12/19/2023

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Center of Excellence

Element 1
Why We Need to Manage the Workplace
Health and Safety

Learning Outcome

 Discuss the moral, social and financial reasons for managing health and
safety in the workplace.

 Explain how health and safety is regulated and the consequences of

non-compliance.

 Summarize the main health and safety duties of different groups of

people at work.

 Explain how contractors should be selected, monitored and managed.

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Section 1.1
Discuss the moral, social and financial reasons
for managing health and safety in the workplace

Important Definitions

Health – The non-existence or absence of ill or disease

Safety – No risk of causing harm, injury or damage

Welfare – Access to the basic facilities and necessities of life

Moral Reason
As Per International Labour Organisation (ILO) Statistics
- Around 340 million incident happens annually
- Around 6000 deaths every single day

These incident has the greater Impact

- On workers suffering from pain, stresses, disability, loss of job
- On family (Psychological and Financial Crisis)

Employer’s duty of Care and Society Expectations

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Financial Reasons
Workplace accidents or ill health cost money which
may be

• Direct cost – Easily measured cost arising from

accident
• Indirect cost – Hard to quantify or measured and
arise as consequence of event

Failure to achieve good standards of health & safety

leads to huge financial or economical crisis

Examples of Direct Cost

• Legal fees, when defending a claim form the injured person for
compensation
• Worker sick pays
• lost production.
• Repairs to, or replacement of, damaged tools,
• Compensation is payable to the victim.
• Overtime to meet the production target.
• Costs associated with the recovery of the injured worker.
• Insurance premium increment due to the accident.

Examples of Indirect Cost

• Workers won’t be able to work while investigating an accident.
• The morale of the workers will be affected.
• Cost of remedial action following an investigation.
• The cost associated with corrective actions.
• Lots of time (reports preparation, enforcing agency meetings)
• Effects on reputation and the goodwill.
• The cost of hiring of new staff and their training etc.
• Fine form court during the legal proceeding.

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Insured Cost Uninsured Cost

• Compensation claims • Sick pay
• Damage to buildings, equipment • Damage or loss of product and raw
or vehicles materials
• Any attributable production and • Repairs to plant and equipment;
general business loss. • Extra wages, overtime working and
• Medical Cost temporary labour;
• Production delays
• Investigation time lost

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Iceberg study

• Uninsured costs vary between

businesses and types of accident.
• They however, several times (8- 36
time) more than the insured costs.
• They can be likened to an iceberg. The
costs recoverable through insurance are
visible.
• But hidden beneath the surface are the
uninsured costs and most of the costs
are not immediately apparent.

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Employers’ Liability Insurance

The Employer’s liability insurance must be maintained

• To meet the cost of compensation of employees
• It is often a legal requirement
• To boosts employees morale

For more detail and guidance - Employers’ Liability

Insurance Act 1969

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Legal reason

The majority of countries have regulations regarding how the

organisations must provide health and safety to workers. These are
legal standards that need to be followed; otherwise, strict action
can be taken against that organisation, and imprisonment and
punishments can be given.

• Safe Workplace
• Safe Plant and machinery
• A safe system of work
• Supervision, Training and competency of staff

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Section 1.2

Explain how health and safety is regulated

and the consequences of non-compliance

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The role of national governments and

international bodies

Truly international legal standards of health and safety in workplace do

not exist. A great quantity of countries have enacted their own laws.
The International Labour Organization (established in) 1919, has
developed two basic output;
• Conventions (C155 - OHS Convention 1981)
• Recommendations (R164 - OHS Recommendation 1981)

which have laid down rules to set international standards.

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The role of national governments and

international bodies
• Convention (C155)
This convention sets out the first line of action for health and safety.
This road-map is drawn at the national level as well as the level of the
individual organisation. In this way, it may be termed as a two-
pronged plan of action.

• Recommendation (R164)
Further adds material to C155 and thoroughly provides guiding lines
to act upon the action programs of C155. Particularly, it points out
the duties and obligations of both the employers and employees for
achieving the primary target of a protected and healthy workplace.

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Employers Responsibilities
Article 16 of C155 identifies obligations placed on employers to:

• Ensure that workplaces, machinery, equipment and work processes

are safe and without risks to health.
• Ensure that chemical, physical and biological substances and
agents are without risk to health when protective measures have
been taken.
• Provide adequate protective clothing and equipment to prevent
risks of accidents or adverse health effects.

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Employers Responsibilities
Recommendation 10 of R164 v. Provide PPEs and clothing without
identifies obligation on employer charge to workers.

i. Provide and maintain workplaces, vi. Ensure that work organisation,

machinery and equipment and use particularly working hours and rest
working methods that are safe. breaks, does not adversely affect
occupational safety and health.
ii. Provide instruction, training taking
account of different workers vii. Take reasonably practical measures
with a view to eliminating excessive
iii. Give adequate supervision in physical and mental fatigue.
application and use of H&S.
viii. Keep up-to-date with scientific and
iv. Introduce organisational technical knowledge to comply with
arrangements relevant to activities the above
and size of undertaking.

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Responsibilities of Workers

Recommendation 16 of R164
• To take reasonable care of their safety and that of other people
• Comply with instruction given about the health and safety
• Use safety devices and protective equipment correctly
• To report any situation which they believe could be a hazard and
which they cannot themselves correct.
• To report any work-related accident or ill health.

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Rights of workers
Article 19 of C155 states that every worker must be:
• Given adequate information on actions the employer has taken to
ensure safety and health.
• Given the right to the necessary training in safety and health.
• Consulted by the employer on all matters of safety and health
relating to their work.
• Given the right to leave a workplace that he has reason to think
presents an imminent and serious danger to his life or health,
and not be compelled to return until it is safe.

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Role of enforcement agencies

• Provide the information (codes of practice, guidance notes, and
website information)
• Run different campaigns to reduce risk and to address specific
business.
• Perform health and safety inspections,
• Investigation after accident/incident and incidence of ill-health.
• Assessment of arrangements is in place to reduce risk in the
workplace.
• Providing advice or guideline verbally or in written form
• Issuance of enforcement action.

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Consequences of non-compliance
• Issuance improvement notice & Prohibition notice
• Investigating workplace accidents
• Enforcement of law on employer.
• Cancellation of a licence
• Issuance of a penalty or fine
• Starting criminal proceedings
• Closure of business activities
• Compensation to injured worker

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Additional Global Standards

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is the
biggest global promoter of management standards. It has
established and advanced
• ISO 9001 (Quality management standard)
• ISO 14001 (Environmental management standard)
• ISO 45001(Health and Safety management system)

It is notable that these are not legal papers, but they have got
worldwide acceptance by a large number of states because they
show clearly good and proper management doing

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Section 1.3
Summarise the main health and safety duties
of different groups of people at work

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Directors and Senior Managers

• Setting priorities and policies
• Ensure aims, and objectives are suitable.
• Ensure risk assessment and control measure application.
• Lead by example, visible leadership at front.
• Allocation of sufficient resources, in term of finance & competent
Personnel.
• Allocation of clear roles and responsibilities.
• Appointment of a senior manager with specific duties for OSH.
• Regular review of the Organisational health and safety performance

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Responsibilities of Middle Managers

and Supervisors
Middle Managers
• Application of OHS standards in the workplace under their control
• Workplace and equipment are safe to work.
• Risk assessment of workplace is conducted and revised.
• Safe working procedures are established and implemented.
• Appropriate coordination between other managers working in the
same area, workers and contractors.
• Management of work progress to ensure long working hours
don't put adverse health effect on workers

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Responsibilities of Middle Managers and

Supervisors
Supervisors
• Take part in accident/incident investigations
• Keep the record of all safety events like accident, ill health, or risk
assessment documents.
• Provide Required training to workers are being provided.
• Proper supervision on the workplace activities.
• Provide workers with PPEs.
• Provide consultation.

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Responsibilities of Safety Specialists

They have responsibility to assist in
• Establishing health and safety policy, objectives and plans.
• Providing support, instruction, and guideline on health and safety
management system implementation.
• Top management to ensure compliance with health and safety law
• Risk assessment and control implementation
• To promote positive health and safety culture
• Top management for removal of risks of accidents and emergencies.
• Safety performance evaluation, including accident investigation and carrying
audits
• To identify training needs analysis

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Section 1.4
Explain how contractors should be
selected, monitored and managed

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Responsibility Resting with Contractors

Contractors have responsibility for their health and safety as well as
of others who might have the effect of their work acts and actions.

Responsibility rests with a client (as an employer) for the health and
safety of his employees and the persons paying visit inside the
workplace. Such liability is divided into the client and contractor

So, it is vital to hire a contractor on the biases of contractor health

and safety competency instead of price.

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Shared Duties
The way that a client manages contractors can be broken down into
three key areas:

• Selection of contractors.

• Planning and coordinating

the work.

• Monitoring and managing

the work.

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Select the Contractor

Things to check or ensure that contractor
have

• A copy of their written health and safety • Accident history

policy
• Record of previous and current clients
• Written risk assessment
• Certification of the equipment and tools
• Written working methods
• Inspection and maintenance records
• Have access to specialist advice on
health and safety • Enforcement records
• Record of qualifications and training of • Records for using any sub contractors
their staff
• Record of membership of a professional
organisation

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Planning and coordinating

the work
• Client - Provide information about all known hazards in the workplace.
• Contracts - conduct risk assessments and how risk could be minimised.
• Contractor - submit a written safe working (usually called method
statement) method
• Communicate with each other and provide information's, instruction and
training
• Co-operate and coordinate through regular meetings
• Consult the workforce on health and safety matters
• The client should Manage and supervise the work.

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Monitoring and managing

the work.
Clinet should consider
• responsibility for the work
• responsibility for supervising
• what precautions will be taken
• What PPE is to be used procedures, including any permits-to-work
• Work with mutual coordination.
• Prevent from creating any mutual confliction or clash
• The client owns responsibility for the monitoring
• Client should stop work activity until the prevision of agreed
arrangements in case of breach of method statement.

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Joint Occupiers of Premises

When two employers/contractors join
a place of work. They should have to
• Conduct regular meetings of their • Conduct joint inspections of the
managers. workplace .
• Share information and risk • Draw up joint emergency
assessments. procedures
• Establish a joint site rules for the • Conduct joint fire drills
workplace.
• Procedure for the management of
• Establish joint procedures for waste
control of visitors.
• Develop joint safety committees
• Develop system of traffic and the
vehicle movement.

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Summary
In this element, we have:
• Introduced some key words, such as: health; safety; and welfare.
• Highlighted the three main reasons why an organisation has to manage health and
safety, which can be summarised as moral, legal and financial.
• Set out the basic requirements of the international standards that govern health
and safety, i.e., the ILO Convention C155 and Recommendation R164.
• Discussed the role of enforcement agencies and consequences of non-compliance
• Identified responsibilities of different group of people in the organisation.
• Considered the responsibility that a client has for the management of contractors
and outlined the steps that a client should take to choose a competent contractor
and plan and monitor their work.

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