CH 2
CH 2
CH 2
1
2.1 Circuit Elements (1)
Active Elements Passive Elements
Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in Figure 2.1 for i2 = 1A.
Figure 2.1
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2.1 Circuit Elements (3)
Solution
Therefore, v = 10 + vx = 10 + 15(1) = 25 V
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2.2 Capacitors and Inductors
2.2.1 Capacitors
2.2.2 Series and Parallel Capacitors
2.2.3 Inductors
2.2.4 Series and Parallel Inductors
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2.2.1 Capacitors (1)
• A capacitor is a passive element designed
to store energy in its electric field.
q=C v A
and C=
d
dv 1 t
i =C
dt
and v=
C
t0
i d t + v(t0 )
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2.2.1 Capacitors (4)
• The energy, w, stored in
the capacitor is
1
w= Cv 2
• A capacitor is
– an open circuit to dc (dv/dt = 0).
– its voltage cannot change abruptly.
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2.2.1 Capacitors (5)
Example 2
Answer:
v(1ms) = 93.14mV
10
v(5ms) = 1.7361V
2.2.2 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (1)
• The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-
connected capacitors is the sum of the individual
capacitances.
Ceq = C1 + C2 + ... + CN
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2.2.2 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (2)
• The equivalent capacitance of N series-connected
capacitors is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual capacitances.
1 1 1 1
= + + ... +
C eq C1 C 2 CN
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2.2.2 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (3)
Example 3
Find the equivalent capacitance seen at the
terminals of the circuit in the circuit shown below:
Answer:
Ceq = 40F
13
2.2.2 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (4)
Example 4
Find the voltage across each of the capacitors in
the circuit shown below:
Answer:
v1 = 30V
v2 = 30V
v3 = 10V
v4 = 20V
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2.2.3 Inductors (1)
• An inductor is a passive element designed
to store energy in its magnetic field.
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2.2.3 Inductors (2)
• Inductance is the property whereby an inductor
exhibits opposition to the change of current
flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).
di N2 A
v=L and L=
dt l
1 t
i=
L t0
v (t ) d t + i (t 0 )
1
w = L i2
2
• An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc (di/dt = 0)
and its current cannot change abruptly. 17
2.2.3 Inductors (4)
Example 5
The terminal voltage of a 2-H
inductor is
v = 10(1-t) V
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2.2.3 Inductors (5)
Example 6
Answer:
iL = 3A
vC = 3V
wL = 1.125J
wC = 9J
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2.2.4 Series and Parallel
Inductors (1)
• The equivalent inductance of series-connected
inductors is the sum of the individual
inductances.
Leq = L1 + L2 + ... + LN
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2.2.4 Series and Parallel
Inductors (2)
• The equivalent capacitance of parallel inductors
is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of
the individual inductances.
1 1 1 1
= + + ... +
Leq L1 L2 LN
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• Current and voltage relationship for R, L, C
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