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Energy Procedia
Energy Procedia 00
133(2017)
(2017)000–000
68–75
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Climamed 2017 – Mediterranean Conference of HVAC; Historical buildings retrofit in the

Mediterranean area, 12-13 May 2017, Matera, Italy

A The
PC-tool to calculate
15th International the Moisture
Symposium Buffer
on District Heating andValue
Cooling

IñakiAssessing thea,feasibility
Gómez-Arriaran of using the
*, Isabel Sellens-Fernández a
heat
, Moisésdemand-outdoor
Odriozola-Maritorenaa,
Aitor Erkoreka-Gonzáleza
a
temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast
ENEDI Research Group, Department of Thermal Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Alameda Urquijo s/n 48013 Bilbao, Spain

I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc

Abstract
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
Hygroscopic building
c materials
Département Systèmeshave the abilityetto
Énergétiques moderate the- IMT
Environnement relative humidity
Atlantique, variation
4 rue without
Alfred Kastler, the Nantes,
44300 need for active systems.
France
The moisture buffer phenomenon can be assessed by way of the Moisture Buffer Value (MBV). Some authors have pointed out
that the MBV is sensitive to several parameters, however, there is no model that involves all them.
The aim of the developed PC-tool is to take into account all these variables to calculate the MBV of hygroscopic building
Abstract The material hygroscopic properties will be needed to solve the moisture storage and transport inside the porous
materials.
materials and consequently to predict its MBV.
©District
2017 Theheating
Authors.networks are by
Published commonly
Elsevier addressed
Ltd. in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the
©greenhouse
2017 The Authors. Published
gas emissions fromby theElsevier
buildingLtd.
sector. These of systems require high
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee the Climamed 2017investments whichConference
– Mediterranean are returnedofthrough
HVAC;the heat
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Climamed 2017 – Mediterranean Conference of HVAC;
sales. Due
Historical to the retrofit
buildings changedin climate conditions area.
the Mediterranean and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
Historical buildings retrofit in the Mediterranean area
prolonging the investment return period.
The mainMoisture
Keywords: scope of this paper
Buffer Value; is to assess
Moisture the feasibility
buffering; PC-tool; of using the building
Hygroscopic heat demand – outdoor
materials; temperature function for heat demand
Humidity.
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
1.renovation
Introduction
scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
The results literature
Related showed that when that
shows only weather change is considered,
indoor humidity the margin
has a significant of error
effect on could be acceptable
a variety for some applications
of requirements: occupant
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
comfort and health [1,2], indoor air quality [3], building durability [4] and energy consumption [5]. Besides, to
scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
satisfy the requirements of European Directives of Energy Efficiency [6], it is necessary to reduce both the energy
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
consumption and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the use of HVAC systems. As a consequence, the
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
development of strategies
renovation scenarios based On
considered). on the
passive
other systems to reduce
hand, function the dependency
intercept increased for of active systems
7.8-12.7% in order
per decade to control
(depending on the
the indoor humidity level has a research interest.
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

* Corresponding
Peer-review author.
under Tel.: +34-943-017-196.
responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
E-mail
Cooling. address: [email protected]

1876-6102
Keywords:©Heat2017demand;
The Authors. Published
Forecast; bychange
Climate Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Climamed 2017 – Mediterranean Conference of HVAC; Historical buildings
retrofit in the Mediterranean area.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Climamed 2017 – Mediterranean Conference of HVAC; Historical
buildings retrofit in the Mediterranean area
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.373
 Iñaki Gómez-Arriaran et al. / Energy Procedia 133 (2017) 68–75 69
2 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Hygroscopic inner coating materials and furnishing materials have the ability to naturally moderate the peaks of
indoor relative humidity through their moisture capacity. This ability is called Moisture Buffering. To quantify this
buffering ability it can be used the Moisture Buffer Value (MBV) proposed by Nordtest protocol [7]. This property
quantifies the amount of moisture that a material can storage and release when the material is subjected to cyclic
variations of the surrounding relative humidity.
Several authors [5,8-11] have pointed out that some hygroscopic building materials can affect the indoor air
quality and the energy consumption of buildings by transferring, storing and releasing moisture. Predicting the
moisture behavior of building materials and their buffering capacity can help to design and build buildings that
maintain adequate indoor moisture levels in an efficient and sustainable way.
In this work we present a tool to simulate and predict the MBV of building materials considering all the
parameters that have an impact on the phenomenon.

Nomenclature

A exposed area, [m2]

MBVideal ideal Moisture Buffer Value, [kg/(m2·%RH)]
MBVpractical practical Moisture Buffer Value, [kg/(m2·%RH)]
psat saturation vapour pressure, [Pa]
bm moisture effusivity, [kg/(m2·Pa·s1/2)]
tp time period, [s1/2]
w moisture content, [kg/m3]
mmax maximum moisture mass, [kg]
mmin minimum moisture mass, [kg]

δ water vapour permeability, [kg/(m·s·Pa)]

φ relative humidity, [º/1]
μ water vapour resistance factor, [-]

2. Methodology

As has already been said, Nordtest protocol [7] defines the Moisture Buffer Value property. The protocol
differentiates various definitions of the MBV depending on the factors that take part in the phenomenon of moisture
buffering. The definition scheme is divided into three levels: material level, system level, and room level.
The material level is obtained from material properties without taking into account the influence of the
surrounding climate. This definition is based on material properties which are determined under steady-state and
equilibrium conditions.
The system level should be seen as a parameter that can describe the behavior of different components, such as
interior surfaces with a surface coating. At this level, an experimental method proposed by Nordtest protocol [7] can
be used so as to obtain the MBV. The time period for the moisture variations needs to be taken into account, which
is not considered on the material level since the properties are obtained from a steady state. Likewise, other
parameters such as the air velocity, have a significant effect on the results.
The last level considers the whole room, including the parameters of ventilation, heating, and cooling as well as
all the building materials and interior objects.
The developed tool is focused on the material and system level where the MBV depends on the standard
properties of the material analyzed and the tests conditions respectively.
The first definition, the ideal MBV, is calculated by the Fourier transform when the material is exposed to a
periodic variation of relative humidity (33-75%) and constant temperature, which is defined as theoretical or ideal
MBV. The definition assumes that the material has a thickness equal or greater than the moisture penetration depth.
Furthermore, the surface film resistance and the nonlinearity of the material properties are negligible.
70 Iñaki Gómez-Arriaran et al. / Energy Procedia 133 (2017) 68–75
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 3

MBVideal ≈ 0.00568 ⋅ psat ⋅ bm ⋅ t p (1)

where psat [Pa] is the saturation vapour pressure, bm [kg/(m2·Pa·s1/2)] is the moisture effusivity, and tp [s1/2] the
time period.
The moisture effusivity is required to obtain the ideal MBV in equation (1). As shown in equation (2), the
material properties (sorption isotherm and permeability) are needed in its calculation. Therefore, hygroscopic
sorption test and cup test are essential to know them previously.

∂w
δp ⋅
∂ϕ
bm = (2)
psat

where δp [kg/(m·s·Pa)] is the water vapour permeability and ∂w/∂φ [kg/m3] is the moisture capacity, which in
turn means the slope of the sorption isotherm.
Although, it is not clear which is the best RH in order to calculate the ideal MBV, Roels and Janssen [12] point
out that the mean value of the Nordtest protocol (54% RH) can be an acceptable estimation.
The system level definition is based on an experimental method where a sample is exposed to a cyclic variation
of relative humidity obtaining the practical MBV. This definition takes into account the air velocity and the
thickness of the sample. The test conditions can be reached by saturated salt solutions or a climatic chamber. In this
case, the definition of the MBV is given by:

mmax − mmin
MBV = (3)
(
A ⋅ ϕhigh − ϕlow )
where mmax/min [kg] are the maximum and minimum moisture mass of the sample during the experiment, A [m2]
is the exposed surface of the sample, and φhigh/low are the relative humidity levels used in the test.

3. The pc program

A PC tool has been designed in order to help the user to calculate the MBV of the materials. The program is able
to calculate the ideal MBV using as input the sorption isotherm and the water vapour diffusion resistance factor.
Furthermore, the user can calculate the practical MBV introducing the thickness of the sample and the air velocity of
the simulated experiment.

3.1. Sorption isotherm

The user can choose between introducing the sorption isotherm function (in case the user knows it) or introducing
the experimental data form of the hygroscopic sorption test. The test is performed acording to the standard ISO
12571 [13].
If the user introduces manually the experimental data, the tool is able to choose the best goodness of fit among
several sorption isotherm models. Different functions are included to fit the experimental data obtained from the
hygroscopic sorption test.
One fitting model is proposed by Künzel [14], which is used in the WUFI moisture transport simulation software.
Unlike the other models, it has a simple approach, but it is useful when there is little information about the material.

( b − 1) ⋅ ϕ
w wcap ⋅
= (4)
b −ϕ
 Iñaki Gómez-Arriaran et al. / Energy Procedia 133 (2017) 68–75 71
4 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

where wcap [kg/m3] is the capillary moisture content, b (b>1) [-] is a fitting coefficient, and φ [º/1] the relative
humidity.
Another model is proposed by Kumaran [15], wich is included in Annex 14 of the International Energy Agency.
The function suggested is:

ϕ
w= 2
(5)
aϕ + bϕ + c

where a [-], b [-], and c [-] are fitting coefficients and φ [º/1] the relative humidity.
Another model proposed is the model included in the MOIST program, according to equation (6):

B
 1 
w=
A⋅ − 1 (6)
 1 − ϕ 

where A [-] and B [-] are fitting coefficients and φ [º/1] the relative humidity.
The last model included in the PC-program is the model proposed by Roels and Janssen [12]. As a result of
several adjustments, it could be said that this model has a good approximation.

 1- n 
 

( )
 n 
w wsat ⋅ 1 + ( m ⋅ LN (ϕ ) )
n
= (7)

where wsat [kg/m3] is the saturation moisture content, m [-] and n [-] are fitting coefficients, and φ [º/1] the
relative humidity.
For now, the tool do not include hysteresis effects and only one sorption curve is used. Depending on the
materials, the effect of sorption hysteresis may to a greater or lesser extent affect the effective moisture capacity. It
is recommended to use the adsorption curve in order not to overestimate the moisture capacity.

3.2. Water vapour diffusion resistance factor

In this case, the experiment is carried out according to the standard ISO 12572 [16]. Sometimes it is expected this
property to be a constant, independent of the relative humidity. However, for some materials it shows a dependancy
on the relative humidity. Due to the possibility that some users assume a constant value, they can choose between to
introduce a constant value of the water vapour diffusion resistance factor or introduce the property as a function of
relative humidity for the material. If the last option is chosen, the analytic function is given by equation (8) [12]:

1
µ= (8)
a + b ⋅ ec⋅ϕ

where μ [-] is the water vapour resistance factor, a [-], b [-], and c [-] are fitting coefficients, and φ [º/1] the
relative humidity.

3.3. Practical example

To illustrate how the program interface is and how it is used, it is presented an example in this section. The
material chosen is a sample of a pozolanic ceramic material tested by Gómez [17].
The parameter values of the sorption isotherm are presented in Table 1. In this case, the sorption isotherm
function selected is the proposed by Roels and Janssen [12].
72 Iñaki Gómez-Arriaran et al. / Energy Procedia 133 (2017) 68–75
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 5

Table 1. Fitting parameters of the sorption isotherm.

Fitting parameters
wsat 400
m -95.12
n 1.541

Table 2 shows the fitting parameters of the water vapour resistance factor function. In this case, the property is
considered as a function of relative humidity.

Table 2. Fitting parameters of the water vapour resistance factor.

Fitting parameters
a 0.048
b 6.05E-03
c 4

Firstly, the user has to introduce the fitting parameters for each property. In the case of the sorption isotherm, the
user has to choose the model of adjustment used in his/her calculation. In this example, the model selected is the one
proposed in [12] (see Figure 1). Secondly, the fitting parameters for the water vapour resistance factor have to be
typed in the boxes of “fitting parameters”, as it is shown in Figure 1. Furthermore, the ambient pressure and the
temperature of the cup test is needed. The graphical representation of each property is shown in figure 1.

Fig. 1. Introduction of the material properties.

 Iñaki Gómez-Arriaran et al. / Energy Procedia 133 (2017) 68–75 73
6 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Upon the completion of this task, the user will obtain the ideal MBV, which is represented in function of relative
humidity. The calculated value represents the MBV at 54% of relative humidity, which in turn means the mean of
the step change between the high and low relative humidity (75-33%) of the Nordtest protocol.

Fig. 2. Calculation of the ideal MBV.

Finally, the tool also notifies the user which is the moisture penetration depth. This information allows the user to
know what is the minimum thickness to take advantage of the whole buffering potential of the material.
Furthermore, there is a small material library that includes a list of some building material properties. The data is
obtained from several scientific articles, all of them referenced. Figure 3 is an example of a sample of lightweight
ceramic clay tested by Gómez [18].

Fig. 3. Example material library.

74 Iñaki Gómez-Arriaran et al. / Energy Procedia 133 (2017) 68–75
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 7

The option of the practical MVB calculation is available for some materials from the library. The user can select
different values for the air velocity, obtaining the practical MBV estimated. Figure 4 is an example of the pozolanic
sample tested by Gómez [17].

Fig. 4. Calculation of the practical MBV.

4. Conclusions

The practical MBV depends on different parameters such as the air velocity and the thickness of the sample.
Being the ideal MBV an approximation, it can be different from the practical MBV depending on the test conditions
[7,12]. Various authors [12,17] have demonstrated that the practical MBV is clearly sensitive to the test conditions.
In this sense, the tool is able to estimate the practical MBV of some building materials from the material library for
different air speed conditions.
Different materials were tested in dynamic conditions through a climatic chamber and the results were compared
with the calculations obtained using the PC-program. The comparisons showed a good agreement between
measurements and calculations of the tested materials.
The MBV will help the user to characterize and to classify the material according to the Nordtest protocol. The
moisture buffering effect can be significant for the moisture performance of a room, for this reason, this information
will be important to the user in order to compare the effect of different materials. In addition, in the future it is
expected that advanced building energy simulation programs will incorporate this property as input as well as the
hygrothermal properties of building materials.
The tool will be in continuous improvement and will incorporate new complements; furthermore, the material
library will be continuously updated.

References

[1] Tsutsumi, H., Tanabe, S. I., Harigaya, J., Iguchi, Y., Nakamura, G. Effect of humidity on human comfort and productivity after step changes
from warm and humid environment. Building and Environment, 2007; 42.12: 4034-4042.
[2] Arundel, A. V., Sterling, E. M., Biggin, J. H., Sterling, T. D. Indirect health effects of relative humidity in indoor
environments. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1986; 65, 351.
[3] Fang, L., Clausen, G., Fanger, P. O. 1998. Impact of temperature and humidity on the perception of indoor air quality. Indoor air, 8(2), 80-90.
[4] Lucas, F., Adelard, L., Garde, F., & Boyer, H. Study of moisture in buildings for hot humid climates. Energy and Buildings, 2002.; 34(4),
345-355.
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[5] Osanyintola, O. F., Simonson, C. J. Moisture buffering capacity of hygroscopic building materials: experimental facilities and energy
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[6] European Parliament.Directive 2010/31/EC of The European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on Energy Performance of
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[7] Rode, C., Peuhkuri, R. H., Mortensen, L. H., Hansen, K. K., Time, B., Gustavsen, A., Harderup, L. E.Moisture buffering of building
materials. Technical University of Denmark, Department of Civil Engineering; 2005.
[8] Hameury, S. 2005. Moisture buffering capacity of heavy timber structures directly exposed to an indoor climate: a numerical study. Building
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[9] Salonvaara, M., Ojanen, T., Holm, A., Künzel, H. M., Karagiozis, A. N. Moisture buffering effects on indoor air quality-experimental and
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[10] Simonson, C. J., Salonvaara, M., Ojanen, T. Improving indoor climate and comfort with wooden structures. Technical Research Centre of
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[11] Svennberg, K., Hedegaard, L. G., Rode, C. Moisture buffer performance of a fully furnished room. Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of
Whole Buildings Ix; 2004.
[12] Roels, S., Janssen, H. A comparison of the Nordtest and Japanese test methods for the moisture buffering performance of building
materials. Journal of Building Physics, 2006; 30(2), 137-161.
[13] CEN. Hygrothermal performance of building materials and products. Determination of hygroscopic sorption properties. ISO 12571
Standard. Bruxelles: European Committee for Standardization; 2000.
[14] Künzel, H. M. Simultaneous heat and moisture transport in building components. One-and two-dimensional calculation using simple
parameters. IRB-Verlag Stuttgart; 1995.
[15] Kumaran, K. M. Heat, air and moisture transport in envelope parts. Final report. Task 3 material properties. Leuven. Internal report, IEA.
ECBCS; 1996.
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Bruxelles: European Committee for Standardization; 2001.
[17] Gómez, I., Guths, S., Souza, R., Millan, J. A., Martín, K., & Sala, J. M. Moisture buffering performance of a new pozolanic ceramic
material: Influence of the film layer resistance. Energy and Buildings, 2011; 43(4), 873-878.
[18] Gómez, I. Caracterización higroscopica de materiales de construccion: arcilla aligerada y picon (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. thesis,
Universidad del Pais Vasco); 2006.