÝ` H$mim§V nmdbr. {VMo gwdmVoa
{VH$m naV àñWmnrV H$anmH$ H$imd bmJbmo. qdJS> qdJS> H$m|H$Ur ~amodnr ho ^w§òa V`ma OmdMo nS>bo. XoIyZ Vmo
H$m|H$Ur boIH$ ~amodnr AmZr Pw§Onr Ombmo. nmoVw©JrOm§Mr dgmhV Am{e„| Jm|` 19 {S>g|~a 1961 øm {Xgm ‘wº$
Omb| AmZr VmMr dmQ>Mmb AmVm§ Jm|`, X‘U AmZr Xrd g¨KàXoe åhÿU gwê$ Ombr. ’w$S|> dMyZ H$m|H$Ur ^meo ImVra
EH$ åhËdmMmo Xrg COdmS>bmo Vmo åhUë`ma 26 ’o$~«wdmar 1975. øm {Xgm H$m|H$Ur ^meoH$ gm{hË` AH$mX‘rMr
‘mÝ`Vm` ’$mdmo Ombr. Aeo VaoZ H$m|H$Ur ^mg hoa ^maVr` ^mgm§Mo dioa|V ~gnmH$ bmJbr. VmMo Cnam§V H$m|H$Ur
^meoH$ gm~ma ‘mZ ‘oimodZ {XdnmH$ Om` Am{e„o. Aem doima gaH$mar Wam§Vë`mZ 17 Owb` 1986 øm {Xgm
Jm|`Mo ‘w»`‘§Ìr àVmnqgh amUo hm§Ur Jmodm X‘U AmZr Xrd Am°{’$er`b b±½doO ~rb ‘m§S>b|. W§` gmdZ H$m|H$Ur
amO^mg H$anmMmo àdmg ëhd ëhd gwê$ Ombmo. ho H$m|H$Ur ^meoH$ amO^mg H$anmMo MiditV ~m`bm§Mmo dm§Q>mo
{H$V| Am{e„mo VmMmo Aä`mg H$anmMmo `ËZ øm ànÌm§Vë`mZ Ho$bm.
~rO CVam§:-~m`bm§Mmo dm§Q>mo, amO^mg Am§XmobZ, XmdoXmar, H$m|H$Ur ^mg, Jm|`
àñVmdZm-
nwam` amO^mg Am§XmobZm§V AmZr H$m|H$Ur MiditV ~m`bm§Mmo ìhS> dm§Q>mo Am{e„mo. nyU Am§XmobZm§Vbo
~m`boH$ H$gbo A{YH$ma ‘oùio dm {VH$m {ZU©` à{H«$`|V I§` gwdmV {X„r VmMoa gmoX bmdnmMr JaO Amgm.
‘wim§V VrZ ‘mJÊ`mo KodZ amO^mg Am§XmobZ gwê$ Omb|. n`br ‘mJUr, H$m|H$Ur ^meoH$ amO^meoMmo XOm}
{Xdn, Jm|`m§H$ KQ>H$ amÁ`mMmo XOm} {Xdn AmZr {Vgar H$m|H$Ur ^meoMmo g¨{dYmZmMo AmR>do dioa|V Amgnmd H$an.
555 Xrg M{b„²`m Ia Am§XmobZm§V H$m|H$Ur ’w$S>mè`m§Zr ømo VrZy` ‘mJÊ`mo ‘mÝ` H$ê$Z KoVë`mo. ømo gJë`mo
{ZUm©`H$ KS>UwH$mo KS>nmH$ Om`Ë`m OmUm§Mmo hmV^ma bm{~„mo. VmVy§V ~m`boZ ’w$S>mH$ma H$gmo KoVbmo, g¨KQ>Z H$e|
V`ma Ho$b| Vm§H$m§ à{VgmX H$gmo bm~bmo ho Aä`mgnmMr JaO Càmgë`m.
H$m|H$Ur MiditV ~m`bm§Mmo dm§Q>mo AmZr Am`Mr XmdoXmar Cd©er Zm`H$

H$m|H$Ur MiditV ~m`bm§M| g¨KQ>Z AmZr H$m`©-

1980 dgm© boIH$ ho‘m Zm`H$ hm§Ur {MÌ§Jr Zm§dmMmo EH$ dgw©H$s A§H$ gwê$ Ho$bmo. A§H$mMr ImeobVm` VmVy§V
òdnr ‘Vm§ AmZr {de` Am{e„o. ~m`bm§Mo àñZ ‘m§S>n, Vm§À`mo, ^mdZm, g¨doXZm CH$VmdnmH$ Vm§H$m§ EH$ h¸$mMo
ì`mgnrR> {Xdn hmo øm A§H$mMmo hoVy Am{e„mo. øm H$maUm§H$ bmJyZ ~m`b {bIUr hmVm§V KodnmH$ eH$Vmbr.
hmVy§V ’$H$V ~m`bm§M {bImU H$aVmbr Ae| Zm XmXbo boJrV øm A§H$m§V ~a`Vmbo. {MÌ§Jr dVrZ Xa dgm© H${dVm
~amodnmMr gV© Am`moOrV OmVmbr. ho gVu {Z‘VmZ ~a`„²`mo H$m§` H${dVm Am‘H$m§ Aàyn’ øm H${dVm g¨J«hm
dadt ‘oiQ>mV. Omo ~m`bm§M| à{V{ZYrËd H$anr n`bmo d`bmo H${dVm g¨J«h Am{e„mo. øm H${dVm g¨J«hmM| g¨nmXZ
ho‘m Zm`H$ hmUtM Ho$„| AmZr COdmS>mH$ boJrV VrM hmS>Q>mbr. Ë`m doima Am{e„o ~m`bm§ g¨X^mªVbo g‘mOrH$
{de`m§Moa ~a`„| {bImU øm A§H$m§V àH$merV OmVmb|.
H$m|H$Ur Jm|`Mr amO^mg H$anmH$ H$m|H$Ur àOoÀ`m AmdmOmMr ñWmnUyH$ Om„r. Vr amOH$s` g¨KQ>Zm Zm{e„r.
H$m|H$Ur ^meoH$ ’$mdmo Vo h¸$ ‘oimodZ {XdnmÀ`m hoVyZ Vr g¨ñWm V`ma Om„r. H$m|H$Ur àOoÀ`m AmdmOmH$ gJë`m§V
ìhS> AmXma ‘oùimo AmZr `moJXmZ ‘oùi| V| {MÌ§JrM| Am{e„|. Jm|`m§Moa nmoVw©JrOm§Zr gw‘ma 450 dgmª amÁ` Ho$b|.
Ë`m doima ~m`b ~mOmam§V dMnmM| Amgë`ma boJrV gm§JmVmZ dm§JS> KodZ dVmbr. nmoVw©JrOm§À`m H$mima Oo VaoZ
~m`bm§Moa N>i, AmJirH$mo OmVmë`mo VmMmoM Vmo n[aUm‘Amgbmo. ho n[apñWVtV Vr Am§XmobZm§V X|dn hr Iy~
n`gw„r JOmb Am{e„r. nyU Agbo n[apñWVtVë`mZ ^mà gê$Z Amd`^meoH$ amInmH$ ~m`b añË`ma X|dbr.
{VU| KmoeUm {Xë`mo. ^meoMoa Ho$„²`m AÝ`m`mMoa AmdmO H$mS>bmo. ~m`boZ gm§Iir CnmoeUm§V dm§Q>mo KoVbmo. {VU|
bmR>r MmO© gm|gbmo.Xa {Xgm Vr ~m`b H$m‘m {Z‘VmZ ^mà dVmbr dm hoa I§`y` ^mà gaVmbr Omë`ma {VMoa
’$m§Va, eoH$ao e|d{Q>Vmbo. nyU ~m`boZ ’$mQ>r diyZ ni`b| Zm. ~m`bm§H$ Oa ’w$S>mH$ma KodnmMr g¨X {Xbr Va Vr
{H$V| H$anmH$ eH$VmV V| øm doima Vm§Ur {gÕ Ho$b|.
amO^mg Am§XmobZm§V Ve|M H$m|H$Ur MiditV ~m`b gJbmo ^ma Amnë`m Im§Xma KodZ ‘wIma gabr. {VU|
’w$S|> gê$Z ’w$S>manU Ho$b|. gm~ma doimMoa {VÀ`m {OdmH$ ^§` boJrV Càmgbm AmgVZm Vr ’$mQ>r gabr Zm. VmVy§V
C„oI H$anm gmaH$s¨ Om`Vt Zm§dm§ òVmV nyU gJbtM Zm§dm§ ‘oiZmV. H$moU H$moU Am{e„t VmVy§Vbt H$m§` OmUm§
AmVm§ h`mV ZmV. ~m`bm§Zr gm{hË` aMb| VmVy§V MidirMr g¨H$ënZm {XgnmH$ bm{J„r. H$m|H$Ur Am‘Mr Jm|`Mr
^mg VrM H$a`m amO^mg’ h| Oar ao‘mo ’o$ZmªXre hm§M| Jm{O„| JrV Am{e„| Var ~m`b ’$mQ>r Zm{e„r. eHw§$Vbm âUo
hm§Ur ‘moJmi åhÁ`m Jm|`H$mam§Zmo CR>mV ~oJrZ ~oJrZ CR>mV’ h| JrV aMyZ Jm|`H$mam§H$ OmJ hmS>br. Ë`m doimMoa Vr
d`mZ Ver ìhS> Zm{e„r Var boJrV {VU| V| YmS>g Ho$b|.
H$m|H$Ur MiditV ~m`bm§Mr Am`Mr XmdoXmar-
amO^mg Am§XmobZ O¡{Vd§V Omb|. H$m|H$Ur ^meoH$ {VH$m ’$mdmo Am{e„o ^mod‘mZ ‘oùio. Am§XmobZm§V dm§Q>mo
Ko{V„r ~m`b ‘mV I§` Var ’$mQ>rM Cabr Ae| {XgVm. H$m|H$Ur amO^mg Am§XmobZm§V ~m`boMmo gh^mJ AmZr
VmVy§V Am`Mr XmdoXmar Oa ni`V Va EH$ ‘wÔmo bjm§V òVm Vmo åhUë`ma Am§XmobZ Ombo Cnam§V Vo ~m`boH$
ìhS>boeo h¸$ Om§d, ‘mZ, ^mod‘mZ ‘oùio ZmV. AmÒdoa AIrb ^maVr` H$m|H$Ur n[aeXoMt 30 A{YdoeZm§ AmZr
24 g¨‘obZm Ombt. nyU W§` ~m`boH$ Iy~ CÊ`m IonoH$AÜ`jnXmMr gwdmV ’$mdmo Omë`m. Jmodm H$m|H$Ur AH$mX‘r
gmaH$s H$m|H$UrMr AmÜ` gaH$mar g¨ñWm W§` AmÒdoa ~m`boH$ AÜ`jnX ’$mdmo Omd§H$ Zm. I§`À`mM {ZUm©`H$
à{H«$`|V ~m`boH$ gH«$s` dm§Q>mo {Xbm åhUnmM| I§`M {XgZm. C~m© Zm§dmMmo EH$H$m|H$Ur boIH$m§H$ g‘nuV Ho$„mo

A§H$ Am‘r dmMVmV nyU AmÒdoa E¸o$` ~m`b bopIHo$Moa Vmo A§H$ COdmS>mH$ òd§H$ Zm. ~m`boH$ AmÒ ‘oaoZ
H$m|H$Ur ^me|Vbo nm§M gm{hË` AH$mX‘r nwañH$ma ’$mdmo Omë`mV. VmVy§V AWm§J-S>m°. O`§Vr Zm`H$, ^y§`Mm’$s-
{ebm H$moi§~H$ma, ^moJX§S>- ho‘m Zm`H$, gnZ’w$bm§- ‘rZm H$mH$moS>H$ma, ‘§WZ- ‘mYdr gaXogm` hm§Mmo Amgnmd
Amgm.^m§Jam CËgd, am¡ß` ‘hmoËgd ho gJboM boIH$mMoM ‘Z`ë`mV nyU W§` ~m`b|H$ ñWmZ {XdnmMmo {dMma
H$moUmÀ`mM ‘Zm§V òd§H$ Zm. ~m`b hm§Jm I§`Var ’$mQ>rM Caë`m. gm{hË` AH$mX‘r Xa dgm© ~mb gm{hË`
nwañH$ma {XVmV VmVy§V AmÒdoa nm§M ~m`bm§Mmo Amgnmd Amgm, AUH$mamH$ {X„²`m nwañH$mam§ ‘Xt dÅ> 27 nwañH$ma
{Xë`mV VmVy§V AmR> ~m`bm§Mmo Amgnmd Amgm. EH$ Am§H$S>mo ZXa|V âVm AmZr Vmo ~m`bm§Mo dQ>oZ MS> Amgm Vmo
åhUë`ma `wdm gm{hË` nwañH$mam§V. H$m|H$Ur ^meoH$ 9 `wdm gm{hË` nwañH$ma bm~ë`mV AmZr VmVy§V MS> ~m`b
boIH$ AmgmV. 6 nwañH$ma ~m`b boIH$m§H$ ’$mdmo Omë`mV. KS>ò hmo ~Xb AmZr hr ’w$S>mamMr {XH$m.
~m`b AmÒ gm~ma hþX²Úm§Moa nmdë`m. {VMmo gh^mJ Om`VoH$S>oZ Amgm. nyU Vmo h¸$ {VH$m {VMo {ejUrH$
nmÌVmòMoa AmZr {VÀ`m ñd~imMoa ‘oùim. H$m|H$Ur ^mem ‘§S>im gma{H$„o g¨ñWoMr ~m`b AÜ`j OmdnmH$
2020 dg© COdmS>M| nS>b|. AmÒ Oa hoa H$S>bmo gh^mJ AmZr `wdm {niJr ni`br Va ~m`bm§Mmo Am§H$S>mo
dmS>bm åhUnmM| bjm§V òVm. H$m|H$Ur MiditV XmXë`m§Zr {OVbmo g¨Ke© Ho$bm {VVbmoM g¨Ke© ~m`bm§Zr boJrV
Ho$bm. Vm§Ur gmogbm§, ^moJbm§. nyU XmdoXmar H$anmH$ ‘mV Vr ’$mQ>r Caë`m. H$m|H$Ur MiditVbo åhmbJS>o åhÿU
XmXë`m§Mt Oet Zm§dm§ òVmV Vet ~m`bm§Mr boJrV `|d Xr. H$m|H$UrMr CXaJV gJë`m Am§Jm§Zr Om§d Xr. ‘wImd`bo
{niJoH$ Vm§Mo H$S>ë`mZ ñ’y$V© ‘oiyZ Vr ‘wIma gê$§ Xr.
g¨X^©-
1. Judith Siqueira. “Role of Women in Goa Konkani Agitation.” Economic and Political Weekly,
vol. 22, no. 50, 1987, pp. 2149–2150. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4377848.
2. Saldanha, Denzil. “Literacy Campaigns in Maharashtra and Goa: Issues, Trends and Direction.”
Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 30, no. 20, 1995, pp. 1172–1196. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/
stable/4402760.
3. GOMES, OLIVINHO. “Konkani Scene: A Cheerful Blossoming.” Indian Literature, vol. 33,
no. 6 (140), 1990, pp. 141–148. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23338967.

{dœZmW àgmX {Vdmar Ûmam a{MV g¨ñ‘aU ‘EH$ Zmd Ho$

`mÌr’: EH$ AZwerbZ
Á`mo{V ~modmbH$a
ghm`H$ àmÜ`m{nH$m, qhXr {d^mJ,
H$bm, {dkmZ Ed§ dm{UÁ` emgH$s` ‘hm{dÚmb`,
gm§Iir, Jmodm &
gma :
“EH$ Zmd Ho$ `mÌr’ {dœZmW àgmX {Vdmar Ûmam gm{hË`H$mam| na {bIo JE g¨ñ‘aUm| Ed§ gmjmËH$mam| H$m g¨J«h
h¡&àñVwV aMZm ‘| ^r boIH$ Zo AnZo OrdZ ‘| AmZodmbo {d{eï> ì`{º$`m| H$s AZoH$ ñ‘¥{V`m| H$mo eãX~Õ {H$`m
h¡& Bg g¨ñ‘aU ‘| Hw$b AmR> g¨ñ‘aUm| Ed§ Mma gmjmËH$mam| H$m g‘mdoe h¡ {OZHo$ erf©H$ gå~Õ gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$
OrdZ Am¡a CZH$s aMZmAm| go ào[aV h¡& {Vdmar {d{^Þ gm{hË`H$mam| go Ow‹S>o AnZo A{dñ‘aUr` jUm| H$mo ~‹S>o hr
amJmË‘H$ ê$n go ghOH$a àñVwV {H$`m h¢²& gå~Õ gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd Ho$ {d{dY njm| H$mo nmR>H$m| Ho$ g‘j
àñVwV H$a CZHo$ OrdZ H$m `WmW© {MÌU àñVwV {H$`m h¡&
~rO eãX : g¨ñ‘aU,gmjmËH$ma,{OOr{dfm,gm{hË`H$ma,{dMmaYmam,ì`{º$d,àdmhnyU©, A{^ì`º$
“EH$ Zmd Ho$ `mÌr’ {dœZmWàgmX {Vdmar Ûmam gm{hË`H$mam| na {bIo JE g¨ñ‘aUm|Ed§ gmjmËH$mam| H$m g¨J«h
h¡ {OgH$m àH$meZ gZ² 2001 ‘| hþAm Wm& Bg nwñVH$ ‘| {d{dY gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ g¨ñ‘aUm| Ho$ gmW-gmW Hw$N>
gmjmËH$ma ^r gpå‘{bV h¢²& `h aMZm EH$ àH$ma go `wJrZ gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ ‘hËd H$mo g¨ñ‘aUmV‘H$ e¡br ‘|
A{^ì`º$ H$aZo H$m EH$ g’$b à`moJ h¡, Ohm± g¨ñ‘aU Ed§ gmjmËH$ma Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go gå~Õ gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ ì`{º$d
H$s {deofVmE±, CZH$m gm{hpË`H$ `moJXmZ, gm{hË` go Ow‹S>o AZoH$ àý, g‘ñ`mE± Ed§ CZHo$ g‘mYmZ Am{X {d{^Þ
{df`m| na MMm© H$s J`r h¡& Bg aMZm ‘| h‘ gm{hË` H$m g‘H$mbrZ n[aÑí` àË`j Ed§ namoj ê$n ‘| XoI gH$Vo
h¢²& My±{H$ g¨ñ‘aU {dYm AVrV H$s ñ‘¥{V`m| na AmYm[aV hmoVr h¡, àñVwV aMZm ‘| ^r boIH$ Zo AnZo OrdZ ‘|
AmZodmbo {d{eï> ì`{º$`m| H$s AZoH$ ñ‘¥{V`m| H$mo eãX~Õ {H$`m h¡&
Bg g¨ñ‘aU ‘| Hw$b AmR> g¨ñ‘aUm| Ed§ Mma gmjmËH$mam| H$m g‘mdoe h¡ {OZHo$ erf©H$ gå~Õ gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$
OrdZ Am¡a CZH$s aMZmAm| go ào[aV h¡&
g¨ñ‘aUm| H$s ewéAmV,”‘mZd hr ‘mZd H$s Vrgar Am±I h¡ ‘ go hmoVr h¡& {Og‘| boIH$ Ako` Or Ho$ gmW
ì`VrV {H$E Hw$N> jU àñVwV H$aVo h¢²& `h jU Ako` Or Ho$ {Zdmg ñWmZ {X„r, boIH$ Ho$ {Zdmg ñWmZ JmoaInwa
Ed§ AÝ` gm{hpË`H$ Jmo{ð>`m| ‘| ôQ> Ho$ Xm¡amZ Ho$ h¡& BZ MwqZXm jUm| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go Ako` Or Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd H$s
{^Þ-{^Þ N>Q>mE± CâH$a gm‘Zo AmVr h¢²& EH$ `wJÑï>m gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ gmW-gmW {ZûH$ nÌH$ma, J[a‘m‘`
ì`{º$‘Ëd Ho$ YZr Ako` nmR>H$m| Ho$ gå‘wI CâH$a AmVo h¢²& Xygam AÜ`m` “‘¥Ë`mo‘m©s‘¥V§ J‘`’A‘¥Vbmb ZmJa
Or na Ho$pÝÐV g¨ñ‘aU h¡& CZHo$ ~mao ‘| boIH$ {bIVo h¢-ZmJa Or H$m grYmnZ CZHo$ ì`{º$Ëd H$s {deofVm Wr&
{dœZmW àgmX {Vdmar Ûmam a{MV g¨ñ‘aU ‘EH$ Zmd Ho$ `mÌr’: EH$ AZwerbZ Á`mo{V ~modmbH$a
do EH$ ghO ì`{º$ Wo&1Bg g¨ñ‘aU ‘| EH$ gm{hË`H$ma Ed§ H$bmH$ma H$s {OOr{dfm àH$Q> hþB© h¡& OrdZ H$s
V‘m‘ O{Q>bVmAm| Ho$ ~mdOyX g¨Kf©aV ahZm, ‘¥Ë`w Ho$ nümV ^r AnZr aMZm| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go A‘aVm àmá H$aZo
H$s AmH$m§jm ì`º$ hþB© h¡& AJbm g¨ñ‘aU ‘amOZr{V Ho$ ObgmJa’ ‘| ‘^Q>H$m ‘oK’’lrH$m§V d‘m© Ed§ boIH$
Ho$ ~rM H$s gm{hpË`H$ K{Zï>Vm H$m n[aM` XoVm h¡& boIH$ gm{hpË`H$ ê$n ‘| lrH$m§V d‘m© Ho$ àe§gH$ h¡ {H$ÝVw
CZH$m amOZr{V go gamoH$ma boIH$ H$mo IQ>H$Vm h¡& CÝh| bJVm h¡ {H$ lrH$m§V d‘m© ~hþV Hw$N> {bIZm MmhVo Wo&
boIZ Ho$ à{V CZH$s V‹S>n ñnï> {XImB© n‹S>Vr Wr& bo{H$Z amOZr{V H$s ì`ñVVm Ho$ MbVo do A{YH$ {bI Zht
nmE± Am¡a Aënm`w ‘| hr {ZYZ Ho$ H$maU CZH$s boIZ H$s BÀN>m ^r nyar Z hmo gH$s& Mm¡Wo g¨ñ‘aU “Am±JZ Ho$
n§N>r’ ‘| {dÚm{Zdmg {‘l Ho$ ì`{º$d Ho$ {d{^Þ ê$nm| H$s Pm±H$s àñVwV H$s J`r h¡& CZHo$ H$‘©R> ñd^md, `moOZm~Õ
H$m`©àUmbr, g^r Ho$ à{V AmË‘r`Vm, n[adm[aH$Vm, ^mdwH$Vm Am{X JwUm|H$m `Wmo{MV KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ gmW dU©Z
{‘bVm h¡& do {dÚm{Zdmg {‘l H$mo Am±JZ Ho$ n§N>r ‘mZVo h¢ Omo ‘Z go Vmo ~§Omam h¡ {’$a ^r Am±JZ go, AnZr
{‘Å>r go AnZr ^mfm go Ow‹S>o hþE h¡& nm§Md| g¨ñ‘aU “ar{P Ô¡ `m Ir{P’ ‘| Zm‘da qgh Ho$ OrdZ g¨Kf©, CZH$s
gm{hpË`H$ `mÌm Ed§ AmbmoMZm nÕ{V na boIH$ MMm© H$aVo h¢ & CZH$s AmbmoMZm nÕ{V H$s gamhZm H$aVo hþE
do H$hVo h¢, do qhXr Ho$ CZ Wmo‹S>o go AmbmoMH$m| ‘| h¢, {OZH$s AmbmoMZm nZo H$s BÀN>m hmoVr h¡ &2”AÀN>r Hw§$R>m
a{hV BH$mB©’ ‘| R>mHw$aàgmX qgh go Ow‹S>r CZH$s `mX| h¢²&Hw§$R>m‘wº$ ghOVm CZHo$ ì`{º$Ëd H$s arS> Wr Am¡a Bggo
boIH$ ~hþV à^m{dV Wo& AgmÜ` amoJm| go nr{‹S>V hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX CÝhm|Zo AnZr emœV hmñ` ‘wÐm ~aH$ama aIr&
CZH$s Bgr qµOXm{Xbr Ho$ boIH$ ^r H$m`b Wo& “EH$ Zmd Ho$ `mÌr’ Bg g¨ñ‘aU ‘| boIH$ na‘mZ§X lrdmñVd
Ho$ gmW-gmW AnZo OrdZ H$s H$hmZr ^r gwZmVo h¢²& EH$ hr {d^mJ ‘| H$m`©aV Xmo ì`{º$`m| Ho$ ~rM AmË‘r`Vm,
K{Zð>Vm Ho$ g¨~§Y AmJo MbH$a Š`m ê$n boVo h¢, {H$g àH$ma go XmoZm| ‘| A§Va {Z‘m©U hmoVm h¡ `h g¨ñ‘aU BgH$m
H$Wm{dñVma h¡& “Z ‘mZwfV loð>Va§ {h qH${MË’ AWm©V ,‘Zwî` go ~‹S>H$a Bg g¨gma ‘| Am¡a Hw$N> Zht h¡& `h
AmMm`© hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr na H|${ÐV g¨ñ‘aU h¡& {ÛdoXr Or Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd Zo boIH$ H$mo {deof ê$n go à^m{dV
{H$`m h¡& àñVwV g¨ñ‘aU boIH$ H$s {ÛdoXr Or hþB© g¨{já ôQ> Ho$ Xm¡amZ H$s d¡Mm[aH$ MMm© na AmYm[aV h¡& Aeº$
Ed§ ~r‘ma hmoVo hþE ^r gm{hË` Ed§ gm{hpË`H$ {dMma Jmo{ï>`m| ‘| g{H«$` ê$n go gh^mJ boZm CZH$s gm{hË`{^é{M
H$mo àH$Q> H$aVm h¡& “Qy>Q>m MmHy$ Am¡a bhamVm g‘wÐ’ `h goR> JmoqdXmXg Ho$ gmW H$sJ`r ~mVMrV h¡ {Og‘| Xoe ‘|
qhXr ^mfm H$s pñW{V,qhXr ^mfm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE gaH$ma Am¡a OZVm Ho$ Š`m H$V©ì` Am¡a à`mg hmoZo Mm{hE
Am{X {df`m| H$mo boH$a MMm© H$s J`r h¡& AJbm gmjmËH$ma h¡ “gm{hË` Agr‘ H$s Xohar h¡’ `h Ako` Or Ho$
gmW CZHo$ {Zdmg ñWmZ na hþB© ~mVMrV na AmYm[aV h¡ {Og‘| do Ako` Or go gm{hË` g¥OZ, AmbmoMZm, qMVZ,
gm‘m{OH$ à{V~ÕVm Am{X {df`m| Ho$ g¨X^© ‘| dmVm©bmn H$aVo h¢²& A‘¥Vbmb ZmJa na H|${ÐV gmjmËH$ma”O~ VH$
qOXm ahÿ± {bIVm ahÿ±Jm’ ‘| Jm§Yr, Zohê$, ‘mŠg© Am{X H$s {dMmaYmam H$m CZHo$ gm{hË` g¥OZ na n‹S>o à^md H$s
{dñV¥V ê$n go MMm© H$s J`r h¡& boIH$ O~ gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ g¨nH©$-à^md na nyN>Vo h¡ Vmo ZmJa Or Odm~ XoVo
h¢ - CZ {XZm| N>mno hþò Zm‘ Ho$ nrN>o ‘¢ d¡gm ^mJVm Wm O¡go AmO Ho$ b‹S>Ho$ {gZo‘m Ho$ nrN>o ^mJVo h¢²&3”na§nam
H$m ‘yë`m§H$Z’am‘{dbg e‘m© na AmYm[aV gmjmËH$ma h¡ Ohm± na boIH$ CZH$s ‘mŠg©dmXr {dMmaYmam, gÎmm Am¡a
gm{hË`H$ma H$m g¨~§Y, g‘H$mbrZ gm{hË`, amï´>r` EH$Vm VWm CZH$s g¨JrV Ed§ ImZ-nmZ H$s é{M`m| na CZgo
dmVm©bmn H$aVo h¢²&
Bg H¥${V Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go {dœZmWàgmX {Vdmar {d{^Þ gm{hË`H$mam| go Ow‹S>o AnZo A{dñ‘aUr` jUm| H$mo ~‹S>o hr
amJmË‘H$ ê$n go ghOH$a àñVwV {H$`m h¢²& gå~Õ gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd Ho$ {d{dY njm| H$mo nmR>H$m| Ho$ g‘j
àñVwV H$a CZHo$ OrdZ H$m `WmW© {MÌU àñVwV {H$`m h¡& {Vdmar Or H$s H$mo{ee ahr h¡ {H$ {OZ gm{hË`H$mam|
Ho$ do g¨ñ‘aU àñVwV H$a aho h¢ CZH$m ì`{º$Ëd {dûcofU A{Va§OH$ `m A{Ve`mo{º$nyU© Z bJo& CÝhm|Zo {H$gr ^r
gm{hË`H$ma H$mo “ewJa H$moQ>’ H$a àñVwV Zht {H$`m h¡& Ohm±-Ohm±{Og aMZmH$a H$s ~mV IQ>H$s h¡ `m XmofnyU© bJr
h¡ Cgo ghOVm go ì`º$ {H$`m h¡& do g¨ñ‘aUm| ‘| gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ à{V àe§gm Ho$ a§J Vmo Zht âVo bo{H$Z àËòH$
aMZmH$a Ho$ à{V AmË‘r`Vm Ho$ ^md Oê$a aIVo h¢²&
àm‘m{UH$Vm g¨ñ‘aU {dYm H$m àmU hmoVr h¡, Ohm± na H$ënZm Ho$ {bE H$moB© ñWmZ Zht hmoVm& Bg g¨ñ‘aU H$s
g~go ~‹S>r {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ Bg‘| AVrV H$s ñ‘¥{V`m| Ed§ KQ>ZmAm| H$mo Ho$db A{^ì`º$ hr Zht {H$`m J`m h¡
daZ² do KQ>ZmE± g¨ñ‘aU ‘| `WmdV {V{W`m| Am¡a g¨X^m] Ho$ gmW Am`r h¡ Omo Bg g¨ñ‘aU H$mo A{YH$ àm‘m{UH$
~ZmVr h¡&
Bg g¨ñ‘aU H$s EH$ Am¡a {deofVm h¡, KQ>ZmAm| H$s {MÌmË‘H$ ê$n ‘| A{^ì`{º$! Mmho dh gm{hË`H$ma Ho$
ì`{º$Ëd H$m {dûcofU hmo `m {H$gr àg¨J H$m dU©Z, boIH$ eãXm| H$s ~wZmdQ> Bg àH$ma go H$aVo h¢ {H$ eãX {MÌ
~ZH$a h‘mao g‘j CâH$a AmVo h¢²& BZH$s ^mfm g¨ñH¥$V{Zï> VËg‘ eãXm| go ânya hmoZo na ^r pŠbï> Zht h¡&
Bg‘| gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd H$m {MÌU H$aVo g‘` gmW©H$ {deofUm|, {d{eï> Cn‘mAm|, ÜdÝ`mË‘H$ eãXm| H$m
`Wmo{MV à`moJ hþAm h¡& `hm± boIH$ H$m gyú‘ {ZarjU gamhZr` h¡ {Oggo do gm{hË`H$mam| go Ow‹S>r ñ‘¥{V`m| H$mo
~hþV amoMH$, à^mdembr Ed§ àdmhnyU© e¡br ‘| A{^ì`º$ H$aVo h¢²& `{XBg H¥${V ‘| {Z{hV gmjmËH$mam| na Ñ{ï>
S>mbo Vmo EH$ {dYm H$s aMZm ‘| Xygar {dYm H$s aMZm H$mo ñWmZ XoZm AQ>nQ>m bJVm h¡ Am¡a `h àý ^r CR> gH$Vo
h¢ {H$ g¨ñ‘aUmË‘H$ aMZm ‘| gmjmËH$ma Š`m|? Bg g¨X^© ‘| `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ boIH$ H$s Amoa go {H$`m
J`m `h EH$ à`moJ h¡ Omo g¨^dV… BZ g¨ñ‘aUm| H$mo A{YH$ nw»Vm ~ZmZo H$m à`mg h¡&
{Og àH$ma gmoZm AmJ ‘| VnH$a {ZIaVm h¡ Cgr àH$ma gm{hË`H$ma ^r AnZr n[apñW{V`m| go CnOm hmoVm Omo
g¨Kf©aV hmoH$a g‘mO H$mo ZB© OrdZ Ñ{ï> àXmZ H$aVm h¡& BÝht g¨X^m] ‘| “EH$ Zmd Ho$ `mÌr’ ‘| g¨H${bV g¨ñ‘aU
Ed§ gmjmËH$ma {g’©$ g¨~Õ gm{hË`H$mam| go Ow‹S>o ñ‘aU-g¨X^© ‘mÌ Zht h¢ ~pëH$ do CZHo$ ^rVa H$s ‘Zwî`Vm,
AmË‘r`Vm Ed§ gm{hpË`H$Vm Ho$ ^r n[aMm`H$ h¡& Bg H¥${V ‘| gå~Õ gm{hË`H$mam| H$s {OOr{dfm ì`º$ hþB© h¡ Omo
h‘| OrdZ H$s V‘m‘ O{Q>bVmAm| Ho$ ~mdOyX g¨Kf©V ahZo H$s àoaUm XoVr h¡ &
g¨X^©gyMr-
1. {Vdmar, {dœZmWàgmX, EH$ Zmd Ho$ `mÌr, amOH$‘b àH$meZ, Z`r {X„r, 2001, n¥. g¨. - 38
2. dht,n¥. g¨. - 63
3. dht, n¥. g¨. -112
qhXr H$Wm gm{hË` ‘| d¥ÜX {d‘e©

VZwOm Jm§dH$a
ghm`H$ àmÜ`m{nH$m, qhXr {d^mJ
H$bm, {dkmZ Ed§ dm{UÁ` emgH$s` ‘hm{dÚmb`
gm§Iir, Jmodm
gma :
gm{hË` ‘|à‘wIV… qhXr H$Wm gm{hË` ‘| d¥ÜX {d‘e© AZoH$ {d‘em] Ho$ Cnam§V EH$ {d‘e© Ho$ ê$n ‘|gm‘Zo
AmVm h¡& d¥ÜXmdñWm {d‘e© Ho$ q~Xw, d¥ÜX ì`{º$`m| H$s ‘mZ{gH$ qMVm VWm CZH$sXw{dYmAm|, OrdZ H$s ÌmgXr H$mo
AnZoeãXm|‘| ì`º$ H$aZo H$m à`mg{H$`m J`m h¡&qhXr H$hmZrH$mam|Ed§CnÝ`mgH$mam|Zod¥ÜXm| H$s g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo ‘hËd
XoH$aCg na boIZ H$m`©{H$`mh¢²&
~rO eãX : d¥ÜX {d‘e©,qhXr H$Wm gm{hË`, gm{hË` ‘| d¥ÜX {d‘e©,H$hm{Z`m± - ~oQ>m|dmbr {dYdm,Mrµ’$
H$s XmdV,dmngr, CnÝ`mg - {J{bJSw>, Xm¡‹S²>&
gm{hË` g‘mO H$s dmñV{dH$Vm H$mo àñVwV H$aVm h¡& gm{hË` hr g‘mO ‘|àM{bVna§namAm| VWm g‘ñ`mAm| na
{d‘e© H$aZo H$s Va’$ Ü`mZAmH${f©V H$aVm h¡& AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` H$mo {d‘em] H$m gm{hË` H$hm J`m h¡& qhXr
gm{hË` ‘|X{bV {d‘e©, ór {d‘e©, Am{Xdmgr {d‘e©, {H$Þa {d‘e© Ho$ ~mX A~ d¥ÜX {d‘e© H$s Jy±OgwZmB©XoZobJr
h¡&
‘Zwî` Ho$ OrdZ ‘|e¡edmdñWm, ~më`mdñWm, {H$emoadñWm, àm¡‹T>mdñWm Ho$ ~mX d¥ÜXmdñWm AmVr
h¡& e¡edñWm‘|~ƒmXygam| na {Z^©a ahVm h¡& {H$emoadñWm‘|Omoe, COm©, e{º$ Am{X go n[anyU© hmoVm h¡&
àm¡‹T>mdñWm‘|AnZr{Oå‘oXm[a`m| H$m {Zdm©h H$aVm h¡& d¥ÜXmdñWm VH$nhþ±MVo-nhþ±MVoì`{º$ H$m eara {e{Wb hmo OmVm
h¡& ì`{º$Xygam| na {Z^©a ahZo Ho$ {bE{dde hmo OmVm h¡& Bgr{ddeVm Ho$ H$maU ì`{º$AnZoAmn H$mo H$‘Omoa Am¡a
hmam hþAm‘hgyg H$aVm h¡&
AmO H$m `wJ n[adV©Z H$m `wJ h¡ VWm Bgr n[adV©Z Ho$ H$maU h‘~wOwJm] H$s Va’$ Ü`mZZht Xo nm ahoh¢ Am¡a
CZHo$AZw^d d kmZ H$m bm^ ZhtCR>m nm ahoh¢²& AmO h‘| d¥ÜXmdñWm na {MÝVZH$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ Š`m|{H$
{~Zm qMVZ H$s CZH$s Xem H$mo gwYmaZm g¨^d Zht h¡&
d¥ÜX {d‘e© -
{d‘e©’ eãX H$mo gmYmaU AW© ‘| {dMma, {ddoMZ VWm narjU Ho$ én ‘|{b`m OmVm h¡&
d¥ÜX {d‘e©’ H$m AW© h¡ d¥ÜXmdñWm H$s n[apñW{V`m|, KQ>ZmAm| Am{X H$m qMVZ H$aZm AWm©V² d¥ÜXmdñWm H$s
g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo g‘PH$aCZHo${bEC{MV g‘mYmZ H$aZm&
em[aarH$ AeŠ`Vm, ‘mZ{gH$g‘ñ`mE±, na{Z^©aVm, ‘yë` n[adV©Z, Am{W©H$ g¨H$moM, OrdZgmWr H$s ‘¥Ë`w,
qhXr H$Wm gm{hË` ‘| d¥ÜX {d‘e© VZwOm Jm§dH$a

{Zam{lVhmoZo H$s Ame§H$m, ^{dî` H$s A{ZqüVVm, g¨~§Ym| H$s {ZW©H$Vm H$m ~moY, namEnZ Am¡a AbJmd H$s
pñW{V, ~MnZ Am¡a `wdmdñWm H$s `mXm| go Ow‹S>mAVrV ào‘ Am{X O¡go AZoH$ nj d¥ÜXmdñWm {d‘e© Ho$ q~Xwh¢²&
gm{hË` ‘| d¥ÜX {d‘e©
gm{hË` H$mo g‘mO H$m Xn©U ‘mZm OmVm h¡& gm{hË` ‘| àmMrZ H$mb go hr d¥ÜX {d‘e© H$mo ñWmZ {X`m J`m
h¡& àmMrZ H$mb ‘|d¥ÜXm| H$s pñW{V H$m’$s AÀN>r Wr& O¡go-O¡go g‘` ~XbVm J`m d¡go-d¡god¥ÜXm| H$s Xem ^r
~XbVrJ`r&
AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` ‘| g‘mO Ho$ d¥ÜXm| H$s ~XbVrhþB©pñW{V VWm d¥ÜXm| H$s gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ`mAm| H$m {ddoMZ
{H$`m J`m h¡& d¥ÜX ì`{º$ Omo nyao n[adma H$m ~moPCR>mVm Wm, dh AmO ñd`§ H$mo H$‘Omoa Am¡a ‘O~yag‘PZobJm
h¡& Hw$N>gm{hË`H$mam| Zo Bg g‘ñ`m na {dMma H$aHo$ d¥ÜX {d‘e© H$s Va’$ Ü`mZAmH${f©V{H$`m h¡& d¥ÜX ì`{º$`m|
H$s ‘mZ{gH$ qMVm VWm CZH$sXw{dYmAm| H$mo AnZoeãXm|‘| ì`º$ H$aZo H$m à`mg{H$`m J`m h¡ Vm{H$ `wdm nr‹T>rd¥ÜXm|
H$s ‘ZmoXem H$mo g‘PH$aCZHo$à{VgØmdZmaI gH|$²&
{g‘moZ X ~wAm’ Zo 1950 go hr d¥ÜXmdñWm na qMVZ-‘ZZ H$aZm ewé H$a {X`m Wm& 1970 ‘|CZH$semoYnyU©H¥${Vbm
{dEboñgo’ BgH$m à‘mU h¡& bm {dEboñg’ H$m A§J«oOr AZwdmX AmoëS> EO’ 1977 ‘|àH$m{eVhþAm²& qhXr
‘|M§Ð‘m¡boœa àgmX Zo BgH¥${V H$m gma-g¨jond¥ÜXmdñWm {d‘e©’ erf©H$ go àñVwV{H$`m& qhXr ‘|Bg {Xem ‘|dmJW©’
n{ÌH$m Zo {Xgå~a 1999 ‘| d¥ÜXmdñWm na EH$ {deofm§H${ZH$mbH$a d¥ÜX {d‘e© H$s ewéAmV H$s&
qhXr H$Wm gm{hË` ‘| d¥ÜX {d‘e©
gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ ‘|d¥ÜXm| H$mo H|$Ð ~ZmH$a H$m’$s H$hm{Z`m± {bIr JB© h¡ Am¡a CZ‘|d¥ÜXm| H$s ‘ZmoXem H$mo
{M{ÌVH$aZo H$m nyU© à`mg{H$`m h¡& qhXr H$hm{Z`m|‘|‘w§erào‘M§X H$s ~oQ>m|dmbr {dYdm’, ~y‹T>r H$mH$s’, ^rî‘gmhZr
H$s Mrµ’$ H$s XmdV’, IyZ Ho$ [aíVo’, `mX|’, Cfm {à`§dXm H$s dmngr’, {MÌm ‘wÒb H$s J|X’ Am{X ‘| d¥ÜX {d‘e©
PbH$Vm h¡ &
‘w§erào‘M§X H$s H$hmZr~oQ>m|dmbr {dYdm’‘| {dYdm ’y$b‘Vr H$s g¨VmZoCgHo$n{V H$s ‘¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX CgH$s^mdZmAm|
H$mo R>ognhþ±MmZodmbmì`dhmaH$aVt h¡&^rî‘gmhZr Zo Mrµ’$ H$s XmdV’‘|‘m± Ho$ à{V{‘ñQ>aem‘ZmW‘mÜ`‘
godñVwdmXrÑ{ï>{XIm`rh¢²&Cfm {à`§dXm Zo dmngr’H$hmZr‘|JOmYa~m~y Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go godm{Zd¥{Îm Ho$ ~mX ì`{º$ Ho$
H$Qw>AZw^dm| H$mo {M{ÌVH$aZo H$m à`mg{H$`m h¡&
qhXr CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ AÜ``Z go ^r `hñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ H$B©CnÝ`mgm|‘|d¥ÜXm| Ho$ Ag¨Vmof, CZH$sg‘ñ`mAm|
na ^r àH$me S>mbm J`m h¡& {MÌm ‘wÒbHo$ {J{bJSw>’‘|~m~y Ogd§V qgh Am¡a [aQ>m`S>©H$Z©b ñdm‘r Ho$ d¥ÜXmdñWm
H$s g‘ñ`mAm| H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡& {Z‘©b d‘m© H$m A§{V‘ AaÊ`’Bg‘|‘¥Ë`w H$m ‘yb ñda {XIm`rXoVm h¡& Ako`
Ho$ AnZo-AnZoAOZ~r’‘| B©œa Am¡a ‘¥Ë`wXm|Zm| hr ahñ` h¡& ‘‘Vm H$m{b`m H$m Xm¡‹S>’, H¥$îUm gmo~Vr H$m g‘`
gaJ‘‘, Am{X AZoH$ CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go d¥ÜXm| H$s g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo àH$Q> {H$`m J`m h¢²&
{J{bJSw>’ g¨doXZerb CnÝ`mg h¡& BgCnÝ`mg‘|godm{Zd¥Îm~wOwJ© H$s EH$ aoIr`H$hmZrZht, OrdZ Ho$ a§J
~hþAm`m‘rà`moJm|‘|Câ H$a AmEh¢²& `hCnÝ`mgVoah{XZ H$s H$hmZr‘| MbVo Xmo ~wOwJm] Ho$ OrdZ H$m nyamImH$m
hr Zht~pëH$ AmO Ho$ ~XbVo OrdZ ‘yë`m| H$mo ^r n[a^m{fV H$aVm h¡ {H$ H¡$goZm¡OdmZnr‹T>rAnZo~wOwJm] H$mo Ka
‘|gå‘mZ Z XoVohþEAHo$bmN>mo‹S>XoVr h¡&
Xm¡‹S>’CnÝ`mg‘| ‘‘Vm H$m{b`m Zo `h{XIm`m h¡ {H$ ~oQ>o‘m±-~mn H$mo AnZr H$‘mB© Vmo ZhtXoVo na CZHo$n|eZ

na ^r hH$ OVmVoh¢²& Am¡a ‘mVm-{nVm H$mo CbmhZmXoVoh¢ {H$ AmnZo OrdZ-â H$‘m`m Vmo h‘mao{bEŠ`m{H$`m& N>moQ>m
~oQ>m ^r {dXoe OmH$aAnZo ‘Z H$m H$aVm h¡& qOXJr H$s Xm¡‹S>‘|~oQ>o-~oQ>rBVZr VoOr go AmJo {ZH$bVoh¢ {H$ ò AnZo
‘mVm-{nVm H$mo ^yb OmVoh¢²&
{ZîH$f©V…H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {Og àH$ma goór {d‘e©, {H$gmZ {d‘e©, X{bV {d‘e©, Am{Xdmgr {d‘e©,
{H$Þa {d‘e© na boIZ H$m`© hmo aho h¡& CgH$s VwbZm ‘|d¥ÜXm| H$s g‘ñ`mAm|`m d¥ÜX {d‘e© Ho$ Am`m‘m|na ~hþVH$‘ hr
AÜ``Z hmo ahm h¡&{’$a ^r qhXr gm{hË` H$s Cnë~{Y`h h¡ {H$ qhXr H$Wm gm{hË` ‘|d¥ÜXm| H$s pñW{VEd§g‘ñ`mAm|
na AZoH$ H$hmZrH$mam|, CnÝ`mgH$mam| Zo d¥ÜXm| Ho$ OrdZ H$s {dS§>~ZmAm|Ed§{dg¨J{V`m| H$mo {M{ÌV{H$`m h¡&
g¨X^© gyMr
1. ^rî‘gmhZr H$s à{V{Z{YH$hm{Z`m±-^rî‘gmhZr
2. qOXJr Am¡a Jwbm~ Ho$ ’y$b - Cfm {à`§dXm
3. ‘mZgamoda(^mJ -1)-‘w§erào‘M§X
4. {J{bJ‹Sx> - {MÌm ‘wÒb
5. Xm¡‹S>- ‘‘Vm H$m{b`m
6. https://bahishkritbharat.com/forerunner-of-old-age-discourse-bhikhari-thakur/?amp=1
7. https://www.hindikunj.com/2016/06/old-age-book-review.html?m=1
8. http://saagarika.blogspot.com/2017/08/blog-post_13.html?m=1

{ÌbmoMZ emór Ho$ H$mì` ‘| {M{ÌV ào‘ Ho$ {d{dY ê$n

gmo{Z`m {gagmQ>
àmo’o$ga, qhXr {d^mJ
H$bm, {dkmZ Ed§ dm{UÁ` emgH$s` ‘hm{dÚmb` gm§Iir, Jmodm
gma :
ào‘ emœV h¡ & ào‘-g[aVm g‘mO Ho$ gmao ‘¡b H$mo AnZo Ymam-àdmh ‘| em{‘b H$aVo hþE g‘mO H$mo gm’$-
gwWar ZµOa àXmZ H$aVr h¡ & ~mµOmadmX Ho$ Bg Xm¡a ‘| Ohm± ñdmW©naVm nadmZ M‹T> ahr h¡, dhm± {ÌbmoMZ H$s ào‘-ag
go gam~moa H${dVm g‘mO H$s à{VHy$b ‘mZ{gH$Vm na hmdr hmoVr h¡ & `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ CZH$s H${dVm VËH$mbrZ
g‘` ‘| ^r àmg¨{JH$ Wr, AmO ^r h¡ Am¡a gX¡d ahoJr &
~rO eãX : d¡`{º$H$ ào‘, ‘mZdr` ào‘, àH¥${V-ào‘, new-ào‘, amï´>ào‘
N>m`mdmXmoÎma {hÝXr gm{hË` ‘| {ÌbmoMZ emór H$m à‘wI ñWmZ ahm h¡& CÝhm|Zo Jmoñdm‘r VwbgrXmg,gy`©H$m§V
{ÌnmR>r {Zambm, {‘µOm© µJm{b~ Am{X H${d`m| H$s na§nam H$mo AmJo ~‹T>m`m h¡& Z`r H${dVm Ho$ Xm¡a ‘| ^r do àJ{VdmXr
ñda H$s H${dVmE± {bIVo aho h¢ &
{ÌbmoMZ H$s nhbr H$mì`H¥${V YaVr’ 1945 ‘| àH$m{eV hþB©²& CZHo$ 15 H$mì`-g¨J«h àH$m{eV hþE h¢-
YaVr’, Jwbm~ Am¡a ~wb~wb’, {XJ§V’, Vmn Ho$ Vmò hþE {XZ’, eãX’, Cg OZnX H$m H${d hÿ± ‘¢’, AaYmZ’,
AZH$hr ^r Hw$N> H$hZr h¡’, Vwåh| gm¢nVm hÿ±’, ’y$b Zm‘ h¡ EH$’, g~H$m AnZm AmH$me’, M¡Vr’, A‘mobm’, ‘oam
Ka’, OrZo H$s H$bm’ Am{X& CZHo$ H${dVm-g¨J«h Vmn Ho$ Vmò hþE {XZ’ Ho$ {bE CÝh| 1981 ‘| gm{hË` AH$mX‘r
nwañH$ma àmá hþAm²& 1992 ‘| CÝh| {hÝXr AH$mX‘r, {X„r Zo ebmH$m nwañH$ma àXmZ {H$`m VWm 2003 ‘| ^maVr`
^mfm n[afX H$bH$Îmm Zo CÝh| gå‘m{ZV {H$`m&
H${d {ÌbmoMZ Zo ào‘ H$mo OrdZ H$m A{^Þ A§J ‘mZm h¡& AnZo g^r H$mì`-g¨J«hm| ‘| CÝhm|Zo ì`{º$ VWm
g‘mO ‘| ào‘ Ed§ gØmd H$mo ~Zmò aIZo na ~b {X`m h¡ & CZHo$ ‘VmZwgma ào‘ hr dh VËd h¡ {Oggo g‘mO ‘|
gm‘§Oñ` ~aH$ama ahVm h¡&
{ÌbmoMZ Zo ào‘ H$mo AË`§V gw§Xa ‹T>§J go n[a^m{fV {H$`m h¡& CZHo$ AZwgma {~Zm ~wbmò Omo AmVm h¡ dhr ß`ma
h¡ {Og‘| àmUm| H$s Ymam MwnMmn ~hZo bJVr h¡& do ß`ma ‘| ‘mZdVm Ho$ ñdm{^‘mZ H$mo XoIZo Ho$ {h‘m`Vr h¢²& H${d
AnZr H${dVm ß`ma’ ‘| {bIVo h¢-
O~ ^m¡ao ZoAmH$a nhbo nhb Jm`m,
H$br ‘m¡Z Wr& Zht OmZVr Wr dh ^mfm
Bg Xw{Z`m H$s, H¡$gr hmoVr h¡ A{^bmfm
Bggo ^r AZOmZ n‹S>r Wr& Vmo ^r Am`m
{ÌbmoMZ emór Ho$ H$mì` ‘| {M{ÌV ào‘ Ho$ {d{dY ê$n gmo{Z`m {gagmQ>
OrdZ H$m dh A{V{W, kmZ H$m ghO gbmoZm

{eew {OgH$mo Xw{Z`m ‘| ß`ma H$hm OmVm h¡,
ñdm{^‘mZ-‘mZdVm H$m nm`m OmVm h¡
{Oggo ZmVm&’
(ß`ma, n¥. 156)
H${d {ÌbmoMZ H$m ào‘ Z¡{VH$ Ed§ ñdñW ^md^y{‘ na {Q>H$m hþAm h¡& CZH$s H${dVmAm| ‘| d¡`{º$H$ ào‘,
‘mZdr` ào‘, àH¥${V ào‘, newAm| Ho$ à{V ào‘, amï´>ào‘ Am{X ào‘ Ho$ {d{dY ê$n Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVo h¢²&
{ÌbmoMZ H$s H${dVmAm| ‘| d¡`{º$H$ ào‘ H$s ^mdZm AË`§V ghO ê$n ‘| AmH$a H${dVm H$m A{^Þ {hñgm ~Z
OmVr h¡& O~ go XoIm Vwåh|’ H${dVm Ho$ A§VJ©V do {bIVo h¢-
O~ go XoIm Vwåh|, Vwåht H$mo nmZm Mmhm&
OrdZ H$m H«$‘ AH$ñ‘mV Hw$N> Am¡a hmo J`m,
A~ VH$ Omo Hw$N> nm`m CgH$m ‘yë` Imo J`m,
öX`-{gÝYw H$s JhamB© H$mo Vw‘Zo Wmhm&
(O~ go XoIm Vwåh|, n¥. 154)
{ÌbmoMZ H$s H$mì``mÌm Xw:I Am¡a g¨Kfm] Ho$ ~rM AmñWmdmXr ñda H$s `mÌm ahr h¡& CZHo$ H$mì` ‘| ào‘ H$s
^mdZm {OVZr ghOVm go àdoe H$aVr h¡ CVZr hr ghOVm go nr‹S>m ^r AmVr h¡& {ÌbmoMZ H$s g¨doXZm H$m A§J
~ZVo hr ào‘ Am¡a nr‹S>m, XmoZm| H$m AZw^d ‘Zwî` Ho$ AmË‘{dñVma H$m àoaH$VËd ~Z OmVm h¡& ì`{º$ AnZo AmË‘
H$s EH$m§{VH$Vm H$m {dgO©Z H$aHo$ gdm©Ë‘Vm H$s AZw^y{V H$aZo bJVm h¡& {ÌbmoMZ H$s g¨doXZm Ho$ Bg ê$n H$mo
CZH$s EH$ H${dVm gmoMm Wm ‘Z hr ‘Z’ ‘| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡-
JrVm| ‘| `h ~mV Zht Wr Bggo nhbo&
{à` Wm Am¡a {à`m Wr, Cg {d`moJ H$m ^` Wm
Omo ào{‘`m| H$mo hþAm H$aVm Wm, Z CX` Wm
{Og‘| gwI H$m, O‹S> MoVZ ahVo Wo Xhbo&
~Xb JB© h¡ BYa JmZ H$s nhbr Ymam,

’y$b Yyb XmoZm| ‘| hr OrdZ h¡ ß`mam&’
(gmoMm Wm ‘Z hr ‘Z, n¥. 59)
Bg Vah CZH$s nr‹S>m AmË‘amoXZ go C„mg H$s Amoa IwbZo dmbm Ûma ~Z OmVr h¡& K¥Um Am¡a ß`ma H$s ^mdZmAm|
H$mo do ghO ñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE CÝh| OrdZ H$m EH$ A§J ‘mZVo h¢ & OrdZ O~ VH$ eof ahoJm’ H${dVm ‘| Bg ~mV
H$s nwï>r hmoVr h¡ -
OrdZ O~ VH$ eof ahoJm V~ VH$ Ymam

Bgr Vah {Z~m©Y ~hoJr, OrV-hma H$m
A{^Z` ^r {XZ-amV ahoJm, K¥Um-ß`ma H$m
a§J öX` na N>mn N>mo‹S>H$a nW na Ý`mam
ê$n ~MoJm, am{Ì-{Xdg Ho$ M¸$a ìXmam
(OrdZ O~ VH$ eof ahoJm’, n¥. 150)
Bg Vah ào‘ go CËnÞ nr‹S>m Am¡a CgHo$ A^md ‘| nZnr K¥Um H$mo {ÌbmoMZ Zo AË`§H$ ‘m{‘©H$ ‹T>§J go
{M{ÌV {H$`m h¡&
{ÌbmoMZ emór H$m H$mì` ‘mZdr` g¨doXZm go AmÚÝV Amny[aV h¡& CZH$s g¨doXZm Ho$ Xmào ‘| ‘mZd‘mÌ hr
Zht A{nVw Bg g¥{ï> H$s g‘ñV O‹S>-MoVZ gÎmm g‘m`r hþB© h¡& H${d ‘ybV: ‘mZdVm H$s ‘w{º$ H$sAmH$m§jm aIVo
h¢ & ‘w{º$ H$m Jm`H$’ H${dVm H$s Xmo n§{º$`m± Ñï>ì` h¢ -
{H$gr Xoe ‘| ‘mZdVm H$mo ‘w{º$ `{X {‘br
Vmo ‘¢Zo OrdZ nm`m, Or H$s H$br pIbr&
(‘w{º$ H$m Jm`H$, n¥. 54)
H${d {ÌbmoMZ H$s gm‘m{OH$ g¨MoVZm H$s n[a{Y Agr‘ h¡& {ÌbmoMZ g‘mO Ho$ g^r bmoJm| go gå~ÝY ~Zmò
aIZm MmhVo h¢²& do {H$gr ì`{º$ {deof Ho$ Z hmoH$a, g^r ì`{º$ CZHo$ {bE {deof h¢²& {ÌbmoMZ g‘mO Ho$ApÝV‘
Cno{jV gXñ` Ho$ gmW ^r AmË‘r` g¨~§XY aIVo h¢²& AnZr YZ H$s CVZr Zht H${dVm ‘| do {bIVo h¢ -
YZ H$s CVZr Zht ‘wPo OZ H$s nadm h¡
{OVZr, Omo ‘wPgo IwbH$a ‘Z go {‘bVm h¡
‘¢ CgH$m dedVu hÿ±²& Bggo pIbVm h¡
‘oao àmUm| H$m eVXë&’
(YZ H$s CVZr Zht, n¥. 61)
AnZo go Am¡a g‘mO go {~bHw$b CXmgrZ OZnX Ho$ à{VH$ {ÌbmoMZ H$m ‘Z ì`mHw$b hmo CR>Vm h¡& H${d
{ÌbmoMZ CZHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ à{V~ÜX h¢ & `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo AnZr H${dVm Cg OZnX H$m H${d hÿ±’ ‘|
H$mì`-H$bm H$s Anojm OrdZ-`WmW© H$mo ‘hËd {X`m h¡ -
Cg OZnX H$m H${d hÿ± Omo ^yIm-XyIm h¡,
Z§Jm h¡, AZOmZ h¡, H$bm-Zht OmZVm
H¡$gr hmoVr h¡, Š`m h¡, dh Zht ‘mZVm’
(Cg OZnX H$m H${d hÿ±, n¥. 80)
do g‘mO Ho$ gmW AnZr Iw{e`m± Am¡a µJ‘ ~m±Q>Zm ng¨X H$aVo h¢ & YZ H$s CVZr Zht’ H${dVm ‘| CÝhm|Zo ß`ma
Am¡a AnZonZ H$mo OrdZ Ho$ gm¡ amoJm| H$s EH$ hr Xdm ‘mZm h¡ -
EH$ hr Xdm h¡
OrdZ Ho$ gm¡ amoJm| H$s, Mmhmo Vmo bo bmo
AÀN>o hmoJo ñd`§, Xygam| Ho$ ^r Xw:I H$mo
H$mQ> gH$moJo, CJm gH$moJo g~Ho$ gwI H$mo,
AnZmnZ g~ na ngma Xmo&
(YZ H$s CVZr Zht, n¥. 61)
H${d {ÌbmoMZ H$s H${dVm ‘Zwî` H$s Apñ‘Vm H$mo, CgHo$ ñdËd H$mo AjV aIVo hþE Cgo aMZmË‘H$ H$m`m] Ho$
à{V ào[aV H$aVr h¡& BÝht AWm} ‘| {ÌbmoMZ H$s H${dVm kmZmË‘H$ g¨doXZm Ed§ g¨doXZmË‘H$ kmZ H$m AØþV gmú`
àñVwV H$aVr h¡ & aŠImo AnZm kmZ’ H${dVm ‘| do {bIVo h¢ -
aŠImo AnZm kmZ, ì`W© h¡ ‘wPo OVmZm,
‘¢ {OVZm nhMmZ MwH$m CVZm AnZm by±,
CgH$m hmo by± Am¡a Cgo AmË‘r` ~Zm by±’
( aŠImo AnZm kmZ, n¥. 146)
{ÌbmoMZ H$mo àH¥${V go àJm‹T> ào‘ h¡& {ÌbmoMZ H$m Jm±d go, {H$gmZm| go, IoVr-~Kma go Jham ZmVm ahm h¡&
pIbpIb H$a ò ’y$b’ H${dVm ‘| CÝhm|Zo àH¥${V H$mo ‘mJ©Xe©H$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| XoIm h¡-
pIbpIb H$a do ’y$b EH$ ‘§{Ob OrdZ H$s
{XIm JE h¢; amoO ZE AmVo OmVo h¢,
Hw$N> XbXb ‘| ê$n, JÝY ^r Hw$N> bmVo h¢,
g~ Hw$N> XoH$a XmZ ‘m¡Z, CndZ H$s dZ H$s
Jy‹T>Jy‹T>Va ~mV ghO AÝVa H$s ‘Z H$s
{~Z JmE ^r Vmb Am¡a b` go JmVo h¢’
(pIbpIb H$a ò ’y$b, n¥. 185)
H${d H$m àH¥${V Ho$ à{V ào‘ Am¡a àH¥${V go {‘br àoaUm CZH$s A{YH$m§e H${dVmAm| ‘| Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¡&
H${d {ÌbmoMZ H$s H${dVmAm| ‘| CZH$m newAm| Ho$ à{V ào‘, CZHo$ AHo$bonZ H$m ghmam ~ZVm {XIm`r XoVm
h¡& AnZr {~„r Ho$ ~ƒo’ H${dVm ‘| CZHo$ ‘Z Ho$ gyZonZ H$mo ha boZo dmbo {~„r Ho$ ~ƒm| Ho$ à{V do Am^ma
ì`º$ H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢ -
ß`ma öX` H$m, dh ‘¢ BZ na dma ahm hÿ±²&
‘Z H$s A{à` {ZO©ZVm-eyÝ`Vm Pm‹S>H$a
XwbamVm hÿ± BÝh|²& öX` H$m ñZoh Jm‹S>H$a
Zht aIm OmVm h¡& ^ma CVma ahm hÿ±²&
({~„r Ho$ ~ƒo, n¥. 120)
Bg H«$‘ ‘| CZH$s H${dVmE± Jm`’, ZÝht gr Jm¡a¡`m’, ‘Yw‘pŠI`m± C‹S>mZ âm H$aVr h¢’ Am{X H${dVmE± {deof
ê$n go C„oIZr` h¢ {OZ‘| H${d Ho$ ào‘ Ho$ gmW-gmW CZH$s h‘mao OrdZ ‘| ì`má nyaH$Vm H$mo Xem©`m J`m h¡&
H${d {ÌbmoMZ H$m amï´>ào‘ CÝh| amï´> H$s à{VHy$b pñW{V`m| ‘| ì`mHw$b H$a XoVm h¡& H¡$gm `wJ h¡’ H${dVm
‘| `wJrZ g¨Vmn go ÌñV Adm‘ Ho$ à{V {ÌbmoMZ qMVm ì`º$ H$aVo h¢-
ItMmZmoMr ‘Mr hþB© h¡, AnZr AnZr
T>nbr AnZm AnZm amJ, gwZo {’$a {H$gH$s
H$m¡Z& ‘m‘bo Am¡a Am¡a ^r CbP aho h¢
‘w±hOmoam| H$s Am±I ~ÝX h¡, pñWa h¡ nnZr,
hmW gwÞ h¢, nm±d AH$maW h¢, `{X {ggH$s
bmoJ â| Vmo ‘a|, gyÌ `m| CbP aho h¢²&’
(H¡$gm `wJ h¡, n¥. 236)
H${d {ÌbmoMZ H$m amï´>ào‘ ÌñV OZVm H$mo g‹S>r ì`dñWm Ho$ {déÕ {dÐmoh Ho$ {bE bbH$maVm h¡& KwQ>Z Ho$ gmao
Koam| H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a EH$ Zò gdoao H$m ñdmJV g‹S>r ì`dñWm Ho$ {déÕ’ H${dVm ‘| H$aZm MmhVm h¡-
~rO H«$mpÝV Ho$ ~moVm hÿ± ‘¢, Aja XmZo
h¢, Ka ~mha OZg‘mO H$mo ZE {gao go
aM XoZo H$s é{M XoVm hÿ±²& {Kao {Kao go
ahZm Agå‘mZ h¡ OrdZ H$m AZOmZo&
AJa KwQ>Z hmo, àmU N>Q>nQ>mE± Vmo Koam

Vmo‹S> ’$mo‹S> Xmo, Š`m|{H$ hþAm h¡ Z`m g~oam&’
(g‹S>r ì`dñWm Ho$ {déÕ, n¥. 243)
H${d {ÌbmoMZ H$s gm‘m{OH$ MoVZm ‘mZdVmdmXr ‘yë`m| na AmYm[aV h¡& CZHo$ H$mì` ‘| àËòH$ ì`{º$, àH¥${V,
new go Oy‹S> OmZo H$s H$m‘Zm gd©Ì Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¡& g~H$s ^mdZmAm| Ed§ Apñ‘Vm H$mo nyam gå‘mZ XoZo H$m à`mg
H$mì` Ho$ A§VJ©V {H$`m J`m h¡&
H$hZm µJbV Z hmoJm {H$ H${d {ÌbmoMZ Ho$ {bE ào‘ EH$ gdm}ËH¥$ï> ^mdZm h¡& {ddoÀ` H${d AnZr H${dVmAm|
Ho$ A§VJ©V ào‘ Ho$ {d{dY ê$nm| ‘| AnZo AmnH$mo T>mbVo hþE OrdZ Ho$ ag Ed§ ‘YwaVm H$mo pìXJw{UV H$aVo ZµOa AmVo
h¢²& ào‘ CZHo$ {bE dh e{º$ h¡ {Oggo {dœ~§YwËd H$s ^mdZm H$mo gmH$ma H$aZo H$s g¨^mdZmE± ~Zr hþB© h¢²& {ÌbmoMZ
Zo ß`ma H$s ‘hÎmm H$m à{VnmXZ {~„r Ho$ ~ƒo’ H${dVm ‘| ~Iy~r {H$`m h¡ -
‘Z H$m ñZoh bwQ>mZo go XyZm ~‹T>Vm h¡&
`h {hgm~ H$s ~mV Zht h¡, Bg OrdZ H$m
‘yH$ gË` h¡& Bgr{bE Omo ^r H§$MZ H$m
H$aVo h¢ gå‘mZ CÝht Ho$ {ga M‹T>Vm h¡
{‘Å>r H$m An‘mZ& H$hm± H$~ Ny>Q>m nrN>m

ß`ma H$amo,Vmo ß`ma H$amo Š`m AmJm-nrN>m&’
({~„r Ho$ ~ƒo, n¥. 120)
‘mŠg©dmXr {dMmaYmam go à^m{dV H${d {ÌbmoMZ H$m H$mì`-g¨gma ñdmZw^w{V H$s A{^ì`{º$ ahm h¡ & {ÌbmoMZ
Zo AnZr H$dVmAm| ‘| ào‘ Ho$ gmW-gmW OrdZ `WmW© H$mo ñWmZ XoVo hþE àJ{VdmXr {dMmaYmam H$m n[aM` {X`m
h¡ & OZdmXr H${d {ÌbmoMZ Zo ào‘ go AmoVàmoV ‘mZdr` em{º$ H$mo gdm}n[a ‘mZm h¡ & ào‘ emœV h¡ & ào‘-g[aVm
g‘mO Ho$ gmao ‘¡b H$mo AnZo Ymam-àdmh ‘| em{‘b H$aVo hþE g‘mO H$mo gm’$-gwWar ZµOa àXmZ H$aVr h¡ &
~mµOmadmX Ho$ Bg Xm¡a ‘| Ohm± ñdmW©naVm nadmZ M‹T> ahr h¡, dhm± {ÌbmoMZ H$s ào‘-ag go gam~moa H${dVm g‘mO
H$s à{VHy$b ‘mZ{gH$Vm na hmdr hmoVr h¡ & `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ CZH$s H${dVm VËH$mbrZ g‘` ‘| ^r àmg¨{JH$ Wr,
AmO ^r h¡ Am¡a gX¡d ahoJr &
{ÌbmoMZ H$s H$mì`- ^mfm gab Am¡a ghO h¡& CZH$s ^mfm ‘| AdYr Am¡a VËg‘ qhXr eãXm| H$m à`moJ
n[ab{jV hmoVm h¡& bmoH$ ^mfm H$m gm{hpË`H$ à`moJ H${d {ÌbmoMZ Zo ~Iy~r {H$`m h¡ & {ÌbmoMZ Zo gmZoQ> O¡go
nmümË` N>§X H$m qhXr ‘| gw§Xa à`moJ {H$`m h¡& CÝhm|Zo H${dVm, JrV, gmZoQ>, µJOb, ê$~mB, ‘wº$ N>§X, ~ad¡ N>§X
Am{X AZoH$ H$mì`-ê$nm| Ho$ VhV² AnZr A{^ì`{º$ H$m ‘mJ© àeñV {H$`m h¡ & H$m§{V Hw$‘ma O¡Z H$s Ñ{ï> ‘| eãXm|
Ho$ ‘aOrdm’ Am¡a ’$UrœaZmW aoUw Ho$ AZwgma eãX `moJr’ {ÌbmoMZ Zo H$mì` H$mo OrdZ H$s dmñV{dH$Vm go Omo‹S>Vo
hþE gd©J«mø Ed§ ì`mnH$ ~ZmZo ‘| AVwbZr` `moJXmZ ahm h¡&
g¨X^© J«§W
1. {dœZmW àgmX {Vdmar : AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H${dVm, amOH$‘b àH$meZ, Z`r {X„r &
2. S>m°. am‘{dbmg e‘m© : ‘mŠg©dmX Am¡a àJ{Verb gm{hË`, dmUr àH$meZ, Z`r {X„r &
3. S>m°. ZJ|Ð : qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg, ZoeZb npãbqeJ hmD$g, Z`r {X„r &
4. S>m°. na‘mZ§X lrdmñVd : eãX Am¡a ‘Zwî`, amOH$‘b àH$meZ, Z`r {X„r &
5. S>m°. {d‘b ñdê$n : àJ{VdmX Ho$ à‘wI hñVmja, nwñVH$ ‘hb, Bbmhm~mX &
a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imMo H${dVobm ‘m¡{bH$ `moJXmZ

S>m°. ñZohm gwdmg à^w ‘hm§~ao
gh`moJr àmÜ`m{nH$m, ‘amR>r {d^mJ
H$bm, {dkmZ Am{U dm{UÁ` emgH$s` ‘hm{dÚmb`
gm§Iir, Jmodm
gmam§e:
1920 Vo 1940 `m H$mbI§S>mV ‘hmamï´>mÀ`m OrdZmV Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡j{UH$ d ‘mZ{gH$ nmViµ`m§da
Iyn ~Xb Pmbo hmoVo. {ejUmÀ`m dmT>Ë`m àgmamZo nmümÎ` kmZ-{dkmZ, gm{hË`-g¨ñH¥$Vr, H$bm `m§Mm A{YH$
n[aM` ‘amR>r ‘Ü`‘dJm©Mr Pmbm hmoVm. ór nwéfm§Mr ñdV…H$S>o Am{U nañnam§H$S>o nmhÊ`mMr Ñï>r ~Xby bmJbr
hmoVr. àËòH$ dmVmdaUmV ~Xb hmoD$Z ghOrdZmÀ`m H$ënZm A{YH$ {dH${gV Pmë`m hmoË`m. dmVmdaU g¨nyU©
AZwHy$b Zgë`m‘wio ào‘ gm§^miÊ`mgmR>r ì`º$sZm g¨Kf© H$amdm bmJV hmoVm, Ë`m‘wio g¨Kf©erb VmU ZdVéUm§Zm
H$m¡VwH$mMr dmQ>V hmoVr. `mÑï>rZoa{d{H$aU ‘§S>imV {Z‘m©U Pmbobr H${dVm ‘hÎdmMr R>aVo. ‘hm{dÚmb` {ejUm‘wio
‘mUyg hmoVm g‘mZVoÀ`m nmVirda òÊ`mMo à`ËZ gwê$ Pmbo hmoVo Zd{e{jV {ó`m§Zm AmË‘^mZ Ambobo hmoVo Ë`m§Mm
nmoemI Ë`m§À`m AmMma {dMmamVyZ àH$Q> hmoD$ bmJbm hmoVm órÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mMm Am{U AW© ñdmV§Í`mer ào‘m
ñdmV§Í`mer g¨~§{YV Agë`mMr OmUrd Pmbobr hmoVr. g¨nyU© ‘mZ{gH$ ~Xb KS>dyZ Ambobm ZìhVm na§Vw à{VgmX
‘hÎdm‘wio EHy$U n[aUm‘ gm{hË`mV à{Vq~{~V Pmbobm {XgyZ òVmo. `m Ñï>rZo `m {Z~§Ym§Mr ‘m§S>Ur Pmbobr Amho.
gyMH$Z eãX : a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imVrb gáfu Am{U gm{hË` {Z{‘©Vr
{df` àdoe-
‘amR>r gm{hË`mVrb H${dVm `m gm{hË` àH$mamV a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imÀ`m à^mdmMm H$mbI§S> 1920 Vo 1940
hm Amho. 1920 À`m Xaå`mZ Zì`m g¨àXm`mMo H$mhr H$dr Ho$edgwV , Zm.dm.{Q>iH$, JS>H$ar, ~mbH$dt gmaIo
na§namnyOH$ H$drhr {ZYZ nmdbo hmoVo. `m‘wio ‘amR>r gm{hË`mV EH$ nmoH$ir {Z‘m©U Pmbr hmoVr, Vr a{d{H$aU
‘§S>imZo ^ê$Z H$mT>br. `mH$mimV H${dVm boIZmMm ~hahr H$‘r Pmbm hmoVm. hr {Z‘m©U Pmbobr nmoH$ir a{d{H$aU
‘§S>imVrb H$dtÀ`m H${dVoZo ^ê$Z {ZKmbr.
Ë`mH$mir Jm§YtÀ`m amOH$s` àdoem‘wio AqhgmË‘H$ VËdkmZ éOy bmJbo. ‘hmamï´>mÀ`m OrdZmV e¡j{UH$
nmVirV ~Xb Pmbm. {ejUmÀ`m dmT>Ë`m àgmamZo gË`, kmZ, {dkmZ `m§Mm A{YH$ n[aM` gm{hË`, g¨ñH¥$Vr
gmo~V ‘Ü`‘dJu` ‘mUgm§Zm Pmbm hmoVm. ór-nwéfm§Mr nañnam§H$S>o nmhÊ`mMr Ñï>r ~Xby bmJbr hmoVr. gm§ñH¥${VH$
dmVmdaUmV ~Xb hmoD$Z ghOrdZmÀ`m H$ënZm {dH${gV Pmë`m. VËH$mbrZ dmVmdaU g’$b ào‘mgmR>r `mo½`
Zgë`m H$maUmZo bmoH$m§Zm PJS>mhr H$amdm bmJV hmoVm. ZdrZ VéUm§Zm hr ~m~ ‘hËdmMr dmQ>V hmoVr, H$mì`mVrb
Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m `m§À`m g¨H$ënZoda Ë`mMm à^md nS>bobm {XgwZ òV hmoVm. Zd{e{jVmZm AmË‘^mZ Ambo Agë`mZo
Ë`m§Mm nmoemI, AmMma, {dMma `m‘YyZ Vo ì`º$ hmoD$ bmJbo hmoVo.
a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imMo H${dVobm ‘m¡{bH$ `moJXmZ S>m°. ñZohm gwdmg à^w‘hm§~ao

1930 gmbr AmH$medmUr, ~mobnQ>mVrb JmUr, ^mdJrV hm Zdm H$mì`àH$ma CX`mbm Ambm. `mMm
‘amR>r H$qdda à^md nS>bm Am{U Vo Aem aMZm§H$S>o dibo. g¨Jr{VH$m, ZmQ>çH$mìò, ~mobJrVo Aer gwédmV
AmH$medmUrÀ`m AmJ‘Zm‘wio Pmbr hmoVr. H$mb~§YZm‘wio H$mQ>oH$moanUm, àmgm{XH$nUm dmT>rg bmJbm hmoVm.
AmñdmXmÀ`m nmVirV ~Xb Pmbo hmoVo.
a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imMr ñWmnZm-
H$dr AmZ§XVZ` `m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo d AkmVdmgr `m§À`m Am{W©H$ ‘XVr‘wio 7 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1920 gmbr ‘hmamï´>
emaXm‘§{Xa hr g¨ñWm nwÊ`mV {Z‘m©U Pmbr. ho XmoKo VgoM Zdo-OwZo gm{hpË`H$ Ë`mg¨ñWoMo gXñ` hmoVo. `m {‘lUmVyZ
EH$ gŸVm {Z‘m©U Pmbr Zmhr. CbQ> Ë`m gZmVZr JQ>mV Zì`m gm{hpË`H$m§Mm JQ> àmJ{VH$, d¡Mm[aH$ g¨Kf© {Z‘m©U
Pmbm. amZS>onVr-nËZr, {XdmH$a, èd§V, {Jare, ‘mS>ImobH$a, JmoIbo, ‘mYdamd nQ>dY©Z Ë`m g¨ñWo‘YyZ ~mhoa
nS>bo. µ`mVyZ a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imMr {Z{‘©Vr Pmbr. lr.~m.amZS>o `m§À`m ‘XVrZo Ë`m§Zr g¨S>o Q>r Šb~ V`ma Ho$bm. Ë`m
Šb~mV MhmnmÊ`mMm, emó{dZmoXmMm H$m`©H«$‘ a{ddmar {Jare, èd§V `m§À`m Kar hmoD$ bmJbm. gmao {ddm{hV
gXñ` òWo CnpñWV amhV, AndmX {dÚm{W©ZrMm hmoVm. ‘hm{dÚmb`rZ `wdVr èd§Vr Jwáo, daXm Zm`Sy> `m§Mr
CnpñWVr hmoVr.
~¡R>H$sV àËòH$ gXñ`m§À`m {ZdS>H$ H${dVm§Mo nwñVH$ H$mT>Ê`mMo R>adbo. H${dVm§Mr {ZdS> {XZH$am§À`m
H$mT>Ê`mMm g¨H$ën g¨nmXZmMo H$m‘ èd§V Am{U {Jare `m§Zr H$amdo Agohr R>abo. {H$aU ho Zmdhr {Z{üV Pmbo.
~¡R>H$sMm {Xdg a{ddma Am{U Ë`mMr ñ‘¥Vr {H$aU `m§À`m {‘bm’$mVyZ a{d{H$aU ‘§S>i adr nwT>o H$m`‘ Pmbo.
9 gßQ>|~a 1923 amoOr a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imMo àW‘ àH$meZ {H$aU àH$m{eV Pmbo, Ë`mM {Xder a{d{H$aU ‘§S>i
OÝ‘mbm Ambo. Aem arVrZo gm‘m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ñï²>`mÑï>r Am{U H$V¥©Ëd ñnï> Pmbo.
a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imMo gXñ` `m ‘§S>imÀ`m ñWmnZoÀ`m doir ‘mYd Á`w{b`Z D$’©$ ‘mYd Í`§~H$ nQ>dY©Z, {Jare,
e§. Ho$.H$mZoQ>H$a, {Jare, èd§V n|T>maH$a, lr.~m~mJmoIbo, gm¡. ‘Zmoa‘m~mB© amZS>o, J. Ë`§Q>H$. ‘mS>ImobH$a,
JmoIbo Am{U {XdmH$a D$’©$ e§.H$m.JJ} ho AmR> boIH$ AgyZ {XdmH$a D$’©$ e§.H$m.JJ} ho JÚ {bhrV, BVa gd©
nÚaMZm H$arV AgV. `m ‘§S>imÀ`m dmL>‘`rZ d gm‘m{OH$ nwamoJm‘rËdm‘wio Vo gZmVZr bmoH$m§À`m amJmbm
nmÌ Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr {H$aU àH$m{eV Pmë`mZ§Va `m ‘§S>imMo gXñ`Ëd gmoS>bo, VoWo amdKmQ>o {dÇ>b gXñ` åhUyZ
Ambo. 1939 gmbr ‘mYdamdm§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo. `mXaå`mZ BVa gXñ` ñdV§Ì nÕVrZo gm{hË` {Z{‘©Vr H$arV hmoVo.
gm{hË`{Z{‘©Vr, gm{hË`{Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mMr AmdS> Am{U åhUyZM hm a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imMm H$mbI§S> g‘Obm OmVmo.
`m AmR>hr OUm§Mr ZdrZ H$ê$Z XmIdÊ`mMr YS>nS> hmoVr. Amåhr AmR> {‘iyZ ’o$a Y[aVmo, Üò`mg^moVr Ago
Vo åhUV AgV. a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imZo ‘amR>r H$mì` g‘¥Õ H$ê$Z doJio diU bmdbo. gm‘wXm{`H$nUo `m ‘§S>imMm
{dH$mg Pmbm, H$mhr gXñ`m§Mo ì`{º$JV H$m`© g¨ñ‘aUr` Amho.
‘mYdÁ`w{b`Z-
‘mYd Á`w{b`Z hm Ë`mVrb ‘hËdmMm H$dr Amho. N>§X:emók, H$moeH$ma, Q>rH$mH$ma, ^mfmewÕrMo nwañH$V},
{bnr d boIZ gwYmaUm àgmaH$ Aer Ë`m§Mr AmoiI Amho. Jm°S²gJwS>‘°Z’ `m B§J«Or H$mX§~arVrb Ow{b`Z
AS>bu`m CËH$Q> ‘Zmod¥ÎmrÀ`m, gm¢X`©nyOH$, ñdÀN>§Xr d¥ÎmrÀ`m ì`{º$aoIodê$Z Ë`m§Zr Á`w{b`Z ho Zmd Amnë`m

Zmdm§er OmoS>bo. nQ>dY©ZmZr H$mì`boIZm ~amo~a H$mì` g‘rjm boIZhr Ho$bobo Amho. Iè`mIwè`m ^md H${dVobm
`mM H$mbI§S>mnmgyZ gwédmV Pmbr. àË`j dmñVdmV OrdZ OJV AgVmZm A§VamVrb, AZw^dmVyZ ^mdZm
à{H«$`m§VyZ bmdUr ho H$mì` {Z‘m©U Pmbo. boIZmZo Xhmì`m boIZmbm {nbmZo ‘ñV KmoS>m ñHy$Q>a boIZmZo H${dVobm
gwédmV Pmbr hmoVr. {dahVa§J’ ho I§S>H$mì` Ë`m§Zr aMbo, Ë`m§Mo {MÌaoImQ>Z H$m¡eë` dmImUÊ`mOmoJo Amho. ho‘J
I§S>H$mì` g‘H$mbrZ g‘ñ`m§Zm gm‘moao R>odV aoImQ>bo Amho. VwQ>bobo Xwdo’ hm gw{ZVm§Mm g¨J«h J‚mbm§Obr’ hr ñ’w$Q>
H${dVm ào‘na H${dVm Amho. `mÀ`m OmoS>rZo {eewJrVo, B©œa {df`H$ H${dVm, amï´>r` d gm‘m{OH$ {df` AgUmar
ñ’w$Q> aMZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$br Amho. g¨ñH¥$V Am{U ’$maer eãXm§Mm dmna Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMo d¡{eï²>` Amho. C‘aI¡`m‘H¥$V
é~m`mC‘aJmE’ ‘mYd Á`y{b`Z `m§À`m ào‘ Am{dîH$mam‘wio H${dVoV EH$ ñdV§Ì ‘mnX§S> V`ma Pmbm.
. H$dr{Jare, e§H$a Ho$ed H$mZoQ>H$a 1937 Vo 1973 AmYw{ZH$ gm‘m{OH$ I§S>H$mì`mMo àdV©H$ {Jare `m§Mr
bKwH$Wm, H$mì`, `mMo Mma I§S>H$mì`, ñ’w$Q> H${dVm, ñ’w$Q> Q>rH$mË‘H$ boIg¨J«h ‘amR>r ZmQ>çN>Q>mH$ma H$aUmao
boIZ {Jare ho‘ZmV ‘ybV… ^mdJrVH$ma AmhoV. ^m. am.Vm§~o H$mì` aMZoMm à^md H$mì`mda Amho. A^mJrH$‘b’
n{hbo I§S> H$mì` `m H$mì`mV EH$m {dYdoMr H$éU H$hmUr aoImQ>br Amho. OrdZmVrb g‘ñ`m§Zm Aem `m nÚmVyZ
Ë`mZo dmMm ’$moS>br. H$‘r Am{U Ë`mMmM n[aUm‘ `m H$mimVrb H$dtda AmnUmg AmT>iyZ òVmo JPb gwZrVo
Aer JrV ñdê$nmMr aMZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$br. OmZnX dmVmdaU ì`º$s ~ÔbMo ào‘ Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mVyZ OmUdVo H$dr
{Jare `mZo Q>oZrgZ `mMm AmXe© g‘moa R>odë`m‘wio Am§~amB©, A^mJrH$‘b, H$bm `m JrVm§Mr â KmVbr Amho.
JrVo EZ Ama Ama S>Z òZm JmS>©Z `m XrK© H${dVoMm Ë`m§Zr AZwdmXHo$bm. AZwdmX Am{U gwì`dpñWV aMZm ho
Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMo ‘w»` {deof AmhoV.
H$dr èd§V-
H$dr èd§V (1899Vo1985) ~S>moXm `m g¨ñWmZmMo Vo amOH$dr hmoVo. H$dr èd§V `m§Mr ñdV§Ì AmoiI
Agbobr {XgVo. Vo OoWo {eH$dV hmoVo VoWo gmYwXmg Ë`m§Zm ghmÜ`m`r {‘imbo Am{U {eî`Ëd nËH$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr ñ’w$Q>
H${dVm {b{hë`m. {dMma {Z{‘ÎmmZo nwÊ`mV Amë`mZ§Va a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imÀ`m g¨nH$m©V Ambo. ZdrZ na§nam§Mm ñdrH$ma
H$ê$Z ñ’w$Q> aMZm V`ma Ho$br. ñ’w$Q> Am{U H$mì`{H$arQ>’ Am{U BVa XrK©H$mìò Ë`m§Zr {b{hbr. N>ÌnVr{edam`’
ho ‘hmH$mì`hr Ë`m§Zr aMbo, O`‘§Jbm’ ho H$Wm H$mì` dmQ>V Agbo Vmo ^mdJrV g¨J«h Amho.
`m VrZ ‘hÎdm§À`m H$dtÀ`m OmoS>rZo J. Í`§. ‘mS>ImobH$a `mM H$mimV Aën H$mì` aMZm, hmñ`{dZmoX `m
kmZàH$me’ `m ZdrZ dmL>‘`rZ nwadUrMo Vo g¨nmXH$ hmoVo. `m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imbm Ë`m§Zr hmV^ma
bmdbm. H${dVo g¨~§Yr MMm© hmoV Ago Oo dmX-{ddmX hmoV Ë`mV Ë`m§Mm gh^mJ Ago. nwT>o Vo JÚ boIZmH$S>o
dibo.
lr. ~m. amZS>o d Ë`m§À`m nËZr ‘Zmoa‘m~mB© amZS>o a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imMo OZH$ AmhoV. amZS>o ho à`moJerb a{gH$
Am{U Agë`mZo doJdoJio à`moJ H$mì`m§V Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo AmhoV. nU H$dr ñdV… H$m°bam gma»`m AmOmamV ‘aUmoÝ‘wI
AdñWoV AgVmZm H$mì`mVyZ ‘m§Sy>Z EH$ Zdm à`moJ g¨km àdmhmda AmYmabobm XrK© H$mì`mVyZ Ho$bm Amho. Zm{eH$
òWrb ‘Zmoa‘m~mB© `m§À`mer ào‘{ddmh Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë`m H$mimVrb Hw$Vyhb dmT>dUmar Jmoï> hmoVr ór {ejUm
g¨~§YrMm Zm{dÊ`mMm H$mbI§S> hmoVm. lr. amZS>o d ‘Zmoa‘m~mB© `mnVr-nËZtÀ`m EH$Ì ñ’w$Q> H$mìàMZoMm g¨J«h

àH$m{eV Ho$bm. `m ~amo~arZo N>m`mZmQ>H$, eãX {MÌ Ago à`moJ Ho$bo. ‘Zmoa‘m~mB© amZS>o Jmo{nH$mVZ`m `m Q>monU
ZmdmZo boIZH$arV AgV. Ë`m H$mimV à{gÕ hmoUmao ‘Zmoa§OZ H$a‘UyH$ {d{dY kmZ{dñVma BË`mXr ‘m{gH$m§ ‘YyZ
à{gÕ Pmë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m ào‘H${dVoVrb AmË‘m{dîH$ma Am{U Zdmàma§^ hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMo Zm{dÝ`
J{V‘mZ H$aUmam R>abm S>moù`mZo XoIrb ~moby ZH$mo ‘mÂ`mer S>moù`m§Zr XoIrb ~moby ZH$mo ‘mÂ`mer {ZH$ amo‘±{Q>H$
AmYw{ZH$ H$mì` na§naoer doJio ZmVo Am{U Owidbo.
{XdmH$a-
{XdmH$a `m§Zr n{hë`m nmgyZ H$mì`boIZ Ho$bobo Zmhr. `m§Mo ‘yi Zmd e§H$a H$m{eZmW JJ} ho XÎmH$ {nË`mMo
qH$dm XÎmH$ Joë`mZ§Va Vo Ë`m§Mo Zmd Amho JmoqdX ~id§V {XdmH$a ho ‘yi Zmd AgyZ boIZmgmR>r dmnabo AmnU
Ë`m§Zm {XdmH$a åhUyZ AmoiIVmo..
eobr, hoObrQ>, ~màZ, dS>©gdW© ho H$dr Ë`m§Zr Aä`mgbo hmoVo. Q>m°bñQ>m°` E’$ E‘ goŠg{~à qMVZerb
ì`{º$‘ËdmMm ñne© hm ZdrZ dmL>‘` àH$ma ‘amR>r‘YyZ JÚmÛmao Am{dîH¥$V Ho$bm. ‘moZmobm°H$‘Üò ~mobUmar ì`º$s
EH$ AgbrVar Amboë`m N>moQ>çm-N>moQ>çm JmUr Am{U ^mD$, VmB© Ñí` Zgboë`m Ñí` ñdê$nmV H${dVo ‘YyZ
‘m§S>bobo {dMma Aem arVrZo ZmQ>ç N>Q>m `m àH$mamVyZ ‘amR>r dmS²‘`mV ârbm KmVbobo AmT>iVmV. B§J«Or Am{U
AÝ` ^mfm§Vrb eãXhr {XdmH$am§À`m ZmQ>ç N>Q>m {XgyZ òVmV. a{d{H$aU ‘§S>i gmoS>bobo Agbo Ë`m§À`mVrb ‘¡Ì
H$m`‘ am{hbobo {XgVo. ^mdH$dr èd§V `m§Mm Va Aer H${dVm VéUm§‘Üò Ë`m g‘mOm{^‘wI H$aÊ`mV `m§Mm
qghmMm dmQ>m Amho.
H$mì` Jm`ZmMr àWm H$mì` a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imZo gwê$ Ho$br. H$dr èd§Vm§Zr Amnë`m ~wb§X ñdamV JmD$Z
bmoH${à` Ho$br. {XZH$a n|T>maH$a ’°eZ H$dr èd§V `m§Mo H$mì`hr CnmgZm Amho, Vo EH$d«V Amho Aer ‘ZmoYmaUm
hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m ào‘H${dVoV àr{VMr {d’$bVm, ‘¥Ë`yda ‘mV H$aUmao {Ma§Or{dËd, ^mdZm, H${dVo à‘mUo gÅ>memim
{Ma§Ord amï´>r` d¥ÎmrMm ^m{fH$ Ame`mMr H${dVm {b{hbr Amho. ào‘mH$Sy>Z amï´>ào‘ Agm Ë`m§Mm àdmg {XgVmo.
gw{ZVo, I§S>H$mì`, ^mdJrV, ‘m{bH$m H${dVm, H$mì` Aer {d{dY H${dVm Ë`m§Zr {b{hbr 1919 ‘Üò J.Í`§.
Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr 1919 ‘Üò H$dr åhUyZ boIZmbm àma§^ Ho$bm. 1923 gw‘mambm a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imMo AmR> gXñ`
hmoVo. `m {XdgmV Ë`m§Zr H$mìàMZm Ho$br, g¨ñH¥$V Am{U ‘amR>r dmL>‘`mMm g¨ñH$ma Ë`m§À`m H${dVm§da Pmbm Amho.
nwT>o Vo AmZ§X, gm¢X`©{Z{‘©Vr Am{U C×moYZ Aer C{Ôï>o Amnbo Ë`m§Zr R>odbr Amho. H$Wm, H$mX§~ar `mÀ`m OmoS>rZo
g‘rjmJ«§W Ë`m§Zr {b{hbo AmhoV. a{d{H$aU ‘§S>imZo Am{U IÊS>H$mì` JPb hm H$mì` àH$ma ‘amR>r H${dVoV
éOdbm. hm JrVm§Mm EH$ ñdV§Ì àH$ma Amho. ‘§S>imMr Xwgar XoUJr I§S>H$mì`mMr `mbm AmO XrK©H$Wm H$mì`
åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. ór nyOZmMr EH$ doJir C„oI{Z` àWm `m ‘§S>imVyZ gwê$ Pmbobr {XgyZ òVo.
g¨X^© gyMr-
1. àX{jUm àW‘ I§S>. H$m±{Q>Z|Q>b àH$meZ 1992
2. ‘amR>r dmL>‘`mMm B{Vhmg I§S> 5, ‘. gm. n. nwUo 1995.

Latitude December 2021

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Latitude December 2021

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Latitude December 2021

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Latitude, Volume 8, Issue 1, December 2021 ISSN 2395-2520 1

3 Latitude, Volume 8, Issue 1, December 2021 ISSN 2395-2520

LATITUDE is the official research journal published annually by the

Editor : Dr. Soniya Sirsat, Professor in Hindi

Publisher: Dr. Gervasio S. F. L. Mendes, Professor and Principal, Government

© Principal, Government College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Sanque-

Cover design: Dr. K. R. Badiger

Printed at: Ra Printers,

Prof. Soniya Sirsat

Message from the Publisher

Prof. Gervasio S. F. L. Mendes

TO INITIATE POSITIVE SOCIAL CHANGE

Socio Economic Status of Migrant Labourers of

Table 3: No. of earning and dependent members in each family

Table 4: Migrant labourers working in different positions

Figure 2: Place of Migration

Health is an important aspect of social as well as economic development of either people or

Table 10: Yearly income of migrant labours after migration.

Money spent by migrant labourers on different aspects

Table 13: Economic Status of migrant labourers.

Preliminary Study of Socio-Economic Status of Fish

Preliminary Study of Socio-Economic Status of Fish Vendors in Goa. Manda Parab

Preliminary Study of Socio-Economic Status of Fish Vendors in Goa. Manda Parab

Scope of the study:

Preliminary Study of Socio-Economic Status of Fish Vendors in Goa. Manda Parab

Preliminary Study of Socio-Economic Status of Fish Vendors in Goa. Manda Parab

• In view of the significance to improve the socio-economic condition of fisherman community

Preliminary Study of Socio-Economic Status of Fish Vendors in Goa. Manda Parab

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students?

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students? Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students? Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes

and productivity (Ramaswami & Dreher, 2007).

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students? Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students? Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students? Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students? Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes

Table 4.1Who is a Mentor to me? What is a Mentor’s role?

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students? Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes

Table 4.2 Characteristics of an Ideal Mentor

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students? Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes

Table 4.3Benefits of Mentoring

5. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students? Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students? Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students? Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes

upon the following mentoring relationships.

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students? Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students? Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes

Mentoring: How Important is it For Rural Students? Gervasio S. F. L.Mendes

In the Aftermath of Iron Ore Mining in Goa and

Source:- Field Survey

Base= Land Owned + land Lent in and Lent Out

Source:- Field Survey

Base= Land Owned + land Lent in and Lent Out

Source:- Field Survey

Source:- Field Survey

Table 5: Details of Ownership of Agricultural Equipments by the Households from Mining

Source:- Field Survey