Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 2
RAY OPTICS
1. Light is a part of electromagnetic spectrum with wavelength of about 450-700 nm that
causes sensation of vision. 2. Light travels with a speed of about 3 x 108 m/s. In real life, the size of objects that we observe is larger than wavelength of light, so light can be taken to travel in straight lines. 3. Reflection – is the phenomenon by which incident light travelling from one medium to another medium bounces back to the initial medium. 4. Laws of reflection – (i) The angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection. (ii) The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence lie in the same plane. 5. Sign convention – (Cartesian sign convention) (i) All distances are measured from the pole or optical centre of the mirror or lens. (ii) Light generally travels from left to right. 6. Paraxial rays – rays that are incident close to the pole and make small angle with the principal axis. 7. Focus – a point where the incident rays meet or appear to meet after reflection in concave and convex mirror respectively is called focus. 8. Focal plane - a plane that is perpendicular to the axis of a lens or mirror and passes through the focus. 9. Image – when the light rays after reflection actually converge or appear to diverge at a point, image is formed at that point. In case of concave mirror and convex mirror the image formed is real and virtual respectively. 10. To find the image, choose any two rays and trace their paths – (i) The ray from the point which is parallel to the principal axis goes through the focus of the mirror. (ii) The ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror or appearing to pass through it for a convex mirror simply retraces the path. (iii) The ray passing through the focus of the concave mirror or appearing to pass through the focus of a convex mirror emerges parallel to the principal axis. (iv) The ray incident at any angle at the pole. The reflected ray follows laws of reflection. 11. Mirror equation – 12. Magnification – magnification is defined as the ratio of size of image to that of object. ¿ image magnⅈfⅈcation = =−v /u ¿ object 13. Refraction – the phenomenon by which light travelling from one optical medium to another optical medium changes its direction in the other optical medium is called refraction. 14. Laws of refraction – (i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. (ii) The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is sin ⅈ constant. =μ21 sin r 15. Characteristics of refraction – (i) When light travels from optically denser to rarer medium, it bends away from the normal. (i < r) the refractive index is more for first medium. (ii) When light travels from optically rarer to denser medium, it bends towards the normal. (i > r) the refractive index is less for the fist medium. 16. Optical density - Optical density is the ratio of the speed of light in two media. For example, mass density of turpentine is less than that of water but its optical density is higher. 17. Refractive index - The ratio between the speed of light in medium to speed in a vacuum is the refractive index. - The refractive index of any medium with respect to another medium which is not vacuum is called relative refractive index. 1 - n21= . n12 - It also follows that if n32 is the refractive index of medium 3 with respect to medium 2 then n32 = n31 × n12, 18. Refraction through a glass slab – For a rectangular slab, refraction takes place at two interfaces (air-glass and glass-air). It is easily seen from that r2 = i1, i.e., the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray—there is no deviation, but it does suffer lateral displacement/shift with respect to the