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Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Cinnamon (Cinnamomum

cassia), Characterization and Antibacterial Activity

Article · January 2015

DOI: 10.21275/ART20174199

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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), Characterization
and Antibacterial Activity
Khalid H. Abdalla1, Fatima Al- Hannan2, Ali Alghamdi3, Fryad Z. Henari4
1, 2, 4
Department of Medical Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Medical University of Bahrain, Building 2441,
Road 2835, Block 228, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
3
Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences,
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract: Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a queous extract cinnamonberks (Cinnamomum cassia) as a green method
without using chemical reducer and stabilizers has been investigated. Different heating techniques were appliedused for sample
preparations, conventional heating, microwave heating and room temperature. The samples from a prepared silver nanoparticle were
characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesized nanoparticles showed antibacterial
activities.

Keywords: sliver nanoparticles, cinommon, green synthesis,antibacterial Activity

1. Introduction Silver nanoparticles (Ag NP)have recently attracted

enormous interest because of their applications in
Different techniques are used for synthesizing metallic and manyfields, such as optics, optoelectronic, medical
nonmetallic nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes such diagnostic imaging, and medical therapy and as a catalysis.
as physical and chemical techniques.The physicaltechnique Silver nanoparticles are reported to have anti- fungal, anti-
includes laserablation(1, 2)and high energy irradiation (3, 4). microbial anti-bacteria and, anti- inflammatory activities.
Tools used for these techniques are very costly. For Silver nanoparticles have been investigated for antibacterial
chemical techniques including chemical reduction(5) and activity various stains of Gram positive and Gram negative
photochemical reduction(6, 7), reduction agents such as bacteria such as S aureus. M. luteus, E. coli and P.
sodium citrate and sodium borohydride are used which are areruginosa (17). An overview of recent trends in
toxic and flammable. Their disposal also raises synthesizing nanoparticles prepared via biological entities
environmental issues. Hence it is an essential to develop and their applications is given by L. Wang et.al(18).
environmentally friendly techniques for synthesis of
nanoparticles. The biological and green techniques for In this study wesynthesized AgNPS by using cinnamon
synthesis nanoparticles arenontoxic, faster than other berks. For optimizing of AgNPS production three different
techniques and potentially eliminate the environmental methods were used, microwave heatingmethod at different
issues. These techniques are simple and less expensive and time intervals, boilingmethod,and room temperature method.
nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes can be produced The nanoparticleswere confirmed by UV-Vis spectrometry,
in large scales.Lately green synthesis has emerged as an Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM). The stability of
attractive alternative to hazardous and expensive physical nanoparticles were studied over four weeks using a UV-Vis
and chemical methods for producing nanoparticles. Green spectrometer (Shimadzu UV-1800). Anti- bacterial activities
synthesis involves using plantsand plantextracts such as of Ag NPS were investigated.
Hibiscus cannabinus leaf(8), curcumin(9), and
Henna(10)have been successfully usedfor synthesizing metal 2. Materials
nanoparticles. Extracts from plants usually contain sugars,
terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and Sliver Nitrate was obtained from Sigma Aldrich chemicals,
proteins which are excellent reducing agents useful in the Germany. Cinnamon berks were obtained from local shops
synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles. They are most and E coli was obtained from ATCC, USA. The water used
probably responsible for the conversion of Ag + to Ago which for this experiment was double distilled. All glassware was
happens during the formation of enol/keto form of those washed with distilled water.
materials(11).It has been proposed that the interaction of
these bioreduction of metal ions provide a more flexible Cinnamon berks were obtained from local shop and grained
control over the size and morphology of nanoparticles for with a blender and sieved. A 2.5g of grained Cinnamon was
example, by changing the medium pH and reaction dissolved in 100ml of double distilled water. Then this
temperatures (12-15). An extend review on silver solution was boiled for 5 minutes and filtered twice
nanoparticle preparation using green synthesis methodsis usingWhatman No. 1 filter paper.
presented by Sharmaet.al(16).

Synthesizes of silver nanoparticles

Volume 6 Issue 6, June 2017
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Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20174199 DOI: 10.21275/ART20174199 965
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
In this experiment a 0.0421g of AgNO3 was dissolved in spherical nanoparticles, which was confirmed by TEM
100 ml of distilled water to prepare a 1 mM AgNO3 solution. images. The increase of SPR absorption peaks may be due to
1ml of cinnamon was mixed into 50 ml of an AgNO3 differences in concentration of produced nanoparticles for
solution. The solutions were divided to three parts one part each method. It can be seen from Fig.1, the peak absorbance
left in room temperate over 24 hours. Thesecond part was of AgNPs produced by microwave radiation is higher than
stirred and boiled for 2 minutes and the third part was that of thermal heating followed by room temperature
divided to three parts, each part heatedby microwave oven reaction. The stability of the samples was monitored over
for 10 sec., 20 sec. and 40sec. In all cases the reduction took two weeks by recoding the absorption spectra. During this
place as indicated by a yellowish colour of the solution due period, the absorption band was constantlyobserved around
to excitation of surface plasmon vibration of silver 433nm, confirming thepreservation ofnanoparticles in the
nanoparticles. These solutionswere found to be stable for a solution. The increase of theabsorption and broadening of
month with nocolourchanges and showed little or no the SPR band were observed over the time Fig. [2.a]. This
precipitation. may be considered as indication of the increase of the
concentration and sizes of nanoparticles. Fig.[2.b] show the
3. Results variation of the SPR peak at 423 nm as a function of time,
the formation of Ag nanoparticles increased up to five days,
Initial characterization of the silver nanoparticles were after that time the graph plateaued with a very slight
carried out using UV-Vis spectrometer(Shimadzu UV- variation. This indicates the stability of concentration and
1800). The identity of the silver nanoparticles was sizes of nanoparticles [8]. The stability may arise froma
confirmed by recording the absorption spectra over 200 -700 competition between electrostatic repulsion force and a
nm after 30 minutes. It is well known that the metal weak Van-der Waals attraction force(19).Fig.3 shows UV-
nanoparticles exhibit distinctive optical properties due to Vis absorption spectra of silvernanoparticles for different
combined oscillation of conduction band electrons in time exposuresto microwave radiation for the same
resonance with the incident wavelength, which is known as powerand for same concentration of the reagent precursor.It
the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band. Fig.[1] Shows can be seenfrom the absorption spectra that there wasa
UV-Vis absorption spectra of silver nanoparticles for change in the peak position to longer wavelength (red
different heating techniques used for preparation, shifted) withthe exposure time. It was observed that as the
conventional heating, microwave heating and room absorption peak intensity increases over time the curves
temperature reaction. The observed plasma resonance became broader. This indicates that bigger-sized
peaksaround 433nm and is an indication of the existence of nanoparticles will be produced, leading to the shift in of
silver nanoparticles in all solutions. The sharp peaks and absorption peak wavelength.
symmetrical nature of the graph indicates the formation of

Figure 1: Absorption spectra of synthesized Ag NPs with different heating techniques.

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Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20174199 DOI: 10.21275/ART20174199 966
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

Figure 2 (a): Absorption spectra of synthesized colloidal Ag NPs with different heating technique

Figure 2 (b): Variation of the SPR absorption peak with respect of the time

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Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20174199 DOI: 10.21275/ART20174199 967
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

Figure 3: Absorption spectra of colloidalAgNPs for microwave heating at different time of exposure
TEM images into nanometers by applying the scale of the
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)was performed for image. Fig.4 shows the size distribution histogram of
determine shapes and sizes of synthesized nanoparticles. The AgNP’s for all three methods of preparation. It can be seen
samples were prepared by dispersing a few drops of the that the microwave heating has more narrow distribution
solution on a copper grid and left in room temperature to with a high yield of size 2nm compared with room
dry. Fig.4 shows image of sliver nanoparticles for all three temperature with a high yield of size 6nmand room
methods of preparation. The TEM study reveals the size and temperature has lower distribution compared with thermal
shapes ofmost nanoparticlesare nearly spherical. The size heating with a high yield of size 19nm.
distribution of nanoparticles was analyzed using ImageJ 1.5j
software. This was performed by converting pixels on the

(a)

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Paper ID: ART20174199 DOI: 10.21275/ART20174199 968
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

(b)

(c)
Figure 4: Transmission Electron microscopy image and corresponding particle size distribution J image softwarefor: (a) room
temperature reaction, (b) conventionalboiling,(c) Microwave heating. The prepared AgNP samples were characterized by UV-
Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesized nanoparticles showed antibacterial activities

4. Antimicrobial activity (LB agar) medium using a sterile spreader in all directions
and rotating the plate every time.
AgNPs were tested fortheir antibiotic sensitivity pattern
against E.coli (l0 μg) by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion The antibiotic disks were applied with aseptic precautions.
method. E. coli is a known gram negative bacterium that is Disks were deposited with centers at least 30 mm apart. The
fairly resistant to antibiotics. Commercially available Hi- plates were incubated at 37°C in an incubator for 24hs. After
media disks were used. Hichrome selective agar medium incubation, the plates were observed for the zone of
was used for the growth and the inoculated samples of E.coli inhibition around the disks. The formation of the clear zone
were incubated for 24 hrs at 37°C in an incubator. With the around the LB agar is an indication of antibacterial activity.
help of straight wire 3-4 identical colonies were picked up The zone showing inhibition was measured to the nearest
and were inoculated into 5ml of nutrient broth (LB broth). whole millimeter using a travelling microscope. Zone
The broth was incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs., so as to obtain inhabitation around silver nanoparticles synthesized by
moderate turbidity. A streak was made on a nutrient agar different methods are shown in Fig.5. All treatments were
performed in duplicates.

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Paper ID: ART20174199 DOI: 10.21275/ART20174199 969
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

Figure 5a: Antibacterial activity of AgNPs against E. coli bacteria for : left: 1- Cinnamon solution, 2- boiling , boiled
solution, 3- Microwaved solution for80s, 4- Microwaved for60s solution. Right: 1- microwaved 20s, 2- boiled solution, 3-
microwaved for 40 sec, 4- Room temperature solution.

5. Conclusion [5] Wang H, Qiao X, Chen J, Ding S. Preparation of silver

nanoparticles by chemical reduction method. Colloids
AgNPS were synthesized using aqueous extract cinnamon and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering
berks. Different heating techniques were used for Aspects. 2005;256(2–3):111-5.
preparation, conventional heating, microwave heating and [6] Zaarour M, El Roz M, Dong B, Retoux R, Aad R,
room temperature. The changes in sizes were observed with Cardin J, et al. Photochemical preparation of silver
increase time of exposure to microwave heating. The nanoparticles supported on zeolite crystals. Langmuir :
stability of Ag NPSwere monitored over a month using UV- the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.
Vis spectrometer. The green synthesized nanoparticles 2014;30(21):6250-6.
showed activity against E. coli. The green synthesized Ag [7] Lombardo PC, Poli AL, Castro LF, Perussi JR, Schmitt
nanoparticles using cinnamon is quick, stable, and safe and CC. Photochemical Deposition of Silver Nanoparticles
can be used against bacteria and in medical applications. on Clays and Exploring Their Antibacterial Activity.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.
6. Acknowledgment 2016;8(33):21640-7.
[8] Bindhu MR, Umadevi M. Synthesis of monodispersed
This work is part of elective course for foundation year in silver nanoparticles using Hibiscus cannabinus leaf
RCSI- Medicinal University of Bahrain. The authors would extract and its antimicrobial activity. Spectrochimica
like to thank Institute for Research and Medical Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy.
Consultation, Imam Abdul-Rahman Bin Faisal University, 2013;101:184-90.
Dammam, Saudi Arabia for TEM technical support. In [9] El Khoury E, Abiad M, Kassaify ZG, Patra D. Green
addition the authors would like to thank Dr. Hessah Al synthesis of curcumin conjugated nanosilver for the
Muzafer, Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Imam applications in nucleic acid sensing and anti-bacterial
Abdul-Rahman Bin Faisal University, and Dammam, Saudi activity. Colloids and surfaces B, Biointerfaces.
Arabia. 2015;127:274-80.
[10] Kiruba Daniel, S.C.G.; Mahalakshmi, N.; Sandhiya, J.;
Nehru, K.; Sivakumar, M. Rapid synthesis of Ag
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ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
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