Electromagnetic Induction

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
1. Electromagnetic induction – the phenomenon in which electric current is generated by varying

magnetic fields.
2. Experiment – 1: coil and magnet
(i) When north pole of a magnet is moved closer to a coil connected to a galvanometer,
deflections arise in galvanometer, indicating the presence of current.
(ii) When the magnet is moved faster, then the deflection is strong.
(iii) When the south pole is moved towards the apparatus, then the deflections arise in
opposite direction showing reversal of current.
(iv) When the magnet is held stationary and the coil is moved, same effects are pronounced.
3. Experiment – 2: coil and secondary coil
(i) When a coil connected to battery is moved towards a coil connected to a galvanometer,
deflections arise, indicating presence of current.
(ii) When the coil is moved faster, then the deflections are strong.
(iii) The effects are same as if we move the magnet towards the coil.
4. Experiment – 3: coil and secondary coil with battery
(i) When a coil connected to a tapping key and a battery is kept near a coil connected to a
galvanometer, current is induced when the tapping key is pressed, then it immediately
comes to zero.
(ii) When the key is pressed continuously, then there is no momentary deflection. When
released, deflections arise in opposite direction.
(iii) When a soft iron core is inserted between the coils, deflection increases rapidly.
⃗ ⋅𝐴
5. Magnetic flux is defined as the number of field lines passing through an area. ∅ = 𝐵
6. Units of magnetic flux:
- S.I unit of magnetic flux is Weber.
- A magnetic flux of 1 weber is said to pass normally through an area of 1m2 if a magnetic field
of 1T is present in that area.
- C.G.S unit of magnetic flux is Maxwell.
- 1W = 108 Maxwell
7. Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction –

(i) 1st law – Whenever a change takes place in the magnetic flux whose linking is with a
circuit, an emf current is induced in the circuit. Moreover, the duration of the induced
emf is as long as the change in flux persists.
(ii) 2nd law - The magnitude of the induced emf in a circuit is equal to the time rate of
change of magnetic flux through the circuit. 𝜀 =
− ⅆ∅𝐵
ⅆ𝑡
8. Lenz’s law - The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends
to produce a current which opposes the change in magnetic
flux that produced it.
9. Lenz’s law and conservation of energy –
- When, the current induced in the experiment is
opposite to counterclockwise direction, then it starts
behaving like a south pole.
- So, the north pole gets attracted and move close to it
without any external agent doing work gaining
acceleration.
- This means we could create a machine that could by
suitable arrangement. It violates law of conservation of
energy.
- The work supplied by the external agency is dissipated
as heat.
10. Motional electromotive force - An emf induced by the motion of the conductor across the
magnetic field is a motional electromotive
force.
Using Lorentz force,
𝐵
∅ = 𝐵𝑙𝑥
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑉𝐵 sin 𝜃
ⅆ
𝜀=− 𝐵𝑙𝑥 𝑤 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑙
ⅆ𝑡
𝑤
𝜀 = −𝐵𝑙𝑣 𝜀=
𝑞
𝜀 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
11. To explain the existence of induced emf or induced current, we must assume that a time-varying
magnetic field generates an electric field. Electric fields produced by static electric charges have
properties different from those produced by time-varying magnetic fields.
12. Inductance is the tendency of an electrical conductor to oppose a change in the electric current
flowing through it.
13. Following factors affect the inductance in a circuit:
• Number of Wire Turns in the Coil

Inductance is greater when the number of turns of wire in the coil is greater. More coils of
wires indicate a greater amount of magnetic field force for a given amount of coil current.
• Coil Area
Inductance is proportional to the coil area. Greater the coil area, the greater the inductance.
Greater coil area presents less opposition to the formation of magnetic field flux for a given
amount of field force
• Core Material
The greater the magnetic permeability of the core to which the coil is wrapped around, the
greater the inductance.
• Coil Length
The longer the coil’s length, the lesser the inductance. The shorter the coil’s length, the
greater the inductance
14. When there is a change in the current or magnetic flux of the coil, an electromotive force is
ⅆⅈ
induced. This phenomenon is termed Self Inductance. 𝜀 = 𝐿 ⅆ𝑡
15. The mutual inductance of two coils is defined as the emf induced due to the magnetic field in
one coil opposes the change of current and voltage in another coil.
16. The self-inductance of a long solenoid, the core of which consists of a magnetic material of
relative permeability 𝜇𝑟 is given by L = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝑛2 𝐴𝑙, where A is the area of cross-section of the
solenoid, l its length and n the number of turns per unit length.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

1. Electromagnetic induction – the phenomenon in which electric current is generated by varying

7. Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction –

• Number of Wire Turns in the Coil

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