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    CH 2

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    ERMIAS Amanuel
    The document discusses different circuit elements including active elements like dependent sources and passive elements like resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It provides definitions and equations for capacitance, inductance, energy stored in capacitors and inductors. It also covers series and parallel combinations of capacitors and inductors and gives examples of calculating equivalent capacitance/inductance and voltages/currents in different circuits.

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    CH 2

    Uploaded by

    ERMIAS Amanuel
    7 views22 pages
    The document discusses different circuit elements including active elements like dependent sources and passive elements like resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It provides definitions and equations for capacitance, inductance, energy stored in capacitors and inductors. It also covers series and parallel combinations of capacitors and inductors and gives examples of calculating equivalent capacitance/inductance and voltages/currents in different circuits.

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    The document discusses different circuit elements including active elements like dependent sources and passive elements like resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It provides definitions and equations for capacitance, inductance, energy stored in capacitors and inductors. It also covers series and parallel combinations of capacitors and inductors and gives examples of calculating equivalent capacitance/inductance and voltages/currents in different circuits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views22 pages

    CH 2

    Uploaded by

    ERMIAS Amanuel
    The document discusses different circuit elements including active elements like dependent sources and passive elements like resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It provides definitions and equations for capacitance, inductance, energy stored in capacitors and inductors. It also covers series and parallel combinations of capacitors and inductors and gives examples of calculating equivalent capacitance/inductance and voltages/currents in different circuits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 22

    Chapter 2

    Electric Circuit Elements

    1
    2.1 Circuit Elements (1)
    Active Elements Passive Elements

    • A dependent source is an active


    element in which the source quantity
    is controlled by another voltage or
    current.

    • They have four different types: VCVS,


    CCVS, VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the
    Independent Dependant signs of dependent sources.
    sources sources 2
    2.1 Circuit Elements (2)
    Example 1

    Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in Figure 2.1 for i2 = 1A.

    Figure 2.1

    3
    2.1 Circuit Elements (3)

    Solution

    Voltage v is the sum of the current-independent


    10V source and the current-dependent voltage
    source vx.

    Note that the factor 15 multiplying the control


    current carries the units Ω.

    Therefore, v = 10 + vx = 10 + 15(1) = 25 V

    4
    2.2 Capacitors and Inductors

    2.2.1 Capacitors
    2.2.2 Series and Parallel Capacitors
    2.2.3 Inductors
    2.2.4 Series and Parallel Inductors

    5
    2.2.1 Capacitors (1)
    • A capacitor is a passive element designed
    to store energy in its electric field.

    • A capacitor consists of two conducting plates


    separated by an insulator (or dielectric).
    6
    2.2.1 Capacitors (2)
    • Capacitance C is the ratio of the charge q on one
    plate of a capacitor to the voltage difference v
    between the two plates, measured in farads (F).

    q=C v  A
    and C=
    d

    • Where  is the permittivity of the dielectric material


    between the plates, A is the surface area of each
    plate, d is the distance between the plates.
    • Unit: F, pF (10–12), nF (10–9), and F (10–6)
    7
    2.2.1 Capacitors (3)
    • If i is flowing into the +ve
    terminal of C
    – Charging => i is +ve
    – Discharging => i is –ve

    • The current-voltage relationship of capacitor


    according to above convention is

    dv 1 t
    i =C
    dt
    and v=
    C 
    t0
    i d t + v(t0 )

    8
    2.2.1 Capacitors (4)
    • The energy, w, stored in
    the capacitor is

    1
    w= Cv 2

    • A capacitor is
    – an open circuit to dc (dv/dt = 0).
    – its voltage cannot change abruptly.

    9
    2.2.1 Capacitors (5)
    Example 2

    The current through a 100-F capacitor is

    i(t) = 50 sin(120 t) mA.

    Calculate the voltage across it at t =1 ms and


    t = 5 ms.

    Take v(0) =0.

    Answer:
    v(1ms) = 93.14mV
    10
    v(5ms) = 1.7361V
    2.2.2 Series and Parallel
    Capacitors (1)
    • The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-
    connected capacitors is the sum of the individual
    capacitances.

    Ceq = C1 + C2 + ... + CN

    11
    2.2.2 Series and Parallel
    Capacitors (2)
    • The equivalent capacitance of N series-connected
    capacitors is the reciprocal of the sum of the
    reciprocals of the individual capacitances.

    1 1 1 1
    = + + ... +
    C eq C1 C 2 CN

    12
    2.2.2 Series and Parallel
    Capacitors (3)
    Example 3
    Find the equivalent capacitance seen at the
    terminals of the circuit in the circuit shown below:

    Answer:
    Ceq = 40F

    13
    2.2.2 Series and Parallel
    Capacitors (4)
    Example 4
    Find the voltage across each of the capacitors in
    the circuit shown below:

    Answer:
    v1 = 30V
    v2 = 30V
    v3 = 10V
    v4 = 20V

    14
    2.2.3 Inductors (1)
    • An inductor is a passive element designed
    to store energy in its magnetic field.

    • An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.

    15
    2.2.3 Inductors (2)
    • Inductance is the property whereby an inductor
    exhibits opposition to the change of current
    flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).

    di N2  A
    v=L and L=
    dt l

    • The unit of inductors is Henry (H), mH (10–3)


    and H (10–6).
    16
    2.2.3 Inductors (3)
    • The current-voltage relationship of an inductor:

    1 t
    i=
    L t0
    v (t ) d t + i (t 0 )

    • The power stored by an inductor:

    1
    w = L i2
    2
    • An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc (di/dt = 0)
    and its current cannot change abruptly. 17
    2.2.3 Inductors (4)
    Example 5
    The terminal voltage of a 2-H
    inductor is
    v = 10(1-t) V

    Find the current flowing through it at


    t = 4 s and the energy stored in it
    within 0 < t < 4 s.
    Answer:
    Assume i(0) = 2 A. i(4s) = -18A
    w(4s) = 324J

    18
    2.2.3 Inductors (5)
    Example 6

    Determine vc, iL, and the energy stored in the


    capacitor and inductor in the circuit of circuit shown
    below under dc conditions.

    Answer:
    iL = 3A
    vC = 3V
    wL = 1.125J
    wC = 9J
    19
    2.2.4 Series and Parallel
    Inductors (1)
    • The equivalent inductance of series-connected
    inductors is the sum of the individual
    inductances.

    Leq = L1 + L2 + ... + LN

    20
    2.2.4 Series and Parallel
    Inductors (2)
    • The equivalent capacitance of parallel inductors
    is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of
    the individual inductances.

    1 1 1 1
    = + + ... +
    Leq L1 L2 LN

    21
    • Current and voltage relationship for R, L, C

    22

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