Arba Minch University

Arba Minch Institute Of Technology

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

A Report On Internship Work At

Anbessa City Bus Service Enterprise
By:
Abdujelil kedir ID: 030/09

May5, 2021
DECLARATION
I declare that the work which is being presented in this report entitled “valve lapping machine” in
partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of the completion of the course internship in the
department of Mechanical Engineering in Arba minch University, Ethiopia.

The matter embodied in this paper/report has not been submitted by us for the award of any other
degree or diploma. All relevant resources of information used in this report have been duly
acknowledged.

Student Name signature Date

1. Abdujelil keder …………. …………

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of our
knowledge and belief. The report has been submitted for presentation with our approval.
Advisor Signature Date
Eliyas………. ………… ………..

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to give our best gratitude to Anbessa city bus service enterprise
mekanisa branch for giving the way to our job training program by facilitating suitable working
conditions.

Moreover, we would like to acknowledge our supervisor Mr. Girum department of mechanical
for his support, advise and provision of motivation throughout the internship period, and I would
like to acknowledge Mr. ABEBE for his relentless help in our internship journey. To all
workers of ACBSE, thank you for your positive attitude towards us in helping and accepting
with smile face whenever we need help and support. It is your close friendship that makes the
program unforgettable.

Also, we would like to thank Arbaminch University, Institute of Engineering & Technology
especially Department of Mechanical Engineering for giving this internship chance and for its
provision of necessary funding that assisted us for the successful completion of the internship
program.

Finally, we would like to thank our advisers Mr. Eliyas for his relentless support, advise and
provision of motivation throughout the starting up to the completion of the internship time.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is an outcome of the Internship, which was conducted during my stay at Anbessa
City Bus Enterprise. This was an opportunity for me to put in practice the theoretical knowledge
i had acquired during my study.

The Internship also gave a real opportunity to gain valuable experience to fill the gap between
study and the beginning of working lives. Moreover, the practical exposure offered an
experiential learning component that can strengthen previous theoretical knowledge and also
motivated me in perusing with Mechanical Engineering. Additionally, my experimental learning
has proven to be helpful to develop mine detail skills about Engine, Transmission (gear box and
clutch), Fuel lines, Electric system, Body, break down and Tire repairing.

In this internship report, it is outlined the practical experience obtained while working with a
team of professionals which revealed the strength and weakness one had and helped to eradicate
the weakness.

In this project i design the valve lapping machine and, or inserting from waste stored metal in
Anbessa city bus service enterprise surrounding to reduce mechanic fatigue and also it saves
time.

In this project concerning about time consumption and energy saving for workers by simple
mechanical operating machine system.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................... I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ II
Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... III
List of figure …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. VI

List of table ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… VII

Chapter Ⅰ ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1

1.1. history and development of the company .......................................................................................... 1

1.2. Vision, Mission and Value of The Enterprise .................................................................................... 2
1.2.1. Vision .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2. Mission........................................................................................................................................ 2
1.3. vehicle ownership and management .................................................................................................. 3
1.3.1. major product of the company ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 3

1.3.2. Customers ................................................................................................................................... 3

1.4. organizational structure ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.5. major sectors of the enterprises.......................................................................................................... 4
1.5.1. Operation and Transport Service ................................................................................................ 4
1.5.2. Technical service......................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter Ⅱ ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
2. The Overall Internship Experience .......................................................................................................... 8
2.1. getting internship hosting company ................................................................................................... 8
2.2. work, responsibilities and assignments .............................................................................................. 8
2.3. Engine Shop ..................................................................................................................................... 12
2.4. Overhauling of Engine ..................................................................................................................... 15
2.5. Overhauling of Gear box ................................................................................................................. 17
2.6. Overhauling of Differential.............................................................................................................. 18
2.8. major components of manual transmission ...................................................................................... 20
2.9. tire Recapping Shop ......................................................................................................................... 23
2.10. problems encountered during the internship period ……………………………………………………………… 26
Chapter Ⅲ ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27
3. the overall benefits of the internship ………………………………………………………………………………………………..27

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 3.1. practical skill …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
3.2. interpersonal communication skill …………………………………………………………………………………………….27
3.3. team playing skill ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28
3.4. leadership skills ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28
3.5. work ethics ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28
3.6. entrepreneur skills ............................................................................................................................ 29
Chapter Ⅳ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
4. valve lapping machine for internal combustion engines ………………………………………………………………….. 30
4.1. introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
4.2. statement of the problem ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
4.3. objectives of the project …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31
4.3.1. general objective …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31
4.3.2. specific objectives ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
4.4. literature review ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
4.5. methodology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 34
4.6. design of valve lapping machine for internal combustion engines ……………………………………………. 36
Chapter Ⅴ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40

5. conclusion and recommendation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40

5.1. conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 40
5.2. Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 41
5.3. References........................................................................................................................................ 42
appendix ...................................................................................................................................................... 43

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1. historical background of ACBSE buses image flow ................................................................ 1

Figure 1.2. picture captured at ACBS ………………………………………………………………………………………………..9

Figure 2.1. working Tools....................................................................................................................... 10

figure 2.2. piston inserting tools ............................................................................................................ 12
Figure 2.3. bus Service Area ................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 2.4. rigid buses engine type ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15
Figure 2.5. disassemble part of differential ……………………………………………………………………………………… 15

Figure 2.52. picture while working in the shop ………..………………………………………………………………………. 21

Figure 2.6. assembled main shaft ............................................................................................................ 22

Figure 2.7. tire re-facing ......................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 2.8. tire dressing machine ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25

Figure 4.1. valves positioned in the cylinder head ……………………………………………………………………………..32

Figure 4.2. lapped and non-lapped valves ………………………………………………………………………………………….33

Figure 4.3. observation of the seating surface …………………………………………………………………………………. 33

Figure 4.4. detailed diagram of an engine valve ………………………………………………………………………………. 34

Figure 4.5. commonly used valve lapping sticks ………………………………………………………………………………. 35

Figure 4.6. hand movement while lapping valves ……………………………………………………………………………. 35

Figure 4.7. 3D model machine …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36

Figure 4.8. the interior assembley design ………………………………………………………………………………………… 36

Figure 4.9. dc motor fixed on …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37

Figure 4.10. holding piece ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 38

Figure 4.11. guider …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 38

Figure 4.12. picture of our project …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39

Figure 4.13. acknowledgment for our project …………………………………………………………………………………. 39

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List of Tables
Table 1.1. route and buses distribution by sub city ……………….……………………………………………………..... 6
Table 1.2. capacity by depots …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7

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CHAPTER Ⅰ
1. Introduction
1.1. History and development of the company
The first public transport service arrive in Addis Ababa is the Anbessa city bus service enterprise
which is established in 1943G.C with five military vehicles running only five routes. Now it
celebrating 76 years of anniversary since it began. ACBSE has passed through many different
phases of challenges.

From 1952 to 1974 it was operated by shareholders, which included the government, the royal
families, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and prominent merchants. During this time the number
of buses increased to 175 and the routes were also expanded to 35. The only regional city bus
service is Jimma city, also began operating under it in 1974. Anbessa came to be a public
enterprise only after it was reestablished in 1994.

Figure 1.1 historical background of ACBSE buses image flow

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During the Dergue Regime, when private companies were nationalized, Anbessa fell under the
Ministry of Communication & Transport. This time, the number of buses grew to 205 and the
routes were expanded to 42. Today Anbesa city bus enterprise has around 850 busses, including
the 500 Bishoftu buses, which are assembled locally by Metals and engineering corporation and
also in 2019 puts anew modern automatic(non-clutch) buses. A newly established military
industrial complex of the Ethiopia government it has included in its fleet more than 500 of these
locally assembled buses known as Bishoftu Buses, which began the town’s name where the
assembly plant is located seventh of these buses are in Jimma.
Today ACBSE provides a relatively affordable transportation service in and around Addis Ababa
in the face wide variety of challenges the twelve meters yellow and red color vehicle go to the
extent of becoming one of the defining attributes of the capital over the past nine years the buses
have been transporting millions of residents of the city and its environment in a mixed road
traffic system. Though the road traffic system through the road networks of the city had been
poor in quality and the topography of the city so challenging for its service many agreements that
the service of the enterprise have proven a remarkable surge during the past few decades this
time a fleet of eight hundred fifty buses are operating in a full day base covering four hundred
fifty routes within and fifty more routes around the city and in nearby town in Oromia.

1.2. VISION, MISSION AND VALUE OF THE ENTERPRISE

The vision, mission and value of the Enterprise to operate in simple and organized manner as
public transport are the following.

1.2.1. Vision
 In order to make competitive and commendable African urban transport service
 To provide and see that the daily activities of the community are well done in a
sustainable and satisfactory level.

1.2.2. Mission
Access modern, suitable, sustainable, and speedy urban transport service with an affordable price
to the enterprise beneficiary community.

The enterprise shall perform the following activities

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  considering re-engineering of works which can grow up its institutional capacity in
light of the procedure, organization and human resources.
 Undertaking performance centered activity, which enhances discharging its
capacity in adequate manner.
 upstanding service Improvement system for handling customers complaints
suggestions; working in close collaboration with stakeholders and collaborator.

1.3. VEHICLE OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

The Anbessa city bus service enterprise (ACBSE) is leads by board committee of the company.
However, the board is appointed by the Federal public enterprise’s supervisor authority and the
chairman of the enterprise is the Addis Ababa city manager as such Anbessa is subject to a
strong level of political direction particularly with regard to affordability of its services and
costumer.

1.3.1. Major Products of the Company

 Engine and Gear box maintenances.
 Bolt and nuts manufacturing for the own buses.
 Maintenance of body, paint and tire repairing.
 Conducting Research and development activities.
 Initiating and conducting automotive capacity building training center.

1.3.2. Customers
The customers could be governmental or nongovernmental organizations which include:

 People of Addis Ababa and around Addis Ababa and also Jimma by transportation.
 Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation using service for their employers.
 Many insurance companies while an accident is occurred on their customers cars.
 Save children organization for their car maintenance.
 Ethiopian Airlines for their workers services.
 nongovernmental organizations are customers of Anbessa city bus service
enterprise for car maintenance and annually checkup.

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1.4. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
The current structure of the Enterprise are seven divisions and two services each of them
containing its sub sections and own aim.

A. Division of organization

 Operation Division
 Technical Division
 Service Researching, Designing and supervision Division
 Access request division
 Property purchasing and provision division.
 Finance and Human resource division
 Audit and inspection service

B. Service

 Plan and data processing service

 Legal service
In practical content, the organization found to have many bureaucratic chains. A service that
centers on addressing speedy and easy, changing the procedure that even channels minor
decisions to the highest hierarchical organ, thus is the current undergoing addressing and
enhances customer centered fast and speedy service provision.

1.5. MAJOR SECTORS OF THE ENTERPRISES

1.5.1. Operation and Transport Service

The enterprise is rendering the city transport service in three bigger depots, four terminals
sixteen posts, and more than one thousand four hundred prepared buses stations.

The depots are:

1. Yeka,
2. Shegole

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 3. Mekanissa

The above depots are organized as branch station and bus allocation and maintenance works,
petrol, provision store services etc. are undertaken. The branch office of Jimma is rendering
transport service to Jimma city and the surrounding by having twelve buses, fifty workers and
minor maintenance.

1.5.2. Technical service

In spite of the fact that, from the total numbers of Buses in the enterprise, more than 60% of
those have finished 8 years of service. Currently the daily average number of Buses getting
service is on an average rate of 270 up to 290 for immediate maintenance and support.

Currently a most of the buses transports an average of 75 travelers per day and it renders ten
double tripe services per day. As per the new directive business process the number of travelers
reach about an average of 90 and future arrangement is to increase it to thirteen.

The Garage workshop is organized in a modern manner at the head office compound (Yeka
depot) have capacity to properly maintain and preparing the enterprise’s buses. In addition, the
sector usually referred as central workshop has quality and efficiency to undergo external
individual as well as companies/vehicle maintenance and this branch is accompanied by the
modern equipment and skilled work force on the field.

The following are the sequence of depot structure in the enterprise.

Under General Manager

 Mass transport operation core process

 Technical service core process
 Purchase and supply support process
 Financial support process
 Human resource support process
 And also has depot manager under the control of general manager.
Depot manager
o Transport sub process

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 o Maintenance version
o Supplies case team
o Financial case team
o Human resource case team

*Anbessa City Bus Service Enterprise, Depots Main Function

 Reducing time weighting

 Calculating mileage
 Clear and neat working atmosphere
 Considering area of parking
The formal bus operation in Addis Ababa city bus service enterprise maintains detailed record of
its passenger carrying on each of the all routes.

Sub City Total routs Total bus

Kirkos 37 85
Arada 22 65
Addis ketema 29 82
Nifas silk 18 53
Ledeta 10 38
Yeka 13 40
Kolfe 19 55
Gerges 19 55
Bole 11 39
Akaki kality 13 40

TABLE.1.1. ROUTE AND BUSES DISTRIBUTION BY SUB CITY

The routes and buses distribution of the enterprise gives a service for many people around the
city by nearest to the depots. The informal sector makes no attempt to collect passenger number
only being interested in the revenue that they generate.

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Several study to improve urban transport carried out detailed loading survey at a limited number
of sites, from which it concluded that carryings on minibus and modified Taxis were roughly at
three quarter of the level of those on the larger buses. However, the average trip length on the
smaller vehicle is considered to be significantly less than for the buses and might therefore result
in passenger number being up to 50% more than on Anbesa.

The urban transport study attempted to estimate passenger number carried by the minibus and
modified taxis and came up with widely varying estimates for the number carried by each vehicle
ranging from 132-312.The situation in Addis Ababa is complicated by the authorized fares
structure. The number of minibuses and modified taxis actually operation in Addis Ababa has
been the subject of considerable conjecture, and there is no consistency in the source documents
however the transport authority has now introduced a new computerize registration system form
which it is possible to deduce that their combined number. The Anbessa city bus enterprises there
are four depots with different capacity those are used as a bus station. Depots situated in the
corner of four directions in city.

Depot DAF Rigid Articulate New Double Total

rigid decker
Yeka 60 72 68 58 20 278
Shegole 40 50 43 37 5 175
Mekanisa 17 32 8 32 0 89
Total 117 154 119 137 25 552

TABLE.1.2. CAPACITY BY DEPOTS

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CHAPTER Ⅱ
2. THE OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1. GETTING INTERNSHIP HOSTING COMPANY
Among different companies visited during the selection of internship hosting company, there
were several criteria’s that had been put in place. Such as; Knowing about the company and find
out if it interests us to stay there for the internship period, if there is internship vacancy, and
convenience of the company’s location. Based on the above criteria, ACBSE mekanisa district
Automotive Garage has been selected because it encompasses workshops which provides the
following opportunities,
 Machine shop
 Accessory shop
 Electric system shop
 Engine shop
 Radiator shop
 Body and frame shop
 Transmission (Gearbox and clutch shop
 Small vehicle
 Maintenance(breakdown) shop
 Tire retreading shop
 Instrument or damaged working tool remade and store shop
 Differential shop

As a well-equipped and staffs of long year work experience, practical work is done in full
equipped workshop which provides a realistic working garage environment.
2.2. WORK, RESPONSIBILITIES AND ASSIGNMENTS
When someone go to somewhere for internship the organization gave the intern for, his/her own
responsibility on the project to evaluate him/her about how to perform the work, when he/she
presents on the work, how he/she fulfills the responsibility and to know the overall work-related
behaviors including imitativeness on his/her work. So, as we are an intern, we have our own

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responsibilities on the project which were given by the supervisor. From these responsibilities we
have taken during the internship period include:-

o To work with work shop mechanics at every process.

o To work on engine and tire recap rooms.
o To identify any kind of problem and propose solution.
o Identify any work-related problem with workers.
o Keep organization materials and secret properly.
The organization gives such responsibilities based on their willingness & no one can force them
to do so. Accordingly, they can pick up from your responsibilities if not properly performed your
work.
Assignments during the internship
At a time of our internship the team member done assignment. Our supervisor ordered as to done
solid work, construction and working principle of water compressor. Objective of water
compressor are:
a) To use time properly in the work shop or speed up the work time during material
cleaning.
b) To eradicate workers fatigue.
c) Applying skill or knowledge we had from our university on belonging field.
d) Sharing, and getting experience, skill, and developing working habit together.
e) For solving the problem available relative to this design and operator.
f) In order to identify the problem if malfunction occur in the machine.
Before we described our tasks in the above shops first, we described some tools and equipment
that commonly used in the shops.

Figure 1.2. picture captured at ACBS

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 FIGURE 2.1. WORKING TOOLS

In ACBS shop there are a various tool. Many of this common hand and power tools used every
day by the technicians. In this paper we mention some of the more commonly used hand and
power tools with which every shop technician must be familiar. Most service procedures require

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the use of hand tools. Therefore, technicians need a wide assortment of these tools. Each has a
specific job and should be used in a specific way.
The most commonly tools that ACBSE technicians always uses are:
 Open Wrenches
 Sockets
 Ratchets
 screw drivers
 Hammers (plastic and metal)
 Hacksaws
 Glass paper/sand paper
 Closed wrenches
 Torque
 T-handle
 Piston inserter
 Liner extractor and etc.
 Wrench The word wrench means twist. A wrench is a tool for twisting and/or holding
bolt heads or nuts. Nearly all bolt heads and nuts have six sides; the jaw of a wrench fits
around these sides to turn the bolt or nut. Open-End Wrench, Box-End Wrench,
Combination Wrench, and Allen Wrench are types of some wrenches used in the shop.

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 figure 2.2. piston inserting tools

2.3. ENGINE SHOP

In ACBSE engine shops several type of engine models is existing because the organization work
or maintain governmental and private vehicle in all. But in this shop two types of engine
overhaul maintenance were performed, such as DAF bus engine and Bishoftu bus engine. In
ACBS most engines maintained are the DAF bus engines. Even if DAF bus emerges previously
and low-quality body design it has high engines power, because of having large cylinder bore as
well as high stroke length. The most task of engine room in the machine shop is engine failure
recognition, changing spares, engine cleaning, engine inspection, engine assembly and engine
test.

We got the main task why engine need maintenance, how engine is assembling and
disassembled. several measurements for engine spear part and more other. Before we described
the maintenance of engine first, we describe some introduction to engines.

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 FIGURE 2.3. BUS SERVICE AREA

Definition of engine
A. Direct definition of engine
An engine is a machine with moving parts that converts power into motion.
a machine for driving or operating something especially by using the energy of steam, gasoline,
or oil.
B. Engine defined as in automotive words
The engine provides the power to drive the vehicle’s wheels. All automobile engines, both
gasoline and diesel, are classified as internal-combustion engines because the combustion or
burning that creates energy takes place inside the engine. The biggest part of the engine is the
cylinder block. The cylinder block is a large casting of metal that is drilled with holes to allow
for the passage of lubricants and coolant through the block and provide spaces for movement of
mechanical parts. The block contains the cylinders, which are round passage ways fitted with

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pistons. The block houses or holds the major mechanical parts of the engine. The cylinder head
fits on top of the cylinder block to close off and seal the top of the cylinder. The combustion
chamber is an area into which the air-fuel mixture is compressed and burned. The cylinder head
contains all or most of the combustion chamber. The cylinder head also contains ports through
which the air- fuel mixture enters and burned gases exit the cylinder and the bore for the spark
plug. The valve train is a series of parts used to open and close the intake and exhaust ports. A
valve is a movable part that opens and closes the ports.
The camshaft controls the movement of the valves. Springs are used to help close the valves. The
up-and-down motion of the pistons must be converted to rotary motion before it can drive the
wheels of a vehicle. This conversion is achieved by linking the piston to a crankshaft with a
connecting rod. The upper end of the connecting rod moves with the piston. The lower end of the
connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft and moves in a circle. The end of the crankshaft is
connected to the flywheel. The turbo charger is a centrifugal air pump driven by the engine
exhaust gas. Turbo changed engine will produce more power that naturally aspirated engine. The
compression mounts on the same shaft and therefore spins at the same speed as the compression
spins, it polls fresh air in, compress it and then forces the compressed air in to the intake
manifold.
Fuel feed pump serves for delivery of fuel from the fuel tanks to the fuel injection pump during
operation of the engine. The pump is of the rotary type, and consists of body, body cover, a
rotary mechanism, reducing and by pass valves the engine is fitted with fuel.

This fuel in to the engine injection at a required pressure and at a definite moment. The delivery
of fuel by the pump in to the engine cylinders.

Classification of Engine
Engines can be classified in several ways depending on the following design features
Number of cylinder Current engine designs include 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 8-, 10-, and 12-cylinder
engines. In ACBS all buses are 6-cylinder engines.
Cylinder arrangement. An engine can be flat, inline, or V-type. Other more complicated
designs have also been used, in ACB all buses are inline engines.
Ignition type. There are two types of ignition systems: spark and compression ignition.
Gasoline engines use a spark ignition system. In a spark ignition system, the air-fuel

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 mixture is ignited by an electrical spark/fire. Diesel engines, or compression ignition
engines, have no spark plugs. A diesel engine relies on the heat generated as air is
compressed to ignite the air-fuel mixture for the power stroke.
Cooling systems. There are both air-cooled and liquid-cooled engines in use. Nearly all
of today’s engines have liquid-cooling systems.
Fuel type. Several types of fuel currently used in automobile engines include gasoline,
natural gas, methanol, diesel, and propane. The most commonly used is gasoline
although new fuels are being tested.
ACB uses all are diesel.

FIGURE 2.4. RIGID BUSES ENGINE TYPE

2.4. OVERHAULING OF ENGINE

In the engine shop, everything is going in sequence and each task done by its own work
procedures or workflow. Some of the procedures followed, while performing our tasks described
below in brief about engine maintenances.
1. Engine Disassembling

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 2. Cleaning Engine parts
3. Inspection of each parts
4. Engine Reassembly
5. Measuring worn out parts
1. Engine Disassembling
The first steps in disassembly of an engine are the removal of the intake and exhaust manifolds
and remove cylinder block. To start cylinder head removal, remove the valve cover or covers and
disassemble the rocker arm components. When removing the cylinder head, keep the push-rods
and rocker arms or rocker arm assemblies in exact order.

The cylinder head have been separated from the cylinder (engine) block. However, few parts are
attached to the block, such as water pump, compressor, injection pump, fly wheel, fuel and oil
filters, and cam shaft. So, remove these parts from the cylinder block. Then rotate the engine so
that the bottom is facing up then remove the oil pan and the oil pump.

To remove the piston and rod assemblies, position the crankshaft throw at the bottom of its
stroke. Remove the connecting rod nuts and cap. In the specified order, loosen and remove the
main bearing cap bolts and main bearing cap. Keeping the main bearing caps in order. The
location and position of each main bearing cap should be marked. After removing the main
bearing caps, carefully take out the crankshaft by lifting both ends equally to avoid bending and
damage. Store the crankshaft in a vertical position to avoid damage.

2. Cleaning Engine Parts

After the component have been disassembled, clean dust particles and rusting areas by brushing,
air pressure antirust flood, with oils and fuels to removing any unwanted particles. And
disassemble the engine part by steps for removing head cover, head block, block and lower crank
case and also disassembling and removing in order to fuel injection pump, air distributor (stator),
fuel pump, oil pump, feed pump, and using to heater removing piston, piston rings and
connecting rod on crank shaft also disassembled upper crank. After the above cleaning fine
finishing steel part shower with diesel, gasoline or kerosene as example cylinder sleeve,
connecting rods, crank shaft etc. In the final cleaning and removing goes to washing all parts of
the engine or transmission in the washing machine with water, also cleaning and drying the parts
with dry air in order to prevent corrosion and water leakage after assembling.
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3. Inspection:
After clean all parts of engine the next step is identifying part of engine that goes to move back
or withdraw when faced with danger or difficulty parts and replace by another the new one.
Measure the thickness of crankshaft, camshaft, bearing, piston ring and boring of the bearing.
Boring of the bearing. Boring based on the diameter of the journal and clearance of the bearing
of journal and fit clearance between the journal and bearings, also checking the nozzles pressure
and high-pressure cable with high-pressure injection pump for goes to normalize.
After those conditions for replacing the main bearing, fit to clearance for exceeds the free repair
limit size, replacing the defected crankshaft tail for oil pressure test. Repair principle is to
identifying the defected part to move back or withdraw when faced with danger or to using
difficulty. Before milling the journal do the on the bench and string tuning work. All condition as
replacing and maintaining the defected parts after measuring and inspecting process goes to
gather one by one as position. Before assembling is going too carried out, checking conducted
again, whether there is damage or not.
All the disassembling parts should be clean and blown with compressed air and diesel.
Moreover, it approved by group leader and factory supervisor.
4.Engine Re-assembly
When reassembling an engine follow the sequence and always refer to the service manual before
assembling an engine. Assembly started by putting the crank shaft along with its journal bearing
in the engine block. Torque of 250Nm is used to bolt the crank shaft caps as recommended by
the manufacturer but for all ACB. After the crankshaft is positioned, we make sure that there is
enough clearance with the help of a dial indicator. The clearance should be as the recommended
by the manufacturer. The clearance helps the crankshaft to rotate freely. After making sure that
there is enough clearance, the cam shaft got inserted in the engine block. After that, the timing
gears were placed. The timing gears are the crank shaft gear, the fuel injector gear, the cam shaft
gear and the idler gear. The crankshaft gear has a pair of marked teeth.

5.Measuring the worn-out parts of the other

2.5. OVERHAULING OF GEAR BOX
Gearbox is the power train of vehicle. The purpose of Gearbox is to use gears of various sizes to
give the engine a mechanical advantage over the driving wheels. The power comes from the

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engine is transferred through the engaged clutch to the input shaft of the Gearbox. Gears in the
Gearbox housing alter the torque and speed of this power input before passing it on to other
components in the drive train. Most Gearboxes in this shop is maintained because of hard
shifting of lever because of this the gear teeth are damaged, problem of selector or jumping of
locker, miss use of speed and so on. The essential parts of the gear box are the Drive shaft
assembly, Counter shaft assembly, Main shaft assembly, synchronizing device assembly,
Reverse speed gear assembly, Gear shifting mechanism.
The gear case houses all the mechanisms and units of the gear box. The case is cast of aluminum
alloy and consists of two halves, lower case and upper case which are split along the horizontal
plane passing through the shaft axes. Besides, the gear box houses the cooling system fan drive
and the compressor drive.
The counter shaft is installed in the gear case on three supports, the end supports are cylindrical
roller bearing are fitted in the gear case recesses. Mounted on the counter shaft splices are fifth
speed gear and fourth speed gear and, on the rights side, and first and reverse speed gear, second
speed gear and third speed gear on the left side. Installed on the left-hand portion of main shaft
are first speeds driven are reverse speed gear shift sleeve and second speed and third speeds gear
shift sleeve with a synchronizing device. Installed on the right head portion of the main shaft are
fourth speed gear and fifth speed gear shift sleeve with a synchronizing device in order to mesh
either with a particular lay shaft gear wheel or direct to the primary shaft the length of the main
shaft is moved by a selector mechanism.

The drive transmitted to the propeller shaft is always through the main shaft. The main shaft and
primary shaft are the driving shaft of the gear box. The external teeth are in constant or
permanent mesh with the constant mesh gears. When the top gear is selected, the internal teeth
transmit the drive to main or sliding shaft; the rear end of the primary shift is bored.

2.6. OVERHAULING OF DIFFERENTIAL

Differential is used to transmit the power to the wheels while allowing them to rotate at different
speed and it act as the final gear reduction speed of the transmission one final time before it

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reaches the wheels and also it used to allow the left- and right-hand wheels on any one axle to
rotate at different speeds.
This is essential on road going vehicles as the two wheels take different paths when the vehicle
goes around a corner, hence travel different distances and the inner wheel will rotate slower than
the outer. This effect can also be seen between the front and rear wheels of a four-wheel drive
vehicle so a center differential is required between the front and rear axles. In ACBSE there are
two types of differential that are RS differential and PF differential.PF differential have starting
gear because it has 41 gear teeth and it is more flexible than RS differential and also it has a good
movement in curve direction than Rs differential.

FIGURE 2.5. DISASSEMBLE PART OF DIFFERENTIAL

The disassembly and reassembly of the differential are set aside from the procedures listed for
the transaxle. Begin the disassembly by separating the ring gear from the differential.
In anbessa city bus service two types of engine maintenance are exist.

A. Minor engine maintenances

B. Major engine maintenances

As the all above clarifications are describe about major engine maintenances.
A. Minor engine maintenances shop

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In this shop a vehicle that differ from bus like automobiles are maintain. we work in this shop for
two weeks of the last our internship time. In this shop done two basic things that are weekly and
monthly maintenance.
 Weakly maintenance includes in different parts of the cars. There are: -

 Check tire pressure

 Check wiper water

 Check brake oil

 Check steering oil

 Check clutch oil

 Check coolant fluid level

 Observation of leakage of oil in different parts

 Check tier free play

 Clear air filter (cleaning air filter by pressurized air)

 Monthly maintenance includes in different parts of the cars. There are: -

 Check fuel filter

 Check sealing of service brakes

 Within 10000km change fuel filter
 Check brake linings and adjust clearance
 Within 5000km change engine oil and oil filter

2.8. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF MANUAL TRANSMISSION

1. Extension Housing: Also known as the tail shaft, the extension housing bolts to the rear of
the transmission case. It encloses and holds the transmission output shaft and rear oil seal. On the
bottom of the extension housing is a flange that provides a base for the transmission mount.

2. Transmission Case: The transmission case provides support for the bearings and shafts, as
well as an enclosure for lubricating oil. A manual transmission case is cast from either iron or
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aluminum. A drain plug and fill plug are provided for servicing. The drain plug is located on the
bottom of the case, whereas the fill plug is located on the side.

3. Transmission Shafts: commonly a manual transmission has four steel shafts mounted inside
the transmission case. These shafts are the input shaft, the countershaft, the reverse idler shaft,
and the main shaft.

Input shaft: The input shaft, also known as the clutch shaft, transfers rotation from the clutch
disc to the countershaft gears. The outer end of the shaft is splined to the hub of the clutch disc.
The inner end has a machined gear that meshes with the countershaft. A bearing in the
transmission case supports the input shaft in the case. Anytime the clutch disc turns, the input
shaft gear and gears on the countershaft turn.

Countershaft: The countershaft, also known as the cluster gear shaft, holds the countershaft
gear into mesh with the input shaft gear and other gears in the transmission. It is located slightly
below the clutch shaft.

Reverse idler shaft: The reverse idler shaft is a short shaft that supports the reverse idle gear. It
mounts stationary in the transmission case about halfway between the countershaft and output
shaft, allowing the reverse idle gear to mesh with both shafts.

Main shaft: The main shaft, also called the output shaft, holds the output gears and
synchronizers. The rear of the shaft extends to the rear of the extension housing where it
connects to the drive shaft to turn the wheel of the vehicle. Gears on the shaft are free to rotate,
but the synchronizers are locked on the shaft by splines. The synchronizers will only turn when
the shaft itself turns.

Figure 2.52 picture while working in the shop

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 FIGURE 2.6. ASSEMBLED MAIN SHAFT

4. Shift Linkage and Levers: They are the external rod and the internal shift rail. They both
perform the same function. They connect the shift lever with the shift fork mechanism. The
transmission shift lever assembly can be moved to cause movement of the shift linkage, shift
forks, and synchronizers.

Shift lever may be either floor mounted or column mounted, depending upon the manufacturer.
Floor-mounted shift levers are generally used with an internal shift rail linkage, whereas column-
mounted shift levers are generally used with an external rod linkage.

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5. Transmission oil: The transmission needs lubrication to keep all of the gears and shafts
running smoothly. This is accomplished by partially filling the transmission housing with thick
transmission gear oil.

When the gear gears spin, they fling the fluid around and lubricate all of the parts. Oil seals at
the front and rear stop the fluid from leaking out of the housing.

Fluid levels should be checked when you change your oil, or if you notice difficulties or
differences in shifting. This can indicate that the level of fluid might be low.

6. Speedo meter cable: The speedometer cable is connected to the gearbox output shaft, the
transmission shaft, or differential. The rotation of these shafts is used to measure the speed and
record mileage.
2.9. TIRE RECAPPING SHOP
In this shop performed recapping process of Tiers. Before I described the recapping process I
described about tier. The primary purpose of tires is to provide traction. Tires also help the
suspension absorb road shocks. They must perform under a variety of conditions. The road might
be wet or dry or paved with asphalt, concrete, or gravel, or there might be no road at all. The car
might be traveling slowly on a straight road, or moving quickly through curves or over hills. All
of these conditions call for special requirements that must be present, at least to some degree, in
all tires.

FIGURE 2.7. TIRE RE-FACING

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In addition to providing good traction, tires are also designed to carry the weight of the vehicle,
to withstand side thrust over varying speeds and conditions, and to transfer braking and driving
torque to the road. As a tire rolls on the road, friction is created between the tire and the road.
This friction gives the tire its traction. Although good traction is desirable, it must be limited.
Too much traction means there is much friction. Too much friction means there is a lot of rolling
resistance. Rolling resistance wastes engine power and fuel; therefore, it must be kept to a
minimal level. This dilemma is a major concern in the design of tires.

Tire recapping process

In the tire recapping shop, everything is going in sequence, and each task, done by its own
work procedures or workflow.

There are 5 steps to renew or recap one tire in ACBSE shop.

Step 1: Initial Inspection it used to verify that a casing is acceptable for retreading using a
thorough inspection of each tier, inside and outside. Identify casing injuries and determine if
repairable. Reject or approve the casing for processing. This process done by eye visualization as
well as with inspection machine.

Step 2: Shearing/bore the goal is to determine whether the structure of the tire has defects that
are not visible to the eye.

step3: Buffing this is the third process this done by buffing machine. This machine is used to
remove the original tread design and some of the under tread removed to provide the casing with
the required dimensions and surface texture and cementing the buffing. It is also called carding
step that the used gum is removed. To remove it, a lateral grating of the tread is done.

Step 4: Repair the goals of the repair step is to repair the potential damage that the tire may
have suffered during its previous life. To perform this work, we brushing or grind the damaged
metal parts and we fill the cavities with raw gum, among others.

Step 5: Dressing Depending on the chosen retreading process (hot or cold), tire dressing is made
in 2 different ways.

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FIGURE 2.8. TIRE DRESSING MACHINE

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 A. During the hot process, the goal is to put a new rubber strip on the carcass.

B. During the cold process, the goal is to put a pre-molded band on the carcass.

And also identify, verifying and finalizes the recapping process.

2.10. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE INTERNSHIP PERIOD

In our internship we have faced different technical, personal, organizational problems. Those are
 Lack of practical skill
 Lack of sufficient knowledge
 Lack of adaptation of working place
 No books and also manuals that used to develop our knowledge
 Lack of sufficient material
 Lack of technical skill
 Lack of time to use machines

We solve this problem by:

 Working on break and tea time because no machine is working on break time so we can use
freely those machines
 By finding material from waste and un useful materials
 By searching and also reading books
 Gathering, Importing, accepting information’s from shop technicians
 By Repeating the previous work

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CHAPTER Ⅲ
3. THE OVERALL BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP
3.1. PRACTICAL SKILL
We have developed a confidence to do the given work practically without any problem and we
also observed that practical works is more simple than theoretical. As we have seen there is a big
difference between theoretical and practical skills. Theoretical knowledge is not always
unfulfilled in practical application through time it might seem that way.

It’s important to realize that in the work place, what matters is not the amount of practical
experience or theoretical back ground that an individual has, what matters is how much an
individual is able to effectively deal with the realities around him/her.

Gaining knowledge from practical work is easier than from theoretical learning process and we
have gained a practical skill of different kind of software’s when we design and write our project
and report.

3.2. INTER PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILL

During these four months, we have been able to upgrade our communication skill to a whole new
level and gained confidence on how to ask different questions, to make discussion and decide.

Use of interpersonal communication,

 To give and collect information
 To influence the attitude and behaviors
 To form contracts and maintain relationship
 To express personals needs and understand the needs of others
 To make decision and solve problem
 To anticipate and predict behavior
 To improving formal communications
 We have developed the communicating respect for other people or professionals which
will enable us to reduce conflict and increase participation or assistance in obtaining
information or completing tasks.

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  We have developed how to control the feeling that emerge in difficult situations and
respond appropriately; instead of being over whelmed by emotion.

3.3. TEAM PLAYING SKILL

During our stay in ACBE Mekanisa district, we have learned that, difficult to go ahead and do
something without having a strong team. Team work important because it can speed up process
and make things run more efficiently and allows goals to be reached in an efficient and timely
method. A good team will generate and nurture (develop) bond of trust and confidence, both in
themselves and one another. This will positively affect their self-esteem, confidence in their
colleagues, and possibly their loyalty to the company increasing productivity and ultimately,
company profit.

3.4. LEADERSHIP SKILLS

During the four months in Anbessa city bus enterprise, we have been able to upgrade our
leadership skills to a whole new level. To achieve leader ship skills, it requires high level
commitment to learn from each experience we face. We have observed that a good leader is well
principal individual who focuses on a common goal and eliminate excess fear and doubt from his
employees and work for a common good of all.

3.5. WORK ETHICS

 We have developed about moral duties and obligations.
 We have developed sincerity, respect for the job, regularity, punctuality, seriousness.
 We have developed how to keep certain information confidential, how to maintaining
cordial relation with the clients and agencies that a company has and how to being prepared
to take up new tasks.
 We understood the effects of ethical problem related to work like impolite behavior, lack of
punctuality, disregard of rules and procedures and disrespect for the job. We see how to
decline the ethical problems on the productivity of the company.

From this we conclude that if one has good work ethics he will benefited and encourage others to
do the same and at last benefit the company.

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3.6. ENTREPRENEUR SKILLS
Application of energy and passion towards the creation and implementation of new ideas and
creative solutions. Essential in gradients includes the willingness to take calculated risks in terms
of time, equity, or career, the ability to formulate an effective venture team; the creative skill of
building solid business plan; and finally, the vision to recognize opportunity where others see
chaos, contradiction and confusion.

There are some of the entrepreneur skills that we have developed:

Initiative: -how to have the motivation to take the initiative and creative.

Responsibility: -we developed how to be responsible for our actions and understand the
important of responsibility.

Creativity: -we developed a sense of creativity, innovation and visibility.

Communication: -we developed the ability to communicate our ideas network and connect with
others.

Leadership: -we developed the ability to develop the leader ship and be in charge of a project,
or company.

Problem solving: -we developed the ability to solve simple or complicated problems.

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CHAPTER Ⅳ

4. Valve Lapping Machine for Internal Combustion Engines

4.1. INTRODUCTION
Automobile maintenance is a major area in the industry of automobile and also a major income
to the business. In present, Internal Combustion engine maintenance can be stated as a very
important section in automobile maintenance and the valve lapping process that is subjected in
this thesis is done during IC engine maintenance. The current methods used in most automobile
maintenance businesses for valve lapping process are not effective and consume a lot of working
hours. 'Valve lapping Machine for Internal Combustion Engines' is a machine designed to
overcome these problems by minimizing the human involvement in the process. The thesis
consist of the background in designing the machine, methodologies used, results obtained by
data analysis in order to optimize the design and design of the valve lapping machine.

4.2. Statement of the problem

Valve lapping is the process of creating a good seat between engine valves and the
corresponding valve seat area in the IC (internal combustion) engine head (cylinder
head) is a task which have to be done very accurately. The importance of obtaining a
good seat is that the air/fuel mixture (in petrol engines) or air (in diesel engines) is
prevented from flowing in to the combustion chamber, same as the exhaust gas is
prevented from flowing to the exhaust manifold from the combustion chamber until the
right time. And also a good seat prevents compression leaks. The engine will lose its
efficiency by huge percentages if any of the situations explained above happens. So as
this is a very important task in IC engine maintenance, extra attention is given to this
particular task by technicians. This process of valve lapping is typically done using a
valve lapping stick or a power tool. As both of this tools are not very effective, these
tools can be replaced by the ' Valve Lapping Machine for Internal Combustion Engines',
specifically designed for the process of engine valve lapping. The machine employs a
fully mechanical system which performs two different motions in two directions
previously performed by hand when using valve lapping stick and power tool.
Comparatively the valve lapping machine is very effective because the human
involvement is very limited in the process.

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4.3. Objectives of the project
4.3.1. General objective

‣ To design a machine both efficient and effective than previously used methods for valve
lapping,

‣ To reduce the labour cost by reducing the human involvement in the process,

‣ The objectives that had to be achieved in order to achieve the main goal were designing the

basic model of the machine (structure), designing the valve lapping mechanism, assembly of the
whole machine by designing the parts needed analyzing data to obtain the specifications of the
machine, obtaining two high torque dc motors that has specific RPM (revolutions per minute)
values and deciding what materials must be used in order for the design to be durable and
economical.

4.3.2 Specific objective

‣ To achieve a good seat between valve seating area of an engine valve (inlet valve or outlet

valve) and the valve seat area of cylinder head in order to avoid the compression leaks through
the seating from the combustion chamber,

‣ To avoid air/fuel-air mixture leaking in to the combustion chamber through the seating,

‣ The internal combustion engine operates by achieving a certain compression ratio which is

differing from engine to engine and combusting a air-fuel mixture which is compressed to a
certain volume decided by the compression ratio. And if the air-fuel mixture leaks through the
seating, the volume of the air fuel mixture will change and combustion process will not be
accurate result a reduction in productivity of the engine. Therefore it is vital to have a fully
sealed combustion chamber and the valve seating is very important in acquiring a fully sealed
combustion chamber.

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4.4. Literature Review
Overhauling was adaily maintenance process when we were working as atrainer students at
anbessa city bus enterprise (ACBE). Previously the lappng process is done by technicians by
using lapping stick. This process tooks about ten hours to finish including testing of the valve
seat quality using petrol. As the process was done using avalve lapping stick, it was very hard
and our efficiency of performing the process will be if there was amachine that has the
performance of the motion of the hand. So that This process is not effective and also it is not
economical and it needs human involvement. But when we come to the project we designed

named as ‟valve lapping machine for internal combustion engine″ is very effective and efficient

method for such processes. It saves time and limits human involvement.

Figure 4.1. Valves positioned in the cylinder head

While the valve lapping process, we have to observe the valve seat area time to time by the
naked eye. It's the normal way to conclude whether the valve seat is good or further valve
lapping is needed. Figure shows a lapped valve and a non-lapped valve.

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 Figure 4.2. Lapped and non-lapped valves
After the valve lapping process, the most common way to observe the seating of valves is a
technique using petrol. After the valve job is done, the mechanic or technician place the precise
valve in the precise spot in the cylinder head and pour petrol to the stem of the valve which he
have to observe. This poured petrol then reaches the seating area of the valve. Then it is observed
if petrol leaks through the seat.

Figure 4.3. Observation of the seating surface

If petrol leaks through the valve seat it concludes that the valve job is not successful and if petrol
does not leaks through the valve seat it concludes that the valve has acquired a good seat, so
recommending to assemble the engine using the valve.

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4.5. Methodology
There are two kinds of engine valves, intake/inlet valves and exhaust/outlet valves. These valves
could be identified easily in a cylinder head. Inlet valves are usually bigger than exhaust valves.
Although more than one inlet valve and exhaust valve can be present for a single cylinder. There
are different designs for inlet valves and exhaust valves. The most commonly used valve design
is poppet valve design. Then there are sodium valves used in some turbo-charges engines. And
mask valves, mushroom valves, tulip valves could be observed in different situations. The
following figure shows a detailed diagram of a valve

Figure 4.4. Detailed diagram of an engine valve

As you can see in the figure 04 the seat angle is the most important thing in the valve lapping
process. Seat angle is normally 45° and 30° in most of valves.

The other important factor of designing the valve lapping machine is the stem diameter of the
valve. The valve is to be fixed to the valve lapping machine in order to start the lapping process
by the stem of the valve. The dimensions from the collected data of valves are analyzed in order
to acquire three categories of stem diameters. These analyzed data is used for the specifications
of valve holding pieces of the machine to be built. Overall length of the valve is also a important
factor to consider when adjusting the machines before starting the valve lapping process.

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Valve lapping stick and hand motion Valve lapping sticks are the tools that we use to lap valves
by hand movement. The valve is attached to the sucker at the tip of the stick and lapping
compound is applied before the process begins. This is a very hard process to undergo and it will
take approximately half an hour to lap one valve of a 3.0 L engine. Following figures shows the
valve lapping sticks and the hand movement used to lap valves.

Figure 4.5. Commonly used valve lapping sticks

Figure 4.6. Hand movement while lapping valves

While lapping valves as shown in figure 06, the technician have to decide whether to
apply compound from observing the valve seat area time to time. This method is still
used in basic garages.

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4.6. Design of valve lapping machine for internal combustion engines
This section includes designs of all the parts of the valve lapping machine and their functions in
the machine

Figure 4.7. 3D model of lapping machine

Figure 4.8. the interrior assymbley design

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Mechanism of lapping machine

The model was designed for lapping purpuseand it works with an electric sourcce after getting
the source or while the machine is switch on then the Dc mototer starts to rotate . With the help
of the pin which is mounted on the disc where as( the disc is located at the tip of the shaft of dc
motor) then it starts push the road which is fixed at the pin then it creats the respocting motion
that is nedded for lapping purpuse.

For the convertion of rotiation to reciprocating we use the Scotch Yoke (1) mechanism where as
the mechanism can be used for lapping machine which can move up & down

(1) Scotch yoke mechanism is a reciprocating motion mechanism, converting the linear
motion of a slider into rotational motion, or vice versa. The piston or other reciprocating
part is directly coupled to a sliding yoke with a slot that engages a pin on the rotating
part. The location of the piston versus time is simple harmonic motion, i.e., a sine wave
having constant amplitude and constant frequency, given a constant rotational speed.
A. DC motors
One dc motors are used in the valve lapping machine,

1. High torque mini 12V dc gear motor

 Horse power - 0.8W (60mA, no load)

 Gear ratio - 1:20
 RPM - 200
 Reversibility - reversible
 Length of motor - 54mm
 Diameter of motor - 25mm
 Length of spindle - 8mm
 Diameter of spindle - 4mm

Figure 4.9. Dc motor fixed on

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 B. Valve holding piece
This is one of the most important parts in this machine. Most of the valve lapping power
tools and valve lapping sticks doesn't have an effective valve holding unit. Due to that
reason, sometimes while the valve lapping process is going on, the engine valve disconnects
from the valve holding unit. To prevent that from happening, valve lapping machine for IC
engines has a special valve holding piece. Valve holding piece that can be either assembled
to the valve holding piece mounting screw or the extension piece. The head of this part is
made from steel and body is made from natural rubber since natural rubber has the best
elasticity of all rubber types.

Figure 4.10. holding piece (rubber tip)

C. Guider
Which is used for supporting , guiding& for smooth motion the rod that respocats

Figure 4.11. guider

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A. Valve Lapping step using the machine
• Inspect the valve seat for an uneven seal and pitting. ...
• Coat the valve face with a thin layer of Prussian blue and install the valve into the
guide.
• Using a valve lapping machine, fix the engine valve to the rubber for to hold it
• switch on the valve lapping machine & a rectilner motion will applyed downward
pressure onto the valve.

Figure 4.12. picture of our project Figure 4.13. acknoeledgment for our project

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CHAPTER Ⅴ

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. CONCLUSION
This internship program bridges the gap between the student’s theoretical knowledge and
practical skills. Various types of orientation programs, tasks, and trainings that we have been
under taking during those past four months on site and in the office boosted our knowledge in
many areas.

Internship program provide us many knowledge and experiences in many ways like: -
 The spirit of working together and cooperativeness

 Communication & interaction with colleague

 Gave us the chance to change theoretical knowledge to practical or real knowledge

 The ability of making decisions and taking responsibility

 The skill of giving a solution for specific Problems

 Develop our self-confidence and professionalism

 The designed project has a full capacity to save the existing problem as it has many
advantage and multi-use.

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5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS
During our period of internship experience we have seen some positive and negative side about
the internship hosting company in this part of our report we will try to suggest some ideas for our
internship hosting company. Recommendation for our internship hosting company
 The most thing in our hosting company is it have safety class for beginner and internship
students but the industry does not give internship students safety cloth that is due to that
were working by our cloth. For this we recommended that to give every employer and
internship student’s safety cloth, Google, gloves, and necessary things for their work.

 Most of the employees of the company were done their work through experience and
employees are not working for the long period of time because of salary way of
management system and so on. The salary is not enough for the engineer even for the
other employee because of this they leaving the company. So, the company must focus on
the salary way of the employers.

 The company did not give maintenance for buses timely because there is a lack of spare
parts.

 we see different damaged machine in the workshop such as lathe and milling machine,
they should be repaired or maintained as much as possible to facilitate more production.
When the machines are not functional or not maintained it must be avoiding or changed
to new machine to use the space effectively.

 The company has a great problem of washing the buses. This problem has a visible
impact on the income of the company and deficiency of transportation. Additionally, we
know that one of the basic requirements for proper and healthy transportation is the
quality and cleanness of the transport. It has a great influence on the safety of customers
or passengers.

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5.3. REFERENCES

 A textbook of machine design 14th edition (2005) by R.S. KHURMI and J.K GUPTA
 A hand book of Automotive power electronics 5th edition in 2005 by Ali Emadi
 Major engine inspecting and service new edited book of ACBSE (1998) by technicians
 A textbook Engineering material 4th edition in 1999 by Arnold
 Manuals of all spare parts last edited by John in 2006
 Internship report on body design by Daguerreian in 2008
 Applied strength of materials for engineering technology 5th edition 2000 by Johannsson
 Forging industry association manual book (2nd edition) in 2002
 A book of Material selection 7th edition in 1998 by James
 www.googlecom/spring mechanism
 Automobile electrical & electronics 3rd edition in 1995by Tom Denton
 Automobile technician paper presentation 2006 by Himanshu Madan
 Engine assemble & disassembly book 8th in 2004 by Shashidhar

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APPENDIX
APPRVIATIONS
 ACBSE…………………………ANBESSA CITY BUS SERVICE ENTERPRISE

 ACB……………………………. ANBESSA CITY BUS

 GPA……………………………….GAGA PASCAL

 MPA………………………………MAGA PASCAL

 NB. ED……………………………DESIGN VALUE OF NORMAL STRESS

 3D………………………………...THREE DIMENSION
 RHS……………………………….RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTION

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