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    Pteridophytes

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    prathitapril
    Pteridophytes are vascular plants that were the first to have vascular tissue but not true xylem and phloem vessels. They reproduce via spores formed on sporophyll leaves and have alternation of generations, with a free-living gametophyte stage that is dependent on water for fertilization. Some pteridophytes display heterospory, producing two spore sizes with the female gametophyte retained on the parent sporophyte in a precursor to seed formation.

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    Pteridophytes

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    prathitapril
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    Pteridophytes are vascular plants that were the first to have vascular tissue but not true xylem and phloem vessels. They reproduce via spores formed on sporophyll leaves and have alternation of generations, with a free-living gametophyte stage that is dependent on water for fertilization. Some pteridophytes display heterospory, producing two spore sizes with the female gametophyte retained on the parent sporophyte in a precursor to seed formation.

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    class 11 cbse biology

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    Pteridophytes are vascular plants that were the first to have vascular tissue but not true xylem and phloem vessels. They reproduce via spores formed on sporophyll leaves and have alternation of generations, with a free-living gametophyte stage that is dependent on water for fertilization. Some pteridophytes display heterospory, producing two spore sizes with the female gametophyte retained on the parent sporophyte in a precursor to seed formation.

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    26 views4 pages

    Pteridophytes

    Uploaded by

    prathitapril
    Pteridophytes are vascular plants that were the first to have vascular tissue but not true xylem and phloem vessels. They reproduce via spores formed on sporophyll leaves and have alternation of generations, with a free-living gametophyte stage that is dependent on water for fertilization. Some pteridophytes display heterospory, producing two spore sizes with the female gametophyte retained on the parent sporophyte in a precursor to seed formation.

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    PTERIDOPHYTES

     Reptiles of the Plant Kingdom


     AKA Vascular Cryptograms.
     First terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissue.
    Vessels in xylem and Companion cells in phloem are absent.
     Used for Medicinal purposes, soil binders, grown as ornamentals.
     More adapted terrestrial plants than bryophytes.
    - Vascular tissue present
    - Roots present
     Not completely successful terrestrial plants because they need water or fertilisation,
    so they grow in cool, shady, and moist places.
     Main plant body  Sporophyte
    - Primary root remains alive for short period. After some time, it is replaced by
    Adventitious root.
    - When the stem is underground, it is known as rhizome.
    - Megaphyllous Pteridophytes:
    Stem  small Leaves  large
    E.g., Fern
    - Microphyllous Pteridophytes:
    Stem  large Leaves  small
    E.g., Selaginella
    Life Cycle of Pteridophytes:
     Diploid. Reproduce by spore formation.
     Some pteridophytes produce 2 kinds of spores, macro and microspores. They are
    known as heterosporous. E.g., Selaginella, Salvinia.
     Formation of spores takes place in Sporangia. Sporangia are formed at the abaxial
    surface of the leaves.
     Sporophyte bears sporangia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called
    sporophyll.
     Tropophylls  Regular photosynthetic leaves.
    Sporophylls  Sporangia bearing, reproductive leaves.
     In some cases, sporophyll may form distinct compact structures called strobili or
    cone.
     Unique character: Sporophylls are also photosynthetic.
     Spore mother cells are found in sporangia.
    Spore mother cells –Meiosis Spores within sporangium  Gametophytic
    generation.
     Germination of spores is exosporic.
     Spore germinates to give rise to inconspicuous, small but multicellular, free living,
    mostly photosynthetic, thalloid gametophyte called Prothallus.
    These gametophytes require cool, damp, and shady places to grow.
     Spread of living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical
    regions due to specific restricted requirement and the need of water for fertilisation.
     In some pteridophytes, prothallus is saprophytic.
     Prothallus (gametophyte) is made up of thallus and rhizoids. It is non-vascular.
     In plant kingdom, gametophyte is always non-vascular.
     In homosporous pteridophytes, gametophyte is monoecious.
     Gametophyte has sex organs:
    Male  Antheridium –Produces Antherozoids (Male gametes)
    Female  Archegonium –Produces Egg.
     Antherozoids are spiral and multiflagellate.
    Exception: Antherozoids of Selaginella are spindle shaped and biflagellate.
     Fertilisation takes place by zoidogamy.
     Zygote develops and forms and embryo which then develops and forms a
    multicellular, well differentiated sporophytic plant with root, stem and leaves, which
    is dominant phase of pteridophytes.
     Reproduction  Oogamous
     Life cycle  Diplohaplontic
     Pteridophytes show Independent Alternation of Generation.
    i.e., sporophyte and gametophyte are independent of each other.
    Heterospory in Pteridophytes:
     Heterospory – Occurrence of two types of spores:
    small 
    Microspores
    Large

    Macrospores/Megaspores
     E.g., Selaginella, Salvinia, Azolla, Marsilea (MASS)
     Microspore –Germinate Male gametophyte, Male sex organ, and Male gametes,
    which come outside the microsporangium.
    Megaspore –Germinate Female gametophyte, Female sex organ, and Female
    gametes inside the megasporangium on the parental sporophyte.
     The female gametophyte in these plants is retained on the parent sporophyte for a
    variable period.
     [Zygote  Embryo] takes place within the female gametophyte.
     Heterospory is an important step in evolution of seed habit in higher plants.
     Pteridophytes through seed habit are unable to produce seeds.
     Heterospory is required for seed formation, which is shown by Pteridophytes, but
    they are still unable to produce seeds which means they show precursor to seed
    habit.
     Gametophytes are not completely independent and are not very much developed so
    they are not generally completely regarded as prothallus.
     In some pteridophytes, prothallus is saprophytic.
     In heterosporous pteridophytes like Selaginella and Salvinia, gametophytes are not
    called prothallus because it is very reduced.
    4 types of
    Pteridophyte
    s

    Psilotum

    Sphenopsida
    Psilopsida

    Lycopsida

    Pteropsida

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