E-Book - Thermax - BBS Observer - 3 Days
E-Book - Thermax - BBS Observer - 3 Days
E-Book - Thermax - BBS Observer - 3 Days
BASED SAFETY
1
TABLE OF CONTENT
01
The Need for Safety
02
Different Types of Hazards
03
Risk Assessment
04
Multiple Causation Theory
05
Unsafe Act & Condition
06
Immediate, Underlying & Root cause
07
Safety Pyramid & Incident Triangle
08
Performance & Behavioural Relationship
09
Factor Influencing Human Behaviour
10
BBS Categories & Behavioural Parameters
THE NEED FOR SAFETY THE MORAL REASON
Organizations set up businesses and
The International Labour Organization
obviously make profits and earn
(ILO) has released the following data to
money. To get the work done they hire
support the cause of maintaining safety
workers and contractors. Workers get
in the organizations:
paid for accomplishing the tasks given
► There are 270 million
by the employer. The employer
occupational accidents and 160
provides everything to the employee to
million occupational diseases
get the task done in the desired time
recorded each year
with the desired quality. No employer
► Around 2 million people die would want his employees to get
every year from occupational injured or hurt while completing the
accidents and diseases. tasks.
► Social reason. (Legal – Civil & care of his employees. This moral duty
► Risk profile
► Globalizations
► Migrant workers
Having ensured that the above three eliminated or atleast minimized as far
now has the task of getting employees to what are the costs associated with
► Fines in the criminal courts event. Indirect costs are often difficult
to quantify precisely and may be hard
► Repairs or replacement of
to identify. Examples of indirect costs
damaged structures and plant
are:
► Lost or damaged product
► Loss of staff from productive
► Lost production time while
duties in order to investigate the
dealing with the injury
incident, prepare reports,
► Overtime to make up for the lost
undertake hospital visits, deal
time
with relatives, attend court
► Costs associated with proceedings.
rehabilitation of the injured
► Loss of staff morale, which
worker and their return to work.
impacts productivity and
quality.
Any source or a situation that has the awkward posture and movements
Physical Psychological
Things which can cause harm because Things that have a potential to cause
of their physical characteristics E.g. injury to the mind rather than the body
Chemical
Things which can cause harm because
of their chemical characteristics E.g.
Lead, Sulphuric acid, cement, etc.
RISK ASSESSMENT ► The risk is determined by
calculating the product of the
The formal process of identifying
likelihood & the consequence
preventive & protective measures by
► The risk range from 1 (low
evaluating the risk arising from a
likelihood and low
hazard, taking into account the
consequence) to 9 (high
adequacy of any existing controls, and
likelihood and high
deciding whether or not the risk is
consequence)
acceptable.
DEFINITION
RISK ASSESSMENT STEPS
INCIDENT
► Identify the Hazards
Incident is an undesired event that has
► Identify the people at risk
caused or could have caused damage,
► Evaluate, Remove or Reduce the
death, injury or ill health. There are two
risk
main types of incident.
► Record findings, Preparing
► Accident
Emergency plan & Training
► Near miss
► Review & Update regularly
ACCIDENT
SEMI QUANTITATIVE RISK
An Accident is an incident which
ASSESSMENT
results in injury to someone or damage
► Use simple matrix to estimates
to property.
the likelihood & consequence to
place risk in ranking order
Multiple causation theory is an outgrowth of the domino theory, but it postulates that
for a single accident there may be many contributory factors, causes and sub-causes,
and that certain combinations of these give rise to accidents. According to this theory,
the contributory factors can be grouped into the following two categories:
The major contribution of this theory is to bring out the fact that rarely, if ever, is an
accident the result of a single cause or act.
UNSAFE ACT Unsafe Act Unsafe condition
UNSAFE CONDITION
which things get done. Some delaying but it is generally seen that
very fast and execute client projects in a entire hierarchy of the organization.
NEGATIVE CULTURE
Managers are generally concerned in and managers violating the rules, there
achieved and sales targets are met even control measures and there are large
breaking the set procedures. Health which neither get reported not
and safety issues are neglected; near investigated. This leads to an increase
misses and worker complaints are in accidents and ill health thus
either not reported or not adequately impacting the organizations health and
Workers are poorly trained and the HEALTH AND SAFETY CULTURE
Sickness Rates:
and regulations to meet the companies’ own groups to socialize and to make
► No accountability
► It is easily eye catching and safety policy and its objectives. It is also
handbook as part of the workers their work and come to a joint decision.
induction and to get a receipt as proof The workers are given an opportunity
► Increased productivity
The Effects of Training:
► Decreased Accidents
Training is an important aspect in
building the competency of the ► Happy workforce
specific hazards and risks organization and before they can settle
associated with their jobs and down with their daily routine the
revised; after an accident investigation, Once the training has been provided it
to prevent a recurrence; after an audit becomes important that proper records
or a notice by enforcement agency etc. are maintained. Training records help
us in the following way:
Training Needs Analysis: ► It helps us track the progress in
Each worker would require a different training with respect to the
set of skills and capabilities and hence training plans.
the training that needs to be imparted ► Helps in evaluating the
needs to be properly evaluated and effectiveness of training
planned. To do this the organization
► It helps in determining the
needs to carry out a training needs
competence level of a worker.
► It lets us know, when refresher training is to be planned.
► He found that to generate excessive saliva the dogs need to be presented with
food.
► In a few weeks the sight of the attendant feeding them itself generated excessive
saliva
► To further reinforce this theory he started feeding the dogs with bells ringing
in the background.
► Soon the sound of ringing bells also gave the same response.
think, make decisions and behave. observations for ensuring the safety of
the people.
b. Helping people improve their
thinking and decision making. Human factor is mainly influenced by
► Work patterns: the shift start and end time, overtime or extended hours, the
weekly off between changes in shift can adversely affect the workers’ health
and cause fatigue and thereby affect the safety performance.
. Workload: the amount of work PPE and thus exposing himself to the
frequent breaks will compel the worker . Displays and controls: poorly
to find out shortcuts of accomplishing positioned and designed displays and
the task quicker so that he gets some controls may require a worker to reach
more additional time to relax. out to them or strain his eyes to see
them, or may have to rely upon his situation. Attitudes are influenced by
memory to see if the parameters seen in the prevailing health and safety culture
the display are correct or wrong. All of within the organization, the
these factors can contribute to human commitment of the management, the
error. experience of the individual and the
. Procedures: the existence and influence of the peer group. Peer group
written procedures or poorly written factor among young people and health
procedures that are out of date or and safety training must be designed
why workers do not comply with them. case studies that are relevant to them.
Attitudes develop over time, many of
1. The Individual Factor: the time quiet early in the life, and they
People bring to their job personal have a tendency to stay with us.
significant ways. Their effects on task When workers are educated and made
performance may be negative and may aware of the hazards in the workplace
not always be mitigated by job design. and in operating of machinery and the
personality are fixed and cannot be an eye opener, thereby changing their
involvement: In this the workers are the targets thereby they may be
unbiased action on the workers if they where they are able to perform to an
violate the rules laid out. acceptable standard and they are aware
behind the way a person acts or the way also means the right combination of all
in which people are stimulated to act. the factors involved. Some tasks may
making process in a meaningful way will do the task without any shortcuts
causes
► To educate employees in BEHAVIOUR BASED SAFETY
behavior guidance for keeping OBSERVATION
themselves and others safe
Behaviour Based Safety Observations
► To increase employee
(BBSO) are an integral part of
productivity and job satisfaction
behaviour based safety programs,
which aim to reduce the number of
BENEFITS OF BBS incidents by recognizing safe
► To show Active & Visible Top- behaviour, and eliminating the need for
management commitment unsafe behaviour. The general idea is
that by creating safe work habits
through observations, the number of ► Tools, equipment, supplies in
incidents will decrease among workers. designated area
► Tools & equipment – correct
selection, use
BBS CATEGORIES &
► Mobile equipment
BEHAVIOURAL PARAMETERS
► Guards, barriers & warnings
ERGONOMIC
► Contact with rotating
► Body posture & position
equipment
► Adequate force used
► Caught between, pinch point
► Pushing, pulling, reaching
► Contact with sharp edges
► Lifting & lowering techniques
► Motorized equipment
► Eyes on path & work
► Body and/or hands in right
ENVIRONMENT & WORK AREA
position
► Housekeeping
► Walking surfaces
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
► Working surfaces
EQUIPMENT
► Area clean & free of obstacles or
► Hand protection slip, trip, fall hazards
► Fall protection ► Walkways, fire equipment,
► Eye & face emergency access routes clear of
► Respirator, dust mask obstructions
► Hearing protection ► Contact with temperature
► Correct & complete PPE ► Tool slippage
► Proper use of PPE ► Walking under suspended loads
► PPE in good condition ► Confined space environment
► Driver safety
do better.
THINGS TO OBSERVE
STEPS IN CONDUCTING BBS Observe the things in terms of:
OBSERVATION
► Employee- What he or she is
1. Reach the desired location
doing
where the observation is
► Equipment- Is it safe
planned.
► Environment-Is it dangerous
2. Explain the observee/observees
Observers during observation should
why you are there. ask themselves:
3. Tell them you are there not to ► What is happening
find fault or blame them. ► Is safe procedure in place
4. Select a safe place to do the ► What needs to be changed
observation.
TOTAL OBSERVATION
OBSERVATION FEEDBACK
FEEDBACK METHODS
► Public feedback
► Team feedback
► One to one feedback
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
If PPE is worn to avoid fines, then this is Negative Reinforcement. Workers may not
wear PPE the moment supervisors are not watching.
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
At the same time if PPE is worn with the consideration that it will keep him safe, then
the worker will always wear the PPE. This is Positive Reinforcement.
GOLDEN RULES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
ACTIVE LISTENING
► Listening = a skill
► Individual differences dictate what we hear.
► Components of listening:
► hearing
► attending
► understanding
► remembering