Cell Subcellular & Diseases
Cell Subcellular & Diseases
Cell Subcellular & Diseases
MEDICINE
Biochemistry
Application of chemistry to study of
biological processes at cellular & molecular
level
OR
Study of chemical constituents of living cells
& of reactions & processes they undergo
ü Cellular biology
ü Molecular biology
ü Molecular genetics
Cell is the structural unit of living system
A surrounding membrane
Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
Organelles – structures for cell function
Control center with DNA
Protoplasm:
Different substances that make up the cell
ü Water
ü Electrolytes
ü Proteins
ü Lipids
ü Carbohydrates
Water:
70-85%, cellular chemicals dissolved in
water
Ions:
Provide inorganic chemicals for various
reactions
K, Mg, HCO3, PO4,
Proteins:
10-20% of cell mass
ü Structural proteins
Fibrillar proteins
ü Functional proteins
enzymes
Lipids:
2% of cell mass, insoluble in water
Provides barrier for various cell
compartments
ü Phospholipids
ü Cholesterol
Carbohydrates:
ü 1% of total cell mass
ü role in nutrition
ü Stored as glycogen
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like fluid that fills a cell
Mostly water (80%) and salt
Cytoplasm contains all organelles and cell
parts
The picture can't be displayed.
Biological significance
Cytoplasm is responsible for giving a cell its shape. It
helps to fill out the cell and keeps organelles in their
place
vProkaryotic cells
vEukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Derived from greek word i-e Pro-before
& karyon-nucleus
The prokaryotes are represented by
bacteria (eubacteria and archaebacteria).
These are almost all small unicellular
organisms only a few microns (10–6 m) in
size
Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cell
Minimum internal organization
Smaller in size
Does not have membrane bound organelles
Genetic material is not enclosed by nuclear
membrane
In prokaryotes, DNA is ring shaped, much
shorter (up to 5106 bp), & located in the
cytoplasm
DNA is not complexed with histones
Cell divides by binary fission
Eukaryotic Cells
Greek: Eu- true & karyon-nucleus
The eukaryotes include fungi, plants, and
animals
Comprise both unicellular and
multicellular organisms
Larger in size
Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cell
Considerable degree of internal structural
organization
Large number of distinctive membrane
enclosed organelles
Nucleus is the site for informational
components, known as Chromatin
Reproduction involve mitosis & meiosis
Mitochondria provides the respiratory
site
The eukaryotic cell is subdivided by
membranes. On the outside, it is enclosed by
a plasma membrane
Inside the cell, there is a large space
containing numerous components in
solution—the cytoplasm
Additional membranes divide the internal
space into compartments
Well defined compartments of this type are
known as organelles
Comparison b/t Eu & Prokaryotes
Organization of Cell
Organelles
Organelles are the complex intracellular
locations where processes for eukaryotic
cellular life occurs
Most are membrane enclosed
Together with cytosol, they form the
cytoplasm
Don’t float freely, rather
interconnected & joined by framework
established by proteins of cytoskeleton
Organelles involved in protein
processing:
ü Nucleus
ü Ribosomes
ü Endoplasmic reticulum
ü Golgi complex
Others include:
ü Mitochondria
ü Lysosomes
ü Peroxisomes
NUCLEUS
All eukaryotic cells except mature
erythrocytes contain nucleus, which
contains hereditary information in the
form of DNA
Average diameter of the nucleus is 10µm
10% of the total cell volume
Dense, roughly spherical organelle
Structure of Nucleus
ü Nuclear envelope
ü Nuclear pores
ü Nuclear lamina
ü Nucleoplasm
ü Nucleolus
ü Chromatin
Nuclear Envelope:
ü Outer most structure of nucleus
ü Double –layered phospholipid membrane
ü The outer layer of the membrane is
connected to the endoplasmic reticulum
ü A fluid-filled space or perinuclear space
is present between the two layers of a
nuclear membrane
Nuclear pores:
ü Pores in the nuclear membrane, that
permit transfer of material between
cytoplasm & nucleus
ü Sites for exchange of large molecules
(proteins and RNA) between the nucleus
and cytoplasm
Nucleoplasm:
ü Gelatinous substance within the nuclear
envelope, karyoplasm
ü This semi-aqueous material is similar to
cytoplasm and is composed mainly of water
with dissolved salts, enzymes, and organic
molecules suspended within
ü The nucleolus and chromosomes are
surrounded by nucleoplasm, which functions
to cushion and protect the contents of
the nucleus
Nucleoplasm also supports the nucleus
by helping to maintain its shape
erythrocytes
Function as the digestive system of
the cell, serving both to degrade material
taken up from outside the cell and to
digest obsolete components of the cell
itself
Visualized as dense spherical vacuoles
Considerable variation in size & shape
Acid Hydrolases with a PH of 5
Mucolipidosis
I-cell disease
Deficient phosphotransferase
Acid hydrolases are absent in lysosomes
Large inclusion bodies in cells
Lysosomal enzymes in patients plasma &
urine
s/s: skeletal abnormalities, restricted joint
movement, coarse facial features & severe
psychomotor impairment
Mucopolysaccharidosis:
Hurler & Hunter syndrome
Hearing loss
CNS damage
Accumulation of ceramides
Painful & progressive joint deformity
X-linked disease
Characterized by deterioration of myelin
sheath of neurons, owing to failure of
fatty acid metabolism