D60 - Line Distance Protection

D60 and D30 Line Distance
Protection System
August 17, 2023
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
GE Transmission relays

Transmission platform
UR Multilin & MiCOM P40
Generation Transmission Distribution Network & Control Industrial & Rail
G60 – Generator L30 / L90 - Line Differential F60 - Feeder C30 - Controller M60 – Motor
L60 - Phase Comparison F35 - Multiple Feeder C90Plus - Bay Controller C90Plus – Fast Load
G30 – Generator &
Shedding Schemes
Transformer N60 - Network Stability
D90Plus - Sub-cycle T60 - Transformer
Distance & Synchrophasors
T35 - Transformer
D30 / D60 - Line Distance C90Plus Advanced network
C60 - Breaker stability (Small
B30 / B90: Low Imp. Bus Signal Oscillations)
C70 - Capacitor Bank
B90 – Low Imp. Bus
B95 Plus – Distr. Bus

Generator - P341 to P346 Distance - P441 to P446 Feeder - P141 to P145 PMU – P847 Motor – P241 to P243
VARspeed – P348 Line Diff. - P541 to P546 Transformer - P642, 3, 5
Railway Distance – P44T
Phase Comparison - P547 Breaker – P841 / P842
Distributed Bus – Dynamic Line Rating and
P741/2/3 DER Interface – P341
Centralized Bus – P746 /
P747 3
High Imp. Bus – P14x
Protection Functions Overview
D60 Line Distance Protection System Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval. August 17, 2023 4
D60 protection functions overview
D30 protection functions overview
Distance Zones
• 6 zones of ground and phase distance protection with following settings per zone:
• All zones can be

configure to forward,
reverse or offset (non
directional)
• All zones settable to mho
or quadrilateral
Distance Zones – Settings per zone
Zero-sequence and Mutual zero-sequence compensation
Maximum torque angle, Comparator limit angles (lens) and

Directional angle
Blinders , Overcurrent supervision, etc.
Flexible signal sources for multiples configurations
Perform all Check sync conditions for a feeder Depending on VTs and CTs location, the relay can compensate for
in a CB1/2 SS without external VT wiring phase shift and magnitude change caused by the power
selection transformer
Fast tripping times
UR FW 8.0 – Sub-cycle performance 60Hz
Phase and ground elements Zones 1, 2 and 4
Note: From Firmware 8.0
Sub-cycle Distance
Ordering
Feature With Software Without Software Notes

option option
 R=Subcycle+conv, otherwise
Subcycle Distance Fast+conv
Six Zones Distance Protection 
Common Distance Zone Timer Start 

Cross-country fault and simultaneous fault logic
Isolated/Petersen Coil Phase Preference logic 
Reverse reach adaptation on forward zones 
Transient Ground Fault Detection (TGFD)   No SW option needed

D60/D30
Distance Principles
Filtering and analogue signal treatment
• Voltages pre-filtered to remove low-frequency transients caused
by CVTs. Zone 1 has extra adaptive mechanisms built-in to
enhance the transient reach accuracy even when the voltage
signals are supplied from poor quality voltage sources
• Transient overreach < 5% up to SIR of 30
• Currents pre-filtered to remove dc component (-s)

• Maximum transient overshoot below 2%
• Accurate and fast frequency tracking
• Fast sampling rate at 64 samples per cycle

Distance Protection Comparator
• Compares two signals : S1 & S2 S1 S2 S2 S1
• Operates or restrains for

particular relationship between
S1 & S2 S1 S1
S2 S2
• Relationship between S1 & S2
for operation defines S2 Lags S1 S2 Leads S1
characteristic
Distance Comparator – 100% memory
polarized
jIX
Relay
I*Z S1 Zs Z IF
E V
>90
V1
E = I*Zs + V ≈ Vprefault
<90 V2 S2
V3 Polarising signal S1 = E
Operating signal S2 = I*Z - V
IR Trip condition :
90°> S1-S2 > 270°
I*Zs
TRIP
STABLE D60 uses positive seq. for polarizing voltage,
i.e. Vprefault or actual voltage
Distance Comparator characteristic(Ground MHO)
Distance Comparator reactance line (Ground MHO)
Distance Comparators directionality (Ground MHO)
Distance Comparators fault type (Ground MHO)
During an AG and
BCG fault, I2A and
I0 are in phase
While during ABG and

CG faults, I2A and I0 are
shifted by 120 degrees
The comparator prevents the ground

distance elements from operating
during LLG faults for better accuracy
D60 Line Distance Protection System August 17, 202

Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval. 20
Distance Comparators supervision (Ground MHO)
If no V0, default
to “permission”
During Open Pole

Condition
supervision is
removed The supervision is meant to increase directional
integrity on time-delayed operations after the memory
expires
D60 Line Distance Protection System Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval. 21
Distance Comparators (Phase MHO)
MHO Distance Zones (Flexibility)
Traditional
Directional
angle
“slammed”
Directional
angle lowered
and “slammed”
Both MHO and

directional angles
“slammed” (lens)
Distance Comparators (Ground QUAD)
Same as MHO
D60 Line Distance Protection System August 17, 202

Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval. 24
Distance Comparators – right blinder (Ground
QUAD)
Distance Comparators – left blinder (Ground QUAD)
Distance Comparators – (Ground QUAD)
QUAD Distance Zones (Flexibility)
QUAD Distance Zones (Flexibility)
Distance Zones
URPC plots
distance
zones from settings
Memory Voltage
• Positive-sequence memorized voltage is used for polarizing:
MHO comparator (dynamic, expanding MHO)

Negative-sequence directional comparator (Ground Distance MHO and
QUAD)
Zero-sequence directional comparator (Ground Distance MHO and
QUAD)
Directional comparator (Phase Distance MHO and QUAD)
• Memory duration is a common distance settings (all zones,

phase and ground, MHO and QUAD)
Effect of Memory Voltage (Improved Directionality)
ZS’
Dynamic MHO
characteristic for a
reverse fault
Z
L
ZREACH Static MHO

characteristic (memory
not established or
expired)
Impedance during
faults at the VT location
Dynamic MHO
Zsystem forward fault
Zone expanded dynamically for FWD Fault
VM
ES ZL ES’
ZS ZS’
IM
ܸெ =‫ܫ‬ெ ∗ ܼெ
Zreach
jX
ܸ‫ܫ = ݌݋‬ெ ∗ ܼோா஺஼ு − ܸெ = ‫ܫ‬ெ *(ܼோா஺஼ு - ܼெ )
ZREACH - ZM
ܸ‫ܧ = ݈݋݌‬ௌ = ܸெ + ‫ܫ‬ெ ∗ܼௌ = ‫ܫ‬ெ *(ܼெ + ܼ௦ )
ZM
Where VM, IM and ZM are the measured
voltage, current and apparent
R
impedance at the relay location
ZS+ZM
ZS
Zone shifted up dynamically for REV Fault
VM
ES ZL ES’
ZS ZS’
IM
ܸெ =‫ܫ‬ெ ∗ ܼெ
Zreach
ZM – (ZL+ZS’)
ܸ‫ܫ = ݌݋‬ெ ∗ ܼோா஺஼ு − ܸெ = ‫ܫ‬ெ *(ܼோா஺஼ு - ܼெ )
jX
ZS’
ܸ‫ܧ = ݈݋݌‬ௌᇱ = ܸெ − ‫ܫ‬ெ ∗(ܼ௅ +ܼௌ ′) ZL
= ‫ܫ‬ெ ∗ (ܼெ −(ܼ௅ +ܼௌ ′)) ZREACH - ZM
Where VM, IM and ZM are the measured ZM

voltage, current and apparent
impedance at the relay location
R
Effect of Memory Voltage (Better Resistive
Coverage)
Static MHO
characteristic (memory
not established or
expired)
RF
Dynamic MHO
Zsystem forward fault
Effect of Memory Voltage (Weak Systems)
Good coverage
only for close-in
RF faults
Relay exposed to
transients
Zsystem
Memory Circuit
(1) Positive-sequence voltage
must be within 80% to 115 % of (3) Memory voltage is
rated and there should be no ready for use…
significant distortion…
(4) Memory voltage
would last for this
duration
(5) The memory

(2) For 5 cycles and
resets when the
then…
current goes to zero
Memory Circuit
(1) During close-in 3P

faults positive-sequence
voltage drops below
80% of rated
(2) Memory is not updated (3) The memory is used for

anymore and … memory duration time
Memory Circuit
(1) After the memory
expires, the positive-
sequence voltage is
being checked …
(2) If below 10% of (3) If above 10% of

rated, the memory is rated, the actual voltage
continued to be used is used
Memory Duration Setting
• Memory is needed to ride through directionality problems during close-in 3P
reverse faults:
Memory duration longer than the slowest fault clearing time for a close-in
reverse 3P fault (Breaker Failure time included)
• Memory duration cannot be too long because natural drift of the system
(machines) would eventually cause misoperation if the memory were kept
indefinitely
• Testing Recommendations:
• Make sure the VT secondary rating is entered correctly
• Apply a pre-fault voltage of at least 80% of rated
• Keep the pre-fault signals for at least 7 cycles
• After memory expires, the initial resistive fault coverage and directional integrity may be
lost
Memory resetting, maintaining
Distance can be forced to use memory voltage during
whole duration of the fault which is beneficial on
series compensated lines
Distance can be forced

to self-polar during
power swing conditions
Phase Distance Zones (Logic)
(3) OPEN POLE detector blocks selected
(1) The element is blocked for 1 cycle, 21P elements to prevent misoperation
if the circuit is being re-energized
(2) 21P elements are

supervised from the phase-
to-phase current
Phase Distance Zone 1 (Logic)
(4) ZONE 1 SEALS WITH
(1) PKP operands mean AND CURRENT, but …
OR
“characteristic entered”
SETTING FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND
PHS DIST Z1
OR OR PH DIST Z1 OP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS DELAY:
PH DIST Z1 PKP AB t PKP

0
PH DIST Z1 PKP BC t PKP AND

0
OR
PH DIST Z1 PKP CA t PKP
0 FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
PH DIST Z1 SUPN IAB PH DIST Z1 OP AB

AND
PH DIST Z1 SUPN IBC PH DIST Z1 OP BC

AND
PH DIST Z1 SUPN ICA PH DIST Z1 OP CA

AND
OPEN POLE OP *
NOTE: * D60 Only. Other UR models apply regular current seal-in for Z1.
(3) Typically set to zero 837017A6.CDR
(2) OP operands mean

“time expired”
(5) On D60 the seal-in must
be broken by Open Pole
Phase Distance Zone 2 through 5 (Logic)
(1) Set per principles of
stepped distance protection
(2) Added to avoid resetting in borderline

cases after timing out half way
Ground Distance Zone 1 (Logic)
(1) The element is blocked for (3) OPEN POLE detector blocks
1 cycle, if the circuit is being selected 21G elements to
re-energized prevent misoperation
(2) 21G elements are

supervised from the neutral
current
Ground Distance Zones 2 through 5 (Logic)
(1) Z2 through Z5 are

supervised from an
internal neutral
directional element
(2) This supervision is

defaulted to “permission”
during Open Pole
Ground Distance Settings
(1) Each zone is individually
reversible
(2) Each zone can be

individually set to either MHO
or QUAD
(3) To avoid confusion the D60

does not know any K0s. The
Z0/Z1 ratio is entered on a per
zone basis: magnitude and …
(4) angle
(1) Mutual coupling zero-

sequence compensation:
magnitude
(2) angle
Mutual Zero-Sequence Compensation
• Applies to distance comparators only (directional uses line I0 only)
• Requires wiring 3I0 from the parallel line
I0(P)
VAG = ( IA+I0*(Z0/Z1-1) + I0(P)*Z0M/Z1 ) * Z1 Z0M
IA IB IC 3I
0(P)
(1) Reach setting
(2) Maximum torque angle for

distance comparators
(3) Reverse reach setting
(4) Reverse RCA setting
Polarizing current, zero seq. or

neg. sequence(Quad only)
(5) Non-homogeneity angle

(Quad only)
(6) Angle limit for distance

comparators (lens, tent)
(1) Maximum torque angle for

directional comparators
(2) Angle limit for directional

comparators
(3) Right blinder reach (QUAD

ONLY)
(4) Right blinder angle (QUAD

ONLY)
(5) Left blinder reach (QUAD

ONLY)
(6) Left blinder angle (QUAD

ONLY)
(1) Current supervision

threshold (3I0)
(2) For SC lines. Normally set

to zero.
(3) Delay if required.
(4) Blocking input (VTFF for

example)
Phase Distance Settings
21P setting are identical
except:
Zero-sequence and
Mutual zero-sequence
compensation
New settings are:

XFMR Current connections
XFMR Voltage connections
To apply distance through
transformers
Current supervision applies to

a phase-to-phase current
Phase Distance Settings
Depending on where VTs

and CTs are located, D60
can compensate for the
phase shift and magnitude
change caused by the
power transformer
SUBCYCLE DISTANCE
From sofware version 8.0
Sub-cycle Distance
Settings
Enables s/c distance
User has to set VT type,

Magnetic, Passive or
Active
Operational in Phase and Ground distance Zones 1, 2 and 4 only

Sub-cycle Distance
What are CVT types
• Depending on CVT type algorithm will apply different voltage signal filtering
technique to filter out CVT transients to get best performance.
• Magnetic VT gives best performance but not used for HV applications.
• Passive Ferro resonance damping uses an anti-resonance design and the
resulting transient distortion is fairly small. The voltage distortions are
generally small up to SIR of 30. For such applications, ‘CVT Filters’ should be
set ‘Passive’. The IED calculates the SIR and will take marginally longer to
trip if the infeed is weak.

Sub-cycle Distance
What are CVT types
• CVT with Active Ferro resonance damping, uses a tuned L-C circuit. The
damping of transients is not as efficient as for the passive designs the
voltage distortions may be severe and risk transient over-reach. For that
reason, the ‘CVT Filters’ should be set to ‘Active’. Trip times increase
proportionally (subcycle up to SIR = 2, gradually lengthening for SIR up to 30

Sub-cycle Distance
Integration
Element Operand syntax Operand description
Common to all SCYC DIS ARMING Subcycle Distance Arming

zones SCYC DIS PS AG Subcycle Distance Phase Selection AG
SCYC DIS PS BG Subcycle Distance Phase Selection BG
SCYC DIS PS CG Subcycle Distance Phase Selection CG
SCYC DIS PS AB Subcycle Distance Phase Selection AB
SCYC DIS PS BC Subcycle Distance Phase Selection BC
SCYC DIS PS CA Subcycle Distance Phase Selection CA
Subcycle Ground SCYC GND DIS Zx OP A Subcycle Ground Distance Zone X OP A
Distance SCYC GND DIS Zx OP B Subcycle Ground Distance Zone X OP B
Zone 1 (2 or 4) SCYC GND DIS Zx OP C Subcycle Ground Distance Zone X OP C
Subcycle Phase SCYC PH DIS Zx OP AB Subcycle Phase Distance Zone X OP AB
Distance SCYC PH DIS Zx OP BC Subcycle Phase Distance Zone X OP BC
Zone 1 (2 or 4) SCYC PH DIS Zx OP CA Subcycle Phase Distance Zone X OP CA

Sub-cycle Distance
Integration

Sub-cycle Distance
What makes it sub-cycle?
• Variable length filtering of V and I using 6,

16, 64 and 95 tap signal filters (depends
on CVT type).
• Security counting strategy. Where counts
incremented differently and can be
negative.
• Arming to ensure signals not distorted
prior to the fault, active for 3 cycles only.
• Fast incremental values phase selector.
• Using same comparators as regular
distance.
Six Zones Distance Protection
6th zone
Phase and Ground distance zone 6 is same as zones 2-5. no sub-cycle

TELEPROTECTION
SCHEMES
D30 has not got all the schemes
Direct Underreaching Transfer Trip
• Applications:
Transfer trip based on an underreaching DISTANCE ZONE 1
• Responds to:
DUTT RX1 through RX4 (user programmable FlexLogic operands)
• Interfaces with:
DISTANCE ZONE 1 pickup flags
TRIP OUTPUT logic
PHASE SELECTOR
AUTORECLOSER
• Asserts FlexLogicTM operands:

DUTT OP (the scheme operated – trip action)
DUTT TX1 through TX4 (key)
DUTT TRIP A (trip phase A)
DUTT TRIP B (trip phase B)
DUTT TRIP C (trip phase C)
DUTT TRIP 3P (trip three phases)
(Keying path)
SETTING
(1) ZONE 1 picks up, and
DUTT SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled = 0
Enabled = 1 DUTT NO OF COMM
BITS:
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS AND RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS

PH DIST Z1 PKP DUTT TX1
OR
GND DIST Z1 PKP DUTT TX2
TRANSMIT TABLE DUTT TX3
Phase
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS Selector DUTT TX4
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
OPEN POLE OP
(2) The TX operands are
SETTINGS
DUTT NO OF COMM
asserted based on the
BITS: SETTINGS
DUTT SEAL-IN
PHASE SELECOR
DUTT RX1: DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
Off = 0 0
AND t RST DUTT OP
DUTT RX2:
Off = 0
DUTT RX3: OR
DUTT NO OF COMM
BITS:
Off = 0
RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
DUTT RX4:
RX DUTT TRIP A
Off = 0 DUTT TRIP B
TRIP TABLE DUTT TRIP C
Phase
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS Selector DUTT TRIP 3P
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
837012AA.CDR
OPEN POLE OP

(Operating path)SETTING
DUTT SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled = 0
Enabled = 1 DUTT NO OF COMM
BITS:
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS AND RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS

PH DIST Z1 PKP DUTT TX1
OR
GND DIST Z1 PKP DUTT TX2
TRANSMIT TABLE DUTT TX3
Phase
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS Selector DUTT TX4
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
OPEN POLE OP
SETTINGS
DUTT NO OF COMM
(3) This operand shall be used if the
BITS: SETTINGS
DUTT SEAL-IN
TRIP OUTPUT feature is disabled
DUTT RX1: DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
Off = 0 0
AND t RST DUTT OP
DUTT RX2:
Off = 0
DUTT RX3: OR
DUTT NO OF COMM
BITS:
Off = 0
RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
DUTT RX4:
RX DUTT TRIP A
Off = 0 DUTT TRIP B
TRIP TABLE DUTT TRIP C
Phase
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS Selector DUTT TRIP 3P
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
837012AA.CDR
OPEN POLE OP
(1) Permission to trip received (2) Is executed without checking (4) These operands are “pre-wired” to
any local conditions the TRIP OUTPUT feature
(Settings)
No SEAL-IN needed when

using the TRIP OUTPUT
feature
Single-bit channel used
DUTT RX1 via input

contact

(Increased Security for the RX)
• Because no local condition is checked before the DUTT

scheme operates, it is a good practice to increase the
reliability of the RX signal
• The example below uses three independent
communications paths and a 2-out-of-3 voting logic
Keying relay

(Increased Security for the RX)
Receiving relay

Permissive Underreaching Transfer Trip
• Applications:
Keyed from an underreaching DISTANCE ZONE 1
Supervised from an overreaching DISTANCE ZONE 2
• Responds to:
PUTT RX1 through RX4 (user programmable FlexLogic operands)
DISTANCE ZONE 1 and 2 pickup flags
TRIP OUTPUT logic (“trip bus”)
PHASE SELECTOR
AUTORECLOSER
PUTT OP (the scheme operated – trip action)
PUTT TX1 through TX4 (key)
PUTT TRIP A (trip phase A)
PUTT TRIP B (trip phase B)
PUTT TRIP C (trip phase C)
PUTT TRIP 3P (trip three phases)
Permissive Underreaching Transfer Trip (Keying path)
SETTING
PUTT SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled = 0
Enabled = 1
SETTINGS
PUTT NO OF COMM
BITS: SETTINGS
PUTT RX1: PUTT RX PICKUP

DELAY: SETTINGS
Off = 0 tPKP
AND PUTT SEAL-IN
0 DELAY:
PUTT RX2:
0 FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
Off = 0 AND t RST PUTT OP
PUTT RX3: OR
Off = 0
PUTT RX4: (2) The TX operands are

Off = 0
asserted based on the
PUTT NO OF COMM
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
PHASE SELECOR BITS:
PH DIST Z2 PKP RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
OR
GND DIST Z2 PKP RX PUTT TRIP A
PUTT TRIP B
Phase TRIP TABLE
PUTT TRIP C
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS Selector
PUTT TRIP 3P
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
(1) ZONE 1OPpicks up, and
OPEN POLE
PUTT NO OF COMM
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS BITS:
PH DIST Z1 PKP AND RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
OR
GND DIST Z1 PKP PUTT TX1
PUTT TX2
Phase TRANSMIT TABLE
PUTT TX3
PUTT TX4
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
OPEN POLE OP 837013AA.CDR

Permissive Underreaching Transfer Trip (Operating
path)
(1) Permission to trip
SETTING
PUTT SCHEME received and ….
FUNCTION:
Disabled = 0
Enabled = 1
(2) Filtered for security
SETTINGS
PUTT NO OF COMM
BITS: SETTINGS
PUTT RX1: PUTT RX PICKUP

DELAY: SETTINGS
Off = 0 tPKP
AND PUTT SEAL-IN
0 DELAY:
PUTT RX2:
0 FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
Off = 0 AND t RST PUTT OP
PUTT RX3: OR
Off = 0
PUTT RX4: (4) The scheme

Off = 0 operates
PUTT NO OF COMM
PH DIST Z2 PKP RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
OR
GND DIST Z2 PKP RX PUTT TRIP A
PUTT TRIP B
Phase TRIP TABLE
PUTT TRIP C
(3) Supervising Z2
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
OPEN POLE OP
PUTT TRIP 3P
picks up
PUTT NO OF COMM
PH DIST Z1 PKP AND RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
OR
GND DIST Z1 PKP PUTT TX1
PUTT TX2
Phase TRANSMIT TABLE
PUTT TX3
PUTT TX4
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
OPEN POLE OP 837013AA.CDR

Permissive Underreaching Transfer Trip (Settings)
Extra time before
accepting the RX as a
valid permission to trip
No SEAL-IN needed
when using the TRIP
OUTPUT feature
Two-bit channel used
PUTT RX1 coming in via

input contact
PUTT RX2 coming via

input contact
PUTT TX1 and TX2 going

out via output contact

Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip
• Applications:
Keyed from an overreaching DISTANCE ZONE 2 or from a user-selectable GROUND
DIRECTIONAL function
Echo supervised from LINE PICKUP LEO
Supervised from an overreaching DISTANCE ZONE 2 or from a user-selectable
GROUND DIRECTIONAL function
Current reversal logic incorporated for the GROUND DIRECTIONAL path
• Responds to:
POTT RX1 through RX4 (user programmable FlexLogic operands)
PHASE SELECTOR & AUTORECLOSER
POTT OP (the scheme operated – trip action)
POTT TX1 through TX4 (key)
POTT TRIP A (trip phase A) through POTT TRIP C (trip phase C)
POTT TRIP 3P (trip three phases)

Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip (Keying
path)
(2) user-selected
SETTING
POTT SCHEME
FUNCTION:
protection Disabled = 0
Enabled = 1
(1) ZONE 2 or…
element (ground FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS AND
AND
directional) PH DIST Z2 PKP

GND DIST Z2 PKP
OR
SETTING
SETTINGS
POTT SEAL-IN
(3) pickup…
DELAY:
GND DIR O/C FWD: FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 0 POTT OP
AND t RST
Off = 0
SETTINGS POTT NO OF COMM

BITS:
POTT NO OF COMM SETTINGS
BITS: RUN
POTT RX PICKUP
DELAY: AND FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
POTT RX1: POTT TRIP A
t PKP Selector
AND RX TRIP TABLE
Off = 0 0 POTT TRIP B
POTT TRIP C
POTT RX2: FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS POTT TRIP 3P
SETTINGS
Off = 0 AR FORCE 3P TRIP
TRANS BLOCK PICKUP AND
DELAY: OPEN POLE OP
POTT RX3: OR
TRANS BLOCK RESET
Off = 0 DELAY: POTT NO OF COMM
t PKP BITS:
POTT RX4: t RST OR RUN
Off = 0
0
100 msec
SETTING
POTT PERMISSIVE ECHO:

TRANSMIT TABLE
(4) to key the channel
Disabled SETTINGS FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Off
LINE END OPEN PICKUP POTT TX1
DELAY: SETTINGS
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND POTT TX2
Enabled AND RUN
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
t PKP ECHO DURATION: POTT TX3
0 AND POTT TX4
SETTING ECHO LOCKOUT:
Echo duration and lockout logic ECHO TABLE

POTT ECHO COND:
Custom RX
Off = 0
Phase
Selector
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR FORCE 3P TRIP 837014AD.CDR
OPEN POLE OP

Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip (Echo path)
SETTING
POTT SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled = 0 (3) Permission to trip
Enabled = 1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS AND

is received and…
AND
PH DIST Z2 PKP
OR
GND DIST Z2 PKP
SETTINGS
SETTING POTT SEAL-IN (4) The transmit
DELAY:
GND DIR O/C FWD:
AND
OR 0
t RST
path is not active,
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
POTT OP
Off = 0

then …
BITS:
SETTINGS
(2) Line End Open POTT NO OF COMM
BITS:
POTT RX PICKUP
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
DELAY: AND Phase
condition is declared by POTT RX1:
Off = 0
AND
t PKP
0
Selector
RX TRIP TABLE
POTT TRIP A
POTT TRIP B
the LINE PICKUP and … POTT RX2:

SETTINGS FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
POTT TRIP C
POTT TRIP 3P
DELAY: OPEN POLE OP
POTT RX3: OR
TRANS BLOCK RESET
POTT RX4:
t PKP
t RST OR
BITS:
RUN (5) The RX bits are
Off = 0
0
100 msec
echoed as TX bits
SETTING TRANSMIT TABLE

Off
LINE END OPEN PICKUP POTT TX1
DELAY: SETTINGS
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND POTT TX2
Enabled AND RUN
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
t PKP ECHO DURATION: POTT TX3
(1) If ECHO is SETTING

0 AND
ECHO LOCKOUT:
POTT TX4
enabled and … POTT ECHO COND:

Custom
Echo duration and lockout logic
RX
ECHO TABLE
Off = 0
Phase
Selector
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR FORCE 3P TRIP 837014AD.CDR
OPEN POLE OP

Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip (Operating path)
(3) User-selectable
SETTING (1) Z2 picks up function picks up
POTT SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled = 0
and… during the window
Enabled = 1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS AND

opened by … (5) The scheme trips
AND
PH DIST Z2 PKP
GND DIST Z2 PKP
OR by asserting its
SETTINGS
SETTING POTT SEAL-IN FlexLogic operands
DELAY:
GND DIR O/C FWD: FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 0 POTT OP
AND t RST
Off = 0

BITS:
POTT NO OF COMM SETTINGS
BITS: RUN
POTT RX PICKUP
DELAY: AND FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
POTT RX1: POTT TRIP A
t PKP Selector
AND RX TRIP TABLE
Off = 0 0 POTT TRIP B
POTT TRIP C
POTT RX2: FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS POTT TRIP 3P
SETTINGS
DELAY: OPEN POLE OP
POTT RX3: OR
TRANS BLOCK RESET
t PKP BITS:
POTT RX4: t RST OR RUN
Off = 0
0
100 msec
SETTING TRANSMIT TABLE
(2) Permission to
Off
LINE END OPEN PICKUP
DELAY: SETTINGS (4) Current reversal POTT TX1
trip is received,
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
Enabled t PKP
AND RUN
POTT TX2
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
0 AND
ECHO DURATION:
(transient blocking) POTT TX3
POTT TX4
or … ECHO LOCKOUT:
SETTING
POTT ECHO COND:

logic, then …
Echo duration and lockout logic ECHO TABLE
Custom RX
Off = 0
Phase
Selector
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR FORCE 3P TRIP
OPEN POLE OP
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval. 837014AD.CDR
Current Reversal
SETTINGS
POTT NO OF COMM
A SETTINGS B X
BITS:
POTT RX PICKUP
DELAY:
POTT RX1:
t PKP
Off = 0
AND
0 D
POTT RX2:
SETTINGS
Off = 0 TRANS BLOCK PICKUP
POTT RX3: OR
DELAY: C AND
TRANS BLOCK RESET
Off = 0 DELAY:
t PKP
POTT RX4: t RST
Off = 0
(1) Permission to trip
still present
A (RX)
B (RX SECURE) (3) The scheme is

secure as the
C “window” is closed
D (SUPERVISION) WINDOW FOR GND FWD
GND FWD
(2) Fault seen as
GND REV
forward
Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip (Settings)
Extra time before

This gives the GND DIR

function 20 msec to
operate. After that…
the GND DIR function is

locked out for 90 msec

Enable the ECHO feature

in weak systems
LEO signal to last for 50

msec to arm the ECHO
feature
Echo pulse to last 100

msec
After the pulse is sent,

the ECHO feature is
disabled for 250 msec

Use any forward-looking

overreaching directional
element
SEAL-IN only if the TRIP

OUTPUT feature not used
4-bit scheme used
Remote I/O (UCA

GOOSE) used for pilot
communications
Hybrid Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip
• Applications:
Uses DISTANCE ZONE 4 as a default reverse-looking element; any user-selectable
function can be used
• Responds to:
HYB POTT RX1 through RX4 (user programmable FlexLogic operands)
HYB POTT OP (the scheme operated – trip action)
HYB POTT TX1 through TX4 (key)
HYB POTT TRIP A (trip phase A) through POTT TRIP C (trip phase C)
HYB POTT TRIP 3P (trip three phases)

Hybrid Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip (Keying
path) SETTING SETTING
HYB POTT WEAK
GND DIR O/C FWD:
INFEED:
Off = 0
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS OR
PH DIST Z2 PKP
GND DIST Z2 PKP (1) ZONE 2 or…
Off
Disabled
OR
(3) Pickup and …
(2) user-selected FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
OPEN POLE OP Enabled
protection element LINE PICKUP UV PKP

AND
(ground directional)
SETTING
SETTING
HYB POTT W/I COND:
HYB POTT SEAL-IN
Custom
Off = 0 DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND 0
AND HYB POTT OP
SETTING t RST
HYB POTT SCHEME
FUNCTION: HYB POTT NO OF
Disabled=0 COMM BITS:
Enabled=1 RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
SETTINGS Selector HYB POTT TRIP A
SETTING
RX HYB POTT TRIP B
HYB POTT NO OF HYB POTT RX PICKUP TRIP TABLE
COMM BITS: HYB POTT TRIP C
DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS HYB POTT TRIP 3P
HYB POTT RX1:
t PKP AR FORCE 3P TRIP
AND
0 OPEN POLE OP
Off = 0
HYB POTT RX2:
Off = 0 0
100 msec
(4) There is not reverse
HYB POTT RX3: OR
Off = 0
SETTING
fault indication…
HYB POTT RX4:
HYB POTT SETTINGS
Off = 0 PERMISSIVE ECHO:
ECHO DURATION:
Off
Disabled
ECHO LOCKOUT:
HYB POTT NO OF
COMM BITS: (5) then, the channel
AND RUN
SETTING AND
Enabled AND
Echo duration and
lockout logic
ECHO TABLE
is keyed
HYB POTT ECHO COND:
Custom
Off=0
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
HYB POTT TX1
SETTINGS HYB POTT TX2
SETTING RUN
HYB POTT TX3
GND DIR O/C REV: DELAY: OR HYB POTT TX4
RX
TRANS BLOCK RESET
Off = 0
DELAY: Phase
Selector TRANSMIT TABLE
t PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS OR OR
t RST FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
PH DIST Z4 PKP
GND DIST Z4 PKP AR FORCE 3P TRIP
PH DIST Z1 PKP OPEN POLE OP
GND DIST Z1 PKP 837015AE.CDR

(Forward & Reverse Fault Directions)
SETTING SETTING
HYB POTT WEAK
GND DIR O/C FWD:
INFEED:
Off = 0
(2) user-selected FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS OR

PH DIST Z2 PKP
forward-looking GND DIST Z2 PKP
Disabled
protection element
Off OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
AND
LINE PICKUP UV PKP
(1) forward-looking SETTING
HYB POTT W/I COND:

SETTING
HYB POTT SEAL-IN
ZONE 2
Custom
Off = 0 DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND 0
AND HYB POTT OP
SETTING t RST
HYB POTT SCHEME
Enabled=1 RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
SETTING
RX HYB POTT TRIP B
DELAY:
HYB POTT RX1:
AND
0 OPEN POLE OP
Off = 0
HYB POTT RX2:
Off = 0 0
100 msec
HYB POTT RX3: OR
Off = 0
SETTING
HYB POTT RX4:
HYB POTT SETTINGS
(4) user-selected Off = 0 PERMISSIVE ECHO:

ECHO DURATION:
Disabled HYB POTT NO OF
Off
ECHO LOCKOUT: COMM BITS:
reverse-looking SETTING AND

Enabled AND
Echo duration and
lockout logic
AND RUN
protection element HYB POTT ECHO COND:

Custom
ECHO TABLE
Off=0
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
HYB POTT TX1
SETTING RUN
HYB POTT TX3
RX
TRANS BLOCK RESET
(3) reverse-looking
Off = 0
DELAY: Phase
t PKP Selector TRANSMIT TABLE
t RST
ZONE 4 PH DIST Z4 PKP FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS


Hybrid Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip (Echo path)
SETTING SETTING
GND DIR O/C FWD: HYB POTT WEAK

INFEED:
Off = 0
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
PH DIST Z2 PKP
OR (1) Permission received,
GND DIST Z2 PKP
Off
Disabled
and …
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
OPEN POLE OP
LINE PICKUP UV PKP
AND
Enabled (2) The channel is not
SETTING
SETTING
being keyed, and …
HYB POTT W/I COND:
HYB POTT SEAL-IN
Custom
Off = 0 DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND 0
AND HYB POTT OP
SETTING t RST
HYB POTT SCHEME
Enabled=1 RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
SETTING
RX HYB POTT TRIP B
DELAY: FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS HYB POTT TRIP 3P
HYB POTT RX1:
AND
0 OPEN POLE OP
Off = 0
HYB POTT RX2:
Off = 0 0
HYB POTT RX3:
Off = 0
OR
100 msec
(3) No reverse fault, then
HYB POTT RX4:
SETTING
HYB POTT SETTINGS …
ECHO DURATION:
Off
COMM BITS:
(4) ECHO is sent

ECHO LOCKOUT:
AND RUN
Echo duration and
Enabled AND lockout logic
SETTING AND
HYB POTT ECHO COND:

Custom
ECHO TABLE
back
Off=0
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
HYB POTT TX1
SETTING RUN
HYB POTT TX3
RX
TRANS BLOCK RESET
Off = 0
DELAY: Phase
t PKP Selector TRANSMIT TABLE
PH DIST Z4 PKP

(Operating path) SETTING (1) Forward fault is
GND DIR O/C FWD:
SETTING
HYB POTT WEAK
Off = 0
INFEED:
detected, or…
PH DIST Z2 PKP
GND DIST Z2 PKP
Disabled
(2) Undervoltage is
Off
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR
detected, and…
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
(3) Permission
AND
LINE PICKUP UV PKP
SETTING
HYB POTT W/I COND:

Custom
SETTING
HYB POTT SEAL-IN
received, and …
Off = 0 DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND 0
AND HYB POTT OP
SETTING t RST
HYB POTT SCHEME
Enabled=1 RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
SETTING
RX HYB POTT TRIP B
DELAY:
HYB POTT RX1:
AND
0 OPEN POLE OP
Off = 0
HYB POTT RX2:
Off = 0 0
100 msec
(5) The scheme
HYB POTT RX3: OR
Off = 0
SETTING
operates
HYB POTT RX4:
HYB POTT SETTINGS
ECHO DURATION:
Off
Disabled
ECHO LOCKOUT: (4) Fault is not reverse,
HYB POTT NO OF
COMM BITS:
AND RUN
SETTING AND
Enabled AND
Echo duration and
lockout logic then … ECHO TABLE
HYB POTT ECHO COND:
Custom
Off=0
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
HYB POTT TX1
SETTING RUN
HYB POTT TX3
RX
TRANS BLOCK RESET
Off = 0
DELAY: Phase
t PKP
PH DIST Z4 PKP

(Transient Blocking)
SETTING SETTING
HYB POTT WEAK
GND DIR O/C FWD:
INFEED:
Off = 0
PH DIST Z2 PKP
GND DIST Z2 PKP
Disabled
Off OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
AND
LINE PICKUP UV PKP
SETTING
SETTING
HYB POTT W/I COND:
HYB POTT SEAL-IN
Custom
Off = 0 DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
AND 0
AND HYB POTT OP
SETTING t RST
HYB POTT SCHEME
Enabled=1 RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
SETTING
RX HYB POTT TRIP B
DELAY:
HYB POTT RX1:
AND
0 OPEN POLE OP
Off = 0
HYB POTT RX2:
Off = 0 0
100 msec
HYB POTT RX3: OR
Off = 0
SETTING
HYB POTT RX4:
HYB POTT SETTINGS
ECHO DURATION:
Off
ECHO LOCKOUT: COMM BITS:
AND RUN
Echo duration and
Enabled AND lockout logic
SETTING AND
HYB POTT ECHO COND: ECHO TABLE

Custom
Off=0
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
HYB POTT TX1
SETTING RUN
HYB POTT TX3
RX
TRANS BLOCK RESET
Off = 0
DELAY: Phase
t PKP
PH DIST Z4 PKP

Current Reversal Logic
(2) Reverse fault

indication is passed
SETTING
SETTINGS
TRANS BLOCK PICKUP
instantaneously
GND DIR O/C REV: DELAY: OR
TRANS BLOCK RESET
Off = 0
DELAY:
t PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
PH DIST Z4 PKP
OR
t RST (1) This signal means “No
GND DIST Z4 PKP reverse fault”
(3) Fault seen as

reverse …. (5) Is considered reverse for
an extended period of time
(4) For some

time …

Hybrid Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip (Settings)
Extra time before
Fault seen as reverse for

20 msec …
Is considered reverse for

extra 90 msec
Single-bit channel is used
RX is brought via a
contact input

Hybrid Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip (Settings)
Enable ECHO in weak
systems
Duration of the ECHO

pulse
Lock-out time for the

ECHO feature
Use any forward-looking

element
Use any reverse-looking

element

Directional Blocking Scheme
• Applications:
• Responds to:
BLOCKING SCHEME RX1 through RX4 (user programmable FlexLogic operands)
DIR BLOCK OP (the scheme operated – trip action)
DIR BLOCK TX INIT (initiate blocking)
DIR BLOCK TX1 STOP through TX4 (stop blocking)
DIR BLOCK TRIP A (trip phase A) through POTT TRIP C (trip phase C)
DIR BLOCK TRIP 3P (trip three phases)

Directional Blocking Scheme (Initiate Blocking)
SETTING
BLOCKING SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled=0
SETTING
Enabled=1
BLOCKING RX CO-ORD PKP
DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
PH DIST Z2 PKP AND t PKP
0
GND DIST Z2 PKP
SETTING OR
GND DIR O/C FWD:

SETTING
Off = 0
BLOCK SCHEME
SEAL-IN DELAY:
0
SETTING AND t RST DIR BLOCK OP
BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
COMM BITS: BLOCK SCHEME NO OF BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
COMM BITS: COMM BITS:
BLOCKING SCHEME RX1:
RUN RUN
Off = 0 FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
Selector DIR BLOCK TRIP A
RX TRIP TABLE DIR BLOCK TRIP B
Off = 0 TRIP TABLE DIR BLOCK TRIP C
PATTERN RECEIVED FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS DIR BLOCK TRIP 3P
BLOCKING SCHEME RX3: (See Chapter 8) AR FORCE 3P TRIP
Off = 0 OPEN POLE OP
Off = 0 BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
(2) a user-selected AND

COMM BITS:
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
SETTING
reverse function Phase
Selector
RX TRANSMIT TABLE
DIR BLOCK TX1 STOP
DIR BLOCK TX2 STOP
DIR BLOCK TX3 STOP
GND DIR O/C REV. FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS DIR BLOCK TX4 STOP
AND
OPEN POLE OP
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS SETTINGS
PH DIST Z4 PKP
TRANS BLOCK PICKUP FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
GND DIST Z4 PKP DELAY:
OR DIR BLOCK TX INIT
TRANS BLOCK RESET
(1) ZONE 4 or… DELAY:

t PKP
t RST (3) Initiate the
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
OR
PH DIST Z1 PKP
GND DIST Z1 PKP
OR blocking signal 837016AB.CDR

Directional Blocking Scheme
(Dealing with Current Reversal)
SETTING
BLOCKING SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled=0
SETTING
Enabled=1
DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
0
GND DIST Z2 PKP
SETTING OR
GND DIR O/C FWD:

SETTING
Off = 0
BLOCK SCHEME
SEAL-IN DELAY:
0
BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
COMM BITS: BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
(2) Lasting for some
COMM BITS:
RUN
BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
COMM BITS:
RUN
Off = 0
time …
Phase
Selector
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
DIR BLOCK TRIP A

COMM BITS:
AND RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
Selector DIR BLOCK TX1 STOP
SETTING RX TRANSMIT TABLE DIR BLOCK TX2 STOP
DIR BLOCK TX3 STOP
AND
OPEN POLE OP
OR
PH DIST Z4 PKP
(1) Reverse TRANS BLOCK RESET
DELAY:
indication
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
t PKP
t RST
(3) Is extended for some extra
OR
PH DIST Z1 PKP
OR
GND DIST Z1 PKP
period of time 837016AB.CDR

Directional Blocking Scheme (Stop Blocking)
SETTING
BLOCKING SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled=0
SETTING
Enabled=1
DELAY:
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
0
GND DIST Z2 PKP
SETTING OR
GND DIR O/C FWD:

SETTING
Off = 0
BLOCK SCHEME
SEAL-IN DELAY:
0
BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
RUN RUN
Phase
(2) Asserts the


STOP operands
Off = 0 (1) Forward fault BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
COMM BITS:
… AND
Phase
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
DIR BLOCK TX1 STOP
Selector
DIR BLOCK TX3 STOP
AND
OPEN POLE OP
OR
PH DIST Z4 PKP
TRANS BLOCK RESET
DELAY:
t PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS t RST
OR
PH DIST Z1 PKP
OR 837016AB.CDR
GND DIST Z1 PKP

Directional Blocking Scheme (Operating path)
SETTING
BLOCKING SCHEME
FUNCTION:
Disabled=0
SETTING
(2) No blocking signal
Enabled=1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
DELAY: received, then …
0
GND DIST Z2 PKP
SETTING OR
GND DIR O/C FWD:

SETTING
(3) The scheme
Off = 0
BLOCK SCHEME
SEAL-IN DELAY: operates
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING
0
BLOCK SCHEME NO OF
RUN RUN
Phase

COMM BITS:
AND RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
Phase
Selector DIR BLOCK TX1 STOP
(1) Forward fault,

DIR BLOCK TX3 STOP
Off = 0 AND and … AR FORCE 3P TRIP
OPEN POLE OP
OR
PH DIST Z4 PKP
TRANS BLOCK RESET
DELAY:
t PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS t RST
OR
PH DIST Z1 PKP
OR 837016AB.CDR
GND DIST Z1 PKP

Directional Blocking Scheme (Settings)
Coordination time (wait
for a blocking signal
before tripping)
Fault seen as reverse for

30 msec …
Is considered reverse for

extra 90 msec

Single-bit channel is used
RX is brought via a
contact input

Any forward-looking
protection element
Any reverse-looking
protection element

Directional Unblocking Scheme
• Applications:
– Intend to be used with a frequency shift keying (FSK) PLC that produces a loss-
of-guard output during an actual loss-of-guard signal condition
– Keyed from an overreaching DISTANCE ZONE 2 or from a user-selectable
– Uses DISTANCE ZONE 4 as a default reverse-looking element; any user-
selectable function can be used
• Responds to:
– DCUB RX1 through RX4 (user programmable FlexLogic operands)
– DUCB LOG1 through LOG4 (user programmable FlexLogic operands)
– DISTANCE ZONE 2 and 4 pickup flags
– TRIP OUTPUT logic (“trip bus”)
– PHASE SELECTOR & AUTORECLOSER
– DUCB OP (the scheme operated – trip action)
– DUCB TX1 through TX4 (key)
– DUCB TRIP A (trip phase A) through DUCB TRIP C (trip phase C)
– DUCBTRIP 3P (trip three phases)
(1) forward-looking
ZONE 2
(2) user-selected
forward-looking
protection element
(4) user-selected
reverse-looking
protection element
(3) reverse-looking
ZONE 4

(4) DUCB OP
(1) … and unblocking asserted
signal received
(3) Or loss guard and

no Rx received for
some time
(2) … and guard

signal is lost

After this delay …
to trip
(1) loss guard and no

Rx received (2) Open a window
to allow DUCB …

Continue to block
DCUB for some
time to ensure
channel is stable
(1) When guard signal (2) Holding for some

recovers, i.e. no LOG time, so…

Guard Healthy Reset
Relay
Log Pickup Delay
Log Trip Window

Ground Directional Elements
• Pilot-aided schemes using distance relays have
inherently limited fault resistance coverage
• Ground directional overcurrent protection using
either negative- or zero-sequence can be a useful
supplement to give more coverage for high
resistance faults
• Ground directional elements tend to be faster
than distance functions
• Because of the extremely large effective reach of a
ground directional element, the current reversal
situation requires attention
Benefits of Ground Directional Elements
• The zero- and negative-sequence currents
practically do not contain any load components:
Pickup levels may be set low ensuring sensitive operation
Directional discrimination based on the ground quantities is more
accurate as compared to the phase quantities
• Directional discrimination based on the ground

quantities is fast:
Accurate angular relations between the zero- and negative-sequence
quantities establish very quickly because:
During faults the zero- and negative-sequence currents and voltages
build up from very low values (practically from zero)
The pre-fault values do not bias the developing fault components in
any direction

Choice of Voltage Polarization
• The source of polarization for a directional
element should be approached with caution:
Zero-sequence voltage is the most likely choice
It is useful to perform some analysis to decide whether the inter-
circuit mutual effects, especially from lower voltage circuits, can be a
problem
When this situation exists, negative sequence may well be the
preferred choice for a polarizing signal
• In order to provide the required flexibility modern

protective relays may offer a choice of matching:
The negative-sequence- or zero-sequence-based overcurrent
function with
The choice of either negative-sequence- or zero-sequence-based
directional function

Choice of Current Polarization
• Current polarization has its own problems:
The current in the neutral to ground connections in a wye-delta-wye
or an autotransformer can exhibit an indeterminate direction
The solution is to use a signal approximating the delta tertiary
current:
• for the wye-delta-wye case — use the summation of CTs in both
neutral to ground connections
• for an autotransformer — the tertiary current is the most reliable
source of a polarizing signal
• In order to provide flexibility modern protective relays
may offer a choice with respect to polarization of ground
overcurrent direction functions:
Voltage polarization
Current polarization
Dual polarization

Ground Directional O/C Elements of the D60
• Negative-Sequence Directional OC
OC function responding to negative- or zero-sequence
current as per user’s selection
Simultaneous forward and reverse indications
Separate pickup thresholds and limit angles for the
forward and reverse operating characteristics
Directional function responding to negative-sequence
voltage and current
Offset impedance for application on Series-Compensated
lines and in strong systems

Ground Directional O/C Elements of the D60
• Neutral Directional OC
OC function responding to neutral (calculated 3I0) or
ground (external 3I0) currents as per user’s selection
Simultaneous forward and reverse indications
Separate pickup thresholds and limit angles for the
forward and reverse operating characteristics
Polarized form voltage, current or both
Polarized voltage calculated internally (3V0) or supplied
externally (broken delta 3V0) as per user’s selection
Offset impedance for application on Series-Compensated
lines and in strong systems

Negative-Sequence Directional OC

Negative-Sequence Directional OC (Basic Operation)
SETTING
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWD
PICKUP: (2) Forward IOC, and …
AND RUN
I _0 - K I _1 PICKUP
OR
AND RUN
SETTING I _2 - K I _1 PICKUP AND
NEG SEQ DIR OC1
FUNCTION:
Disabled=0 SETTINGS
Enabled=1 FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWD
ECA: AND NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWD
SETTING NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWD
AND
LIMIT ANGLE:
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 BLK:
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 REV
Off=0 LIMIT ANGLE:
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 1.25 cy
SETTING OFFSET: AND
1.5 cy
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 RUN FWD
SOURCE: FWD
Neg Seq Voltage (V_2) REV.
Neg Seq Seq Crt (I_2)
(4) IOCs respond to I0 or Zero Seq Seq Crt (I_0) V_2 pol REV (1) Negative-sequence
Voltage Polarization
I2 as per user’s selection directional element
SETTING
controls …
SETTING
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 NEG SEQ DIR OC1 REV
AND FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
TYPE: PICKUP:
AND RUN NEG SEQ DIR OC1 REV
Neg Sequence
Zero Sequence I _2 - K I _1 PICKUP
OR
AND RUN
(3) Reverse IOC 827091A3.CDR

(Current Reversal Logic) SETTING
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWD
PICKUP:
AND RUN
OR
AND RUN
SETTING I _2 - K I _1 PICKUP AND
NEG SEQ DIR OC1
FUNCTION:
Disabled=0 SETTINGS
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
Enabled=1
(1) Reverse fault
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWD
ECA: AND NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWD
SETTING
AND
indication
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 FWD for 1.25
LIMIT ANGLE:
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 BLK: cycle…
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 REV
Off=0 LIMIT ANGLE:
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 1.25 cy
SETTING OFFSET: AND
1.5 cy
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 RUN FWD
SOURCE: FWD
Neg Seq Voltage (V_2) REV.
Neg Seq Seq Crt (I_2)
Zero Seq Seq Crt (I_0) V_2 pol REV (2) Prohibits forward
indication for extra
SETTING
1.5 cycle
SETTING
NEG SEQ DIR OC1 NEG SEQ DIR OC1 REV
TYPE: PICKUP:
AND RUN NEG SEQ DIR OC1 REV
Neg Sequence
Zero Sequence I _2 - K I _1 PICKUP
OR
AND RUN
827091A3.CDR

(Settings)
Use offset on series

compensated lines
Select between negative-

and zero-sequence OC
functions
Select “maximum torque

angle”

Negative-Sequence Directional OC (Settings)
Select the limit angle

(reduce the operating
region for more security)
for FWD faults
Select pickup value for

the forward OC function

for REV faults
Block when needed (from Select pickup value for

the OPEN POLE, for the reverse OC function
example)

Neutral Directional OC

Neutral Directional OC (Basic Operation)
SETTING
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 FWD
PICKUP:
(3) Forward IOC, and …
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 OP
CURR:
SETTING
RUN
NEUTRAL DIR OC1
FUNCTION: 3( I _0 - K I _1 ) PICKUP
Disabled=0 OR
Enabled=1 IG PICKUP AND
SETTING
AND SETTINGS
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 BLK: AND
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 FWD
ECA:
Off=0
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 FWD FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
LIMIT ANGLE:
SETTING AND NEUTRAL DIR OC1 FWD
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 NEUTRAL DIR OC1 REV
SOURCE: LIMIT ANGLE:
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 POL NEUTRAL DIR OC1

VOLT: OFFSET:
RUN
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 OP
CURR:
FWD
Measured VX OR
Calculated V_0 FWD
1.25 cy
-3V_0 AND
Zero Seq Crt (I_0) 1.5 cy
Ground Crt (IG) REV
3I_0 REV
SETTING IG 0.05 pu AND RUN (1) Zero-sequence voltage

NEUTRAL DIR OC1
POLARIZING:
Current Polarization
FWD
polarized or/and …
Voltage OR
Current OR
REV
Dual OR
NOTE: (2) Current polarized directional
1) CURRENT POLARIZING IS POSSIBLE ONLY IN RELAYS WITH
(4) IOCs respond to 3I0 or IG

THE GROUND CURRENT INPUTS CONNECTED TO
AN ADEQUATE CURRENT POLARIZING SOURCE SETTING element(s) control …
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 FWD
2) GROUND CURRENT CAN NOT BE USED FOR POLARIZATION PICKUP:
as per user’s selection AND OPERATION SIMULTANEOUSLY
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 OP
CURR: NEUTRAL DIR OC1 REV
RUN
3( I _0 - K I _1 ) PICKUP
OR
IG PICKUP
(4) Reverse IOC
827077A8.CDR

Neutral Directional OC (Current Reversal) SETTING
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 FWD
PICKUP:
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 OP
CURR:
SETTING
RUN
NEUTRAL DIR OC1
FUNCTION: 3( I _0 - K I _1 ) PICKUP
Disabled=0 OR
Enabled=1 IG PICKUP AND
SETTING
AND SETTINGS
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 BLK: AND
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 FWD
ECA:
Off=0
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 FWD FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
LIMIT ANGLE:
SETTING AND NEUTRAL DIR OC1 FWD
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 (1) Reverse fault
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 REV
LIMIT ANGLE:
SOURCE:
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 POL
VOLT:
indication for 1.25
NEUTRAL DIR OC1
OFFSET:
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 OP

CURR:
cycle…
RUN
FWD
Measured VX OR
Calculated V_0 FWD
1.25 cy
-3V_0 AND
Zero Seq Crt (I_0) 1.5 cy
Ground Crt (IG) REV
3I_0 REV
SETTING IG 0.05 pu AND RUN

NEUTRAL DIR OC1 FWD
POLARIZING:
Voltage OR Current Polarization (2) Prohibits forward
Current
Dual OR
REV
OR
indication for extra
NOTE:
1) CURRENT POLARIZING IS POSSIBLE ONLY IN RELAYS WITH
1.5 cycle
THE GROUND CURRENT INPUTS CONNECTED TO
AN ADEQUATE CURRENT POLARIZING SOURCE SETTING
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 FWD
2) GROUND CURRENT CAN NOT BE USED FOR POLARIZATION PICKUP:
AND OPERATION SIMULTANEOUSLY AND FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 OP
CURR: NEUTRAL DIR OC1 REV
RUN
3( I _0 - K I _1 ) PICKUP
OR
IG PICKUP
827077A8.CDR

Neutral Directional OC (Settings)
Select polarizing mode
(voltage, current, dual)

Select source of the

polarizing voltage
Select source of the OC

current
Use offset on series

compensated lines
Select “maximum torque

angle”


for FWD faults

the forward OC function

for REV faults
Block when needed (from

the OPEN POLE, for
the reverse OC function
example)

Summary of Teleprotection Schemes
• Six common schemes available
• Teleprotection schemes are flexible
User’s choice of TX/RX interfaces (contacts, UCA GOOSE, UR Direct
I/Os)
Custom filtering for TX/RX via FlexLogic
Output operands (OP/TX) can be modified to customize the scheme
Input operands (RX) can be modified to customize the scheme
User-selected elements can be used in addition to the traditional Z1,
Z2 and Z4 set
• Ground directional functions shall be used

Faster operation
More sensitivity
Security

MISCELLANEOUS
FUNCTIONS

Line Pickup (SOTF)
Line Pickup
• Applications:
Trip the line when switching onto a fault
Used by HYBRID POTT scheme
Could be used as an positive-sequence UV element
• Responds to:
Positive-sequence voltage and phase currents
TRIP OUTPUT logic

LINE PICKUP UV PKP (positive-sequence undervoltage conditions)
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP (line end open condition detected)
LINE PICKUP PKP/DPO/OP (the element picks up, drops out and
operates – tripping action)

Line Pickup Logic
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING LINE PICKUP UV PKP
SETTING
LINE PICKUP TERMINAL OPEN: SETTING
FUNCTION:
Off=0 POS SEQ OV
Disabled=0 PKP DELAY:
Enabled=1 t PKP
OR t RST=0
SETTING
AND
LINE PICKUP SETTINGS
BLOCK: SETTING
LINE END OPEN
Off=0 PICKUP DELAY:
LINE PICKUPUV PKP:
LINE END OPEN FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING RUN RESET DELAY: LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
LINE PICKUP SIGNAL VAG or VAB < setting t PKP (LEO=Line End Open)
SOURCE: VBG or VBC < setting AND OR t RST
VAG VAB VCG or VCA < setting SETTINGS
VBG VBC AND AR CO-ORD
PICKUP DELAY:
VCG VCA SETTING
IA IA < 0.05 pu AR CO-ORD RESET
IB IB < 0.05 pu DELAY:
AND
IC IC < 0.05 pu t PKP
AND t RST
SETTING
PHASE IOC
LINE PICKUP:
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
IA > PICKUP AND
SETTING OR LINE PICKUP OP
IB > PICKUP OR
LINE PICKUP PKP
AR CO-ORD BYPASS: IC > PICKUP
LINE PICKUP DPO
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AND
GND DIST Z2 PKP
OR
PH DIST Z2 PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS OR AND LINE PICKUP RCL TRIP
AR CLOSE BKR1 0
OR
AR CLOSE BKR2 6 cycles
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
D60 and L90 only LINE PICKUP I< A
LINE PICKUP I< B
LINE PICKUP I< C
837000AA.CDR

Line Pickup Logic - Detecting and Undervoltage Condition
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING
FUNCTION:
Off=0 POS SEQ OV
Enabled=1 t PKP
OR t RST=0
SETTING
AND
BLOCK: SETTING
LINE END OPEN
Off=0 PICKUP DELAY:
LINE PICKUPUV PKP:
PICKUP DELAY:
VCG VCA SETTING
AND
AND t RST
SETTING
PHASE IOC
LINE PICKUP:
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
IA > PICKUP AND
IB > PICKUP OR
LINE PICKUP PKP
LINE PICKUP DPO
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AND
GND DIST Z2 PKP
OR
PH DIST Z2 PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR CLOSE BKR1 0
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
LINE PICKUP I< B
LINE PICKUP I< C
837000AA.CDR

Line Pickup Logic - Detecting Line End Open
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING
FUNCTION:
Off=0 POS SEQ OV
Enabled=1 t PKP
OR t RST=0
SETTING
AND
BLOCK: SETTING
LINE END OPEN
Off=0 PICKUP DELAY:
LINE PICKUPUV PKP:
SETTING RUN No voltage RESET DELAY: LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
VCG VCA SETTING No current PICKUP DELAY:

AND
AND t RST
SETTING
PHASE IOC
LINE PICKUP:
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
IA > PICKUP AND
IB > PICKUP OR
LINE PICKUP PKP
LINE PICKUP DPO
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AND
GND DIST Z2 PKP
OR
PH DIST Z2 PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR CLOSE BKR1 0
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
LINE PICKUP I< B
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval. LINE PICKUP I< C
837000AA.CDR
Line Pickup Logic -Tripping with Co-ordination
Timer (1) Voltage is
present… (4) and the line used to be
(2) for some FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING
SETTING
open… and LINE PICKUP UV PKP
LINE PICKUP
FUNCTION:
TERMINAL OPEN: time SETTING
Off=0 POS SEQ OV
Enabled=1 t PKP
OR t RST=0
SETTING
AND
(3) no voltage…
BLOCK: SETTING
LINE END OPEN
Off=0 PICKUP DELAY:
LINE PICKUPUV PKP:
VBG
VCG
VBC
VCA SETTING
AND AR CO-ORD
PICKUP DELAY: (6) then, the LINE
AR CO-ORD RESET
IA
IB
IA < 0.05 pu
IB < 0.05 pu AND
DELAY: PICKUP operates
AND t RST
(including AR
SETTING
PHASE IOC coordination)
LINE PICKUP:
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
IA > PICKUP AND
IB > PICKUP OR
LINE PICKUP PKP
LINE PICKUP DPO
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AND
GND DIST Z2 PKP
OR
PH DIST Z2 PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR CLOSE BKR1
AR CLOSE BKR2
OR
0
(5) excessive
6 cycles
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
D60 and L90 only
current is present LINE PICKUP I< A
LINE PICKUP I< B
LINE PICKUP I< C
837000AA.CDR

Line Pickup Logic
By-passing the Co-ordination Timer
(2) and the line used to be FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING
SETTING
TERMINAL OPEN:
LINE PICKUP SETTING

FUNCTION:
Off=0 POS SEQ OV
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
PKP DELAY:
t PKP
(1) no voltage…
OR t RST=0
SETTING
AND
BLOCK: SETTING
LINE END OPEN
Off=0 PICKUP DELAY:
LINE PICKUPUV PKP:
PICKUP DELAY:
VCG VCA SETTING
DELAY:
IB IB < 0.05 pu AND
AND t RST
SETTING
PHASE IOC
LINE PICKUP:
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
IA > PICKUP AND
IB > PICKUP OR
LINE PICKUP PKP
LINE PICKUP DPO
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AND
GND DIST Z2 PKP
OR
PH DIST Z2 PKP
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AR CLOSE BKR1
OR
0 (3) excessive AND
(5) then, the LINE

LINE PICKUP RCL TRIP

D60 and L90 only current is present PICKUP operates
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
(4) BY-PASS is LINE PICKUP I< A
and… (without AR
LINE PICKUP I< B
LINE PICKUP I< C
enabled 837000AA.CDR
coordination)
Line Pickup Logic - Operation from DISTANCE ZONE 2
(2) and the line used to be FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING
LINE PICKUP
SETTING
TERMINAL OPEN:
SETTING
FUNCTION:
Off=0 POS SEQ OV
Enabled=1 t PKP
OR t RST=0
SETTING
AND
BLOCK: SETTING
LINE END OPEN
Off=0 PICKUP DELAY:
LINE PICKUPUV PKP:
SETTING RUN RESET DELAY:
LINE PICKUP LEO PKP
PICKUP DELAY:
VCG VCA SETTING
DELAY:
IB
IC
IB < 0.05 pu
IC < 0.05 pu
AND
AND
t PKP (1) no voltage…
t RST
SETTING
PHASE IOC
LINE PICKUP:
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
IA > PICKUP AND
IB > PICKUP OR
LINE PICKUP PKP
LINE PICKUP DPO
Disabled=0
Enabled=1
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
AND
GND DIST Z2 PKP
OR
PH DIST Z2 PKP
(4) then, the LINE
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS OR AND
PICKUP operates
LINE PICKUP RCL TRIP
AR CLOSE BKR1
OR
0
(3) ZONE 2 picks up
AR CLOSE BKR2
D60 and L90 only
6 cycles
(without AR
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
LINE PICKUP I< A
coordination)
LINE PICKUP I< B
LINE PICKUP I< C
837000AA.CDR

Line Pickup Settings

Load Encroachment
Load Encroachment
Applications:
Establish a blocking signal for high load conditions that
otherwise could operate the distance and/or TOC functions
Responds to:
Positive-sequence voltage and current
Asserts FlexLogicTM operands:

LOAD ENCHR PKP/DPO/OP (the element picks up, drops out
and operates – blocking action)
Load Encroachment
• The element asserts a

blocking operand for load
regions
• The operand can be used
to block distance and/or
TOC functions
Load Encroachment (Logic)
(3) Pickup timer may be
used for security
(2) Reset timer may be used

(1) Voltage to avoid racing conditions
supervision may be between the distance zones
set high to avoid and load encroachment
blocking during faults detection

Load Encroachment (Settings)
(2) The angle is measured

from the R-axis. The effective
region is +/- the setting
(1) URPC plots the

characteristic

Power Swing and Out to step
Detection
Power Swing Detect
• Applications:
Establish a blocking signal for stable power swings
(Power Swing Blocking)
Establish a tripping signal for unstable power swings
(Out-of-Step Tripping)
• Responds to:
POWER SWING OUTER / MIDDLE / INNER (three
dedicates zones used)
POWER SWING BLOCK (blocking)
POWER SWING TRIP (tripping)
Auxiliary operands to facilitate testing
Power Swing Blocking (Three-step operation)
The locus places

between the outer
and middle
characteristics and
stays there for
certain period of time

Power Swing Blocking (Two-step operation)
The locus places

between the outer
and inner
characteristics and
stays there for
certain period of time

Out-of-Step Tripping (Three-step operation)
When the inner

characteristic is
entered the element
is ready to trip
The locus must stay

for some time
between the outer
and middle
characteristics
Must move and stay

between the middle
and inner
characteristics

Out-of-Step Tripping (Early vs. Delayed Trip)
In “early” mode the
element trips when
the locus enters the
inner characteristic
In “delayed” mode the element trips

when the locus leaves the outer
characteristic

Out-of-Step Tripping (Two-step operation)
When the inner

characteristic is
entered the element
is ready to trip
The locus must stay for

some time between the
outer and inner
characteristics

Power Swing Detect (Logic)
Auxiliary operands are

The element uses available for testing and
positive-sequence special applications
current for supervision

Power Swing Detect (Logic)
Auxiliary operands are
POWER SWINGOUTER
POWER SWINGMIDDLE
POWER SWINGINNER
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
available for testing and
SETTING
POWER SWING MODE:

SETTINGS
POWER SWING
special applications
DELAY 1 PICKUP:
POWER SWING
3-step
AND DELAY 1 RESET:
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
tPKP
S Q1 POWER SWING BLOCK
tRST
POWER SWING UN/BLOCK
AND L1 S Q5
2-step FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
L5
R POWER SWING 50DD
R
OR
OR
SETTING
POWER SWING FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
DELAY 2 PICKUP:
POWER SWING TMR2 PKP
tPKP
AND S Q2
0
L2
R
3-step
2-step
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
SETTING POWER SWING TMR3 PKP
POWER SWING
DELAY 3 PICKUP: FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
tPKP POWER SWING INCOMING
AND S Q3
0
L3 SETTING
R
POWER SWING TRIP
MODE:
SETTING SETTING
POWER SWING POWER SWING
DELAY 4 PICKUP: Early
SEAL-IN DELAY:
tPKP 0
AND S Q4 FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
0 tRST
L4 AND POWER SWING TRIP
R AND
Delayed

NOTE: POWER SWING TMR4 PKP
POWER SWING BLK:
L1 AND L4 LATCHES ARE SET DOMINANT
L2, L3 AND L5 LATCHES ARE RESET DOMINANT Off=0
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
POWER SWING OUTGOING
827841A4.CDR

Power Swing Detect (Settings)
Select shape, MHO or QUAD
Select mode of operation. Use

three-step mode if coordination
possible
Select current supervision
Shape characteristics
Select timers based on system

stability studies
Select mode of tripping

depending on system
conditions and breakers

MHO shape

Less than 90 deg for “lens”
MHO shape
More than 90 deg for “apple”

X QUAD shape
INNER LFT BL
D IN NER RGT BL
D
MIDDLE LFT BL
ACH OUT
ACH M ID
D M IDDLE RGT
BLD
OUTER LFT BLD
OUTER RGT BLD
QUAD FW D RE
QUAD FW D RE
FW D REA CH
FWD RCA
MID
REV REACH
ACH OUT
ACH
QUAD REV RE
QUAD REV RE
842735A1.CDR

X QUAD shape
INNER LFT BL
D IN NER RGT BL
D
MIDDLE LFT BL
ACH OUT
ACH M ID
D M IDDLE RGT
BLD
OUTER LFT BLD
OUTER RGT BLD
QUAD FW D RE
QUAD FW D RE
FW D REA CH
FWD RCA
MID
REV REACH
ACH OUT
ACH
QUAD REV RE
QUAD REV RE
842735A1.CDR

Timers

stability studies

Timers

stability studies

depending on system conditions
and breakers

Detecting disturbance during swing to Unblock distance
Use Power Swing Unblock to

block distance if it’s desired to
unblock if disturbance during
power swing occurs

depending on system conditions
and breakers

VT Fuse Fail
VT Fuse Fail
• Applications:
Establish a blocking signal under VT fuse fail condition to block selected
voltage-dependent functions such as distance
• Responds to:
SRCX VT FUSE F OP
SRCX VT FUSE F DPO
• No settings, but remember to enable and use
• Do not try to beat the supervised function (speed) – use an
extra condition to ride through the race before the VTFF
takes over
VT Fuse Fail (Logic)
Asymmetry, or …
No voltage but some

current, and … Declare VTFF and
Latch until either
disturbance is
cleared or line is
de-energized …
No current disturbance, and …
Not in the “fault” state, then …. No energization, and …

CROSS-COUNTRY
Cross-Country Solidly grounded
Cross-Country faults
Simultaneous or evolving flash-over, generally to ground, of two different phases in different line sections.
AN BN
Tower Tower
X Y
• New feature to detect cross country faults

Solid • Cross country faults detected using local information
Grounding
• Allows the system to run with single phase to ground

faults
Isolated or
Compensated • Tripping based on preferred phase

Cross Country Detection
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
XC SOLID GND ENABLED
XC CROSS COUNTRY
XC PHASE SELECT AG
XC PHASE SELECT BG
XC PHASE SELECT CG

• If Z2_XC operates forward in

any phase AND
• Z2_XC operates forward OR
reverse in any other phase
AND
• Z1 on angle operates
forward in this phase
• Cross-country detect such
faults AND
• Asserts cross-country Phase
Selection AND
• Aids to correct Pilot Scheme

Cross-Country Simultaneous faults

Cross-Country Evolving faults

Cross-Country Isolated/Compensated
Healthy phase voltage

raises by a factor of √3
• System continued to operate in faulted condition i.e, during first single phase to ground fault
• First fault detection to block phase elements, however, if the fault evolves to ph-ph/ three phase fault it
will be released
• Tripping for second fault is via phase preferential logic, i.e. preferred phase tripping
Cross-Country Isolated/Compensated Setting Priority Loops Selected Phase
Cross-Country
Options for faults
first fault detection
A(B) acyclic A before B, B before C AN, BN AN
BN,CN BN
CN,AN AN
AN,BN,CN AN
B(A) acyclic B before A, A before C AN, BN BN

BN,CN BN
CN,AN AN
AN,BN,CN BN
A(C) acyclic A before C, C before B AN, BN AN

BN,CN CN
CN,AN AN
AN,BN,CN AN
C(A) acyclic C before A, A before B AN, BN AN

BN,CN CN
CN,AN CN
AN,BN,CN CN
B(C) acyclic B before C, C before A AN, BN BN

BN,CN BN
CN,AN CN
Options for Phase Preference Tripping AN,BN,CN BN
C(B) acyclic C before B, B before A AN, BN BN

BN,CN CN
CN,AN CN
AN,BN,CN CN
A(C) cyclic A before C, C before B, B AN, BN BN

before A BN,CN CN
CN,AN AN
AN,BN,CN AN
C(A) cyclic C before A, A before B, B AN, BN AN

before C BN,CN BN
CN,AN CN
AN,BN,CN CN



SINGLE POLE
T R I P P I N G (D60)
Configuring the D60

Tripping Elements
(1) Protection functions
intended for tripping (4) Protection elements
shall be enabled and can be configured to
configured … REQUEST a single-pole
or…
(2) This includes pilot-

aided schemes …
(5) A three-pole trip

action via the TRIP
(3) And Line Pickup OUTPUT feature
(switch onto a fault) …

Tripping Elements
(1) PILOT SCHEMES use
local protection elements
(distance and ground
directional overcurrent) ..
(2) And are fully

programmable regarding
interfacing tele-
communications
equipment

Tripping Elements
(2) PILOT SCHEMES are

pre-wired to initiate a
single-pole trip (3) PROTECTION ELEMENTS
are configured by the user to
request a single-pole…
(4) or three-pole tripping
(1) LINE PICKUP feature

is pre-wired to initiate a
three-pole trip

Tripping Elements
(1) Requests for trip are

submitted to the TRIP
OUTPUT feature…

Reclosing Elements
(2) Three-pole operation is

forced from the AR (evolving
faults), user setting, or the
PHASE SELECTOR
(1) Requests to reclose are

also user-programmable
(request to trip 3-pole are
automatically routed to
request reclosing)

Executing Trip Command (3) OPEN POLE detector
is notified (if single-pole
(1) Requests to trip are trip)
processed into actual trip
commands
(2) BF function is
automatically initiated…
(4) Trip action is

executed via the
BREAKER CONTROL
feature

Executing Trip Command
(3) Out Of Service status are

passed to the OPEN POLE and
AR features
(2) Breakers
position, and…
(1) BREAKER CONTROL

monitors breaker position for
all the features that typically
need this information

Executing Trip and Reclose Commands
(1) Breakers are operated

(both open and close) from
the BREAKER CONTROL
feature
(2) Both manual, and ….
(3) Automatic
close commands
are routed via the
BREAKER
CONTROL

Reclosing
(1) AR is initiated
automatically via TRIP (2) AR monitors breakers
OUTPUT feature position, and ….
(3) Operates the breakers
(5) AR forces three-pole trip

during single-pole AR cycle or (4) AR is informed regarding
when reclosing is impossible fault type by the PHASE
SELECTOR

TRIP OUTPUT
(2) 3P Trip forced
(1) User setting: 3P
operation only, or
3P/1P depending on
fault type
(4) 3P Trip Bus
(3) 3P operation can

be forced by a user
setting or from the (5) LINE PICKUP
AR requests 3P trip
(6) requests for 3P

trip from pilot-aided
schemes
(7) User requests for

3P trip

TRIP OUTPUT
(1) 3P Trip Bus
(2) 3P Trip forced
(3) user-selectable (4) Are converted into a (5) When the 3P trip is
requests for 1P trip … 3P trip during multi- forced
phase faults, or …
TRIP OUTPUT
(4) 1P request from local protection elements
(1) TRIP A
(2) TRIP B
(3) TRIP C
(5) Confirmed by the PHASE SELECTOR, or
(6) From PILOT SCHEMES

TRIP OUTPUT
(1) 3P Trip Bus (2) TRIP A (3) Actual tripping operand for pole A
(sent to BREAKER CONTROL)
(4) Sealed-in with

the pole A position
(from OPEN POLE)

TRIP OUTPUT
(4) Denotes 3P trip
(2) TRIP A
and initiates BF
(1) 3P Trip Bus
(5) User-selected
elements …
(3) Denotes 1P trip,

(6) Initiate AR in the initiates BF and AR in
3P mode the 1P mode

TRIP OUTPUT (Settings)
(1) Trip 3P when requested or
appropriate, trip 1P when
requested and appropriate
(2) Trip 3P from PHASE OV1

(3) Backup 3P trip from
PHASE TOC1
(4) Stepped distance 3P from
GND DIST Z2
GND DIST Z3
PHS DIST Z2
PHS DIST Z3

(1) Trip 1P from GND DIST Z1
(2) Trip 1P from PHS DIST Z1
(3) Reclose when tripping from

PHASE TOC1
(4) Z2 initiation possible from

other zone to not delay for
evolving fault

(3) No breaker position needed

(brought from BREAKER
CONTROL)
(1) Condition to force 3P trip
brought via an Input Contact
(2) No advance time for pilot-
aided schemes

TRIP OUTPUT (Summary)
• TRIP OUTPUT:
Easy way to program the D60
Allows to customize the application (UR flexibility
retained)
Substitutes large number of FlexLogic lines
Takes care of BFI, ARI, sealing-in, etc.
A must for single-pole tripping
• TRIP OUTPUT, however, can be left disabled and
instead an application can built from scratch in
FlexLogic

Single-Pole Tripping (Overview)
• TRIP OUTPUT, OPEN POLE, BREKAER CONTROL and AR must be

used
• Second trip is always three-pole
• OPEN POLE detector declares pole open upon receiving trip
command
• As a result active protection elements are reset
instantaneously
• AR FORCE 3P TRIP is established few ms after trip initiation
• Any subsequent request to trip is accepted and executed as
three-pole trip
Phase Selector (Principle)

Negative-Sequence Negative-Sequence
vs. vs.
Positive-Sequence Zero-Sequence
(fault current components) (fault current components)
CG,
AB, ABG
BG ABG
I0F
I1F
I2F
I2F
BC,
BCG
AG AG,
BCG
CG AC, BG,
ACG CAG

Phase Selector (Block Diagram)
Current-Based Algorithm
I1
Estimation
the pre-fault
iA
Removal of
I 2 vs. I 1 Fault Signature Current-
Detector
of Phasors AG
offset
Fault
Based
iB & I2 Adaptive Action
Phase BG
Sequence
Phase Selection Logic

I 2 vs. I 0 Fault Signature Selection CG
iC Quantities
I0 ABG
V1 BCG
vA Estimation the pre-fault

Removal of
V 2 vs. V 1 Fault Signature Voltage- CAG
of Phasors offset V2 Based AB
vB & Adaptive Action
Phase
Sequence BC
V 2 vs. V 0 Fault Signature Selection
vC Quantities
CA
V0
VOID
Negative Sequence
Directionality Check
Voltage-Based Algorithm

Example – Weak Infeed



Phase Selector (Logic)
(4) Reset when
(1) No Open pole… open pole reached
(2) 50DD picks up, then …
(3) Capture pre-fault data (5) Operands

and start calculations available for
convenient testing
Open Pole Detector
• Applications:
Block selected protection elements during single-pole
open conditions
Active only during single-pole-open conditions
• Responds to:
Breaker auxiliary contacts
Currents and Voltages
DISTANCE ZONES
BREAKER CONTROL

Open Pole Detector (Logic)
(3) Pole A open is
declared …
(1) When trip phase

A command is
issued
(4) This resets related

protection elements
immediately, and the
(2) If Accelerated
scheme is ready for
mode is selected
evolving faults

(1) Currents and voltages (4) Is detected by

the Open Pole. Via
currents,
(2) The Breaker(-s) (3) Is detected by the

actually opens, and Open Pole. via breaker
… contacts, or …

(1) Shall be used to block
ground directional
functions …
(2) Blocks 21G phase A
(3) Blocks 21P A-B
(4) Open pole is

declared for 1 cycle
(security)

Teleprotection Schemes and Single-Pole Tripping
(only D60)
• Single-Channel Scheme:
Single “bit” of information can carry only fault / no-fault
indication
Rx 1
Rx 2
Phase Selector
• Double-Channel Scheme:
TRIP A
TRIP B
currents
– Two bits code four states VOID TRIP C
LOGIC
– The three extra states can AG
Distance Elements
voltages
improve the single-pole BG
CG
TRIP 3P
tripping performance AB
BC
considerably CA
Tx 1
Tx 2
Cross-country Faults
Power System
Communications
CAG
AG
AG
CG

Two-bit Schemes
Fault Type (Local) Tx1 Tx2 Transmitted Word
AG, BC, BCG Key 10
Relay-1
BG, CA, CAG Key 01 identifies
CG, AB, ABG, 3P key Key 11 AG fault (correct)
Received Word Fault Type (Local) Trip Action
01 AG
11
AG TRIP A
10 AB, ABG, 3P
CA, CAG Relay-2
10 BG trips phase A
11
TRIP B
(regardless of
BG
01 AB, ABG, 3P wrong CAG
BC, BCG local phase selection)
10 CG
01
CG TRIP C
11 BC, BCG
CA, CAG
11 AB, ABG, 3P
10 BC, BCG TRIP 3P
01 CA, CAG

Two-bit Schemes
Fault Type (Local) Tx1 Tx2 Transmitted Word Relay-2
AG, BC, BCG Key 10
identifies
BG, CA, CAG Key 01
CG, AB, ABG, 3P key Key 11
CAG fault (wrong)
Received Word Fault Type (Local) Trip Action
01 AG Relay-1
11
trips phase A
AG TRIP A
10
(regardless of
AB, ABG, 3P
CA, CAG
wrong CAG
10 BG
remote phase selection)
11
BG TRIP B
01 AB, ABG, 3P
BC, BCG
10 CG
01
CG TRIP C
11 BC, BCG
CA, CAG
11 AB, ABG, 3P
10 BC, BCG TRIP 3P
01 CA, CAG

Multi-bit channels
• Improve performance during cross-country faults
• Require teleprotection advance time, otherwise the local
(incorrect) trip may result in incorrect trip action
(2) Is effectively
(1) Local trip …
delayed in order to give
…
(3) A multi-bit pilot

scheme a chance to trip
correctly

Single-Pole Tripping Examples
• Closed-loop testing on the RTDS
• Breaker-and-a-half scheme
• AR set to sequential reclosing
• Two-terminal application

Example 1: AG fault First AR attempt failed
(1) AG fault occurs …
(2) Z2 picks up as well as …
(3) Ground dir OC resulting in …
(4) keying POTT TX1

Example 1: AG fault - First AR attempt failed
(2) Z1 detects the fault first, resulting in …
(6) All phase A-related elements get reset
(5) Open pole, phase A conditions is declared, and …
(1) Phase Selector indicates AG before any

protection element picks up
(4) Phase A
(3) single-pole tripping in …

(1) All phase A-related elements get reset
(2) So is the Phase Selector
(3) Short after being initiated, the AR sets the FORCE 3P TRIP operand:
any existing or coming request for trip is treated as an evolving fault

(5) Unblocks the phase A protection, …
(1) After a dead-time, the AR recloses (4) The Open Pole resets, and …
breaker no. 1
(3) Short after the breaker closes …
(7) Both the breakers
(6) Resulting in 3P trip of…
(2) Breaker No.2 is not reclosed, as

the AR is set to “sequential” reclosing

(1) Breaker No. 1 tripped 3P
(2) Breaker No. 2 tripped 3P
(3) Close command for

breaker No.1 (4) Breaker No.1
closed

(1) Breaker No.1 must have

some pole asymmetry …
(2) Spurious pickup of NTRL

DIR OC, resulting in…
(3) Spurious POTT TX1

keying
(4) The D60 system does

(5) Breaker No. 2 closes
not misoperate ….
later …

Example 2: AG fault followed by BG fault during the dead-
time
(2) A second BG
fault occurs during
(1) Initially things a dead-time …
evolve as in the
previous example …
(3) Ground Z2 is the first to pick up the fault, resulting in …
(4) Keying POTT TX1 …

time
(3) Zone 1 operate simultaneously, resulting in ….
(1) Permission to trip (POTT RX1) is received via UCA GOOSE
(2) POTT and …
(5) AR FORCE 3P TRIP was on (second

trip always 3P)
(4) 3P trip because …

time
(2) Ground Directional is not blocked by
the Open Pole and picks up fast…
(3) Resulting in fast POTT operation
(1) Breaker No. 1 gets reclosed …
(4) The scheme trips 3P, and …

(5) Recloses successfully

Example 3: AG fault evolving quickly into ABG
(1) AG followed by …
(2) BG

(1) BG follows after 8 msec
(2) Initial phase selection is AG
(3) But, the Phase Selector traces the fault

dynamically indicating eventually ABG,
(4) 3P trip action
resulting in …

(3) Breaker No. 2
(1) The relay trips 3P

(2) Recloses successfully
Breaker No. 1, and …

APPLICATION ON
S E R I E S--C O M P E N S A T E D
LINES
Series Compensated Lines
• Technical reasons:
Increased transmittable power
Better power flow and voltage control
Improved system stability
• Non-technical reasons:
Direct cost benefits
Environmental – sometimes series compensation is the only realistic
solution
• Protection systems have to cope with issues caused by
series compensation

Protection Problems
• Overreach of distance functions:
Negative reactance of the capacitors reduces the apparent impedance
Large transient overreach due to subsynchronous oscillations
• Failure to respond to in-zone faults (blind spots)

Current and/or voltage “inversions” may effectively block some of the distance comparators
• Directionality problems
Current and/or voltage “inversions”
• Fault location not accurate

Effect of capacitors, MOVs and air gaps
• Worsened accuracy of various protection functions

Subsynchronous oscillations

Effect of MOVs
1.4
1.2
vv /VREF
1.0
0.8
MOV
0.6
0.4
0.2
00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
iMOV/P
5 Voltage Drop Across MOV : vMOV Current in Series Capacitor : iC

x 10
2 8000
1.5 6000
1 4000
0.5 2000
0 0
[V]
[A]
-0.5 -2000
-1 -4000
-1.5 -6000
-2 -8000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Confidential. 700 800copied, distributed,
Not to be 0 or reproduced
100 200 without
300 prior
400 approval.
500 600 700 800
post-fault time [ms] post-fault time [ms]
Goldsworthy’s Equivalent Impedance
V V
I SC I
RV(|I |)
XV(|I |)
MOV

40
Rv_ana
Rv_EMTP
0
Xv_ana Xv_EMTP
-40
-80
2000 4000 6000 8000 A
|Iv|
Overreaching of Distance Elements
X remote bus
high-current
faults
RF
ZSC&MOV
low-current
faults
ZAPPARENT
local bus R

Transients
fault fault cleared
Phase A Current, A
10
5
0
-5
-10
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Phase B Current, A
10
-10
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Phase C Current, A
10
-10
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
time, sec

Transient Overreach of Distance Elements
X remote bus
RF
ZSC&MOV
ZAPPARENT
local bus R

Signal Inversions – Sample System
Protected Line
Z1 = 2 ohm Z1 = 1 ohm
Z0 = 3 ohm -7 ohm -12 ohm Z0 = 1.5 ohm
Z1 = 10 ohm
Z1 = 15 ohm
Z0 = 30 ohm
Z0 = 35 ohm
m
-5 ohm
oh
45
0=
,Z
Z0 = 25 ohm
Z1 = 8 ohm
hm
5o
=1
Z1
Z1 = 2 ohm
Z0 = 4 ohm

Sample System – Two-machine Equivalent
Z1 = 1.43 ohm, 84.2 deg Z1 = 3.44 ohm, 71.5 deg

-7 ohm
Z0 = 2.68 ohm, 82.6 deg Z0 = 16.4 ohm, 82.5 deg
Z1 = 10 ohm, 84.3 deg
Z0 = 30 ohm, 80.0 deg
Terminal
Terminal
fault location (k)
Right
Left

SLG Low-Current Fault Analysis
I0 (left) k*Z0L (1-k)*Z0L I0 (right) • Straightforward rules for signal
inversions could be derived from this
Z0 (right)
model
Z0 (left)
V0 (right)
V0 (bus)
V0 (line)
V0F
• Fault current is capacitive if the sum of
Z0 Z1 and Z2 as seen from the fault
I2 (left) k*Z2L (1-k)*Z2L I2 (right) point is capacitive
IF
• Zero-sequence parameters may cause
Z2 (right)
Z2 (left)
V2 (right)
V2 (bus)
3*RF
V2 (line)
V2F
negative-sequence signal inversion and

vice versa
I1F (left) k*Z1L (1-k)*Z1L I1F (right) • Voltages at the fault point may get
inverted
Z1 (right)
Z1 (left)
V1 (right)
V1 (bus)
V1 (line)
• Voltage and current inversions occur

independently
• Inversions of negative- and zero-
V Thevenin
sequence signals occur independently

SLG Low-Current Fault (Right Terminal)
1.5
Symmetrical Currents, A
Right Terminal (I2,I1F)

1
0.5
Right Terminal (I0)

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Fault Location, %
Symmetrical Currents, deg
0
Right Terminal (I0)
-50 Right Terminal (I2,I1F)
-100
-150
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Fault Location, %

Current/Voltage Inversion – Signal perspective

Current/Voltage Inversion – Protection perspective

Inversions in the Sample System (Left
Terminal)

Response of Distance Comparators

Response of Distance Comparators
Coverage of the Right Terminal Relay
mho
rea reactance
memory polarized I0 directional
mho
VTs reactance
Coverage of the Left Terminal Relay

Problems
• Distance elements cannot ensure reliable operation

during low-current faults on series-compensated
lines
Directionality problems
Limited coverage even when set to significantly overreach the
protected line
Blind spots
Underreaching distance must be set to a very small portion of
the line
Security factor for an underreaching zone accounting for
subsynchronous oscillations difficult to justify

The D60 Solution
• Do not use an underreaching direct tripping distance zone
for low-current faults
• Do not depend 100% on overreaching zones for pilot-
aided schemes and coverage of low-current faults
• Use negative-sequence or neutral directional with an
offset impedance feature for sensitive and reliable
direction discrimination for pilot-aided schemes and
coverage of low-current faults
• Use current-controlled dynamic reach approach to the
underreaching distance zone
• Directional integrity ensured by memory polarization and
multi-input comparator approach

Offset Impedance & Directional Elements

Offset Impedance & Directional Elements

Series Compensated Environment
I2 (left) k*Z2L (1-k)*Z2L I2 (right)
Z2 (right)
Z2 (left)
V2 (right)
V2 (bus)
V2 (line)
V2F
• Forward fault:
As long as the impedance from the potential point backward to the
local equivalent system is inductive, there is not problem with
directionality
Otherwise the offset impedance must counterbalance the net
capacitive impedance
• Reverse fault:
As long as the impedance from the potential point forward to the
remote equivalent system is inductive, there is not problem with
directionality (always true because lines are not overcompensated)

Offset Impedance

Setting Rules for the Offset Impedance
Setting Critical in Applications on

Series Compensated Lines
• Rule 1:
The offset impedance must be higher than the net capacitive impedance between the potential
source of the relay and the local equivalent system (ensures correct operation on forward faults)
• Rule 2:
The offset impedance must not be higher than the inductive impedance between the potential
source of the relay and the remote equivalent system (ensures correct operation on reverse
faults)
• Clarifications:
Shall I use just physical capacitive reactance of the series capacitors despite
fault type? YES.
Shall I assume the MOVs being on or off? It shall be assumed that the fault
current is so low that the MOVs effectively do not conduct any current. This
applies to both rule no. 1 (minimum offset impedance) and no. 2 (maximum
offset impedance).
Do I have to consider any non-symmetrical MOV operation or air gap flashing?
NO.
Do I have to consider voltage protection level of the MOVs or air gap flash-over
voltage? NO.
System parameters vary. Shall I consider the strongest or weakest systems?
The strongest system configurations shall be considered. Moreover, for rule no.
2 the remote system impedance may be assumed zero.

Setting Rules - Example
voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
protection reactance
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2  -4  -3  -5 
INFINITE
INFINITE
3 10  7
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Left Terminal – Bus side VTs (A):

Impedance from the VTs backward to the equivalent system =
-2 + 3 = 1 ohm – inductive, no need for the offset, minimum offset
impedance = 0 ohms
Impedance from the VTs forward to the equivalent system =
-4 + 10 – 3 –5 + 7 = 5 ohms, maximum offset impedance = 5 ohms
Recommended setting = (0+5)/2 = 2.5 ohms

voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2  -4  -3  -5 
INFINITE
INFINITE
3 10  7
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Left Terminal – Line side VTs (B):

-4 - 2 + 3 = -3 ohm,minimum offset impedance = 3 ohms
10 – 3 –5 + 7 = 9 ohms, maximum offset impedance = 9 ohms
Recommended setting = (3+9)/2 = 6 ohms

voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2  -4  -3  -5 
INFINITE
INFINITE
3 10  7
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Right Terminal – Bus side VTs (A):

-5 + 7 = 2 ohm, minimum offset impedance = 0 ohms
-3 + 10 – 4 – 2 + 3 = 4 ohms, maximum offset impedance = 4 ohms

voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2  -4  -3  -5 
INFINITE
INFINITE
3 10  7
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Right Terminal – Line side VTs (B):

-3 - 5 + 7 = -1 ohm, minimum offset impedance = 1 ohms
10 – 4 – 2 + 3 = 7 ohms, maximum offset impedance = 7 ohms

• How can I get the required system equivalent impedances from my
short-circuit (or transient) program?
Effectively remove the MOVs and air gaps from the model to simulate a low-current
fault (no MOVs/gaps by-passing the SCs).
Place a SLG fault in front of the relay and obtain negative-sequence current and
voltage (magnitude and angle).
The ratio of the negative-sequence voltage and current is the total impedance
between the relay and the local equivalent system (required for setting rule no. 1)
Place a SLG fault behind the relay and obtain negative-sequence current and voltage
(magnitude and angle).
The ratio of the negative-sequence voltage and current is the total impedance
between the relay and the remote equivalent system (required for setting rule no. 2)

• The D60 provides for negative-sequence and neutral directional

elements:
Their offset impedance settings will be different because line and system negative-
and zero-sequence impedances are different
Remember about transformers (grounded wye) reducing the zero-sequence system
impedance
Ground Directional Elements
• Negative-Sequence and Neutral Directional

elements with an offset impedance:
Fast
Sensitive
Guarantee correct fault direction discrimination
Straightforward setting rules
Non susceptible to subsynchronous oscillations
An excellent addition to pilot-aided schemes

Using Ground Directional OC Elements

Adaptive Reach Approach
• The actual reach of a given zone is controlled by
the current:
Large reach when the current is high casing large voltage
drop across the series capacitors, triggering the MOVs or
gaps and effectively removing the capacitors from the
fault loop
Small (or zero) reach when the current is low
Actual dynamic reach = Z_SET – VL/I:
• Z_SET is a user (full) reach setting
• VL is a voltage protection level (user setting)
• I is a magnitude of the fault-loop current (on-line relay data)
In particular the reach is reduced to zero when I <
VL/Z_SET

Low-Current External Fault
Set reach,
Z_SET
X remote bus
RF
Actual reach is
reduced enough to
avoid overreaching ZSC&MOV
ZAPPARENT
local bus R

High-Current External Fault
Set reach,
Z_SET
X remote bus
Actual reach is
reduced enough to
avoid overreaching
ZAPPARENT
R
local bus
High-Current Internal Fault
Set reach,
Z_SET
X remote bus
Actual reach is
expanded and the
fault is detected
local bus R
Adaptive Reach Approach
• Adaptive current-controlled reach of the directly

tripping underreaching distance zone:
Copes with both steady-state and transient overreach
problems during low-current faults
Allows to trip high-current internal faults within a
traditional 70-80% reach
Low-current internal faults to be covered by directional
overcurrent functions with an offset impedance

Setting Strategies for Distance Zone 1
• Reduce the reach to cope with series compensation
(traditional approach):
Reach = kCT&VT * kZ * kSUB * (ZLINE – ZSC)
VL = 0
For example: reach = 0.9 * 0.9 * 0.5 * (100-60) = 16% of the line (some fault
beyond 16% will be detected owing to the overreach phenomenon)
• Use adaptive reach and set the reach as for plain line (unique
GE feature):
Reach = kCT&VT * kZ * ZLINE
VL - accordingly
For example: reach = 0.9 * 0.9 * 100 = 80% of the line (some faults within
80% reach will not be detected if the current is too low)
• In weak systems, the traditional approach is more beneficial
(the adaptive zone would never pickup)

Setting Rules for Adaptive Z1
• Rule 1 (reach):
The reach setting shall be a traditional 75-
85% of the line impedance. Security
margin shall take into account only
traditional factors such as impedance
uncertainty and CT/VT errors
• Rule 2 (voltage supervision):
The voltage supervision level shall be a
sum of voltage protection levels for
capacitors located between the relay
voltage potential source and a distant fault
in the direction of the zone that may
appear within the set reach

Setting Rules for Adaptive Z1
• Clarifications:
What is the unit of the voltage supervision setting? The setting is
entered in pu of VT rated voltage.
What is the voltage protection level? The voltage protection level is
an actual (peak) value of the voltage at which the MOV starts
conducting significant current (knee-point voltage) or the air gap
flashes over divided by square root of 2.
For example:
• XSC = 50 ohms, Irated = 2kA, MOV level = 2.5 pu,
VT ratio = 4167, VT secondary = 69.3 V
• Voltage protection level = 50*2,000*2.5 = 250 kV
• Voltage protection level = 250,000/(69.3*4167) = 0.866 pu
Is the voltage supervision level setting different for ground and phase
zones? NO, unless the reach settings are dramatically different
causing different numbers of series capacitors to be considered for
the VL setting calculations.

voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2  -4  -3  -5 
INFINITE
INFINITE
3 10  7
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Left Terminal – Bus side VTs (A):

Assume reach setting of 0.8 * 10 ohms = 8 ohms
The following SC must be considered: -4, -3 and –5
Voltage supervision = 0.6 + 0.5 + 0.7 = 1.8 pu

voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2  -4  -3  -5 
INFINITE
INFINITE
3 10  7
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Left Terminal – Line side VTs (B):

The following SC must be considered: -3 and –5
Voltage supervision = 0.5 + 0.7 = 1.2 pu

voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2  -4  -3  -5 
INFINITE
INFINITE
3 10  7
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Right Terminal – Bus side VTs (A):

The following SC must be considered: -3, -4 and –2
Voltage supervision = 0.5 + 0.6 + 0.5 = 1.6 pu

voltage
SENDING RECEIVING
BUS BUS
level
0.5 pu 0.6 pu 0.5 pu 0.7 pu
-2  -4  -3  -5 
INFINITE
INFINITE
3 10  7
BUS
BUS
F2 A B B A F1
Protected Line
• Right Terminal – Line side VTs (B):

The following SC must be considered: -4 and –2
Voltage supervision = 0.6 + 0.5 = 1.1 pu

Transient ground fault detection
MDS8.0
UR FW WiYZ TM
– Transient ground fault detection
Capacitive Capacitive
Capacitive
Inductive
In ungrounded systems:
• the fault current is the summation of the charging currents of healthy In Petersen coil grounded systems:
phases of all parallel feeders. • An inductive coil is placed at the neutral of the system which supplies
• For single phase to ground fault, the charging current becomes up to 3 the capacitive charging current,.
times the nominal value. The significant fault (charging) current is a fire • The fault current gets reduced or eliminated completely.
hazard. • The zero-sequence current of the faulty feeder can be inductive,
• the zero-sequence current is capacitive in healthy feeders, and inductive capacitive, resistive or Zero depending upon level of compensation,
in faulty feeder. charging current of the system, fault impedance.
• standard zero-sequence directional (Wattmetric) can be easily applied. • Application of standard directional concept becomes challenging.
SUMMARY
Summary
• Full-scheme, non-switched distance protection
• Mho and quadrilateral characteristics freely selectable per zone and per phase
and ground loops
• Source flexibility to cater for different substation topologies
• Enhanced transient reach accuracy techniques
• Adaptive settings for series compensated lines
• Ground directional overcurrent to enhance fault resistance coverage
• Direct input/output interface for teleprotection

D60 - Line Distance Protection

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D60 and D30 Line Distance

Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.

B95 Plus – Distr. Bus

• All zones can be

Zero-sequence and Mutual zero-sequence compensation

Maximum torque angle, Comparator limit angles (lens) and

Blinders , Overcurrent supervision, etc.

Phase and ground elements Zones 1, 2 and 4

Note: From Firmware 8.0

Feature With Software Without Software Notes

Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.

• Currents pre-filtered to remove dc component (-s)

• Accurate and fast frequency tracking

• Fast sampling rate at 64 samples per cycle

• Compares two signals : S1 & S2 S1 S2 S2 S1

• Operates or restrains for

While during ABG and

The comparator prevents the ground

D60 Line Distance Protection System August 17, 202

During Open Pole

Both MHO and

D60 Line Distance Protection System August 17, 202

• Positive-sequence memorized voltage is used for polarizing:

MHO comparator (dynamic, expanding MHO)

• Memory duration is a common distance settings (all zones,

ZREACH Static MHO

ܸ‫ܧ = ݈݋݌‬ௌᇱ = ܸெ − ‫ܫ‬ெ ∗(ܼ௅ +ܼௌ ′) ZL

= ‫ܫ‬ெ ∗ (ܼெ −(ܼ௅ +ܼௌ ′)) ZREACH - ZM

Where VM, IM and ZM are the measured ZM

(5) The memory

(1) During close-in 3P

(2) Memory is not updated (3) The memory is used for

(2) If below 10% of (3) If above 10% of

Distance can be forced

(2) 21P elements are

PH DIST Z1 PKP AB t PKP

PH DIST Z1 PKP BC t PKP AND

PH DIST Z1 SUPN IAB PH DIST Z1 OP AB

PH DIST Z1 SUPN IBC PH DIST Z1 OP BC

PH DIST Z1 SUPN ICA PH DIST Z1 OP CA

(2) OP operands mean

(2) Added to avoid resetting in borderline

(2) 21G elements are

(1) Z2 through Z5 are

(2) This supervision is

(2) Each zone can be

(3) To avoid confusion the D60

(1) Mutual coupling zero-

VAG = ( IA+I0*(Z0/Z1-1) + I0(P)*Z0M/Z1 ) * Z1 Z0M

(1) Reach setting

(2) Maximum torque angle for

(3) Reverse reach setting

(4) Reverse RCA setting

Polarizing current, zero seq. or

(5) Non-homogeneity angle

(6) Angle limit for distance

(1) Maximum torque angle for

(2) Angle limit for directional

(3) Right blinder reach (QUAD

VAG = ( IA+I0(Z0/Z1-1) + I0(P)Z0M/Z1 ) * Z1 Z0M