Philippine Criminal Justice System

Its Pillar:
POLICE/LAW ENFORCEMENT - "the initiators of action or the prime mover"
PROSECUTION - "the champion and the state representative"
COURT- "the center pillar & the final arbiter of justice"
CORRECTION - "the reformer and weakest pillar"
COMMUNITY - "the informal or the base pillar"

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY - pertains to an organization responsible for enforcing the laws. The
collective term for professionals who are dedicated to upholding and enforcing the laws and statutes that are
currently in force in a given jurisdiction.

ADMINISTRATION – decision making, implementation of objectives and plans and internal operating agency.
Pertains to activity of higher level, developing plans.
MANAGEMENT – fulfill those objectives, process of deciding the best way to use an organizations resources
to produce goods or provide service.
ORGANIZATION - a group of persons working together for a common goal or objectives. A form of human
association for the attainment of a goal or objective.

POLICE ORGANIZATION - a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety administration engaged in
the achievement of goals and objectives that promotes the maintenance of peace and order, protection of life
and property, enforcement of the laws and the
prevention of crimes.

POLICE ADMINISTRATION - policy making, the process involved ensuring strict compliance, proper
obedience of laws and related statutes focuses on the policing process or how law enforcement agencies are
organized and managed in order to achieved the goals of law enforcement most effectively, efficiently and
productively.

PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT – other known Human Resource Management, part of management process
which is primarily concerned with the human constituents of an organization.

POLICE PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT – (Human Resources Management) may be defined as that area of
manage concerned with human relations in the police organization.

6M’s – Men (most important), Money (bloodline), Methods, Materials, Machinery, Market

ELEMENTS OF ORGANIZATION
1. SPAN OF CONTROL – the ability of one man to direct, coordinate, and control immediate subordinates.
4. CHAIN OF COMMAND – the arrangement of officers from top to bottom on the basis of rank or position and
authority.

PRINICIPLE OF ORGANIZATION
1. SPECIALIZATION – should be divided on the basis of qualification and skills. Groupings of activities and
segragation of line, staff and auxilliary.

2. FUNCTIONAL DEFINITION – division of work according to type, place and specialization. Horizontal growth
of organization, all the functions in a concern should be completely and clearly defined to the managers and
subordinates

3. UNITY OF COMMAND – dictates that there should only be ONE MAN/SUPERIOR commanding
the unit to ensure uniformity in the execution of orders. One boss in ONE SITUATION. Backbone of any
organizational structure.

4. UNITY OF DIRECTION – implies that all activities with the same objectives must be directed by one boss or
leader, must be one plan.

5. UNITY OF OBLECTIVES – effective if it enables individuals to contribute to the organizations/unit

objectives. One objective, goals must be clearly defined,

6. CHAIN OF COMMAND – the arrangement of officers from top to bottom on the basis of rank or position
and authority.

a. Top Echelon - The top most level the chain where the overall responsibility authority over
subordinate commands and units.

b. Middle Echelon - next lower echelon constitutes a subordinate apportioned by the commander in
order to accomplish his tasks. Each of these subordinate commanders responsible to the common
superior for the accomplishment of his assigned task.
- Police Regional Offices/NSU's Top middle echelon
- Provincial/City Police intermediary middle District Offices
- Municipal Police Offices/Numbered Police Stations lower middle echelon

c. Lower Echelon – further apportion led by subordinate commanders, City and Muncipal.

7. SCALAR CHAIN – authority from flows to bottom, prescribes the vertical hierarchy of organizations. It
defines an unbroken chain or scale of units from top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of authority.

a. Line of Authority and Chain of Command – suggest that communications should ordinarily go
upward through established channels in the hierarchy. Diverting orders, directives, or reports
around a level of command usually has disastrous effects on efficiency of the organization.
b. Unity of Command – subordinate is accountable to one and only one immediate superior.
 c. Span of Control – number of subordinates a superior can effectively supervise. There is no exact
mathematical ratio in superior-subordinate relationships. 2:3 , 2:10 subirdinates
d. Delegation of Authority – conferring of certain specified authority by a superior.

8. PRINCIPLE OF EFFICIENCY - In enterprise different resources are used. These resources must be used in
effective manner. When the organization fulfill the objectives with minimum cost, it is effective. Organization
must always concentrate on efficiency. Cost effective

ORGANIZATIONAL EFFICIENCY – effective if it is structured to aid the accomplishment of

organization's objectives with a minimum of unsought consequences or costs,

9. PRINCIPLE OF ORDER (Orderliness) - The means that in the organization everything should be in the
right place whether it is materials or people employees. This principle is crucial for reducing the wastage of
time and resources.
a. Line and Staff – Implies that a system of varied functions arranges into a workable pattern. The line
organization is responsible for the direct accomplishment of the objectives while the staff is responsible
for support, advisory or facilitative capacity.

b. Principle of Balance – States that the application of principles must be balanced to ensure the
effectiveness of the structure in meeting organization's objectives.

10. PRINCIPLE OF AUTHORITY – HIERACHY OF AUTHORITY, right and power, decision within the authority

NATURE OF MANAGEMENT
POWER – ability to influence, command or apply force
AUTHORITY – tradition, delegation, legitimate exercise of power
RESPONSIBILITY – accountability

SOURCES OF AUTHORITY
→ Law → Tradition → Delegation

TYPES OF AUTHORITY
TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY – continous use of political power (custom)
RATIONAL LEGAL AUTHORITY – government of laws not of people (law)
CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY – seen as a person of density who is inspired by unusual vision.
(charisma)

11. DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY – conferring of certain specified authority by a superior to a subordinate.

12. HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY - the relationship between superiors and subordinates

13. COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY – dictates that immediate commanders shall be responsible for the
effective supervision and control of their personnel and unit.

- Yamashita or Medina Standard

→ EO 226 February 17, 1995 – INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF "COMMAND

RESPONSIBILITY" IN ALL GOVERNMENT OFFICES, PARTICULARLY AT ALL LEVELS OF
COMMAND IN THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE AND OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT
AGENCIES.
→ NAPOLCOM MC No. 95-03 – "Institutionalization of the Doctrine of Command Responsibility at all
levels of Command in the PNP.
14. PRINCIPLE OF DISCIPLINE - Discipline means sincerity, obedience, respect of authority and observance
of rules and regulations of the enterprise". This principle applies that subordinate should respect their superiors
and obey their order.

FUNCTION OF MANAGEMENT POSDCORB (Gulick and Urwick)

1. PLANNING – determining in advance, setting goals or objectives.
2. ORGANIZING – allocating men and women to do the job, division of work and task.
3. STAFFING – right person to the right job.
4. DIRECTING – leading, overseeing and supervising
5. COORDINATING – checking/evaluation and measurement of work accomplished as plan, working
relationship.
6. REPORTING – accounting what’s going on
7. BUDGETING – operating financial/expenses

ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS IN THE POLICE ORGANIZATION (BDSU)

1. FUNCTIONAL UNITS
a. BUREAU – the largest organic functional unit within a large department; comprises of several divison.
b. DIVISION – a primary subdivision of a bureau
c. SECTION – functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization
d. UNIT – functional group within a section or the smallest functional group within an organization

2. TERRITORIAL UNITS (PRBSDA)

a. POST – a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as a designated desk or
office or an intersection or cross walk from traffic duty
b. ROUTE – a length of streets designated for patrol purposes; also called line beat.
c. BEAT – an area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized
d. SECTOR – an area containing two or more beats, routes or posts
e. DISTRICT – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own station
f. AREA – a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated districts

FUNCTIONS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION

a. PRIMARY OR LINE FUNCTIONS
– functions that carry out the major purposes of the organization, delivering the services and dealing
directly with the public.
– the backbone of the police department
– examples of the line functions of the police are patrolling, traffic duties, crime investigation.
b. STAFF or ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS
– functions that are designed to support the line
– functions and assist in the performance of the line functions.
– examples of the staff functions of the police are planning, research, budgeting and legal advice.
c. AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS
– functions involving the logistical operations of the organization.
– examples are training, communication, maintenance, records management, supplies and
equipment management functions.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE – the systematic arrangement of the relationship of the members, positions,
departments and functions or work of the organization. It is comprised of functions, relationships,
responsibilities and authorities of individuals within the organization

KINDS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES

a. LINE
– the oldest and simplest kind; also called military
– defined by its clear chain of command from the highest to the lowest and vice versa
– depicts the line functions of the organization
– orders or commands must come from the higher level of authority before it can be carried out.
– involves few departments.
b. FUNCTIONAL
– structure according to functions and specialized units
– depicts staff functions of the organization responsibilities are divided among authorities who are
– all accountable to the authority above
c. LINE AND STAFF – a combination of the line and functional kind.

DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF POLICING

INFORMAL POLICING (1st stage) – all member of a society specifically all male, share equally in the
responsibility for providing protection and keeping orders.
TRANSITIONAL STAGE (2nd stage) – informally assigned to particular members of the society.
FORMAL POLICING (3rd stage) – specific members of the community assuming formal responsibility for
protection and social control.

ETYMOLOGY
POLITEIA – Greek word which means government of the city
POLITIA – Roman word which means condition of the state or government
POLICE - French word which was later adopted by the English language, public order, administration or
government.

THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

1. HOME RULE THEORY - policemen are regarded as servants of the community, who rely for the efficiency
of their functions upon the express needs of the people. Policemen are civil servants whose key duty is the
preservation of public peace and security.
2. CONTINENTAL THEORY - policemen are regarded as state or servants of the higher authorities. The
people have no share or have little participation with
the duties nor connection with the police organization.

CONCEPTS OF POLICE SERVICE

1) OLD CONCEPT
- police service gives the impression of being merely a suppressive machinery.
- this philosophy advocates that the measurement of police competence is the
increasing number of arrests, throwing offenders in detention facilities rather than trying
to prevent them from committing crimes
2) MODERN CONCEPT
- regards police as the first line of defense of the criminal justice system, an organ of
crime prevention.
- police efficiency is measured by the decreasing number of crimes.
- broadens police activities to cater to social services and has for its mission the welfare
of the individual as well as that of the community in general.

TYPES OF OFFICER
Sworn Officer – The term referring to personnel of the police department who has taken oath of office and
possesses the power to arrest.
Superior Officer – One having supervisory responsibilities over officers to the lower rank, whether temporary
or permanent.
Ranking Officer – Refers to the officers having the highest rank or grade according to their date of
appointment to that grade.
Length of Service – The period of time elapsed since the oath of office was administered,
Active Service – shall refer to services rendered as an officer and non-officer, cadet, trainee or draftee in the
PNP.
Security of Tenure – is a right of an employee and mandated by law that protects them from being unjustly
terminated from employment by their employers.
Time-in-grade – the length of time the employee has been continuously employed at a particular rank and
shall be used to determine all seniority issues that relate to this Agreement.
→ Police Officer II (4 years – 2 years as PO I)
→ Police Officer III (3 years – 2years as PO II)
→ Senior Police Officer II (3 years – 2 years as SPO I)
→ Senior Police Officer IV (3 years – 2years as SPO III)
→ Police Senior Inspector (4 years – 3 years as Police Inspector)

OTHER ITEMS AND TERMINOLOGIES

Commanding Officer- an officer who is in command of the department, a bureau, a division, an area, or a
district.
On Duty - the period when an officer is actively engaged in the performance of his duty.
Off Duty - the nature of which the police officer is free from specific routine duty.
Special Duty -the police service, its nature, which requires that the officer be excused from the performance of
his active regular duty.
Leave of Absence- period, which an officer is excused from active duty by any valid\acceptable reason,
approved by higher authority.
Absence Without Official Leave(AWOL) – failure to report for duty without official notice for a period of 30
days.
Sick leave -period which an officer is excused from active duty by reason of illness or injury.
Suspension - a consequence of an act which temporarily deprives an officer from the privilege of performing
his duties as result of violating directives or other department regulations.
Department Rules- rules established by department directors\superiors to control the conduct of the members
of the police force.
Duty Manual -describes the procedures and defines the duties of officers assigned to specified post or
position.
Order – an instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate, either:
a. General Order,
b. Special, or
c. Personal
Report - usually a written communication unless otherwise specifies to be verbal reports; verbalreports should
be confirmed by written communication.
Centralization – decision-making and control reside in one central authority or entity
Decentralization – process of distributing or dispersing functions, power, people or things away from a central
location or authority
Employee Tenure – total length of time works for a particular employer. It is an employment metric showing
how long employed by the organization. Can also regarded as the numbers of months worker has spent bin
every position occupied.
CAMP CRAME – National Headquarters of PNP
Baccalaureate Degree Holder – basic educational qualifications for police officer.
NAPOLCOM – agency of the government tasked to administer the qualifying and promotional examinations for
police officers.
Body Mass Index – weight of applicant must be compatible to his height, age and gender.
Compensation – refers to the benefits (cash, vacation, etc.) that an employee receives in exchange.
Oral Interview – is done in order to assess the effectiveness of the applicant in verbal communicayion, which
demonstrates his familiarity with police work.
CESPO – Chief Executive Senior Police Officer
Award – anything tangible granted to an individual in recognition of acts of gallantry or heroism, meritorious
service or skill and proficiency.
Decoration – a piece of metal/material presenting an award.
Medal – a metal disk with an inscription or design, made to commemorate an event awarded as a distinction to
someone such as soldier, athlete or scholar.
Insignia – official signs of rank, titles or awards.
Medalya ng Kagitingan (PNP Medal of Valor) – first highest award in PNP.
Medalya ng Katapangan (PNP Medal of Bravery) – fourth highest award in PNP.
Medalya ng Sugatang Magiting (PNP Wounded Personnel Medal) – lowest award in PNP
Admonition – the lowest administrative penalty
Misfeasance – improper or irregular performance of an act
Malfeasance – doing an act prohibited by law or what which ought not to be done or not supposed to be done.
Nonfeasance – omission or refusal without sufficient cause to perform an act of duty.
Personnel Records – a file showing the history of each police officer, both prior and subsequent to joining the
force is indispensable.
PNP Personnel File (PPF) – is also known 201 File is a folder containing a set of personal records.
Fingerprint records – the record that is considered as the heart of police identification system.
Police Community Relation – directorate who is the make up artist and deodorant of the PNP.
Republic Act 1080 – the law grants automatic eligibility for those who passed any licensure examination
administered by the Professional Regulations Commission.
EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM
ANCIENT POLICING SYSTEM
1. KIN POLICING – members of clan/tribe, the family of the offended individual was expected to assume
responsibility for Justice, the family of the victim was allowed to exact vengeance
2. EGYPT – pharaoh appointed an official who was responsible for justice and security, assisted by the Chief
of Police, who bore the title sab heri seker or chief of the hitters (body of men responsible for tax collecting
among other duties).
– MEDJAYS – protect the valuables area especially pharaonic. Capital cities, Royal Cemeteries,
Boarder of Egypt.
– First to use of Dog Patrol.
3. ROME – army rather than dedicated police organization, provided security.
 Vigiles – acted as firemen or night watchmen
 Vigiles Urbani – Watchmen of the City
 Urban Cohorts – acted as a heavy duty anti riot force.
 Praetorian – protector of the emperor

ENGLISH SYSTEM POLICING SYSTEM

A. ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM (600-1006 AD)
1. Tun Policing System - a system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male
residents were required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the
people. Forerunner of the word “town”.
- Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing.
- Each tithing elected a leader who was known as the Tithingman. Since 10 amounted to 100, the
leader of the 100 families was named the reeve.
- Both the tithing man and reeve were elected officials. They possessed judicial power as well as police
authority.
2. Hue and Cry - provides for methods of apprehending a criminal by an act of the complainant shout to call all
male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect. Origin of citizen arrest.
3. Trial by Ordeal - a judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by
subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. The word "ordeal" was derived from the
Medieval Latin word "Dei Indicum" which means "amiraculous decision."

B. NORMAN PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM (1066-1225 AD)

1. Shire-Reeve
"Shires" – territory, a division of (55) military areas in England under the Regime of
"Reeve" (the head-man) - the military who is in charge of the Shires. Leader (lieutenants of the army)
 Two"Constabuli" or "The Keeper of the Horse" was appointed to each village to aid the Rieve in his
duties. It became the source of the word Constable.
"Shire-Reeve"- it is from the word "Sheriff" came. A person which absolute powers that no one could
questions his or her actions.
2. Travelling Judge - judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judge by the Shire-Rieve and
task to travel through and hear criminal cases. This was the first instance of the division of the police and
judicial powers.
3. Leges Henrici - an act that was enacted during this period with the following features:
a. Offenses were classified as against the king and individual
b. Policeman becomes public servant
c. The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called "citizen's
arrest."
Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law
4. Magna Carta – “Great Charter”, another law enacted upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table
forcing the King to sign the same with the following features:
a. No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned except by legal judgement.
b. No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.
5. Frankpledge System – All male responsible for the good conduct of each other. System of policing whereby
a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve years of age were required to guard the town (tything)
to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of e people. Members of tything called Tythingmen.

6. Keepers of the Peace – 1195 King Richard I (Lionheart), Knights maintain or keeping King’s peace.

THE ASSIZE OF ARMS OF 1252 – also called Ordinance of 1252, proclamation of King Henry III of
England. Watch and Ward system – to maintain order and security in town.

C. WESTMINSTER PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM (1285-1500) – statute of Winchester 1285 King Edward
I, cited policing between Norman Conquest and Metropolitan Police Act 1829.
1. Statute of 1295 - the law that mark the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of the
gates of London during sundown.

2. Justice of the Peace - Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to
pursue arrest, chastise and imprison violators of law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of
city or villages ordinances. This was later abolished about 75 years later.

3. Courts of the Star-Chamber (1487) - a special court designed to try offenders against the state. The room
set-up is formed in a shape of a star and judges were given great powers such as the power to force testimony
from a defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of the judges.
4. The Merchant Police (1500) - Merchants began employing persons to protect their property, banks employ
guards and night watchmen were hired to watch business establishments and private detectives were
employed to locate and identify stolen property.

5. The Parochial Police - Dividing the people of the cities into religious areas or parishes and they bond
together and employ their own police to protect them and their property.

MODERN POLICING SYSTEMS

1. ENGLAND
 1749 – Henry Fielding organized Bow Street Runners, replaced by his blind brother John Fielding – Blind
Beak, can recognize 3,000 criminals, established Bow Street Patrol.
 1829 – Metropolitan Police Act, Sir Robert Peel – Father of Modern Policing System.
– Metropolitan Police Service is Scotland Yard now known as New Scotland Yard.
– Bobbies, a.k.a. Metropolitan Police.

Peel's Concepts of Policing are:

The police should be organized along military lines.
The police should be place under screening and training.
The police should be hired on a probationary basis.
The police should be deployed by time and by area.
Police headquarters should be accessible to the people
Police-record keeping is essential.

Principle of Law Enforcement enunciated by Sir Robert Peel:

1. Prevention of crime
2. Full respect of citizen
3. Respect for the police
4. Use of force increases
5. Render impartial enforcement
6. Physical force used only as last resort
7. Police are public and public are the police.
8. Police represents the law.
9. Absence of crime and disorder is the test of police efficiency.

2. USA
 1844 – NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT, first modern style police in USA, largest police force in the
world, modeled after Metropolitan Police in London.
 1850 – PINKERTON NATIONAL DETECTIVE AGENCY created by Allan Pinkerton.
 1635 – BOSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT, first night watch established in Boston, oldest department in
US.

AUGUST VOLLMER – Father of Police Professionalism. Father of Modern Law Enforcement, 1 st Police Chief
in Berkeley, California.

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM

ANCIENT TIMES

PRE SPANISH PERIOD – forerunner of the contemporary police system was practiced by Barangay
chieftains to select abled young men.

SPANISH PERIOD
 Carabineros de Seguridad Publico –(1712) was armed and consider as Mounted Police.
 Guardilleros – January 18, 1836, 5% of abled men was enlisted in this police organization in 3 years.
– Policemen called Guardillo.
 Guardia Civil – February 12, 1852, created by Royal Decree, body of Filipino policemen organized
originally in provincial capitals, under the Alkalde Mayor.

AMERICAN PERIOD
 The Americans established the United States Philippine Commission headed by General Howard Taft as
its first governor general.
 January 4, 1901 - Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized pursuant to Act No. 70 of the Taft
Commission.
 Arthur MacArthur Jr. being provost marshal, was named as first Manila police chief.
 ACT NO 70 organized the Metropolitan Police Force of Manila, with himself as its first chief.
 ACT NO 175 entitled “An Act Providing for the Organization &Government of an Insular Constabulary”,
enacted on July 18, 1901.
 CAPT HENRY ALLEN – first chief of Philippine Constabulary in 1901.
 ACT NO 183 – created the Manila Police Department, enacted on July 31, 1901.
 CAPT GEORGE CURRY – first chief of Manila Police Department in 1901.
 ACT NO 255 – Insular Constabulary renamed into Philippine Constabulary, October 3, 1901.
 BGEN RAFAEL CRAME – first Filipino chief in Philippine Constabulary 1917.
 COL ANTONIO TORRES – first Filipino chief of Manila Police Department 1936.
 COL LAMBERTO T. JAVALERA – first chief after Philippine Independence, WW II 1946.
 EXECUTIVE ORDER 389 – ordered that the Philippine Constabulary be one of the the four services in
Armed Forces of the Philippines, December 23,1940.
POST AMERICAN PERIOD
 RA 4864 – Police Professionalization Act of 1966, September 8, 1966. Polcom created renamed into
National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM).

MARTIAL LAW PERIOD

 PD 765 – August 08, 1975, Integration of Act 1975, established the Integrated National Police, PC/INP
Law.
* Philippine Constabulary (PC) as the nucleus.
* Integrated National Police forces as components.

POST MARTIAL LAW PERIOD

 Executive Order No 1012 - transferred to the city and municipal government the operational supervision
and direction overall INP unit assigned within their locality; issued on July 10, 1985.
 Executive Order No 1040 - transferred the administrative control and supervision of the INP from the
Ministry of National Defense to the National Police Commission
 RA 157 - created the “National Bureau of Investigation”, enacted June 19, 1947 and later reorganized by
R.A. 2678.
 NAPOLCOM which made by into an agency attached with the DILG for purposes of policy and program
coordination.
 JUNE 29, 1991 – PNP was formed. P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO first chief of PNP.
 RA 10973 – an act granting the Chief PNP and the Director of CIDG and Deputy Director for Administration
of the CIDG, the authority to administer oath and to issue subpeona and subpeona duces decum, March 1,
2018.
* ad testificandum – requiring a person to testify
* duces decum – documents or tangible things

PHILIPPINE POLICE SYSTEM – the Constitutional Provision on the National Police

– SEC 6 ARTICLE XVI of the 1987 Constitution states that “The state shall establish and maintain in
one police force, which shall be national in scope and civilian in character to be administered and
controlled by a national commission. The authority of local executives over the police units in their
jurisdiction shall be provided by law”

 RA 6975 – Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, December 13, 1990.
Reorganized the DILG and established the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of
Jail Management and Penology and the Philippine Public Safety College.
– 72 Units is enough
– General Rule Filing case on the police is not a bar
 RA 8551 – Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998, February 25, 1998.
Amended certain provisions of RA 6975.
– Baccalaureate Degree required
 RA 9708 – law amending the provision of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum educational qualification
for appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system, August 12, 2009.
 RA 11200 – An Act Providing for the Rank Classification in the Philippine National Police, Amending for the
Purpose Section 28 of Republic Act No. 6975, as Amended, February 8, 2019.
 RA 11279 – An Act Transferring the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) and the National Police
Training Institute (NPTI) from the Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) to the Philippine National Police
(PNP), Amending for the Purpose Sections 24, 35, 66, 67 and 68 of Republic Act No. 6975.

Q. NAPOLOCOM Commissioner?
A. Six (6)
***Sec of DILG Ex-officio Chairman, Chief PNP Ex-officio member, 4 regular commissioner (one shall
be a woman)

Q. How many Deputy in Police Organizational Structure?

A. Three (3)
***Command Group - Chief PNP, Deputy for Admin, Deputy for Operation

PARTICIPATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXECUTIVES IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF PNP

(Title VIII RA 8551) Section 51, RA 6975

1. POWER OF THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR

– he has the power to choose his PROVINCIAL DIRECTOR from a list of three (3) eligibles
recommended by the PNP Regional Director
2. POWER OF THE CITY AND MUNICIPAL MAYOR
– supervise and control PNP units except during 30 days period of immediately preceding and 30
days election. Shall supervise and control under local police of the Commissions on Elections.
– he has the power to choose his CHIEF OF POLICE from a list of five (5) eligible recommended by
the provincial police director
– he has the authority to recommend to the provincial director the transfer, reassignment or detail of
PNP members outside of their respective city or town

– the control and supervision of anti-gambling operations shall be within the jurisdiction of local
government executives violence, rebellious and seditious conspiracy, insurgency, subversion or
other related activities

3. OPERATIONAL SUPERVISION
 – shall mean the power to direct, superintend and the day-to-day functions of police investigation of
crime, crime prevention activities and traffic control oversee
– shall also include the power to direct the employment and deployment of units or elements of the
PNP, through the station commander, to ensure public safety and effective maintenance of peace
and order within the locality

4. EMPLOYMENT
– refers to utilization of units or elements of the PNP for purposes of protection of lives and properties,
enforcement of laws, maintenance peace and order, prevention of crimes, arrest of criminal
offenders and bringing the offenders to justice and ensuring public safety, particularly in the
suppression of disorders, riots, lawlessness.
5. DEPLOYMENT
– shall mean the orderly and organized physical movement f elements or units oft he PNP within the
province, city or municipality for purposes of employment

GROUND FOR SUSPENSION DEPUTATION Section 52, RA 6975

a. Unauthorized absences
b. Abuse authority
c. Providing material to support criminal
d. Inimical acts
Creation of Women’s Desk in Police Stations and the Formulation of a Genders Sensitivity Program
TITLE VII RA 8551 Section 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 (Pg.23)

THEORY OF MANAGEMENT
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT (Frederick Taylor)
– espoused this careful specification and measurement of all organizational tasks.
– tasks were standardized as much as possible
– workers were rewarded and punished
– this approach appeared to work well for organizations with assembly lines other mechanistic,
routinized activities.
BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT THEORY 1930-1950 (Max Weber)
– focused on dividing organizations into hierachies
– establishing strong lines of authority and control
– suggested organization develop comprehensive and detailed standard operating procedure for all
routinized tasks.
HUMAN RELATION MOVEMENT 1930-today (George Elton Mayo)
– unions and governments regulations reacted to the rather dehumanizing effects of these theories.
– More attention was given to individuals and their unique capabilities in the organization.
 – A major belief included that the organization would prosper if it’s workers prospered as well.

THEORY X & THEORY Y (Douglas McGregor) – states that the controlling or authoritative manager believes
that most employee don’t like to work and will only work at the required level of productivity if they are forced
to do so under the threat of punishment. THEORY Y – people are self motivated and enjoy the challenge of
work.

THEORY Z (Dr. William Ouchi) – so called “Japanese Management” style popularized during Asian economic
boom of 1980. Focused on increasing employee loyalty to the company.

CONTINGENCY THEORY – asserts that when make a decision it must take into account all aspects of the
current situation and act those aspects that are key to the situation at hand. Basically, it’s approach that “it
depends”.

SYSTEM THEORY – had a significant effect on management science and understanding organization. A
system is a collection of part unified to accomplish an overall goal. If one part of the system is removed, the
nature of the system is changed as well.

CHAOS THEORY – recognizes that events indeed are rarely controlled.

LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT
1. SENIOR MANAGEMENT – highest level of an organization, 1) establishes goals 2) decide actions are
necessary to meet those goals 3) decides how to use the organization resources.
2. MIDDLE MANAGEMENT – set goals for specific areas or organization and decides what employees in each
area must do to meet those goals.
3. SUPERVISORY MANAGEMENT – front-line level of the organization. In charge of the people who
physically produce the organizations goods or provide it’s services.

PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT - (Human Resource Management) part of management process which is

primarily concerned with the human constituents of an organization.

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT

1. Organizational planning and development
2. Employment
3. Training and development of personnel
4. Wage and salary administration
5. Employee benefits and services
6. Labor relations
7. Personnel research and audit
NATIONAL POLICE TRAINING INSTITUTE (NPTI). – shall be responsible for the mandatory and leadership
trainings of all police non-commissioned officers (PNCOs). The supervision and control over the NPTI shall be
established in the revised table of organization and equipment and staffing pattern, headed by Police Major
General Section 2 RA 11279. (Pg. 8)

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY (PNPA) – is the premier institution for police education, and the
primary source for commissionship of police lieutenants. The PNPA shall be under the direct administrative and
operational supervision and control of the Chief of the PNP Section 5 RA 11279.

MANNING LEVELS (POLICE-TO-POPULATION RATIO) Section 27 RA 6975

1:500 – nationwide average
1:1000 – minimum police-to-population ratio

APPROPRIATE ELEGIBILITY FOR PO1 (MC 2017-009 as amended by MC 2008-002)

 NAPOLCOM PNP Entrance Examination
 RA 6506 (Licensed Criminologists) RA 10131
RA 1080 Bar and Board Examinations of Baccalaureate Degree
 PD 907 Granting Civil Service Eligibility to College Honor Graduate
 Civil Service Professional Examination

GENERAL QUALIFICATION FOR APPOINTMENT RA 6975 Section 30 (Pg.6)

HIGHLIGHTS OF RA 6975 - THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT OF
1990, RA 8551 - THE PHLIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE REFORM AND REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1998 and
RA 9708
A. THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (DILG)
a. formerly Department of Local Government (DLG)
b. reorganized under RA 6975

ORGANIZATION :
consist of:
a) the Department proper
b) existing bureaus and offices of the DLG
c) local government units (LGU)
1) provincial governors
2) city and municipal mayors
d) the National Police Commission
e) the Philippine Public Safety College
f) Philippine National Police
g) Bureau of Fire Protection
h) Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
 – the PPSC, PNP, BFP and BJMP were created under RA 6975
– headed by the Secretary to be appointed by the President and who shall serve at the pleasure of the
President
– the Secretary shall be assisted by two (2) Undersecretaries and three (3) Assistant Secretaries
a) Undersecretary for Local Government
b) Undersecretary for Peace and Order

– No retired or resigned military officer or police official may be appointed as Secretary within One (1) year
from date of retirement or resignation
– the Secretary is also the ex officio chairman of the National Police Commission refer to the organizational
chart of DILG

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DILG

1) Assist the President in the exercise of general supervision over local governments;

2) Advise the President in the promulgation of policies, rules, regulations and other issuances on the general
supervision over local governments and on public order and safety;

3) Establish and prescribe rules, regulations and other laws On public order and safety, the general supervision
over local governments issuances implementing and the promotion of local autonomy and community
empowerment and monitor compliance thereof;

4) Provide assistance towards legislation regarding local governments, law enforcement and public safety;
Establish and prescribe plans, policies, programs and projects to promote peace and order, ensure public
safety and further strengthen the administrative technical and fiscal capabilities of local government

5) Formulate plans, policies and programs which will meet local emergencies arising from natural and man-
made
disasters ; Establish a System of coordination and cooperation among the citizenry, local executives and the
Department, to ensure effective and efficient delivery of basic services to the public;

6) Organize, train and equip primarily for the performance of police functions, a police force that
offices and personnel; is national in scope and civilian in character.

ORGANIZATION and COMPOSITION OF THE PNP

-shall be headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by two (2) deputy chiefs:
-Deputy Chief for Administration.
-Deputy Chief for Operations.
-the Chief PNP and the two (2) deputy chiefs shall be appointed by the President
-no officer who is retirable within six (6) months shall be appointed Chief
-the PNP shall be composed of a national office, regional offices, provincial offices, district offices, and city or
municipal stations.

CAMP RAFAEL CRAME

-the national headquarters of the Philippine National Police, located in Quezon City
-houses the offices of the following:
1. Chief, PNP
2. two (2) deputy chiefs
3. Chief, Directorial Staff
4. ten (12) directorial staff
5. ten (10) administrative support units
6. ten (10) operational support units

POLICE REGIONAL OFFICES

-the PNP is divided into seventeen (17) regional offices (PRO), each headed by a Regional Director:
National Capital Region Police 0ffice (NCRO)
PRO 1 to PRO 13
Cordillera Autonomous Region (CAR)
Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)

PROVINCIAL POLICE OFFICES

-for every region, there are provincial offices, each headed by a Provincial Director
-in large provinces, police districts may be established to be headed by a District Director
-at the city or municipal levels or stations, each is headed by a Chief of Police

PNP ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT UNITS

– RA 6975 Section 35 (Pg. 7)

Directorial Staff
1. Directorate for Personnel and Records Management;
2. Directorate for Intelligence;
3. Directorate for Operations;
4. Directorate for Logistics;
5. Directorate for Integrated Police Operations
6. Directorate for Plans
7. Directorate for Comptrollership
8. Directorate for Police Community Relations
9. Directorate for lnvestigation and Detective Management
10. Directorate for Research and Development
11. Directorate for Information and Communication Technology Management.
12. Directorate for Human Resourse and Doctrine Dev't

Administrative Support Units

1. Logistics Support Unit
2. Information Technology Management Service

WAIVERS FOR INTIAL APPOINTMENTS TO THE PNP RA 6975 Section 15 (Pg.19)

SELECTION CRITERIA UNDER THE WAIVER PROGRAM RA 6975 Section 16 (Pg.19)
PROMOTION – the upgrading of ranks and/or advancement to a position of leadership.
Kinds of Promotion
1. REGULAR – promotion granted to the police officers meeting the mandatory requirements for
promotion.
2. SPECIAL – who has exhibited acts conspicuous courage and gallantry at the risk of life above and
beyond the call of duty.
3. PROMOTION BY VIRTUE OF POSITION – any PNP personnel designated to any key position
whose rank is lower than what is regulated for such position shall after 6 months occupying the
same, be entitled to rank adjustment corresponding to position.
Conspicuous Courage – clearly distinguished above others in the performance of one’s duty.

NATURE OF APPOINTMENT UNDER A WAIVER PROGRAM RA 6975 Section 17 (Pg.19)

– Appointment under the waiver program is temporary. PNP members which failed to comply with the specific
requirements shall be dismissed.

RE-APPLICATION OF DISMISSED PNP MEMBERS UNDER A WAIVER PROGRAM RA 6975 Section 18

(Pg.20)
– PNP members under the waiver program but is dismissed for failure to comply with the requirements can
RE-APPLY provided minimum requirements.

Q. Who can grant waivers for applicants in the PNP?

A. NAPOLCOM
APPOINTMENT OF PNP OFFICERS AND MEMBERS RA 6975 Section 31 (Pg.6)
 Attestation by the Civil Service Commission after the issuance of appointing authority is to make sure that
the appointee meet the qualification standards and collateral requirements together with the proper
procedures with regard to attestation of appointments.
 Personnel without attested permanent appointment on their present rank shall NOT be qualitfied for
promotion.

Kinds of Appointment
 Permanent – when an applicant possesses the upgraded general qualification.
 Temporary – when an appointment of an applicant is under the waiver program due to weight
requirements pending satisfaction of the requirement waived.
 Probationary – all PNP members upon entry level, before appointed to permanent status shallbundergo
mandatory 1 year probationary period.
SELECTION – process of eliminating least qualified applicant who passed the recruitment stage.
EMPLOYMENT – refers to utilization of units or elements of the PNP for purpose of protection of lives.
DEPLOYMENT – shall mean the orderly and organized physical movement of elements or units of the PNP
within the province, city or municipality for purpose of employment.
ASSIGNMENT – process of designation of police officer at a particular function, duty, or responsibility. It’s very
purpose is to ensure systematic and effective utilization of all members of the police force

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

Training – refers to the method used to improve the attitude, knowledge, and skill behavior pattern of an
employee for adequate performance of a given job.
Development – refers to the improvement of current knowledge, skills and competencies. To maximize
productivity and increase of the effectiveness and efficiency organizational member.

TWO-PRONGED APPROACH OF PNP TRAINING:

SPECIALIZED TRAINING - The PNP has programmed training courses and seminars (support the PNP
PATR.O.L Plan 2030 and the Policy Focus of the Chief, PNP). The main objective of these training programs Is
to provide all members of the PNP with essential knowledge and specialized skills in the administrative,
technical, and operational fields of police service. The goal ls to ensure the effective and efficient discharge of
their duties and responsibilities as members of the organization, Those programs will also help discipline,
integrity, and proper work ethics required to be professional police public servants. The training programs are
primarily designed for all PNP uniformed personnel of the different National Support Units (NSUs) and Police
Regional Offices (PROs) from the Headquarters down to the precinct levels. Training of personnel by rank
MANDATORY CAREER COURSE – The Master Education and Training Program (METP) is designed by the
PPSC which contains the mandatory training programs and other specialized courses offered by the PPSC to
all PNP uniformed personnel. It serves as a guide to all PNP uniformed personnel to who are scheduled to
undergo mandatory training. Horizontal approach applied to all PNP personnel whether uniformed or non
uniformed based in competencies and specialization.

PHILIPPINE PUBLIC SAFETY COLLEGE – is the umbrella organization that comprises the;
b. National Police in College (NPC)
– Master in Public Safety Administration (MPSA)
– Public Safety Officers Senior Executive Course (PSOSEC)
– Public Safety Officers Advance Course (PSOAC)
– Public Safety Officers Basic Course (PSOBC)
• NPC is counterpart of National Defense College which offers Master of National Security Administration
(MNSA).
c. Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA)
– Established August 26, 1977 by the virtue of Section 19 PD 1184 and was tasked to provide tertiary
level education to the 3 services of DILG.
– Bachelor of Science in Public Safety
d. National Police Training Institute (NPTI) with it’s 17 Regional Training Centers (RTCs)
– ITG
– NCRTC
– CARTC
– RTC 1 – 12
– RTC CARAGA
 – ARMMTC
e. National Fire Training Institute (NFTI)
f. National Jail Management and Penology Training Institute (NJMPTI)
g. National Forensic Science Training Institute (NFSTI)

RA 11279 – An Act Transferring the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) and the National Police
Training Institute (NPTI) from the Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) to the Philippine National Police
(PNP), Amending for the Purpose Sections 24, 35, 66, 67 and 68 of Republic Act No. 6975.
PUBLIC SAFETY BASIC RECRUIT COURSE (PSBRC)
– 24 week intensive and progressive training design for newly-appointed police provide newly them with the
basic knowledge and skills in police science, administration, combat operation and tactics and for them to
acquire the norms of conduct required in the performance of their as guardians of peace and protectors of lives
and properties.
PUBLIC SAFETY JUNIOR LEADERSHIP COURSE (PSJLC)
– 12 week course designed to provide junior PNCOs with the fundamental knowledge and skills necessary for
effective and efficient handling of junior key positions in the PNP units.
PUBLIC SAFETY SENIOR LEADERSHIP COURSE (PSSLC)
– 12 week course designed to provide senior PNCOs with requisite knowledge and skills on general functional
area of unit administration, management and leadership.
PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICERS CANDIDATE COURSE (PSOCC) – 14 week course designed to equip the junior
non-commissioned officers of PNP with the fundamental knowledge, skills and proper attitude required for
team-building assignments.

THE FIELD TRAINING PROGRAM Section 19 RA 8551 (Pg.20)

SPECIALIST COUNTER-INSURGENCY UNIT TRAINING COURSE (SCOUT) – for 45 days to 5 months, to
enhance them in militaristic/tactics for future assignment in the field whether in the Striking Force or Police
Station.
BASIC INTERNAL SECURITY OPERATIONS COURSE (BISOC) – 60 days training
PUBLIC SAFETY BASIC RECRUIT COURSE (PSBRC) – aimed at orienting the recruits for them to
understand the basic nature and demand of the police work.
ATTRITION SYSTEM Section 24 RA 8551 (Pg.20)
RETIREMENT – separation of the police personnel from the service by reason of reaching the age of
retirement provided by law or upon completion of certain numbers of years in active service. PNP Uniformed
Personnel shall retire to the next higher rank for purposes of retirement pay.
Active Service – shall refer to services rendered as an officer and non officer, cadet, trainee or draftee
in PNP.
Kinds of Retirement
4. Compulsory – upon reaching the of 56, age of retirement.
 5. Optional – upon completion of 20 years of active service.
RETIREMENT BENEFITS – monthly retirement shall 50% of the base pay in case of 20 years in active
service, increasing by 2.5% for every 5 years of active service rendered beyond 20 years.
EARLY RETIREMENT PROGRAM – within 3 years after the effectivity of this act, any PNP officer or non
commissioned officer may retire and be paid separation benefits corresponding to a position 2 ranks higher
than present rank subject to the following conditions:
• Retirement Due to Permanent Physical Disability – PNP uniformed personnel who are permanent and
totally disabled as a result of injuries suffered or sickness contracted in the performance of his duty shall be
entitled to ONE YEAR’S SALARY and to a LIFETIME PENSION equivalent to 80% of last salary. Section 73
RA 6975
• Missing in Action (MIA) – any PNP personnel who, while in the performance of duty or by reason of his
being an officer or member of the PNP, is officially confirmed missing in action, kidnapped or captured by
lawless element.

INTERNAL AFFAIRS SERVICE Section 39 RA 8551

PEOPLE’S LAW ENFORCEMENT BOARD (PLEB) Section 43 RA 6975

OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

1. PNP-Aviation Security Group (PNP-AVSEG) – enforcing laws and regulation related to air travel, duties
performed by the Philippine Aviation Security Comman (AVSECOM).
2. OFFICE FOR TRANSPORMATION SECURITY – on January 30, 2004 President Gloria Macapagala Arroyo
issued Executive Order No. 277. Designating OTS as single authority responsible for the security of
transpormation systems of the Philippines including;
 Civil Aviation Security Bureau (CASB)
 Sea Transport and Maritime Infrastructure
 Land Transportation, Rail System and Infrastructure

REPUBLIC ACT No. 9993 – Philippine Coast Guard Law has been vested with the necessary authority and
responsibility to perform preventive measures in ensuring the safety of merchant vessels.
3. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE MARITIME GROUP (PNP-MG) – is a National Operational Support Unit
(NOSU) of the PNP mandated to perform all police function ensure public safety and internal security over
Philippine territorial waters, rivers and coastal areas to include ports, harbors and sustain the protection of the
maritime environment.
4. NATIONAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (NBI) – Pambansang Kawanihan ng Pagsisiyasat, agency of the
Philippine government under the Department of Justice, responsible for handling and solving major high-profile
cases that are in the interest of the nation.
 Republic Act 157 – reorganized the Division of Investigation into the Bureau of Investigation under the
Department of Justice (DOJ).
 Republic Act 10867 (June 23,2016) – “National Bureau of Investigation Reorganizing and
Modernization Act”.
6. NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COORDINATING AGENCY (NICA) – Pambansang Ahensya sa
Tagapag-Ugnay sa Pamalayan, is the primary intelligence gathering and analysis arm of the
Government of the Philippines in charge of carrying out overt, covert, and clandestine intelligence
activities.
 Founded in 1949, and created by President Elpidio Quirino under the authority of EO No.
235.