DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

BSc. (Hons.) Chemistry

Category-I
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE -1 (DSC-1):
Atomic Structure & Chemical Bonding

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE

COURSE

Course t itle & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-
Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria requisite o f
Practice the course
(if any)
Atomic Structure 04 03 __ 01 Physics, --
& Chemical Chemistry,
Bonding (DSC- Mathematics
1: Inorganic
Chemistry -I)

Learning Objectives

The course reviews the structure of the atom, which is a necessary pre-requisite in
understanding the nature of chemical bonding in compounds. It provides basic knowledge
about ionic and covalent bonding, and explains that chemical bonding is best regarded as a
continuum between the two cases. It discusses the periodicity in properties with reference to
the s and p block, which is necessary in understanding their group chemistry. The student will
also learn about the fundamentals of acid-base and redox titrimetric analysis.

Learning outcomes
By the end of the course, the students will be able to:

● Solve the conceptual questions using the knowledge gained by studying the quantum
mechanical model of the atom, quantum numbers, electronic configuration, radial and
angular distribution curves, shapes of s, p, and d orbitals, and periodicity in atomic radii,
ionic radii, ionization enthalpy and electron affinity of elements.
● Draw the plausible structures and geometries of molecules using radius ratio rules,
VSEPR theory and MO diagrams (homo- & hetero-nuclear diatomic molecules).
● Understand the concept of lattice energy using Born-Landé and Kapustinskii equation.
● Calibrate the apparatus used in titrimetric analysis and prepare standard solutions for
titration
● Understand the theory and application of various acid-base and redox titrations.
● Comprehend the theory of acid-base indicators

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SYLLABUS OF DSC-1

UNIT – I (15 Hours)

Unit 1: Atomic Structure
Recapitulation of concept of atom in ancient India, Bohr’s theory & its limitations, atomic
spectrum of hydrogen atom.
de Broglie equation, Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle and its significance. Postulates of
wave mechanics, Time independent Schrödinger’s wave equation, well behaved wave
function, significance of ψ and ψ2. Quantum mechanical treatment of H- atom, Quantum
numbers and their significance. Normalized and orthogonal wave functions. Sign of wave
functions. Radial and angular wave functions for hydrogen atom. Radial function plots,
radial probability distribution plots, angular distribution curves. Shapes of s, p, and d orbitals,
Relative energies of orbitals.

Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, Hund’s rule of maximum spin multiplicity, Aufbau principle
and its limitations.

UNIT – II (6 Hours)
Unit 2: Periodic properties of Elements & Periodic Trends
Brief discussion of the following properties of the elements, with reference to s- & p-
block andtheir trends:
(a) Effective nuclear charge, shielding or screening effect and Slater’s rules
(b) Atomic and ionic radii
(c) Ionization enthalpy (Successive ionization enthalpies)
(d) Electron gain enthalpy
(e) Electronegativity, Pauling’s scale of electronegativity. Variation of electronegativity
with bond order and hybridization.

UNIT – III (12 Hours)

Unit 3: Ionic bond
General characteristics, types of ions, size effects, radius ratio rule and its limitations.
Packing of ions in crystals. Lattice energy, Born-Landé equation with derivation, Madelung
constant, importance of Kapustinskii equation for lattice energy. Born-Haber cycle and its
applications.
Covalent character in ionic compounds, polarizing power and polarizability. Fajan’s rules
and consequences of polarization.

UNIT – IV (12 Hours)

Unit 4: Covalent bond
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, shapes of the following simple
molecules and ions containing lone pairs and bond pairs of electrons: H2O, NH3, PCl3, PCl5,

97
SF6, ClF3, I3, BrF2+, PCl6-, ICl2- ICl4-, and SO42-. Application of VSEPR theory in
predicting trends in bond lengths and bond angles.
Valence Bond theory (Heitler-London approach). Hybridization, equivalent and non-
equivalent hybrid orbitals, Bent’s rule.
Ionic character in covalent compounds: Bond moment and dipole moment. Percentage ionic
character from dipole moment and electronegativity difference.
Molecular orbital diagrams of homo & hetero diatomic molecules [N2, O2, C2, B2, F2, CO,
NO] and their ions; HCl (idea of s-p mixing and orbital interaction to be given).

Practical component
Practicals: Inorganic Chemistry-I (30 Hours)
(Laboratory periods: 15 classes of 2 hours each)
1. Titrimetric Analysis:
(i) Calibration and use of apparatus
(ii) Preparation of solutions ofdifferent Molarity/Normality.

2. Acid-Base Titrations: Principles of acid-base titrations to be discussed.

(i) Estimation of oxalic acid using standardized NaOH solution
(ii) Estimation of sodium carbonate using standardized HCl.
(iii) Estimation of carbonate and hydroxide present together in a mixture.
(iv) Estimation of carbonate and bicarbonate present together in a mixture.

3. Redox Titration: Principles of oxidation-reduction titrations to be discussed.

(i) Estimation of oxalic acid using standardized KMnO4 solution
(ii) Estimation of water of crystallization in Mohr’s salt by titrating with KMnO4.
(iii) Estimation of oxalic acid and sodium oxalate in a given mixture.

Essential/recommended readings
References:
Theory :

1. Lee, J.D. (2010), Concise Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley India.

2. Huheey, J.E.; Keiter, E.A.; Keiter; R. L.; Medhi, O.K. (2009), Inorganic
Chemistry-Principles of Structure and Reactivity, Pearson Education.
3. Douglas, B.E.; McDaniel, D.H.; Alexander, J.J. (1994), Concepts and Models of
Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons.
4. Atkins, P.W.; Overton, T.L.; Rourke, J.P.; Weller, M.T.; Armstrong, F.A. (2010),
Shriver and Atkins Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Edition, Oxford University Press.
5. Pfennig, B. W. (2015), Principles of Inorganic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons.
6. Housecraft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G., (2018), Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Edition, Pearson.
7. Wulfsberg, G (2002), Inorganic Chemistry, Viva Books Private Limited.
8. Miessler, G.L.; Fischer P.J.; Tarr, D. A. (2014), Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Edition,
Pearson.

98
9. Shiver, D.; Weller, M.; Overton, T.; Rourke, J.; Armstrong, F. (2014), Inorganic
Chemistry, 6th Edition, Freeman & Company
10. Das, A. K.; Das, M. (2014), Fundamental Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry, 1st
Edition, Volume CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.

Practicals:
1. Jeffery, G.H.; Bassett, J.; Mendham, J.; Denney, R.C. (1989), Vogel’s Textbook
of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, John Wiley and Sons.
2. Harris, D. C.; Lucy,C. A.(2016), Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 9th Edition, Freeman
andCompany

Note: E xamination s cheme a nd m ode s hall be a s pr escribed by t he E xamination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 2 (DSC-2): Basic Concepts and

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Credit distribution, Eligibility and Prerequisites of the Course

Course t itle & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite
Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria of the course
Practice (if any)
Basic Concepts 04 03 -- 01 Physics, --
and Aliphatic Chemistry,
Hydrocarbons Mathematics
(DSC-2: Organic
Chemistry-I)

Learning Objectives

The core course Organic Chemistry I is designed in a manner that it forms a cardinal part of
the learning of organic chemistry for the subsequent semesters. The course is infused with the
recapitulation of fundamental concepts of organic chemistry and the introduction of the
concept of visualizing the organic molecules in a three-dimensional space. To establish the
applications of these concepts, the functional groups-alkanes, alkenes, alkynes are
introduced. The constitution of the course strongly aids in the paramount learning of the
concepts and their applications.

Learning outcomes

On completion of the course, the student will be able to:

• Understand and explain the electronic displacements and reactive intermediates and
their applications in basic concepts.
• Formulate the mechanistic route of organic reactions by recalling and correlating the
fundamental concepts.

99
 • Identify and comprehend mechanism for free radical substitution, electrophilic
addition, nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions.
• Understand the fundamental concepts of stereochemistry.
• Understand and suitably use the chemistry of hydrocarbons

SYLLABUS OF DSC- 2

UNIT – I ( 9 Hours)
Unit I: Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

Electronic displacements and their applications: inductive, electromeric, resonance and

mesomeric effects and hyperconjugation. Dipole moment, acidity and basicity.

Homolytic and heterolytic fissions with suitable examples. Types, shape and relative stability
of carbocations, carbanions, carbenes and free radicals.

Electrophiles & nucleophiles, and introduction to types of organic reactions: addition,

elimination and substitution reactions.

UNIT – II (18 Hours)

Unit II : Stereochemistry

Stereoisomerism: Optical activity and optical isomerism, asymmetry, chirality, enantiomers,

diastereomers. specific rotation; Configuration and projection formulae: Newman, Sawhorse,
Fischer and their interconversion. Chirality in molecules with one and two stereocentres;
meso configuration.

Racemic mixture and their resolution. Relative and absolute configuration: D/L and R/S
designations (CIP rules).

Geometrical isomerism: cis-trans, syn-anti and E/Z notations.

Conformational Isomerism: Alkanes (Conformations, relative stability and energy diagrams

of Ethane, Propane and butane). Relative stability of cycloalkanes (Baeyer strain theory),
Cyclohexane conformations with energy diagram. Conformations of monosubstituted
cyclohexanes.

UNIT – III (18)

Unit III: Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Alkanes: Preparation, Halogenation of alkanes, Concept of relative reactivity v/s selectivity.
Alkenes and Alkynes: Methods of preparation of alkenes using Mechanisms of E1, E2, E1cb
reactions, Saytzeff and Hoffmann eliminations. Electrophilic additions, mechanism with
suitable examples, (Markownikoff/Anti-markownikoff addition), syn and anti-addition;
addition of H2, X2, oxymercuration-demercuration, hydroboration-oxidation, ozonolysis,
hydroxylation, reaction with NBS, Reactions of alkynes; acidity, Alkylation of terminal
alkynes, electrophilic addition: hydration to form carbonyl compounds, Relative reactivity of
alkenes and alkynes, 1,2-and 1,4-addition reactions in conjugated dienes, Diels Alder reaction
(excluding stereochemistry)

Practical component

100
Practical (30 Hours)
Credits: 01
(Laboratory periods: 15 classes of 2 hour each)
Note: Students should be provided with handouts prior to the practical class

1. Calibration of a thermometer and determination of the melting points of the organic

compounds using any one of the following methods-Kjeldahl method, electrically heated
melting point apparatus and BODMEL).

2. Concept of melting point and mixed melting point.

3. Concept of recrystallisation using alcohol/water/alcohol-water systems (Any two).

4. Determination of boiling point of liquid compounds (boiling point lower than and more
than 100 °C by distillation, capillary method and BODMEL method)

5. Separation of a mixture of two amino acids/sugars by radial/ascending paper

chromatography.

6. Separation of a mixture of o-and p-nitrophenol or o-and p-aminophenol by thin layer

chromatography (TLC).

7. Detection of extra elements

Essential/recommended readings

References:
Theory
1. Morrison, R.N., Boyd, R.N., Bhattacharjee, S.K. (2010), Organic Chemistry,
7th Edition, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd., Pearson Education.
2. Finar, I.L. (2002), Organic C hemistry, Volume 1, 6th Edition, Dorling Kindersley
(India) Pvt. Ltd., Pearson Education.
3. Eliel, E.L., Wilen, S.H. (1994), Stereochemistry o f O rganic C ompounds; Wiley:
London.

Practicals

1. Mann, F.G., Saunders, B.C. (2009), Practical O rganic C hemistry, 4th Edition,
Pearson Education.
2. Ahluwalia, V.K., Dhingra, S. (2004), Comprehensive Practical O rganic
Chemistry: Qualitative Analysis, University Press.
3. Furniss, B.S., Hannaford, A.J., Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R (2004), Vogel's
Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson.
4. Leonard, J., Lygo, B., Procter, G. (2013) Advanced Practical O rganic C hemistry,
3rd Edition, CRC Press.
5. Pasricha, S., Chaudhary, A. (2021), Practical O rganic C hemistry: V olume–I, I K
International Publishing house Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi

101
Suggestive readings

Additional Resources:

1. Solomons, T.W.G., Fryhle, C.B., Snyder, S.A. (2017), Organic C hemistry, 12th
Edition, Wiley.
2. Bruice, P.Y. (2020), Organic Chemistry, 8th Edition, Pearson.
3. Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S. (2014), Organic Chemistry, Oxford.
4. Nasipuri, D. (2018), Stereochemistry o f O rganic C ompounds: P rinciples a nd
Applications, 4th Edition, New Age International.
5. Gunstone, F.D. (1975), Guidebook to Stereochemistry, Prentice Hall Press.
6. Gupta, S.S. (2018), Basic S tereochemistry o f O rganic Mo lecules, 2nd Edition,
Oxford University Press.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE– 3 (DSC-3): Gaseous and Liquid

Credit distribution, Eligibility and Pre-requisites of the Course

Course t itle & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite
Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria of t he co urse
Practice (if any)
Gaseous and 04 02 -- 02 Physics, --
Liquid State Chemistry,
(DSC-3: Mathematics
Physical
Chemistry-I)

Learning Objectives

The objective of this course is to develop basic and advance concepts regarding gases and
liquids. It aims to study the similarity and differences between the two states of matter and
reasons responsible for these. The objective of the practicals is to develop skills for working
in physical chemistry laboratory. The student will perform experiments based on the concepts
learnt in Physical chemistry-I course.

Learning outcomes

By the end of the course, the students will be able to:

• Derive mathematical expressions for different properties of gas and liquid and
understand their physical significance.
• Apply the concepts of gas equations and liquids while studying other chemistry
courses and every-day life.
• Handle stalagmometer and Ostwald viscometer properly.
• Determine the density of aqueous solutions.
• Dilute the given solutions as per required concentrations.
• Data reduction using numerical and graphical methods.

102
SYLLABUS OF DSC-3

UNIT – I (24 Hours)

Gaseous state
Kinetic t heory o f g ases- postulates and derivation of kinetic gas equation, Maxwell
distribution of molecular velocities and its use in evaluating average, root mean square and
most probable velocities and average kinetic energy. Definition, expression, applications and
temperature and pressure dependence of each one of the following properties of ideal gases:
Collision frequency, Collision diameter, Mean free path. Coefficient of viscosity, definition,
units and origin of viscosity of gases, relation between mean free path and coefficient of
viscosity, temperature and pressure dependence of viscosity of a gas, calculation of molecular
diameter from viscosity
Barometric distribution law, its derivation and applications, alternative forms of barometric
distribution law in terms of density and number of molecules per unit volume, effect of
height, temperature and molecular mass of the gas on barometric distribution

Behaviour of real gases- Compressibility factor, Z , Variation of compressibility factor with

pressure at constant temperature (plot of Z vs P) for different gases ( H2, CO2, CH4 and NH3),
Cause of deviations from ideal gas behaviour and explanation of the observed behaviour of
real gases in the light of molecular interactions

van der Waals (vdW) equation of state, Limitations of ideal gas equation of state and its
modifications in the form of derivation of van der Waal equation, Physical significance of
van der Waals constants, application of van der Waal equation to explain the observed
behaviour of real gases.

Isotherms of real gases- Critical state, relation between critical constants and van der Waals
constants, correlation of critical temperature of gases with intermolecular forces of attraction,
Continuity of states, Limitations of van der Waals equation, Reduced equation of state and
law of corresponding states (statement only).

Virial equation of state-Physical significance of second and third virial coefficients, van der
Waals equation expressed in virial form, Relations between virial coefficients and van der
Waals constants

UNIT – II (6 Hours)
Liquid state
Nature of liquid state, qualitative treatment of the structure of the liquid state

103
Physical properties of liquids-vapour pressure, its origin and definition, Vapour pressure of
liquids and intermolecular forces, and boiling point

Surface tension, its origin and definition, Capillary action in relation to cohesive and adhesive
forces, determination of surface tension by (i) using stalagmometer (drop number and drop
mass method both) and (ii) capillary rise method, Effects of addition of sodium chloride,
ethanol and detergent on the surface tension of water and its interpretation in terms of
molecular interactions, Role of surface tension in the cleansing action of detergents

Coefficient of viscosity and its origin in liquids, Interpretation of viscosity data of pure
liquids (water, ethanol, ether and glycerol) in the light of molecular interactions, Effects of
addition of sodium chloride, ethanol and polymer on the viscosity of water, relative viscosity,
specific viscosity and reduced viscosity of a solution, comparison of the origin of viscosity of
liquids and gases, effect of temperature on the viscosity of a liquid and its comparison with
that of a gas.

Practical component
Practicals 60 Hours
(Laboratory periods: 15 classes of 4 hours each)
1. Gases
a. To verify the Charles law using Charles law apparatus
b. To determine the value of universal gas constant R using the reaction
Mg(s) + 2HCl (aq)  MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

2. Surface tension measurements using stalagmometer

a. Determine the surface tension of a liquid by drop number method.
b. Determine the surface tension of a liquid by drop weight method.
c. Study the variation of surface tension with different concentration of detergent
solutions. Determine CMC.
d. Study the effect of the addition of solutes on the surface tension of water at room
temperature and explain the observations in terms of molecular interactions:
(i) sugar
(ii) ethanol
(iii) sodium chloride
e. Study the variation of surface tension with different concentration of sodium
chloride solutions.

3. Viscosity measurement using Ostwald’s viscometer

a. Determination of co-efficient of viscosity of two unknown aqueous solution.
b. Study the variation of viscosity with different concentration of sugar solutions.
c. Study the effect of the addition of solutes such as (i) polymer (ii) ethanol (iii)
sodium chloride on the viscosity of water at room temperature and explain the
observations in terms of molecular interactions

104
 d. Study the variation of viscosity of water with the amounts of a solute and calculate
the intrinsic viscosity at room temperature.
e. Determine the viscosity average molecular mass of the polymer (PVA) using
viscosity measurements.

Essential/recommended readings
References:
Theory:
1. Atkins, P.W.; Paula, J.de. (2014), Atkin’s P hysical C hemistry E d., 10th Edition,
Oxford University Press.
2. Ball, D. W. (2017), Physical Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Cengage Learning, India.
3. Castellan, G. W. (2004), Physical Chemistry, 4th Edition, Narosa.
4. Kapoor, K.L. (2015), A T extbook of P hysical C hemistry, Vol 1, 6th Edition,
McGraw Hill Education.

Practical:
• Khosla, B.D.; Garg, V.C.; Gulati, A. (2015), Senior Practical Physical Chemistry,
R. Chand & Co, New Delhi.
• Kapoor, K.L. (2019), A T extbook of P hysical C hemistry, Vol.7, 1st Edition,
McGraw Hill Education.
• Garland, C. W.; Nibler, J. W.; Shoemaker, D. P. (2003), Experiments i n P hysical
Chemistry, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Suggestive readings

Additional Resources:
1. Moore, W.J. (1972), Physical Chemistry, 5th Edition, Longmans Green & Co. Ltd.
Glasstone, S. (1948), Textbook of P hysical C hemistry, D. Van Nostrand company, New
York.

105
 BSc. IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Multidisciplinary

DISCIPLINE S PECIFIC CORE COURSE (DS C1-AC1): Basic Principles and

Laboratory Operations

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE

COURSE

Course t itle & Credits Credit distribution of the Eligibility Pre-

Code course criteria requisite o f
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ the course
Practice (if any)
Basic 04 02 00 02 Physics, NIL
Principles and Chemistry and
Laboratory Mathematics
Operations
(DSC1-AC1)

Learning Objectives

The Learning Objectives of this course are as follows:

• make students aware about the SI Units, concentration terms, various analytical
methods, and safe usage of chemicals and its waste.

Learning outcomes

The Learning Outcomes of this course are as follows:

• The students will be able to Understand SI units
• The students will be able to Learn the use of analytical equipment
• The students will be able to Know the types of errors in chemical analysis
• The students will be able to handle statistical tests of data

SYLLABUS OF DSC1-AC1

UNIT – I: Basic Concepts (6 Hours)

A. SI Units
· Definitions of the Seven Base Units
· Derived units
· Conversion between units
· Significant figures
B. Chemical concentrations
· Mole, molar mass (calculations in grams and moles)
· Solutions and their concentrations

106
 · Molar concentration
· Analytical molarity
· Equilibrium molarity of a particular species
· Percent concentration
· Parts per million/billion (ppm, ppb)
· Volume ratios for dilution procedures
· p-functions.

UNIT – II: Introduction to Analytical Chemistry and Analytical Methods (4 Hours)

1. General steps in chemical analysis.
2. Introduction to methods of detecting analytes
a) Physical
b) Electromagnetic radiations
c) Electric charge.

UNIT – III: Errors in Chemical Analysis (20 Hours)

• Types of errors
• Accuracy and Precision, Absolute and relative uncertainty, propagation of
uncertainty
• The Gaussian distribution
• Mean and standard deviation
• Confidence intervals
• Statistical tests of data (F test, t test, Q test for bad data)
• Method of least squares
• Calibration curve
• Safety with chemicals and waste

Practical co mponent 60 H ours (Credits: 02; Laboratory Periods: 6 0; 15 C lasses of 4

hours each)
1. Description, Use and Calibration of Common Laboratory Apparatus I: Glassware:
Volumetric flasks, Burettes, Pipettes, Weighing bottles, Drying ovens.
2. Description, Use and Calibration of Common Laboratory Apparatus II: Different
types of Funnels, Chromatographic columns, Chromatographic jars, Desiccators,
Filter crucibles, Rubber policeman.
3. Preparing Solutions: Standard solutions (acids and bases), primary standards &
secondary standards, and to find out their concentration by any suitable methods.
4. Determination of strength of given strong acid using strong base volumetrically
5. Estimation of sodium carbonate by titrating with hydrochloric acid.
6. Use and maintenance of pH meter. Determination of pH of given dilute solutions of
shampoos, soaps, fruit juices, and different soft drinks.
7. Determination of cell constant of a conductometric cell using standard KCl solutions.
8. To check the conductivity of various water samples (Collect at least four samples).

Essential/recommended readings
• Higson, S. P.J. (2003), Analytical Chemistry, Oxford University Press.

107
 • Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M. (2003), Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry,
Brooks/Cole.
• Christian, G.D. (2004), Analytical Chemistry, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New
York.
• Fifield, F.W.; Kealey, D. (2000), Principles and Practice of Analytical Chemistry,
Wiley.
• Harris, D. C. (2007), Exploring Chemical Analysis, W.H. Freeman and Co.

Suggestive readings
• Day. R. A.; Underwood, A. L. (1991), Quantitative Analysis, Prentice Hall of India.
• Gordus, A. A. (1985), Schaum's Outline of Analytical Chemistry, Tala McGraw-Hill.
• Dean J. A. (1997), Analytical Chemistry Handbook, McGraw Hill.
• Jeffery, G.H.; Bassett, J.; Mendham, J.; Denney, R.C. (1989), Vogel’s Textbook of
Quantitative Chemical Analysis, John Wiley and Sons.

Note: Examination s cheme a nd m ode s hall be a s pr escribed by t he E xamination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC COR E CO URSE – 2 (DS C2-C1): Fundamentals o f

Organic Chemistry, Stereochemistry and Hydrocarbons

Credit distribution, Eligibility and Prerequisites of the Course

Course t itle & Credits Credit distribution of the Eligibility Pre-

Code course criteria requisite
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ of t he
Practice course
(if any)
Fundamentals of 04 02 00 02 Physics, -
Organic Chemistry, Chemistry and
Stereochemistry Mathematics
and Hydrocarbons
(DSC2-C1)

Learning Objectives

The Learning Objectives of this course are as follows:

• The course is infused with the recapitulation of fundamentals of organic chemistry
and visualizing the organic molecules in a three-dimensional space.
• To establish the applications of these concepts different class of mechanism is
included.
• The constitution of the course strongly aids in the paramount learning of the concepts
and their applications.

108
Learning outcomes

By the end of the course, the students will be able to:

• Understand and explain the differential behaviour of organic compounds based on

fundamental concepts learnt.
• Understand the stereochemistry of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons
• Formulate the mechanism of organic reactions by recalling and correlating the
fundamental properties of the reactants involved.
• Learn and identify many organic reaction mechanisms including electrophilic
addition, nucleophilic addition, nucleophilic substitution, and electrophilic
substitution.
• Understand the mechanism of reactions of hydrocarbons

SYLLABUS OF DSC2-C1

UNIT – I: Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry (4 Hours)

Introduction to carbon compounds, an overview of Fundamentals (Electronic displacement-
Inductive effect, Resonance effect, Hyperconjugation, Electromeric Effect). Reactive
intermediates and their stability: carbocations, free radicals, carbanions, benzyne, carbene.
Acidity and basicity in carbon compounds (comparison of carboxylic acids, alcohols,
phenols, primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines, aniline and its derivative.

UNIT – II: Stereochemistry (8 Hours)

Types of projection formulas of carbon compound - Flying Wedge Formula, Newmann,
Sawhorse and Fischer representations and their interconversion.
Stereoisomerism: the concept of chirality (upto two carbon atoms). Configurational
Isomerism: geometrical and optical isomerism; enantiomerism, diastereomerism and meso
compounds). Threo and erythro; D and L; cis-trans nomenclature; CIP Rules: R/ S (for upto 2
chiral carbon atoms) and E / Z nomenclature (for upto two C=C systems).
Conformational isomerism with respect to ethane, butane and cyclohexane.

UNIT – III: Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (12 Hours)

Functional group approach for the following reactions: preparations, physical property &
chemical reactions to be studied with the mechanism in context to their structure.
Alkanes: Preparation: catalytic hydrogenation, Wurtz reaction, Kolbe’s synthesis, Grignard
reagent. Reactions: Free radical substitution: Halogenation.
Alkenes: Preparation: Elimination reactions: Dehydration of alcohols and
dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (Saytzeff’s rule); cis alkenes (Partial catalytic
hydrogenation) and trans alkenes (Birch reduction). Reactions: cis-addition (alk. KMnO4)
and trans-addition (bromine), the addition of HX (Markownikoff’s and anti-Markownikoff’s
addition), Hydration, Ozonolysis, oxymecuration-demercuration, Hydroboration oxidation.
Alkynes: Preparation: Acetylene from CaC2 and conversion into higher alkynes; by
dehalogenation of tetrahalides and dehydrohalogenation of vicinal-dihalides. Reactions:
formation of metal acetylides and acidity of alkynes, the addition of bromine and alkaline

109
KMnO4, ozonolysis and oxidation with hot alk. KMnO4. Hydration to form carbonyl
compounds.

UNIT – IV: Aromatic Hydrocarbons (6 Hours)

Aromaticity: benzenoids and Hückel’s rule. Structure and aromatic character of benzene.
Preparation: methods of preparation of benzene from phenol, benzoic acid, acetylene and
benzene sulphonic acid. Reactions: electrophilic substitution reactions in benzene citing
examples of nitration, halogenation, sulphonation and Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation
with emphasis on carbocationic rearrangement, side-chain oxidation of alkylbenzenes.

Practical co mponent (60 H ours) (Credits: 02; Laboratory Periods: 60 ; 15 C lasses of 4

hours each)
1. Purification of organic compounds by crystallization using the following solvents:
a. Water
b. Alcohol
c. Water + alcohol
2. Determination of the melting points of organic compounds using Kjeldahl method and
electrically heated melting point apparatus.
3. To study the effect of impurities on the melting point.
4. To identify the organic compounds using mixed melting point experiment. (Identify at
least two organic compounds).
5. Determination of boiling point of liquid organic compounds using both distillation
and capillary method.
6. Detection of extra elements present in an organic compounds (Upto two extra
elements).
7. Organic Preparations:
a. Bromination of acetanilide, phenol and aniline
b. Nitration of nitrobenzene and bromobenzene

Essential/recommended readings
• Sykes, P.(2005), A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Orient
Longman.
• Eliel, E. L. (2000), Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata McGraw Hill.
• Morrison, R. N.; Boyd, R. N. (2010) Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India)
Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education), 7th Edition.
• Bahl, A; Bahl, B. S. (2012), Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand.
• Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. (2012), Vogel's
Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson.
• Mann, F.G.; Saunders, B.C.(2009), Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education.
• Dhingra, S; Ahluwalia V.K., (2017), Advanced Experimental Organic Chemistry,
Manakin Press.

Note: Examination scheme and mode shall be as prescribed by the Examination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

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 BSc. In Industrial Chemistry
Multidisciplinary

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE (DSC-IC 1): INDUSTRIAL

CHEMICALS AND ENVIRONMENT

CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE

COURSE

Course t itle & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility criteria Pre-
Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ requisite
Practice of t he
course
(if any)
Industrial 04 02 - 02 Chemistry+Physics NA
Chemicals and +Maths
Environment,
DSC- IC 1

Industrial Chemicals and Environment, DSC- IC 1

Learning Objectives

The Learning Objectives of this course are as follows:

• The objective of this course is to teach the Chemistry of the general industrial
separation and purification techniques.
• Production, uses and hazards associated with different industrial gases and chemicals.
• Air pollution, air pollutants, pollutants control procedures, greenhouse effect, global
warming,
• Water pollution, water pollutants, industrial effluents and their treatment.
• Water quality parameters and water purification techniques.

Learning outcomes

The Learning Outcomes of this course are as follows:

By the end of the course, the students will be able to:

• Know the various separation and purification techniques used in industries like
distillation, solvent extraction, absorption, adsorption etc.
• Know the production, uses and hazards of important gases like oxygen, helium,
argon, hydrogen, acetylene, ammonia etc.

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 • Know the production, uses and hazards of important inorganic chemicals like
hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide
etc.
• Learn about air pollution, air pollutants, their control procedure, global warming,
ozone depletion, water pollution, water pollutants, effluents from different industries,
their treatment, water quality parameters and water purification techniques like
reverse osmosis, electrodialysis and ion exchange.

SYLLABUS OF DSC- IC-1

UNIT – I (06 Hours)

Unit 1: General industrial processes

Basic principles of distillation, solvent extraction, solid-liquid leaching and liquid-liquid

extraction, separation by absorption and adsorption

UNIT – II ( 12 Hours)
Unit 2: Industrial Gases and Inorganic Chemicals

(a) Industrial Gases: Production, uses and hazards in handling of the following gases:
oxygen,
nitrogen, argon, neon, helium, hydrogen, acetylene, chlorine, fluorine and ammonia.
(b) Inorganic Chemicals: Production, uses and hazards in handling the following chemicals:
hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide,
bleaching
powder, hydrogen peroxide, potash alum, chrome alum, potassium dichromate and potassium
permanganate.

UNIT – III (12 Hours)

Unit 3: Environment

(a) Air Pollution: Pollutants and their sources, pollution by SO2, CO, NOx. Methods of
estimation of CO, NOx, SOx and their control procedures. Greenhouse effect and global
warming, Ozone depletion by oxides of nitrogen, chlorofluorocarbons and halogens,
Particulate matter and its types.
(b) Water Quality Standards and Water pollution: Water quality parameters like pH,
alkalinity, DO, BOD, COD, chloride, sulphate, available chlorine etc. Water treatment and
purification processes (reverse osmosis, electro dialysis, ion exchange). Pollutants and their
sources. Effluent treatment (primary, secondary and tertiary treatment). Industrial effluents
from the following industries and their treatment: textile, tannery, dairy and petrochemicals
and agrochemicals.

Practical component (60 Hours)

Practical
(Credits: 02, Laboratory periods: 60)
1. Determination of dissolved oxygen in water.
2. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
3. Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD).

112
4. Measurement of chloride and sulphate ions of water samples by simple titration method.
(With AgNO3 and potassium chromate).
5. Measurement of salinity of water samples by simple titration method. (With AgNO3 and
potassium chromate).
6. Estimation of total alkalinity of water samples (CO32- , HCO3-) using double titration
method.
7. Determination of Percentage of available chlorine in bleaching powder.
8. Isolation of compounds using solvent extraction method.

Essential/recommended readings

References (Theory):
1. Stocchi, E. (1990), Industrial Chemistry, Vol-I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.
2. Kent, J. A. (ed.) (1997), Riegel’s H andbook of I ndustrial Chemistry, CBS Publishers,
New
Delhi.
3. Austin, G.T (2012), Shreve’s Chemical Process Industries, Tata McGraw-Hill Education
Private Limited.
4. Girard, J.E, (2011), Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Jones & Bartlett India Pvt.
Limited.
5. Sodhi, G.S. ((2013), Fundamental C oncepts o f E nvironmental Chemistry, Narosa
Publishing House.
6. Vermani, O.P; Narula, A.K. (2012), Industrial C hemistry, Galgotia Publishing Pvt.
Limited.
7. Sharma, B.K. (2011), Industrial Chemistry, Goel Publishing House.
8. Pani, B. (2017), Textbook of E nvironmental C hemistry, I.K. International Publishing
House.
9. De, A. K. (2015), Environmental C hemistry, New Age International Pvt, Ltd, New
Delhi.10. Khopkar, S.M. (2012), Environmental Pollution Analysis, New Age International
Publisher.

References (Practical):
1. Bassett,J.; Denney, R.C.; Jeffery, G.H.; Mendham, J.(1996) Vogel T extbook o f
quantitative inorganic analysis, 7th edition, ELBS edition.Prentice Hall Publications.
2. Furniss, B. S; Hannaford, A. J.; Smith, Peter W. G.; Tatchell, A. R; Vogel’s Text Book
of Practical O rganic Chemistry, 5th Edition, Longman Scientific and Technical,
Longman Group Ltd.
3. Mittal, K.; Chandra, L.(2013) Experiments i n organic ch emistry, Anne Books Pvt.
Limited.
4. Gulati, S.; Sharma, J.L.; Manocha, S. (2017) Practical I norganic C hemistry. CBS,
Publications.
5. Rogers, A. (2015) Laboratory Guide of Industrial chemistry, Palala Press.

Suggestive readings (if any)

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 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 2 (DSC-C 1):
Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

Credit distribution, Eligibility and Prerequisites of the Course

Course t itle & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite
Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria of the course
Practice (if any)
Basic 04 02 - 02 NA NA
Concepts of
Organic
Chemistry,
DSC- C1

Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry, DSC- C1

Learning Objectives

The Learning Objectives of this course are as follows:

• The course is infused with the recapitulation of fundamentals of organic chemistry

and the introduction of the concept of visualizing the organic molecules in a three-
dimensional space. To establish the applications of these concepts, a study of diverse
reactions through mechanisms is included.
• The constitution of the course strongly aids in the paramount learning of the basic
concepts and their applications.

Learning outcomes

By the end of the course, the students will be able to:

• Understand and explain the differential behaviour of organic compounds based on
fundamental concepts learnt.
• Understand the fundamental concepts of stereochemistry.
• Formulate the mechanism of organic reactions by recalling and correlating the
fundamental properties of the reactants involved.
• Learn and identify many organic reactions and their mechanisms including
electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic
substitution and rearrangement reactions.

SYLLABUS OF DSC- C 1

UNIT – I ( 6 Hours)
Unit 1: Fundamentals of organic chemistry

Types of Electronic displacements: Inductive effect, Resonance effect, Hyperconjugation,

Electromeric Effect. Reactive intermediates and their stability: carbocations, free radicals,
carbanions, benzyne, carbenes.
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Acidity and basicity in organic compounds (comparison of carboxylic acids, alcohols,
phenols, primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines, aniline and its derivatives)

UNIT – II ( 8 Hours)
Unit 2: Stereochemistry

Types of projection formulae: Flying Wedge Formula, Newmann, Sawhorse and Fischer
representations and their interconversion.
Stereoisomerism: Concept of chirality (upto two carbon atoms). Configurational isomerism:
geometrical and optical isomerism; enantiomerism, diastereomerism and meso compounds).
Threo and erythro; D and L; Cis-trans nomenclature; CIP Rules: R/ S (for upto 2 chiral
carbon atoms) and E/Z nomenclature (for upto two C=C systems).
Conformational isomerism with respect to ethane, butane and cyclohexane.

UNIT – III ( 16 Hours)

Unit 3: Types of Organic Reactions (Including reactions of alkenes, alkyl and aryl
halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones) Lectures: 18
Electrophilic addition reactions
Electrophilic addition reaction (with respect to propene, propyne, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene):
Hydration,
Addition of HX in the absence and presence of peroxide, Hydroboration oxidation, Addition
of
bromine (with stereochemistry).
Nucleophilic addition reactions
Nucleophilic addition reaction of carbonyl compounds: Addition of HCN, ammonia
derivatives
(Hydroxylamine, Hydrazine, Semicarbazide and 2,4-DNP), the addition of carbanion (Aldol
condensation, Claisen Schmidt, Benzoin condensation, Perkin reaction, reactions involving
Grignard
reagent).
Elimination and Nucleophilic substitution reactions
Nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN1 and SN2) in alkyl halides (mechanisms with
stereochemical aspect), alcohols (with nucleophiles like ammonia, halides, thiols, ambident
nucleophiles (cyanide and nitrite ion)), ethers (Williamson ether synthesis), Elimination
reaction (E1 & E2), elimination vs substitution (w.r.t. potassium t-butoxide and KOH);
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution in aryl
halides-elimination addition reaction w.r.t. chlorobenzene, including the effect of nitro group
(on the ring) on the reaction. relative reactivity and strength of C-X bond in alkyl, allyl,
benzyl, vinyl and aryl halides towards substitution reactions
Electrophilic substitution reactions
Electrophilic Aromatic substitution with mechanism (benzene)- sulphonation, nitration,
halogenation, Friedel craft acylation :o-, m- and p- directive influence giving examples of
toluene/nitrobenzene/ phenol/ aniline/ chlorobenzene.
Reactive intermediates and Rearrangement Reactions
Free radicals (Birch Reduction); Carbocations (Pinacol-Pinacolone, Wagner-Meerwein,
Rearrangement, and Beckmann rearrangement); Carbanions (Michael Addition); Carbenes
(Reimer Tiemann)

115
Practical component (60 Hours)

Practical
(Credits: 02, Laboratory periods: 60)
1. Purification of an organic compound by crystallization (from water and alcohol) and
distillation, Criteria of purity: Determination of M.P.
2. Determination of boiling point of liquid compounds. (Boiling point lower than and
more than 100 °C by distillation and capillary method)
3. Detection of extra element
4. Preparations: (Mechanism of various reactions involved to be discussed).
a. Bromination of phenol/aniline.
b. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone of aldehydes and ketones
c. Semicarbazone of aldehydes/ ketones
d. Aldol condensation reaction using green method.
e. Bromination of Stilbene.
f. Acetanilide to p-Bromoacetanilide.
The above derivatives should be prepared using 0.5-1g of the organic compound. The solid
samples must be collected and may be used for recrystallization and melting point.

Essential/recommended readings

References (Theory):
1. Sykes, P.(2003), A Guide B ook t o Mech anism i n O rganic C hemistry, 6 th Edition
Pearson Education.
2. Eliel, E. L. (2001), Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Morrison, R. N.; Boyd, R. N., Bhattacharjee, S.K. (2010), Organic C hemistry, 7th
Edition, Pearson Education.
4. Bahl, A; Bahl, B. S. (2019), Advanced Organic Chemistry, 22nd Edition, S. Chand.

References (Practical):
1. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. (2012), Vogel's Textbook of

Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson.

2. Mann, F.G.; Saunders, B.C. (2009), Practical Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education.
3. Dhingra, S; Ahluwalia V.K., (2017), Advanced Experimental Organic Chemistry,
Manakin Press.
4. Pasricha, S., Chaudhary, A. (2021), Practical Organic Chemistry: Volume I, I K
International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 3 (DSC-MP 1): Calculus

Course t itle & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite
Code Lecture Tutorial Practical/ criteria of the course
Practice (if any)
Calculus, DSC- 04 02 - 02 NA NA
MP 1

116
Course Code: Mathematics DSC-MP 1
Course Title: Calculus

Learning Objectives

The Learning Objectives of this course are as follows:

Course O bjectives: The primary objective of this course is to introduce the basic tools of
calculus which are helpful in understanding their applications in many real-world problems.
Students will be able to understand/create various mathematical models in everyday life.

Learning outcomes

The Learning Outcomes of this course are as follows:

This course will enable the students to:

i) Understand continuity and differentiability in terms of limits and graphs of certain
functions.
ii) Describe asymptotic behaviour in terms of limits involving infinity.
iii) Use of derivatives to explore the behaviour of a given function locating and classify its
extrema and graphing the function.
iv) Apply the concepts of asymptotes, and inflexion points in tracing of cartesian curves.
v) Compute the reduction formulae of standard transcendental functions with applications.

SYLLABUS OF DSC- MP 1

UNIT – I (10 Hours)

Unit 1: Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
Limit of a function, ε−δdefinition of a limit, Infinite limits, Continuity and types of
discontinuities; Differentiability of a function, Successive differentiation: Calculation of the
nth derivatives, Leibnitz theorem; Partial differentiation, Euler’s theorem on homogeneous
functions.

UNIT – II (10 Hours)

Unit 2: Mean Value Theorems and its Applications
Rolle’s theorem, Mean value theorems and applications to monotonic functions and
inequalities; Taylor’s theorem, Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series expansions of ex , sin x,
cos x, log 1
x  and1 xm ; Indeterminate forms.

UNIT – III (10 Hours)

Unit 3: Tracing of Curves and Reduction Formulae
Asymptotes (parallel to axes and oblique), Concavity and inflexion points, Singular points,
Tangents at the origin and nature of singular points, Curve tracing (cartesian and polar
equations). Reduction formulae for∫sinn x dx,∫cosn x dx, and ∫sinm x cosn x dx and their
applications.

Essential/recommended readings

117
References:
1. Prasad, Gorakh (2016). Differential Calculus (19th ed.). Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.
2. Prasad, Gorakh (2015). Integral Calculus. Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.

Additional Readings:
i. Apostol, T. M. (2007). Calculus: One-Variable Calculus with An Introduction to Linear
Algebra (2nded.). Vol. 1. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
ii. Ross, Kenneth. A.(2013). Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus (2nd ed.).
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer. Indian reprint.

Note: E xamination s cheme a nd m ode s hall be a s pr escribed by t he E xamination

Branch, University of Delhi, from time to time.

118