PRG PR Ves 0001 r03 e Vessels

$
DESIGN CRITERIA
ER
ERIA
A
GUIDE TO SELECTING AND PROCESS SIZING VESSELS
V
ZZ
PRG.PR.VES.0001
R.VES.0001
Rev.
v. 3
BO
March 2003
M
Form code: MDT.GG.QUA.0508 Sht. 01/Rev. 1.94 File code: Normal.dot Data file: PRG_PR_VES_0001_R03_E.doc
CONFIDENTIAL document. Sole property of Snamprogetti. Not to be shown to Third parties or used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003
Sheet 2 (113)
CONTENTS
1. GENERAL 4
1.1 References 4
1.1.1 International Regulations and Standards References 4
A
1.1.2 Company Standardization References 4
2. VESSEL CLASSIFICATION 5
2.1 Functional definitions 5
2.1.1 Liquid - gas and/or steam separators
rs 5
2.1.2 Feed and/or reflux accumulators
rs
s 5
ZZ
2.1.3 Liquid - liquid and liquid - liquid
2.1.4 Special vessels
2.2 Type definitions
guration
ation
2.2.1 External configuration
quid - gas and/or steam separators
separato 5
5
6
6
2.2.2 Internal configuration
nfiguration 6
3. SYMBOLS 7
ESSE
4. SIZING VESSELS 12
4.1 Theoretical
retica basics 12
BO
4.1.1 Liquid - gas and/or steam separ

separation 17
4.1.2 Liquid - liquid separation 22
4.1.3 Demister
4 emister 25
4.1.4 Weight
4.1 ht calculation 26
4.2 Vessel sizing procedures 28
4.2.1 Vertical two-phase liquid - gas and/or steam separator 28
4.2.2 Horizontal
izont two
two-phase liquid - gas and/or steam separator 36
4.2.3 Horizonta
orizon three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator
Horizontal 44
4.2.4
4 Horizo
Horiz
Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator with pot 56
4.2.5 H
Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator with dam 63
4.2.6 Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator with skimmer
4.2 70
4.3 Steam generation vessel (Steam Drum) 77
4.3.1 General 77
4.3.2 Calculation procedures 77
4.4 Vessels for chemicals 78
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 3 (113)
4.5 Process nozzles and other connections 79

4.5.1 Process nozzles 79
4.5.2 Other connections 8
82
5. CALCULATION OF GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS 85
A
al)
5.1 Vertical cylindrical shell: lateral surface and volume (partial) 85
e (partial)
5.2 Horizontal cylindrical shell: lateral surface and volume 85
(pa
5.3 Vertical lower hemispherical end: lateral surface and volume (partial) 90
face
ace and volume (partial)
5.4 Vertical upper hemispherical end: lateral surface 93
face and volume (partial)
5.5 Horizontal hemispherical end: lateral surface 96
all surface and volume (partial
5.6 Vertical lower 2:1 elliptical end: lateral (partial) 101
ZZ ATA SHEETS
6. GUIDE TO FILLING OUT DATA S
ateral surface and volume (partial
5.7 Vertical upper 2:1 elliptical end: lateral
5.8 Horizontal 2:1 elliptical end: lateral
(partial)
ateral surface and volume (partial)
103
105
110
eets
6.1 Filling out data sheets 110
sell
6.2 Sketch of vessel 113
BO
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 4 (113)
1. GENERAL
The purpose of the present document is to define the process design criteria for vessels,
esign cri vesse
including internal parts, and the process and service nozzles used d forr the physical seseparation of
different phase fluids, in order to guarantee a minimum liquid uid reserve
erve for the purpose
purposes of
facilitating its transfer under instrument control to other equipment,
pment, limiting
ting flow fluctuations and
ensuring operational flexibility and safety.
A
The field of application is that concerning process and d auxiliary plants in the oil and chemical
sector.
1.1 References
1.1.1 International Regulations and Standards References

eferenc
ASME, Sect. VIII, Div. I Boiler and

nd Pressure Vessel Code
1.1.2
ZZ
API RP 521
OPR.GE.XE.0001
n References
Company Standardization Refere
uide
de for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems
Guide
Design enginee chemical plants

engineering for oil and chemica
Sys
Syst
011
OPR.MO.XE.5011 gineering for primary oil
Process engineering oi and
a chemical systems
PRG.GG.GEN.0001
EN.0001 Definition and se design temperature and pressure
selection of desig
G.NRM.0001
PRG.GG.NRM.0001 m
Guide to metric (SI) unit of measurement
D.CR.GEN.7014
CR.GEN.7014
STD.CR.GEN.7014 st
straightener plate for
Flow straightener f level taps
.CR. y7018
STD.CR.GEN.7015y7018
STD.CR.GEN.7015 Flow
ow straightener
BO
STD.CR.GEN.7030
.CR.GEN.7030 Entrance with curve
c and anti-erosion plate on horizontal equipment
STD.CR.GEN.7032
CR.GEN.7032 Entrance with
w open distributor
STD.CR.GEN.7033 Entrance
Entranc with slotted distributor
Entran
STD.CR.GEN.7038 Entrance
Ent with curve
STD.CR.GEN.7042
STD.CR.GE Lateral head vapor outlet
Lateral bottom liquid outlet (rotated 180°)
STD.CR.IN.7051
N.705 Demister pack supports for horizontal vessels
STD.CR.IN.7052
IN.70 Demister pack supports for vertical vessels
STD.CR.IN.7053
STD.CR.IN.70
CR.IN.7 Demister pack supports for vertical vessels
STD.CR.GEN.7060
STD.CR
STD.CR.G Spillways for vertical vessels
STD.SM.GEN.0001
STD
STD.S Overall dimensions and types of installation for instruments on
pressurized and atmospheric vessels
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 5 (113)
2. VESSEL CLASSIFICATION
Vessels utilized for the physical separation of fluids are classified by

y the func perform
function they perfo
and by type (geometric shape).
2.1 Functional definitions
A
The following terms are normally used regarding the function
unction for which the separator has
ha been
set up.
2.1.1 Liquid - gas and/or steam separators
These are designed to separate a liquid uid - gas and/or steam

team mixture into two homogenous
hom
homog
currents with the minimum quantity off one phase dispersed in the other. Any ratio between
be
betw the
itie
ties
liquid and gas and/or steam quantities s is possible, ranging from cases in which ththe mixture is
ZZ
2.1.2
Drum in the second.
cumulators
mulato
Feed and/or reflux accumulators
hich it is required
essentially liquid to cases in which required to just cut down the drops of liquid in a
predominantly gas phase. In general, one speaks of Flash h Dr
Drum in the fir
firs
first case and K.O.
These are designed

ned to contain a fluid essentially
senti composed hydrocarbons with a small amount
ed of hyd
of gas and/or steam and/or water.
They includede Surge Drums
Drum that serve e to ensure conti
contin
continuity of operation for downstream
equipment
ent and Reflux Drums that receive the total or p partial condensation product of vapors
ating from the head of a distillation column.
originating
2.1.3 id - liquid
Liquid li liquid - gas and/or steam separators
and liquid - liquid
BO
se are designed to separate two immis

These immiscible liquids in the presence or absence of a gas
or steam phase. Typical examples
and/or example are:
are
x paration of water or caustic solution

separation s from hydrocarbons
x separation of glycol or amin
amine aqueous solutions from hydrocarbons
pre
When three phases are present, the term three-phase separator is used.
2.1.4 vessel
Special vessels
Some vessels require

re special sizing rules for special applications.
ngst these
Amongst the
thes are the following:
x Bl
Blo
Blowdown Drum (liquid separator on blowdown manifold) and Blowdown K.O. Drum
(separator upstream of flare).
x Steam Drum (water vapor from condensation separator).
x Slug Catcher, which processes gas currents with large flow variations and at erratic
intervals in the liquid phase.
x Decoking Drum, which separates the particles of unburnt coke from the air/water vapor
mixture exiting from the coils during the decoking operation of oven pipes.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 6 (113)
x Desalter, used for processing crudes in order to drastically reduce the salt conte
content. This
cification.
vessel is sized by specialized suppliers on the basis of a Duty Specification.
2.2 Type definitions
nal configuration.
Vessels are normally distinguished by their internal and external ration
A
2.2.1 External configuration
The external configuration allows a general subdivision

ision
sion into:
Vertical vessels
These are usually utilized:
x for the separation of currents characterized
acterize by a high volume fraction of gas and/or
racterized and/ steam
and
(t 0.5)
ZZ
x when it is wished to pursue the
its flow
x for small-volume vessels
sels
he objective
objective of minimizing layout dimensions
x when greater sensitivityy is required
requi in controlling the liquid’s level with respect
rre to changes in
Horizontal vessels
els
These are usually
ually utilized:
sually
x for the
he separation of currents characterized
characteriz by a low
lo volume fraction of gas and/or steam
(d 0.5)
x when the process in which it is inserted requires
requi
requ wide or rapid variations in the flow of the
liquid
iquid phase without the need for accurate level
le control
BO
x when long residence times are required

re for the liquid phase
Spherical
rical vessels
ve
These are occasionally utilized:
x for high-pressure services.
2.2.2 Internal configuration

confi
nal configuration
The internal cconfigu completes the identification of the type of vessel. There are many
adop
internals adopted to allow separation or increase the efficiency of separation and they are not
limited to thos
those that are indicated below:
x dams
x flow straighteners
flo
x demisters (wire mesh)
x vane packs (mist extractor)
x swirltubes
x filter candles
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 7 (113)
3. SYMBOLS
AB cross-section area of a generic nozzle m2

Adm min minimum cross-section area for demister m2
AL cross-section area reserved for passage of continuous
ous heavy
y liquid
liqui
phase m2
A
Ap min minimum cross-section area for pot m2
Ap cross-section area of pot and generic partial
rtial area m2
Av cross-section area reserved for passage
age of continuo
continuous light gas
phase m2
Av min minimum cross-section area reserved
eserved
erved for passage of continuous
light gas phase m2
AZ cross-section area below
w the lowest liquid level in a ho
horizontal
C
cp
cv
D
ZZ vessel
entrainment or friction
specific heat
tion coefficient
ction
specific heat off gas phase at conconstant pressure
at of gas phase at cons
internal diameter
constant volume
ter of vessel and gegeneric diameter
m2
kJ/(kg°C)
kJ/(kg°C)
mm
-
DP design
gn gage pressure MPa
DT design
esign temperature
sign temper °C
Ddm diameter or side of demister with circular or squ
squa
square section mm
Ddm min minimum diameter of d demister mm
Din internal diameter of inlet nozzle mm
Dmin minimum internal diameter for vessel mm
BO
Dou internal diameter of outlet nozzle fo
for gas phase mm
Dp internal diameter of pot mm
Dpmin minimum internal diamete
diameter for pot mm
Dull
u internal diameter of out
outlet nozzle for light liquid phase mm
Dupl
u internal
ternal diameter of outlet nozzle for heavy liquid phase mm
dp diameter of part
d particle (drop or bubble) dispersed in a continuous
pha and d
phase diameter of liquid particle (drop) dispersed in a
con
continuou
continuous light gas phase Pm
dpl dia
diameter of light liquid particle (drop) dispersed in a continuous
diame
heavy liquid phase
he
h Pm
dpp diameter of heavy liquid particle (drop) dispersed in a continuous
light liquid phase Pm
Fd entrainment force acting in the vertical direction on a particle in
motion relative to a continuous phase, in which it is dispersed N
F’d entrainment force acting in the horizontal direction on a particle in
motion relative to a continuous phase, in which it is dispersed N
Fg force resulting from the force of gravity and Archimedes’ thrust
acting on particle dispersed in a continuous phase N
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 8 (113)
g acceleration of gravity (9.806 65) m/s2

H total height of vertical vessel mm
HHLS very high emergency liquid level -
HHILS very high emergency liquid interface level -
HILL high emergency liquid level -
HILS high emergency liquid interface level -
A
HLL high liquid level -
HLS high emergency liquid level -
Hlh difference in height between HLS and HLL mm
Hlhh difference in height between HHLS and HLS (or HLL HLL) mm
Hlhhi difference in height between HHILS ILS
LS and HILS (or HIL
HILL) mm
Hlhi difference in height between HILS LS and HILL m
mm
Hll difference in height betweenen
n LL
LLL and LLS mm
Hlli
Hlll
Hllli
Hp
Hrl
Hrli
ZZ difference in height between
height of pot
ween LIL
LILL and LILS
difference in height between LLS (or LLL) and LLLS
difference in height
ght
ht between LILS (or LILL) and LLILS
difference in normal level height (between HLL and LLL)

difference
nce in normal
ormal interface level height (between HILL and LILL)
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
H1 difference
erence in height between NLL and lower TL mm
H1i difference in height between NILL and lower TL o of pot mm
H2 difference in height between axis of inlet nozzl
nozzle and highest liquid
level in a vertical vessel mm
H3 difference in height between axis of inlet nozzle and upper TL in a
vertical vessel mm
BO
H’3 difference in height betwee
between axis oof inlet nozzle and lower base of
the demister in a vertical
cal vvessel
vesse mm
h generic height
ge mm
hI distance between interfa
interface surface and lower generatrix of
interfac
cylindrical shell in a th
three-phase separator with dam mm
hOB distance between lowest upper chord of skimmer and lower
ge
generatrix of cy
cylindrical shell in a three-phase separator with
skim
skimmer mm
hOW diffe
differenc
difference in height between highest liquid level and interface level in
the liliquid phases’ zone of coexistence in a three-phase separator
with dam or skimmer
w mm
hWB height of dam on side of continuous heavy liquid phase in a three-
phase separator with skimmer mm
hn height of chord of section reserved for passage of continuous light
gas phase in a three-phase separator with dam or skimmer mm
hs height of chord of section reserved for passage of continuous heavy
liquid phase in a three-phase separator with dam or skimmer mm
h1 height of section reserved for passage of continuous light gas phase
in a two-phase or three-phase separator mm
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 9 (113)
h2 difference in height between lowest liquid level and lower generatrix

atrix
of cylindrical shell in a horizontal vessel mm
h3 difference in height between the top of the suction pipe off the outlet
nozzle for the continuous light liquid phase and the highestghest liquid
interface level in a three-phase separator mm
I allowable stress at design temperature MPa
A
K coefficient for critical velocity m
m/s
KR coefficient for optimal velocity regarding demister
emister m/s
k exponent of adiabatic transformation for or gas phase ((cp / cv)
L length of horizontal vessel, and genericneric
eric length mm
3
LCLo low lethal concentration k
kg/m (substance/air
e/air volume
volume)
v
3
LC50 fifty-percent lethal concentration
tion k
kg/m (substance/air
/air volu
volume)
vo
LDLo low lethal dose mg/kg (substance/body w weight)
ZZ
LD50
LILL
LILS
LLILS
LLL
LLLS
fifty-percent lethal dose
low liquid interface level
low emergency liquid
very low emergency
ergency
low liquid level
very low
e
evel
quid interface level
rgency liquid interface level
vel
w emergency liquid level vel
mg/kg (substance/bo
(substance/bod
(substance/body weight)
-
-
-
-
-
LLS low emergency liquid level -
LS skimmer
kimmer width mm
LV useful distance for separation of light liquid phase
pha from gas phase in
ph
a horizontal vessel with skimmer mm
LW length of chord of separa
separator between
tween the liquid phases’ zone of
coexistence and the zone destined to just the continuous heavy
BO
liquid phase in a three-phase
e-pha sepaseparator with dam mm
Lp pot position (distance between
betw the generatrix of the pot’s cylindrical
shell closest to the TL and theth TL itself) mm
Ls useful distance for separ
separation of light liquid phase from heavy liquid
separa
phase in a horizontal vvessel mm
L0 useful distance fofor separation of liquid phase from gas phase in a
horizontal
h vessel
vesse mm
L1 distance betw
dis between axis of outlet nozzle for continuous light gas phase
and the closest
c TL in a horizontal vessel mm
NILL nor
norma liquid interface level
normal -
NLL normal
no
nor liquid level -
OPP
PP operating pressure (gage) MPa
P vessel weight kg
P* gage pressure for the calculation of thicknesses MPa
Re
R Reynolds number -
Scc median lateral surface of cylindrical body m2
Sfe median lateral surface of 2:1 elliptical end m2
Sfem median lateral surface of hemispherical end m2
sc corrosion allowance mm
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 10 (113)
scc cylindrical body thickness mm

sccp cylindrical body thickness of pot mm
sfe thickness of 2:1 elliptical end mm
sfem thickness of hemispherical end m
mm
sfemp thickness of hemispherical end of pot mm
sfep thickness of 2:1 elliptical end of pot mm
A
TL tangency line -
Vfl volume of liquid contained at the ends of a horizonta
horizontal vessel
between the highest and the lowest levels m3
Vft volume of liquid contained at the ends of a horizontal vessel m3
Vll volume of light liquid containeded in
n the vessel for satisf
satisfying the
residence and/or lockout timesmes m3
Vp
Vpl
VZ
vBg
ZZ generic partial volume
volume of heavy liquid
volume of liquid
macroscopic
uid
uid
id contained in the vessel for satisfying the
residence and/or lockout
ockout times
d contained at the ends of a horizontal vessel be
the lowest liquid
quid lev
level
scopic velocity
elocity of light gas phase in outlet nozzle
below
m3
m3
m3
m/s
vBll macroscopic
croscopic velocity of light liquid
iquid phase in outlet no
noz
nozzle m/s
vBpl macroscopic velocity of heavy liquid phase in out
outl
outlet nozzle m/s
vL limit velocity m/s
vc c
critical velocity m/s
vcm critical velocity of mixed phase (light ga
gas phase, light liquid level and
heavy liquid phase) m/s
BO
vcpl critical velocity of light liquid

liqui phas
phase dispersed in continuous heavy
liquid phase m/s
vcpp critical velocity of heavy liq
liquid phase dispersed in continuous light
liquid phase m/s
vlg macroscopic veloc
velocity of continuous light gas phase m/s
vll macroscopic ve
m velocity of continuous light liquid phase m/s
vlo horizontal macroscopic
hor ma velocity of light continuous phase m/s
vlv ver
vertical macroscopic
m velocity of light continuous phase m/s
vm ma
macroscopic velocity of mixed phase (light gas phase, light liquid
macro
lev
le
level and heavy liquid phase) m/s
vpl macroscopic velocity of continuous heavy liquid phase m/s
vs thermodynamic speed of sound of continuous light gas phase m/s
vtrr optimal velocity for design of demister m/s
Wlg mass flow of continuous light gas phase kg/s
Wll mass flow of continuous light liquid phase kg/s
Wpl mass flow of continuous heavy liquid phase kg/s
xg weight fraction of gas phase -
z efficiency of welded joint control -
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 11 (113)
Z real gas compressibility factor -

O vessel slenderness ratio - (L/D) or (H/D) -
Pl dynamic viscosity of light continuous phase mPas (cP)
Plg dynamic viscosity of continuous light gas phase mPa
mPa s (cP)
mPas (cP
Pll dynamic viscosity of continuous light liquid phase Pas (cP)
mPa
mPas
Pp dynamic viscosity of heavy continuous phase as (cP)
mPa
mPas (cP
A
Ppl dynamic viscosity of continuous heavy liquid
uid
id phase mPa
mPa s (cP)
mPas
fall time of light liquid drops in continuous
us light gas phase
ous p s
Ul density of light continuous phase kg/m3
Ulg density of continuous light gas phase
hase kg/m3
Ull density of continuous light liquid
iquid
quid phase
pha kkg/m3
Ulm
Um
Up
Upl
ZZ density of liquid mixture
phase)
density of heavy
eavy
e (light liquid level, heavy liquid phase)
density of mixture (light
light
ght gas phase, light liquid level and heavy liquid
avy continuous phas

density of continuous
phase
tinuous heavy liquid phase
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
Wlh high emergency residence time
me s
Wlhh very
ery high emergency residence tim
time s
Wlhhi very high emergency interface residence time s
Wlhi high emergency interface residence time s
Wll low emergency residence time s
Wlli low emergency interface re
residence time s
BO
Wlll very low emergency reside

residence time s
Wllli very low emergency inter
interface residence time
interfa s
Wln normal residence time s
Wlni
ln normal
rmal interface re
residence time
res s
W0 residence time of light liquid between lowest level light liquid and
re
hig
highest interface level
inte s
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 12 (113)
4. SIZING VESSELS
4.1 Theoretical basics
In general, the sizing of a vessel must satisfy the constructional uctional requirements (geometr
(geometric
constraints and resistance of shell materials), functional constraints
nstraints related
ted to the context (plant)
overn
ver the process
in which it is installed and, lastly, the physical laws that govern s of separation that it is
A
intended to implement.
The mixed phase of immiscible liquids, composed of the heavy phase (liquid) and the light phase
el, tends to become stratified and th
(gas and/or steam or liquid) that enters the vessel, then separated
under the effect of gravity. The heavy phase will occupy
occupy the lower part of the vessel and the light
lig
phase the upper part. The two separate phases will subsequently leave the vesse vessel unde
under the
ent established between the vessel considere
effect of gravity and the pressure gradient considered a
and the
other equipment connected to it.
ZZ
the light phase and a downward ard
flow is mainly horizontal between
As will be explained in
inly
nly vertical
Thus, in a vertical vessel, two mainly vertica flows of material
rd one for the
etween the inl
considered above are onlyy established
n the following, the ve
physical process are the
th heavy phasphase.
inlet and outlet zone
established close to the outlets.
al are established, an u
vessel dimensions that are m

e diameter for a vertical
vvertical vessel and
upward one for
e. Whereas in a horizontal
horiz vessel, the
one and the two flows of material
mostly conditioned by the

nd the diameter and length for a
horizontal one.
This influencee is to be sought in the behavior
havio of the light ight phase
pha flow in the vessel. In general,
e of the type of motion of the mixed phas
irrespective phase e that is established in the vessel feed line, it
can be envisaged how localized turbulence around the the feed
ffe nozzle can cause the formation of
drops of the heavy phase at the inlet that becom become e dis
disp
dispersed in the light continuous phase. The
mber
ber of these drops and the distribution of their
number their d
diameters cannot be determined in a rigorous
manner,
ner, not even statistically, because this d depends on countless chemical and physical
parameters,
ameters, in addition to the geometrical one ones and the laws of coalescence of the heavy phase.
BO
For these reasons, the quantification of the d dispersed phase can only be considered empirically.
The objective of limiting the amoun
amount of the dispersed phase can be attempted, however, by
taking into consideration the exact laws law that govern relative motion in a stationary regime of
heavy spherical particles with resp
respe
respect to a light continuous phase. This will lead to results, not
contradicted by experience, that are
a acceptable from the engineering standpoint.
The following model can b
be associated with a vertical
vessel: Fd
A heavy sphe
spherical par
particle, which to aid conception, is
considered d to be ininitially stationary, is immersed in a
light continuous
tinuou pphase in motion with a certain velocity in
the upward
ward direction.
d
dir In this situation, the forces acting
on the
he sphe
spher
sphere are:
- The force of gravity, acting downwards.
Th
Fg
- Archimedes’ thrust, acting upwards.
- The entrainment force, acting upwards, due to the
friction that develops on the walls of the sphere due
to the vertical macroscopic motion of the continuous vlv
light phase (Fd).
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 13 (113)
The force of gravity and Archimedes’ thrust are represented by a single vector
ector in the downward
do
direction because the density of heavy phase is greater than the density of light phase (Fg).
The moduli of the vectors Fd and Fg, in the units of measurement specified
pecified
ecified in the symbols table,
table
can be obtained from the following relations:
S
Fd • C • d p2 • U l • 10 -12 (1)
A
8
S
Fg • g • d p3 • ( U p - U l ) • 10 -18 (2)
6
The evolution of this system can be studied died

d by making simple considerations regardin
regarding theth sum
of the vectors considered:
ZZ
- If the resultant vector (Fd-Fg) is
(initial condition considered).
- If the resultant vector (Fd-F
with an accelerating motion
equilibrium shall
ative
reases.
friction force increases.
s equal to zero, then the sphere will remain in the steady state
Fg) is less than zero, then the sphere will start tto move downwards
otion until a new balance of forcess is reached. In
tive velocity of the pa
fall velocity, the relative
es. When the modu
all have been reached. When
particle with respectt to the flu
particle
Whe this equilibrium

I practice, due to the
fluid increases and thus the
modulus of this force equals the modulus of Fg, a new
equilibrium is reached,
rre the fall velocity will no
ease and therefore it is said
longer increase d that
tha the
the particle
cle has reached
r the settling velocity. It is
obvious thathat this development shall be interrupted if the th particle does not have sufficient
space available.
- If thehe resultant vector (Fd-Fg) is greater than zero, then tth the sphere will start to move upwards
th an accelerating motion until a new balance of forces is reached. In practice, due to the
with
scape velocity, the relative velocity of the pa
escape p
particle with respect to the fluid decreases and
decreases. When the modulus of this force equals the modulus of Fg, a
hus the friction force decreases.
thus
BO
ew equilibrium shall have been reach

new reached. When this equilibrium is reached, the escape
elocity shall no longer increase and therefore it is said that the particle has reached the
velocity
cape velocity limit. It is obviou
escape obvious that this development shall be interrupted if the particle
doess not have sufficient space available.
a
av
From this description, it is obviou
obvious that if it is wished to make all drops with a diameter greater
than a prefixed diameter fall, iit is necessary to ensure that Fg is greater than Fd, and this will be
possible if the
t vertical macroscopic
macr velocity of the light phase vlv is limited, because in this way,
the value of thet modulus of the entrainment force is limited. The value of vlv that is obtained by
equalizing equations
equ (1 and (2) is actually the limit velocity vL.
(1)
dp ( Up - Ul )
v L = 2 • 10 - 3 • g• • (3)
3•C Ul
Before proceeding in the development of the above-indicated considerations, it is opportune to

ana
anal
analyze the model associable with a horizontal vessel. From a certain point onwards, the two
models can be developed together.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 14 (113)
The model for a horizontal vessel is

outlined in the adjacent figure.
In this case as well, to aid
conception, a heavy spherical Fd
particle can be considered that is
initially stationary and positioned at
F’d LIGHT
IGHT P
PHASE
the highest point of the vessel close Inlet Outlet
A
to the feed nozzle. zone Fg vlovl zone
Conceptually, the forces acting on
the sphere are those seen for the
vertical vessel. In this case, HEAVY PHASE
HE
however, the horizontal entrainment
force must also be considered and
therefore the evolution of system
differs from that for the verticall
ZZ
vessel, precisely for the presence
horizontal motion.
modulus of the friction force,

in the upward direction,
onwards the particle
e of
The force Fg will induce an accelerating downward vertical motion on tthe particle until the
orce, Fd induced by the movement itself and alw
on,, becomes equal to Fg. From this point
le will move with a constant
consta velocity,
nt (equil
alwa
always acting vertically, but
(equilibrium of forces achieved)
(equili
velocity, i.e. it has reached
re the settling velocity (a
conceptually similarmilar situation to that analy
analyzed for the vertical vessel). This velocity vL is
e vert
vertica
calculated in the e same way as for a vertical vessel.
vessel. Itt is obvious
obvi
obvio that this development shall be
interrupted d if the particle does not have sufficient space available.
ava
avai
rizontal force Fd will start to move the particle in the horizontal direction and the velocity
The horizontal
ncrease
crease until the relative velocity of the particle
will increase particle with
w respect to the fluid is annulled. At this
oint,
point,t, the horizontal force due to friction will be can
cancelled and the particle shall have reached the
ape velocity limit, which will precisely equal tto the horizontal macroscopic velocity of the light
escape
phasese vlo.
BO
From m this description, it is obvious th

that if it is wished to make all drops with a diameter greater
h
hea continuous phase, it is necessary to limit the value of
than a prefixed diameter reach the heavy
vlo, because
ause in this way the particle is given a sufficiently long residence time to allow it to reach
comp
the heavy phase before it completes the horizontal distance between the inlet and the outlet
zo
zone.
residen
Calculation of the residence time and fall time should be made assuming a fully developed
motion (stead i.e. considering that the particle moves with a horizontal velocity vlo and a
(steady state), i.e
velocit vL. In this way, the use of time-dependent equations that, from an engineering
vertical velocity
standpoint,t, would
wo not
n give significantly better results is avoided.
Experimental
mental research
re and theoretical considerations have allowed the physical problem of the
motion
on of a fluid around a spherical particle to be solved. The results obtained show that the
entrainment
entrainme or friction coefficient C is dependent on the type of motion that establishes itself and
therefo the Reynolds number Re, which is defined by the following relation:
therefore
therefor
v L • dp • Ul -3
Re = • 10 (4)(4)
Pl
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 15 (113)
Three possible flow regimes have thus been identified:

- Laminar flow regime. Established for: Re < 2
Stokes’ law is applicable to this regime:
24
C = (5)
A
Re
and equation (3) becomes:
( Up - Ul )
vL = 5.44814 • 10-10 • dp2 • (6)
ZZ Pl
- Transition flow regime. Established

tablished
ablished ffor: 2 d Re d 500
The intermediate law is applicable to this
th regime:
18,5
C = 3
(7)
( )
Re 5
uation
ation (3) beco
and equation becomes:
8 5
( ) ( )
dp7 ( Up - Ul ) 7
v L = 2.09373 • 10 - 6 •
3
•
2
(8)
( ) ( )
Pl 7 Ul 7
BO
- Turbu
Turbulent flow regime. Established
ablish for: Re > 500
Newton’s
ewton’s law is applicable to this
thi regime:
th
C = 0.44 (9)
equ
and equation beco
(3) becomes:
-3 ( U p - Ul )
5
v L = 5.45134 • 10 • dp • (10)
Ul
As can be seen in the previous equations, to determine the limit velocity (design calculation), it is
necess
necessa
necessary to identify the flow regime, or rather to calculate the Reynolds number. But this
num
numb
number depends, in turn, on the limit velocity. The calculation is therefore iterative.
In reality, this is not true as it is sufficient to observe that the product of the entrainment or friction
factor and the square of the Reynolds number (C·Re2) is a quantity that does not depend on
velocity, but only on particle diameter and the chemical-physical properties of the phases:
( Up - Ul )
C • Re 2 = 1.30755 • 10 -11 • dp3 • Ul • (11)
Pl2
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 16 (113)
Thus, by fixing dp, it is possible to calculate the product (C·Re2) and use this value to determ
determine the
flow regime that will be established:
- Laminar flow regime established for: C·Re2 < 48
- Transition flow regime established for: 48 d C·Re2 d 1.1·105
- Re2 > 1.1·105
A
Turbulent flow regime established for: C·Re
With the flow regime known, the limit velocity is then calculated
alculated using the corresponding c
correlation.
By proceeding in a similar manner, it is possible e to calculate the diameter of the particle

partic when theth
value for the limit velocity is set (verification calculation).
alculation).
culation
In this case, it is sufficient to observe that the
he ratio
atio between the entrainment or friction factor
fact a and the
Reynolds number (C/Re) is a quantity that at does not
n depend on the diameter of the particle,
particle but only
particl
physical
hysical properties of the phas
on the limit velocity and the chemical-physical phases:
ZZ C
Re
= 1.30755
Thus, by fixing vL, it is possible

regime that will be established
• 10
-2
•
Pl
v L3
ble to calculate the rratio (C/R

(C/Re)
•
( Up - Ul )
U l2
e) and use this value to determine the flow

stablished and then the diameter of the particle dp, as follows:
(12)
- w regime established for:

Laminar flow
ow C/Re > 6 and hence:
4 vL • Pl
d p = 4.28426 • 10 • (13)
(U p - Ul)
- 8.8·10-4 d C/Re d 6
BO
nsitio flow regime established
Transition hed for:
f and hence:
3 7 2
( ) ( ) ( )
4 Pl 8 • v L8 • Ul 8
dp = 9.31526
9.3 • 10 •
5
(14)
( )
( Up - Ul )8
- flo regime e
Turbulent flow established for: C/Re < 8.8·10-4 and hence:
v L2
d p = 3.36506
3 • 10
4
• Ul • (15)
( Up - Ul )
All of the above-explained

abo
ab considerations can be applied to studying the motion of light spherical
immersed in a heavy continuous phase. In this case, the directions of the forces Fd and Fg
particles iim
are inverted
inve
inv and the expression for the modulus of force Fg remains unchanged, while in the
expression
pre for the Reynolds number and the modulus of force Fd, the density and velocity of the
light phase are substituted by the same quantities for the heavy phase. All of the expressions found
in the remainder of the exposition must be adjusted in consequence.
To apply this treatment to gas and/or steam separation from the liquid, it is necessary to substitute
subscript “l” with subscript “lg” and subscript “p” with subscript “pl”. Instead, to apply it to the
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 17 (113)
separation of light liquid from heavy liquid, subscript “l” is substituted with subscript
script “ll” and ssubscript
“p” with subscript “pl”.
4.1.1 Liquid - gas and/or steam separation
Sizing depends essentially on:

x position of vessel (horizontal or vertical)
A
x permitted value for quantity of liquid entrained
d by gas and/or steam
x liquid reserve contained between the low and high levels
leve
4.1.1.1 Position of vessel

id:
The following general conditions are valid:
x Vessels are normally specified
d as horizontal,
ho unless the service or other considerations
co
con
ZZ x
require otherwise.
Vertical vessels, as a rule,
Horizontal vessels are

ule,
e, have a smaller
ypically have a smaller
flows, horizontal ones typically
sma
sm
layout
layout footprint.
e preferred when the separation

cases in which the flow regime
rint. In the case of
h respect to the
volume with
separation of two
o significant liquid
th vertical ones.
o liquid phases
egime in the inlet pipe is "slug" or "bubble".
p is requested or in
4.1.1.2 city
y
Critical velocity
rtical separator, the separation efficiency
In a vertical efficiency fundamentally
fundam
funda depends on the macroscopic
tyy of the gas in the vessel. The greater this velocity
velocity veloc is, and therefore the greater the flow of
veloci
gass and/or steam for a given vessel diameter, the greater
g shall be the diameter of the drops of
liquid
d that reach the continuous liquid phase.
Equation
ation (3) gives the limit velocity, valid for a spherical particle, which is taken as the critical
BO
velocity
city for designing the vessel, ass
associati
associating with it the significance of the macroscopic velocity
of the
e continuous light gas phase. Expre
Ex
Expressing this more clearly gives:
dp ( U pl - U lg )
v c = 3.61601 • 10 - 3 • • (16)
C U lg
For this sepa

separation, the e
entrainment coefficient C also depends on the shape of the particle as
Re
well as the Reynolds nu
number. Equation (4) becomes:
U lg • v c • dp -3
Re = • 10 (17)
P lg
To also take in to account the dependence on the shape of the particle, use is made of the
diagra in Fig. 4.1.1.2.a, which shows coefficient C as a function of CRe2:
diagram
U lg • ( U pl - U lg ) • dp3
C • Re 2 1.30755 • 10
-11
• (18)
P lg2
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 18 (113)
100
C
TRANSITION
MOTION
REGIME
10
LAMINAR
TURBULENT
TU
A
MOTION
M
MOTION
REGIME
REGIME
ZZ0.1
10 100 1000
00
Fig. 4.1.1.2.a – En
Entrainment
10000
trainment coefficient
efficient
100000 C ·R e² 1000000
Using the diagramram in Figure 4.1.1.2.a and

nd Table
T 4.1.1.2.a,
2.a, determination
4.1.1.2.a, det
dete of the critical velocity
ulation)
ation) is immediate. Instead, to calculate
(design calculation) calculate
te the diameter
d of the particle (verification
n) it is necessary to proceed by trial
calculation) trial and error. It is thus necessary to choose dp, then
2
(17) CRe with equation (18) and read the value of C on the
te Re with equation (17),
calculate
ram.
am. This value inserted in equation (18) allows
diagram. allow Re to be recalculated. The value of Re
ound
foundd via equation (18) must be compared with that found via equation (17). Calculation is
cluded when these last two values are sufficiently
concluded suffic
suffici close to each other.
BO
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 19 (113)
The variance encountered in the results of this method with respect to thosehose obtained via the
application of equations (1)y(15) is negligible from the engineering standpoint.
dpoint.
y must also be applied to th
It should be noted that the above-illustrated calculation methodology the
sizing of horizontal vessels.
Table 4.1.1.2.a – Average drop diameters

iameters
A
Type of separator Diameter of drops, Pm
Liquid/gas separator 150
K.O. Drum - compressor suction 150
K.O. Drum - fuel gas 200
K.O. Drum - torch 150
Alternatively, especially if the diameter

ter
er of th
the particle of liquid
id is not known, an empir
empiric
empirical method
ZZ can be used (R. N. Watkins, Hc.
following relation:
vc = K •
c.. Pr., No
( Upl - Ulg )
Ulg
Nov. '67) tthat
hat expresses
resses the critical velocity
ve
velo with the
(19)
where the value of K is given by the diagram

ram in Figure 4.1.1.2.b in function of the parameter:
Wpl Ulg
l
•
Wlg
l Uppl
In
n any must never be used.
ny case, a value of K greaterr than 0.07 m/s mu
For horizontal vessels, 125% of the value K in Fig.
F 4.1.1.2.b should be used and, in any case, a
BO
e never exceeding 0.0875 m/s.
value
ide the range of the abscissa in Fig. 4.1.1.2.b, a value of 0.032 m/s for K must be used for
Outside
al vessels when the abscissa value
vertical vvalu is less than 0.001 and a value of 0.0436 m/s for K when
1 For horizontal vessels, 125% of the above-specified values
the abscissa value is greater than 1.
should be utilized as the extreme values.
carryi out design work with the above-illustrated rules, the quantity of
carr
It can be noted that in carrying
liquid entrain
entrained by the lig
light phase is approximately 5% by weight and that the drops of liquid
have sizes of roughly 200÷400 Pm. Instead, by installing a demister on the vapor outlet,
ately 99.9% purity of vapors and drop sizes of 5÷10 Pm can be achieved.
approximately
In the case oof a KO Drum on gas (and generally when there is only the gas phase), the
mpositio of the liquid phase, and thus the definition of its density (Upl), is estimated
composition
either by calculating the dew point of the gas at the minimum ambient temperature and
operat
operati
operating pressure, or by assuming pentane as the entrained fluid and consequently
calc
calculating the density.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 20 (113)
1
K
A
0.1
0.01
4.1.1.3
ZZ 0.001
Residence times.
0.01
Fig. 4.1.1.2.b – “K” constant

0.1
0.5
(Wpl/Wlg)·(lg/pl)
1
Separators are e also sized to guarantee ee continuity

ccontinuity in
n the flow
fflo of liquid to the equipment
downstream orr to hold the accumulated liquidliqu for a certain amount
a of time. Consequently, the
alance flow variation in input to and output from th
need to balance the vessel itself must also be taken into
account..
ee
e positions for liquid levels are
Three are normally specified
specifie in the vessel:
x High liquid level HLL and high em
emergency liquid level HILL
x Normal liquid level NLL and
an norm
normal liquid interface level NILL
x Low
ow liquid level LLL and
an low liquid interface level HILL
The normal residence time for a liquid li in a vessel, Wln (Wlni), is normally defined as the time
required for the level (or interface level) to go from the HLL (or HILL) position to the LLL (or LILL)
position. This is a function of th
the service for which the vessel is allocated.
ti
The minimum residence times for the more frequent services are indicated in Table 4.1.1.3.a.
The term “ma
“maximum nor
normal flow" is intended as the greatest flow of the normal flows considered
arious cases of material and heat balance.
for the various
n cases,
In certain cas to guarantee regular functioning of the downstream equipment (KO Drum
essor, KO
compressor, K Drum Fuel Gas, etc.) additional level positions are specified respectively above
lev
leve and below the low level:
the high level
x High emergency liquid level (and rarely very high) HLS (HHLS)
x L
Low emergency liquid level (and rarely very low) LLS (LLLS)
Furthermore, additional level positions can be specified for three-phase separators, respectively
above the high interface level and below the low interface level:
x High emergency liquid interface level (and rarely very high) HILS (HHILS)
x Low emergency liquid interface level (and rarely very low) LILS (LLILS)
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 21 (113)
The low or very low emergency residence time for a liquid in a vessel, Wll (Wlll), is normally defined
as the time required for the level to go from the LLL position to the LLS S (LLLS) position. IIn the
same manner, the low or very low liquid interface residence time Wlli (Wlllili) can also be defined.
The high or very high emergency residence time for a liquid in essel, Wlh (Wlhh), is n
n a vessel, normally
osition to the HLS (HHLS) position
defined as the time required for the level to go from the HLL position position.
In the same manner, the high or very high liquid interface residence time me Wlhi
lh ( W lhhi ) can
an also be
defined.
A
Table 4.1.1.3.a – Residence
idence
dence times
tim
Service Residence time

Feed tank Assumed volume co
corresponds to
plant or column 600 s of maximum normal flow of liquid.
Feed tank Assumed volumee cor
corresponds to
ZZ plant or column with oven
Reflux accumulator
Water/Condensate to Sour Water

Stripper/Waste Water Treatment
900 s of maximum
um normal flow of liqu
- 240 s of product flow to stora
120 s of maximum normal

liquid.
Assumed volume is the greater of:
storage
storag
- 300 s of maximum normal flow
ffl of reflux
norma flow of product
KO Drum Assumed volume co cor

corresponds to
compressor
or suction/exp
suction/expander 600 s of maximu
maximum flow of liquid produced in the
KO Drum
m Fuel Gas individual ups
upst
upstream unit.
If the vessel is located downstream of an absorber,
the volum
volume corresponding to 300 s of the total
flow of lean oil is assumed.
In the
th absence of liquid, a volume of
BO
15 m of feed piping is assumed.
Refrigeration-cycle
rigeration-cycle accumulator Assumed volume is the greater of:
- 300 s of liquid coolant flow
- 110% of volume of equipment and lines
constituting the cycle.
Compressor interstage se
separator
sep Assumed volume equals
600 s of maximum condensate production in the
intermediate stage.
Blowdown
wn se
separators
separat 900 s of quantity of liquid discharged by the
most demanding PSV.
Vessels
els for aadditives/chemicals 3.456105 s (4 days) of maximum normal flow.
(when
hen leve
level is not controlled/
discontinuous make up)
disconti
discontin
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 22 (113)
4.1.2 Liquid - liquid separation
The greater or lesser ease with which two immiscible liquids separate e from each
ea other depends
depen
n density, the viscosity
on a series of factors, but the principle ones are the difference in visco of the
continuous phase and the size of the drops.
The rigorous design of separators requires information on the e distribution
on of drop sizes and the
speed of coalescence, as well as the viscosity and density of both phases.
A
Since this information is not normally available, the sizes
izes used for the drops are based on
ydrocarbon phase - heavy water phase,
experience, which for systems composed of a light hydrocarbon ph are
set according to the density of the hydrocarbon phase at 15°C (see Table 4.1.2.a4.1.2.a, where the
drop diameters shown regard both the hydrocarbonarbon dispersed phase and the wa water dispersed
phase).
Table
e 4.1.2.a – Size of drops
ZZ Light liquid phase
Density @ 15°C d 850 kg/m³
Density @ 15°C > 850 kg/m³
dispersed phase
/m³
m³
As the behavior of both the light dispersed phase in the heavy continuous
e in the light continuous
ous phase
p
contin
conti
are off interest
intere
Heavy liquid phase
Water
Water
phase and the heavy

interes for this separation, useful
Diameter
ameter of drop
130 Pm
13
90 Pm
correlations forr design work regarding both provided below.

oth situations are provid
provide
Light dispersed
spersed phase in heavy continuous phase
Equation
ation (4) becomes:
v cpl • dpl • U ll
BO
-3
Re
R = • 10 (20)
Pll
Equation (6) becomes:

be
( U pl - U ll )
v cpl = 5.44814 • 10 --10
10 2
• d pl • (21)
P ll

b
8 5
( ) ( )
-6
d pl7 ( U pl - U ll ) 7
v cpl
cp = 2.09373 • 10 •
3
•
2
(22)
( ) ( )
P ll 7 U ll 7
Eq
Equ
( U pl - U ll )
v cpl = 5.45134 • 10 -3 • dpl • (23)
U ll
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 23 (113)

( U pl - U ll )
C • Re 2 = 1.30755 • 10 -11 • dpl • U ll •
3
(24)
Pll2
P ( U pl - U ll )
A
C
= 1.30755 • 10 - 2 • 3ll • (25)
Re v cpl U ll2
v cpl • Pll
dpl = 4.28426 • 10 4 • (26)
( U pl - U ll )
ZZ Equation (14) becomes:
04
dpl = 9.31526 • 10 •
3
( )
Pll 8 • v cpl
( U pl - U ll
7
( )
8 •U 8
ll
5
( )
)8
2
( )
(27)
5) becomes:
Equation (15)
2
v cpl
dpl = 3.36506
3 0 4 • U ll •
• 10 (28)
( U pl
p - U ll )
BO
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 24 (113)
Heavy dispersed phase in light continuous phase

v cpp • dpp • U pl -3
Re = • 10 (29)
Ppl
A
( U pl - U ll )
2
v cpp = 5.44814 • 10 -10 • dpp • (30)
Ppl
ZZ Equation (8) becomes:

8 5
( ) ( )
7
- 6 dpp
p ( U pl - U ll )7
v cpp = 2.09373 • 10 •
3
•
2
(31)
( ) ( )
Ppl
7 U pl7
mes:
( U pl - U ll )
v cpp = 5.45134 • 10 -3 • dpp • (32)
U pl
ation
ion (11)
Equation (11 becomes:
( U pl
pl - U ll )
C • Re 2 = 1.30755 • 10 -111 • dpp • U pl •
3
(33)
Ppl2
BO
tion (12)
Equation (12 becomes:
C Ppl ( U pl - U ll )
1.307 • 10 - 2 • 3 •
= 1.30755 (34)
Re v ccpp U pl2
(13 becomes:
Equation (13)
v cpp • Ppl
4.284 • 10 4
4
dpp = 4.28426 • (35)
( U pl - U ll )
uation (14)
Equation (1
( becomes:
3 7 2
( ) ( ) ( )
Ppl8 • 8 •U 8
v cpp pl
dpp = 9.31526 • 10 4 •
5
(36)
( )
( U pl - U ll )8
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 25 (113)

2
v cpp
dpp = 3.36506 • 10 4 • U pl • (37)
( U pl - U ll )
In any case, the critical velocity must never be greater than

han 4 mm/s
A
4.1.3 Demister
ver
In general, the separation of the two phases is neverer complete. The gas and/or steam will entrain
the liquid in various quantities or a variety of dr
rop sizes. The drops, finely dispersed
drop disperse in the gas
avity, as the entrainment effect is predominant.
phase, do not separate under the force of gravity, predom
ops dispersed in the gas phase.
Demisters facilitate the separation of drops phase. In fact, by colliding
col
collidi with
the surface of the metal mesh, multipleple drops
d agglomerate e forming one of greater diameter,
d
dia in
ZZ this way increasing the modulus off the force
limits:
x if the velocity is too
interact with each
nt,
o low,
ase.
se.
fall into the continuous liquid phase.
forc of gravity and therefore
t, demisters also
As for any other equipment, als have an optimal
there
mal efficiency within

w
wit
ow, small diameterr drops do not agglomerate b

ch other
er on the wall and theref ore the beneficial
therefore
possibility that
the possibility t
certain velocity
they can
because they are unable to

beneficia effect due to increasing the
modulus of thehe force of gravity with respect
res
spect to that of entrainment
entrainm fades away.
x if the velocity
elocity
locity is too high, the above-indi
above-indicated
cated effect wil
will be attenuated by the simultaneous
ase of the entrainment force due to the high veloc
increase veloci
velocities.
e optimal velocity is given by the equation:

The
( U pl - U lg )
BO
v tr = K R • (38)
U lg
where KR is given by the diagram iin Fig. 4.1.3.a as a function of the operating (gage) pressure
O
OPP.
compre
compr
For the K.O. Drum in compressor suction, a value for KR equal to 80% of the value from Fig.
shou be adopted.
4.1.3.a should
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 26 (113)
0.12
KR
0.1
A
0.08
0.06
0.04
ZZ 0.02
0
0.01 0.1 1
OPP
10
Fig. 4.1.3.a
a – KR constant
ant
4.1.4 Weight calculation

calculatio
or the preliminary calculation of the weight to use, in the design phase, for assessing
For
rnatives characterized by different vessel slenderness
alternatives s ratios O = L/D (or O = H/D), the
ulas specified below are utilized.
formulas utilized The calculated
ca pressure is determined with the following
BO
s:
rules:
5DP
P*=1.5 for DP < 1 Mpa
P*=DP + 0.5 Mp d DP d 2 Mpa
for 1 Mpa
M
P*=1.25
P* DP
P for D
DP > 2 MPa
thicknes is calculated with:
The cylindrical body thickness
0,5 • P * • D
s cc = + sc (39)
I • z - 0,6 • P *
er, for vessels

However, ve in carbon steel and alloy steel, the minimum thickness is assumed to be
o
the greater of:
scc = 3.5 + sc (40)
scc = 3 + 0.0007D + sc (41)
Whereas for vessels in stainless steel or non-ferrous materials, the minimum thickness is
assumed to be the greater of:
scc = 3.5 + sc (42)
scc = 3.25 + 0.0005D + sc (43)
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 27 (113)
The thickness of an elliptical end is calculated with:
P* • D
s fe = + sc (44)
2 • I • z - 0,2 • P *
al shell.
assuming the same minimum thicknesses as for the cylindrical
The thickness of a hemispherical end is calculated with:
0,5 • P * • D
s fem = + sc (45)
2 • I • z - 0,2 • P *
s as for the cylindrical sshell.

assuming the same minimum thicknesses
The permissible stress, I, for a typicalcal ccarbon st eel at the
steel e design temperature, according
ac
acc to
ZZ DT (°C)
l (MPa)
343.3
43.3
103.421
.3
d in Table 4.1.4.a.
ASME Sect. VIII, Div. I, is indicated
Table 4.1.4.a – Permissible stresses as per ASME Sect. VIII,
371.1
99.285
398.9
89.632
VIII Div. I
VII
426.7
74.463
454.4
59.9
59.984
482.2
44.816
510
31.026
The multiplication
cation
ation constant z represents the efficiency
e y of welded
weld
welde joint control and is equal to:
ys at intervals
for X-rays z = 0.85
otal
tal X-ray
for total z = 1
The median lateral surface of a cylindrical body is calculated with:
Scc = S (D + scc) L 10-6 Scc = S (D + scc) H 10-6
O
or (46)
edian lateral surface of 2:1 elliptical

The median elli
ellipt ends is calculated with:
1.08 (D + scc)2 10-6
Sfe = 2 1.084 (47)
The median lateral surface of hemispherical ends is calculated with:

Sfem = S (D + scc)2 10-6 (48)
The weight
eight of the
th vessel is calculated with:
P = (Scc scc + Sfe sfe ) 7.85 or P = (Scc scc + Sfem sfem ) 7.85 (49)
3
where the density of steel is assumed to be 7850 kg/m .
m
A more precise value can be obtained by using the effective density of the selected material.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 28 (113)
4.2 Vessel sizing procedures
This section defines the criteria for the process sizing of separators. In
n detail,
detail, the
th guidelines re
refer
to following separators:
x Vertical two-phase liquid - gas and/or steam separator
x Horizontal two-phase liquid - gas and/or steam separator
or
A
x Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam
team
eam separator
sep
x Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or
or steam separator with pot
x Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or
nd/or steam separator
sepa with dam
x Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas
as and/or steam separator with skimmer
4.2.1 Vertical two-phase liquid - gas and/orr steam separator
4.2.1.1
ZZ
General
These separators (see Fig.
x Typical applications:
cations:
g. 4.2.2.b) are characterized
al area.
the entire cross-sectional
characterized by the
cha e fact that the
the gas current occupies
- Blowdown K.O. Drum

- rum
um compressor suction/expander
K.O. Drum
- Flashh Drum
- urge
rge Drum
Surge Dru
For services in which the entrainment of liquid by b gas is permitted for up to 5% by weight, the
arator is sized for a light gas phase
separator phas velocity
velocity
it equal to the critical velocity.
BO
en liquid entrainment must be lower,

When lowe a light
lig gas phase velocity less than the critical velocity is
med or the installation of a demister
assumed demis provided.
Notes:
1. For vertical separators in compressor
co suction, the process designer must evaluate the
expediencyy of installing special separators (vanes, multiple swirltubes, swirltubes for
separating solid particles
separatin particles, etc.).
In these ccases, as a rule, a "duty specification" is prepared to send to specialized
constructors,
tructo who will define the type of internals and proceed with their sizing.
2. In the case of a Surge Drum for plant charging (liquid charge without gas phase), sizing will
be based just
jjus on the normal residence time (required minimum) for the liquid, leaving a height
above
bove ththe high liquid level that guarantees a further residence time equal to 10% of the
require
required residence time.
4.2.1.2 Calc
Calculation procedure
The dimensions of the separator are defined via an iterative process, which contemplates the
preliminary calculation of sizing parameters and their subsequent optimization.
The diameter of the separator to be looked for will be that which gives:
- the minimum section necessary for separation
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 29 (113)
- the required minimum height for satisfying the control and/or lockout residency
esidency times
ce:
e:
The calculation is carried out according to the below-indicated sequence:
a) Search for values of quantities to be utilized:

Flow of continuous light gas phase Wlg
Flow of continuous heavy liquid phase Wpl
A
Density of continuous light gas phase Ulg
Density of continuous heavy liquid phase Upl
Viscosity of continuous light gas phase Plg
Diameter of drop dp
Normal residence time Wln
ZZCorrosion allowance
Design temperature
Design pressure
ure
ure
e
ncy
cy residence
Low and/or very low emergency reside
mergency resid
time
ergency residence
High and/or very high emergency time
Wll and/orr Wlll
Wlh and/or
d/or Wlhh
lh
DT
DP
sc
Operating pressure OPP

Demister
er yes/no
b) Calculation
alculation of critical velocity
velo (vc):
Determine the critical velocity as indicated in se
section 4.1.1.2.
When the diameter of the drops is known, us use equation (16), otherwise equation (19).
BO
c) Calculation of minimum diame

diameter (Dm
min):
The minimum vapor section area,

area which
wh corresponds to the section of the vessel, will be:
Wlg
A V min . (50)
v c x Ulg
conse
In consequence, the minimum diameter will be:
0.5
§ 4 x A V min ·
Dmin = ¨ ¸ x 103 (51)
© S ¹
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 30 (113)
d) Calculation of internal diameter (D):

The unified diameter immediately above the minimum diameter is chosen
hos as the interna
internal
diameter of the vessel, D, as indicated in Table 4.2.2.2.a.
Table 4.2.2.2.a – Unified diameters

ters
Minimum diameter d 900 mm The standard nominal
minal diameters
s are (in mm): 305,
A
406, 457, 508, 610, 762 and 914.
Minimum diameter ! 900 mm Currently, standards do not exist as the ellip
elliptical ends
can be made with any diameter.
ever, starting from 900 mm, diameters are chosen
However,
th
h increments of 50 m
with mm.
With the diameter of the vessel,

el,
l, it is possi
possible
ble to calculate
ulate the area of the ves
vess
vessel’s cross-
e)
ZZ
section AV:
§ S x D2 ·
AV = ¨
¨ 4 ¸
©
¸ x 10
¹
-6
Calculation of internal diameter off inle

inlet nozzle (Din):
(52)
Use the equations

ua o s in section 4.5.
f) Calculation
lculation of difference in normal level height (Hrl) and selection of standard level
range:
ange:
The difference in height between HLL and LL LLL is called the difference in normal level height
and is calculated as a function of the norm
norma
normal residence time:
BO
Wpl • Wln 3
Hrl = • 10 (53)
Upl • A v
e 4.2.2.2.b, locate the

In Table th standard Hrl row immediately greater than the calculated Hrl.
Table 4.2.2.2.b
4.2.2 – Standard level range and other dimensions
Standard
tand level Hrl standard H1 H01
range
nge (in
( inches) (mm) (mm) (mm)
14 356 800 150
32 813 1 000 100
48 1 219 1 200 120
60 1 524 1 500 250
72 1 829 1 500 100
84 2 134 1 700 150
96 2 438 1 900 150
120 3 048 2 100 100
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 31 (113)
g) Calculation of differences in height of NLL and lower TL (H1):

The difference in height between NLL and the lower TL is indicated d by H1. If Hrl is known
known, H1
can be determined using the values in Table 4.2.2.2.b, in function
ction
ion of the ch standard
chosen standar
level range.
The values in the table are calculated on the assumption tion of side-by-side
de-by-side mounting and
overall dimensions of level regulators and/or transmitters
mitters and level indicators on the
standpipe as indicated in standard STD.SM.GEN.0001. 001.
01.
To check the validity of the choice made, the process
cess
ess designer must control the corr
correctness
of installation and the relevant overall dimensions.
ns.
HLL
ZZ NLL
LLL
h0
ssentially, it is necessary to check that the dista

Essentially, distan
distance h0, obtained using distance H1 and the
overall dimensions of the instrumentation, allow
allo
allows the mounting of the standpipe nozzle and
associated reinforcement plate.
re
A reliable value for h0 can be calculated by adding 60 mm to the external diameter of the
O
amoun f0 (in mm), given by the following relation:
level tap nozzle (in mm), plus an amount,
f 0 = 6 • s cc + 0.3 • s ccc • (D + 2 • s cc ) (54)
h) Calculation of possibl
possible differences in height of HLS (and/or HHLS) with respect to
HLL (a of LLL (and/or LLS) with respect to LLS (and LLLS) (Hll, Hlll, Hlh,
(and HLS) and o
hh):
Hlhh
corresponding heights Hll (and/or Hlll) and Hlh (and/or Hlhh) are calculated with equations
The corre
correspond
similar (53 based on the required residence times Wll (and/or Wlll) and Wlh (and/or Wlhh).
lar to (53),
If Hll + Hlll ! H01 + ((Hrl)standard-(Hrl)calculated)/2, the height H1 will be increased by amount g0,
given by the following relation:
((Hrl ) standard - (Hrl ) calculated )

g 0 = Hll + Hlll - H 01 - (55)
2
i) Calculation of distance between axis of inlet nozzle and HLL or HLS or HHLS (H2):
This distance is calculated with respect to the highest level and will be equal to a minimum
of 450 mm in the case where (450 - Din/2) is greater or equal to 300 mm. Instead, in the
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 32 (113)
case where (450 - Din/2) is less than 300 mm, it will be equal to a minimum
nimum of (300 + Din/2)
(in mm), (see Fig. 4.2.2.a).
l) Calculation of distance between axis of inlet nozzle and the

he upper tangency line (H3):
Two cases must be distinguished:

x Vessel equipped with demister. In this case, H’ H 3 is used too indicate the distance
A
between the axis of the feed nozzle and the e lower base of the demister. Then the
ed with the following relations (all quantities
minimum value of this distance is calculated q
are expressed in mm):
H’3 = 300 0 < D d 400
40
H’3 = 0.75 D 400 < D.
Thus, to calculate H3, the size
ze of the demister, or rather
rather the distance from the
t lower
pper
per TL (450 mm minimum), is added to H’3.
base of the mesh to the upper
ZZ x
(See Fig. 4.2.2.2.a).
Vessel not equipped
following relations
H3 = 900
5D
H3 = 0.75
ed
d with demister. In this case, the distance H3 is calculated with the
nss (all quantities are expressed in mm):
0 < D d 1200
1200 < D.
D
200
e Fig. 4.2.2.a).
(See
m) Calculation
alculation
lculation of demister diameter (Ddm):
)
Determine the optimal velocity of the continu
contin
continuous gas phase through the demister as
indicated in section 4.1.3.
indic
The minimum cross-section area of the de
dem
demister will be:
BO
Wlg
A dm
d min = (56)
v tr • U lg
from which the following is obtained:

ob
4 x A ddm min
D dmmin
dm =( )0.5 x 10 3 (57)
S
To obtain
btain the diameter
di being sought Ddm, the minimum diameter is approximated to the next
est 50 mm
highest m (for example, if Ddmmin = 430 mm, then Ddm = 450 mm).
n) Calcul
Calculation of total height (H):
Calcula
The total height of the vessel, or rather the distance between the upper TL and the lower
Th
T
TL, should be equal to the sum of the following components:
Hrl
H = H1 + + Hlh + Hlhh + H 2 + H 3 (58)
2
with approximation to the next highest 50 mm.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 33 (113)
o) Calculation of thicknesses, surfaces and weight (scc, sfe or sfem, Scc, Sfe and P):
Use the equations in section 4.1.4.
p) Evaluation of alternatives (larger diameter or horizontal vessel):

el):
nt of having a level range
It should be checked whether increasing the diameter, to the point
ce a lower cost.
lower than that chosen, yields a lower weight and hence
A
It should also be evaluated whether a horizontall vessel, where not advised against for
ed
d weight and hence a lower cost.
process or plant reasons, yields a lower estimated
4.2.1.3 Data sheet details
i
Figure 4.2.2.b shows a typical vertical vessel. The dimensions indicated with (he as in tthe
(here,
subsequent figures) represent the result off the calculation procedure. Height H3 will no
not be
indicated on equipment data sheets.
A brief description of the various connections
N2
ZZ
section 4.5.
N1
elow
ide
onnections is given below.
onnectio
Fluid inlet
de entrance with curve (STD.
Provide
et
CR.GEN.7038)
GEN.7038) o
(STD.CR.GEN.7038)
ow the NLL in the case of just a liquid phase.
below
d outlet
Liquid
please refer to
w. For further details, pl
ple
or position the nozzle
Provide flow straightener (STD.CR.GEN.7015y7018 / more or less raised

htener (STD.CR.GEN.70
(STD.CR.GEN.7
with respect to the base line according to the more or less fouling nature of
serv
the service)
N3 Gas outlet
N4 Ventilation
N5 Steam out
BO
a,b
CN1a,b LT/LG Conn..
M1 Manhole
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 34 (113)
2500
H3 & H’3
mm
2000
H3
H3 & H’3 = 0.75D
A
H2 300 mm 450 mm
1500 min. min.
ZZ 1000
900
Without demister (H3)
H’3
H2
150 mm
min.
300 mm
min.
450 mm
min.
500
300
With
th demister (H’3)
0
0 400 800 1200
12 1600 2000 2400 2800 D - mm
BO
Fig. 4.2.2.a – Height of in

inle
inlett no
nozzle above the high liquid level
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 35 (113)
N4 N3
See detail A for diameter < 900 mm
A
STD.CR.GEN.7042
TL
300 mm
N3 150 mm
STD.CR.GEN.7053
GEN.70
H’’3
H
Detail A
ZZ H
N1
CN1a
C HLL
NLL
D
=
M1
H2
LLL =
CN1b
CN
H1 STD.CR.GEN.7014
N5
TL Min.
BO
STD.CR.GEN.7015 N2
Fig. 4.2.2.b – Vertical vessel
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 36 (113)
4.2.2 Horizontal two-phase liquid - gas and/or steam separator
4.2.2.1 General
The main characteristic of these separators (see Fig. 4.2.3) is that the cross-section
cross-section is divided b
by
uid phase and
the level of the liquid into two sections through which the liquid d the gas phase flow.
A
e following guidelines:
Sizing must be carried out in a manner that respects the
a. ght
ht gas phase must allow observan
the macroscopic velocity of the continuous light observance of the
separation requirements (see section 4.1);
b. the volume destined for the liquid must be sufficient to guarantee the requeste
requested minimu
minimum
residence time.
inment
nment in
When it is wished to have liquid entrainment i the gas phase
ase that is less than 5% by weight, a
demister should be installed.
·
·
·
ZZ
Production separators
Accumulators
Slug catcher
4.2.2.2 edure
sions of the separator are defined via an

The dimensions n iterative
iterativ
iterati process, which contemplates the
ary calculation of sizing parameters and their sub
preliminary subs
subsequent optimization.
The minimum diameter of the separator is that which g
gives:
x the
he minimum section necessary for separation
x the
he required minimum section for satisfyi
satisfying
ng the control and/or lockout residency times
BO
accordin to the
The calculation is carried out according t below-indicated sequence:
a) Search for values of quantities tto be utilized:
Flow
w of continuous light gas phase
p
ph Wlg
l
l
Density
ensity of
o continuous
continuo heavy liquid phase Upl
osity of continuous
Viscosity con light gas phase Plg
ameter of drop
Diameter dp
Norma residence time
Normal Wln
Low and/or very low emergency residence time Wll and/or Wlll
H
High and/or very high emergency residence time Wlh and/or Wlhh
Corrosion allowance sc
Design temperature DT
Design pressure DP
Demister yes/no
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 37 (113)
b) Calculation of critical velocity (vc):

Determine the critical velocity as indicated in section 4.1.1.2.
herwise
erwise equati
When the diameter of the drops is known, use equation (16), otherwise equation (19).
c) Calculation of internal diameter of gas phase outlet nozzle

ozzle (Douu):
A
d) Calculation of demister side (Ddm):
Determine the optimal velocity of the continuous
ntinuous
tinuous gas phase through the demister as
ister
ster sha
The minimum section area of the demister shall be:
Wlg
A dm min . = (59)
v tr • U lg
ZZ It should be remembered
ed that the section
red
10 3
D dm min = A dm minn ••10
section is square, thus giving:
(60)
n the
To obtain he side being sought Ddmm, the minimum side iis approximated to the next highest
m (for example, if Ddmmin = 430 mm, then Ddm = 45
50 mm 450 mm).
heck that distance between the highest liquid leve
Check le v and the lower section of the demister is
level
greate than 300 mm.
greater
e) Calculation of height, with respect to lower

low
lo generatrix, of LLL or LLS or LLLS (h2):
BO
This height is determined with the follow

following empirical formula:
W
pl 0.4
( )
U
pl
h 2 = 887.7854 • (61)
U lg
0.2
(1 - )
U pl
f) Calculatio
Calculation
alculat of volume of liquid present in the vessel for satisfying control and/or
lockou residency times (Vpl):
lockout
Considering the sum of the residence times gives:
Co
Con
Wpl
Vpl = • (W ln + W ll + W lll + W lh + W lhh ) (62)
U pl
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 38 (113)
L1
L0 h1
HHLS
HLS
HLL
NLL
LLL
LLS
A
LLLS
h2
g) Calculation of distance of axis TL (L1):

s of gas phase outlet nozzle from the nearest T
ZZQuesta distance is calculated
phase, a valuee for the

ed
d with the following relation:
L1 = D ou + 6 • s cc + 0.33 • s cc
c • (D + 2 • s cc )
ameter of the vessel and henc

As the internal diameter hencee its thickness
hickness a
o + 150 mm is assumed
he first attempt of Dou
are not yet known in this
ssumed for L1, on condition that the
(63)
chec
correctness of the assumption is checked uation (63)
with equation (6 when the sizing has been
d. In addition, this distance must be greater than half
completed. h of Ddm.
From the next point onward, the correla
correlations necessa
necessary for carrying out the computational
utines for determining the unknown
routines n geometric par
para
parameters h1, D and L are prepared.
h)) Calculation of cross-section area reserved for passage of the continuous light gas
phase (AV):
pha
BO
The area of the section considered

consider can be expressed as a function of the ratio h1/D (height
inte
of chord of section considered to internal diameter of vessel).
etting h1/D = x gives:
Setting
D2 -6
AV • (arccos(1 - 2 • x ) - 2 • (1 - 2 • x ) • x•(1 - x ) ) • 10 (64)
4
In any ca
case, the he
height h1 must not be less than 300 mm and/or 20% of the vessel's internal
eter.
diameter.
i) Calcula
Calculation of macroscopic velocity of the continuous light gas phase (vlg):
Calculat
The vvelocity considered shall be:
Wg
v lg = (65)
A V • Ug
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 39 (113)
l) Calculation of useful distance for separation (L0):

This distance can be expressed as a function of the vessel’s total length
ength (L):
L0 = L – L1 – Ddm/2 (66)
m) Calculation of fall time for drop (T):
A
This is the time that the drop employs to reach
ch
h the continuous heavy liquid phase
ph (see
section 4.1):
h1
T= • 10 - 3 (67
(67)
vc
n)
ZZ
Calculation of cross-section
h2/D = y:
AZ =
D2
on
n area below the lowest liquid level (AZ):
onsidered can be expressed ass a function of the ratio h2/D. Setting
(1 - 2 • y) - 2 • (1 - 2 • y) • y • (1 - y) ) • 10 -6
• (arccos(1
-6
(68)
4
o) Calculation
culation of volume of liquid at the ends
ends below the lowest liquid level and the
ds (2) b
be
volume highes and the lowest levels (VZ) and (Vfl):
olume of liquid at the ends between the highest
highe
The vvolume VZ can be calculated
alculated using the correlations
co
cor and/or tables specified in Section 5,
base on the ratio h2/D. With
based ith the same corr
correlations and/or tables and based on the ratio (D-
corre
h1)/ D, it is possible to calculate the total volume Vft of the liquid contained at the ends. The
BO
volume of the liquid contained at a the ends

e between the lowest and the highest levels Vfl is
b the difference:
given by
Vfl = Vft - VZ (69)
p) Calcula
Calculation cross-
of cross-section area reserved for passage of the continuous heavy liquid
phase (AL):
The area of the section considered can be expressed as a function of the ratio h1/D. Setting
h1/D = x, g
gives:
give
D2 -6
AL • (arccos( 2 • x - 1) 2 • (1 - 2 • x ) • x•(1 - x ) ) • 10 - A Z (70)
4
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 40 (113)
q) Calculation of unknown parameters (h1, L, D):

Considering the situation of the liquid phase, it can be noted that
att the length of the vessel
ve
d of equations (69) and (70)
must be such as to satisfy relation (62). Therefore, with the aid (70
and the vessel slenderness ratio O = L/D, the following can be
e written:
tten:
Vpl 3 h1
D= • 10 = f1(D, ) (71)
V
A
D
A L • O + fl • 10 3
D
For the situation of the gas phase, it can be tim T must be

e observed that the particle’s fall time
equal to the residence time, and using ng
g equat
equations (64), (65) and (66) with the vessvessel
e written:
slenderness ratio, the following can be written
1 D dm h1
• (v lg • T • 10
3
D= + L1 + ) = f2 (D,
( , h1 ) (72)
O
ZZ
As can be easily noted, itt is sufficient to
systematized equations
tion
t set
2
set the slenderness

nss (71) and (72) numerically.
numerically
D
rness ratio to be a
ion is not simple. To render it almostt immediate,

search for this solution
omponent
n . However,
ponent of the ends in equation (71).

the volumetric component
ever, it must be
able to resolve the
b pointed out that the
immediate it is sufficient to ignore
r) Calculation
n of thicknesses, surfaces
ces and weight (scc, sfe
f or sfem, Scc, Sfe and P):
Use the
e equations in ssection 4.1.4.
s) Calculation
alculation of possible differences in height
height oof HLS (and/or HHLS) with respect to
HLL (and HLS) and of LLL (and/or LLS) wit with respect to LLS (and LLLS) (Hll, Hlll, Hlh,
Hlhh), and the difference in normal level he
height (Hrl):
hei
To calculate the above-indicated quantitie
quantities, it is necessary to define the following function:
BO
D2 -6
f(z) = • (arccos(1 - 2 • z) - 2 • (1 - 2 • z) • z • (1 - z) ) • 10 (73)
4
x The LLLS position is ide

identified by h2;
x The LLS position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
lower generatrix, which ignoring the volumetric component of the ends becomes:
Wpl • W lll 3
A lll = • 10 (74)
U pl • L
Placing
P the value of (Alll + AZ) in equation (73) with z = (h2 + Hlll) / D, (h2 + Hlll) can be
calculated numerically and hence Hlll.
x The LLL position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • W ll 3
A ll = • 10 (75)
U pl • L
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 41 (113)
Placing the value of (All + Alll + AZ) in equation (73) with z = (h2 + Hlll + Hll) / D,
(h2 + Hlll + Hll) can be calculated numerically and hence Hll.
x The HLL position is identified by calculating the height of this
his level with respect to th
the
nt of the
lower generatrix, which ignoring the volumetric component he ends becomes:
Wpl • W ln 3
A rl = • 10 (76)
U pl • L
A
Placing the value of (Arl + All + Alll + AZ) in
n equation (73
(73) with z = (h2 + Hlll + Hll + Hln) / D,
(h2 + Hlll + Hll + Hln) can be calculated numerically
umerically and hhence Hln.
x The HLS position is identified by calculating
alculatin the height
eight of this level with res
respect to the
e volumetric
become
Wpl • W lh
ZZ A lh =
Placing
U pl • L
the
• 10
value
3
of (Alh + Arl + All + Alll + AZ) in

z = (h2 + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh) / D,, (h2 + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh) can be
and hence Hlh.
equation
eq
e (73) with
b calculated numerically
(77)
x The HHLS
HLS position is identified byy calculating
ca thee height of
o this level with respect to the
lowerr generatrix, which ignoring the volumetric
vvolumetricc component
compo
compon of the ends becomes:
Wpll • W lhh 3
A lhh = • 10 (78)
U pl • L
Placing
P the value of (Alhhh + Alh + Arl + All + Alll + AZ) in equation (73) with
z = (h2 + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh + Hlhh) / D
D, (h2 + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh + Hlhh) can be calculated
BO
nu
numerically and hence Hlhh.
above-indic
above-in
The adaptation of the above-indicated correlations to the situation in which some or all of
e locking levels are missing is
the i immediate.
atively, the above-ind
Alternatively, above-indicated heights can be found by using the correlations and/or
Sectio 5.
Sect
tables specified in Section
t) Sizing fin
finalization:
finalization
From m the stand
standard level, normal height, difference values listed in Table 4.2.2.2.b, the one
closest the above-calculated value for Hrl is chosen. The slenderness ratio O of the vessel
est to th
iss then varied
vva in order to obtain, by resuming processing from point g), a calculated value of
Hrl equ
equal to that selected from the table.
The values obtained for D and L are approximated to the next highest 50 mm.
At this point, with the solution that has been found, it is possible to check equation (63), the
limitation imposed on h1 in point h) and the limitation imposed on the distance between the
lower section of the demister and the highest liquid level (300 mm). If these checks are
successful, the sizing can be considered finished.
Instead, if the imposed limitations fail verification, a solution corresponding to the standard
level, normal height difference immediately above that previously found should be looked
for, always by varying the vessel’s slenderness ratio and always resuming processing from
point g).
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 42 (113)
u) Dimension optimization:
With regards to the considerations made in the previous point and nd
d the limitations indica
indicated
therein, the vessel’s slenderness ratio O is altered to obtain a new
w solution. T
The objective is
achieved if a vessel with a lower estimated weight is obtained.d.
If designing the vessel configuration with two lateral inlett nozzles and
nd a central outlet nozzle
lution
ution of lower weight (and therefore a
for the gas phase, it should also be verified that a solution
A
more economic one) is obtained.
ha
For this last case, if half the vessel is taken into consideration with the input flow halved, the
proposed calculations do not change.
Note:
In the case of a plant charge surge drum m (liquid charge without gas phase), sizing should be
based on just the minimum residence time me required
requir for the liquid,
iquid, leaving a height above
abov thet high
eside
esidence
liquid level that guarantees a further residence titim
time of 10% of the required residence time.
4.2.2.3
ZZ
Data sheet details
section 4.5.
N1
pical horizontal vvessel.
Figure 4.2.3.1.a shows a typical
e various connections is given below. For further details, please refer to
A brief description of the
Fluid inlet
Provide entrance with curve (STD.CR.G
(STD.CR.
(STD.CR.GEN.7038) or open or slotted
distributor (STD.CR.GEN.7032/7033)
N2 Liquid outlet
outl
Provide
vide flow straightener
straightener
tener (STD.CR.GEN.7015
(STD.C y7018 / more or less raised
pect to the base line according
with respect ac to the more or less fouling nature of
e)
the service)
N3 Gas outlet
BO
N4 Ventilation
N5 Steam outt
N6 Drain
CN1a,b C
LT/LG Conn.
M1 Man
Manhole
ate the complete
To facilitate comp draining of the liquid it contains when emptying, it is advisable to have
the vesselel sloping
slop towards the outlet nozzle (normally 1%).
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 43 (113)
Min. Min.
N1 N4 CN1b N3
7051
STD.CR.IN.7051
STD.CR.GEN.7030
A
150 m
mm
h1 300 m
mm
HLL min.
D = M1
ZZ NL
NLL
= STD.CR.GEN.7015
LLL
N5 h2
Min.
N6 CN1a N2
SADDLE
SAD SADDLE
TL M
Min. Min. TL
L
BO
Fig. 4.2.3 – Horizontal vessel
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 44 (113)
4.2.3 Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator
4.2.3.1 General
eavy
In practice, with this vessel the separation of water (continuous heavy vy liquid phase) from liquid
om gaseous
hydrocarbons (oil) (continuous light liquid phase), and these from eous hydrocarbons and/or
an
g. 4.2.4).
water vapor (continuous light gas phase) is achieved (see Fig.
The use of this vessel can be considered when the volumeolume
ume (linked to residence time) of the
A
heavy liquid Vpl is greater than ten percent of the volume
ume
me (linked to residence time) of tthe light
liquid Vll (Vpl ! 0.1Vll)
· production separators
· bulk separators
· ZZ slug catcher
Note:
In the absence of entrainment data, the following assumptions are made:
Oil entrained by water:
ter:
er:
When not known,, a quantity of oil equal to 0.1% by weight
ht with res
respect to water is assumed.
1.2.a for
(See Table 4.1.2.a or average diameter of drops to take into consideration).
con
co
Water entrained
rained by oil:
In the absence of other data, a quantity d
doubl
doublee that of ssa
saturation should be assumed.
At 40°C, the molar fraction of water at sa
saturation
ation for mainly paraffinic hydrocarbons can be
saturation
assumed
ssumed as equal to 0.001% mol. and, in the cascase of mainly aromatic hydrocarbons, equal
to 0.0
0.01% mol.
(See Table 4.1.2.a for average diameter of ddr
drops to take into consideration).
BO
2
4.2.3.2 culatio procedure
Calculation
imensions of the separator ar

The dimensions are defined via an iterative process, which contemplates the
preliminary calculation of sizing para
parameters and their subsequent optimization.
se
The minimum diameter of the separator is that which gives:
x the minim
minimum section nec
necessary for separation
x the require
required minimum section for satisfying the control and/or lockout residency times of both
oil andd wate
water
ulatio is carried out according to the below-indicated sequence:
The calculation
a) Searc
Search for values of quantities to be utilized:
Flow of continuous light gas phase
Flo Wlg
Flow of continuous light liquid phase Wll
Density of continuous light liquid phase Ull
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 45 (113)

Viscosity of continuous light liquid phase Pll
Viscosity of continuous heavy liquid phase Ppl
Diameter of light liquid drop that falls in the continuous
light gas phase dp
Diameter of drop of heavy liquid that falls in the
he
A
continuous light liquid phase dpp
Diameter of light liquid drop that risess in the
continuous heavy liquid phase dpl
Normal residence time Wln
Low and/or very low emergency residence
nce time
sidence t Wll and/or Wlll
High and/or very high emergency
cy residence
ncy resid time Wlh and/or Wlhh
ZZ Normal interface residence time
time
mergency interface
Low and/or very low emergency inter residence
High and/or veryy high emergency interface

time
interf residence
Wlh
Wlli and/o
hh
Wlni
and/or Wllli
llhi and/or Wlhhi

Residence e time del light liquid between
ween lowest level
uid and highest interface level
light liquid W0
Corrosion
rosion allowance sc
Design temperature DT
Desi pressure
Design DP
Ope
BO
Demister yes/no
b) Calculation
alculation of critical velocitie
velocities (vc, vcpp, vcpl):
Determine
rmine critical velocity vc a
as indicated in section 4.1.1.2.
When thehe diameter of the drops is known, use equation (16), otherwise equation (19). This
velocity regards the fall of light liquid drops in the continuous light gas phase.
Determin critical velocity
Determine ve vcpp as indicated in section 4.1.2.
equa
Use equation (30 or equation (31) or equation (32). This velocity regards the fall of drops of
(30)
vy liquid
heavy liqu in the continuous light liquid phase.
etermin critical velocity vcpl as indicated in section 4.1.2.
Determine
eq
Use equation (21) or equation (22) or equation (23). This velocity regards the rise of light
liqui drops in the continuous heavy liquid phase.
liquid
c) Calculation of internal diameter of gas phase outlet nozzle (Dou):

$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 46 (113)
d) Calculation of internal diameter of outlet nozzle for light liquid phase

ase (Dull):
e) Calculation of demister side (Ddm):

Determine the optimal velocity of the continuous gas
s phase through
hrough the demister as
A
e::
The minimum section area of the demister shall be:
Wlg
A dm min . = (78)
v tr • Ulg
ZZ It should be remembered that the section

ection is square, thus giv
giving:
D dm min = A dm min • 10 3 (79)
sought Ddm, the minimum side is approxima

eing sou
To obtain the side being approximated to the next highest
approximat
ple,
50 mm (for example,e, if Ddmmin
d = 430
0 mm,
mm then Ddm = 450 mm).
stance between the highes
Check that distance highest liquid le vel and
level d the lo
low
lower section of the demister is
n 300 mm.
greater than
f) Calculation
ulation of height, with respect to lower
llower generatrix,
generat of LILL or LILS or LLILS (h2):
This
his height is determined with the following empiric
empirical formula:
Wpll
( ) 0. 4
U pl
BO
h2 1585 .2838 • (80)

U
(1 - ll ) 0.2
U pl
g) Calculation of volumes of light liquid and heavy liquid present in the vessel for
satisfying control and
satisfy and/or lockout residency times (Vpl, Vll):
Considering
nsideri the su
sum of the residence times gives:
Wlll
Vll • (W ln W ll W lll W lh W lhh W 0 ) (81)
U ll
Wpl
Vpl • (W ln i W lli W llli W lhi W lhhi ) (82)
U pl
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 47 (113)
L1
L0
h1
HHLS
HLS
HLL
NLL
LLL
LLS
LLLS
A
HHILS h3
HILS
HILL
NILL
LILL
LILS
LLILS
h2
h) s of gas phase outlet nozzle from the nearest TL (L1):

is
Calculation of distance of axis
ZZ
This distance is calculated with the follo
L1 Dou 6 • scc 0.3 • scc

As the internal diameter
following relation:
c • ( D 2 • scc )
ameter of the vessel and henc

hencee its thickness
hickness are not yet known at this
stage, a first tentative value of Dou + 150 mm is assumed ffor L1, on condition that the
(83)
correctnesss of the assumption is checked

chec quation (83)
with equation ( when the sizing has been
ed.
completed.
m the next point onward, the correlations necess
From necessary for carrying out the computational
outines
utines for determining the unknown geometric pa
routines parameters h1, D, and L are prepared.
i)) Calculation of cross-section area reserve

reserved for passage of the continuous light gas
pha (AV):
phase
BO

consider can be expressed as a function of the ratio h1/D (height
inte
of chord of section considered to internal diameter of vessel).
etting h1//D = x gives:
Setting
D2 -6
AV = • (arccos(1 - 2 • x) - 2 • (1 - 2 • x) • x • (1 - x) ) • 10 (84)
4
In any
ny cas
case, the h
height h1 must not be less than 300 mm and/or 20% of the vessel's internal
eter.
diameter.
l) Calcula
Calculation of macroscopic velocity of the continuous light gas phase (vlg):
The velocity considered shall be:
Wlg
v lg = (85)
A V • Ulg
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 48 (113)
m) Calculation of useful distance for separation of gas phase from light

ght liquid pha
phase (L0):
This distance can be expressed as a function of the vessel’s total length
ength (L):
L0 = L – L1 – Ddm/2 (86)
n) ed in the continuous gas phase (T):

Calculation of fall time of light liquid drop immersed
sed
A
This is the time that the drop employs to reach the
he
e continuous light liquid phase (see
(se section
4.1):
h1
T= • 10 - 3 (87
(87)
vc
o)
ZZ Calculation of cross-section
h2/D = y:
AZ =
D2
on
n area below the lowest liquid interface level (A
( Z):
onsidered can be expressed ass a function of the ratio h2/D. Setting
(1 - 2 • y) - 2 • (1 - 2 • y) • y • (1 - y) ) • 10 -6
• (arccos(1
-6
(88)
4
p) Calculation
culation of volume of liquid at the ends
ends below the lowest liquid interface level
s (2) be
and
nd the volume of liquid at the ends between
betwe the highest level and the lowest
nterfa level (VZ) and
interface d (Vfl):
Volume VZ can be calculated
Volu ated using the correlations
co and/or tables specified in Section 5,
bas on the ratio h2/D. With
based h the same cco
correlations and/or tables and based on the ratio (D-
BO
h1)/ D, it is possible to calculate the tot total volume Vft of the liquid contained at the ends. The
volume of the liquid contained at the ends between the lowest interface level and the
ghest level
highest le Vfl is given byy the dif
difference:
d
Vfl = Vft - VZ (89)
q) Calculat
Calculation cro
of cross-section area reserved for passage of continuous heavy liquid
p
and light liquid phases (AL):
The area of the
t section considered can be expressed as a function of the ratio h1/D. Setting
h1/D = x, g
gives:
D2 -6
AL = • (arccos(2 • x - 1) + 2 • (1 - 2 • x) • x • (1 - x) ) • 10 - A Z (90)
4
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 49 (113)
r) Calculation of unknown parameters (h1, L, D):

Considering the situation of the liquid phase, it can be noted that att the length of the vessel
ve
must satisfy relations (81) and (82). Therefore, with the aid of equations
quations (89) and (90) an and
the vessel slenderness ratio O = L/D, the following can be written:
itten:
Vll + Vpl 3 h1
D= • 10 = f1(D, ) (91)
V
A
D
A L • O + fl x 10 3
D
For the situation of the gas phase, it can be tim T must be

e observed that the particle’s fall time
equal to the residence time, and using ng
g equat
equations (84), (85) and (86) with the vessvessel
e written:
slenderness ratio, the following can be written
1 D dm h1
• (v lg • T • 10
3
D= + L1 + ) = f2 (D,
( , h1 ) (92)
O
ZZ
As can be easily noted, itt is sufficient to
systematized equations
tion
t set
2
set the slenderness

nss (91) and (92) numerically.
numerically
D
rness ratio to be a
ion is not simple. To render it almostt immediate,

search for this solution
omponent
n . However,
ponent of the ends in equation (91).

the volumetric component
ever, it must be
able to resolve the
b pointed out that the
immediate it is sufficient to ignore
s) Calculation
n of thicknesses, surfaces
ces and weight (scc, sfe
f or sfem, Scc, Sfe and P):
Use the
e equations in ssection 4.1.4.
t) Calculation
alculation of possible differences in height o of HILS (and/or HHILS) with respect to
HILL (and HILS) and of LILL (and/or LILS)LILS) wwith respect to LILS (and LLILS) (Hlli, Hllli,
Hlhi, Hlhhi), and the difference
ence in normal inte
interface level height (Hrli):
To calculate the above-indicated quantitie
quantities, it is necessary to define the following function:
BO
D2 -6
f ( z) • (arccos(1 - 2 • z ) - 2 • (1 - 2 • z ) • z•(1 - z ) ) • 10 (93)
4
x The position of LLILS is identified by h2;

x The LILS position iis identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • W llli 3
A llli • 10 (94)
U pl • L
Placing
P the value of (Allli + AZ) in equation (93) with z = (h2 + Hllli) / D, (h2 + Hllli) can be
calculated numerically and hence Hllli.
x The LILL position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • W lli 3
A lli • 10 (95)
U pl • L
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 50 (113)
Placing the value of (Alli + Allli + AZ) in equation (93) with z = (h2 + Hllli + Hlli) / D,
(h2 + Hllli + Hlli) can be calculated numerically and hence Hlli.
x The HILL position is identified by calculating the height of this
his level with respect to the
th
lower generatrix, which ignoring the volumetric componentnt of the
he ends becomes:
Wpl • W ln i 3
A rli • 10 (96)
U pl • L
A
Placing the value of (Arli + Alli + Allli + AZ) in equation (93)
(9 with
z = (h2 + Hllli + Hlli + Hlni) / D, (h2 + Hllli + Hlli + Hlni
ln ) can be calculated numerically
num and
hence Hlni.
x The HILS position is identified byy calculating
calculat the height
eight of this level with respect
resp to
t the
g the volumetric
lower generatrix, which ignoring volu ponent of the ends becomes:
component become
Wpl • W lhi
ZZ A lhi
Placing
U pl • L
the
• 10
value
z = (h2 + Hllli + Hlli + Hlni
3
of (Alhi + Arli + Alli + Allli + AZ)

l + Hlhi) / D,
hen Hlhi.
numerically and hence
in
(h2 + Hllli + Hlli + Hlni + Hlhi)
equation
e (93) with
can be calculated
(97)
x The position
sition of HHILS is identified
ed by
b calculating
calculating
g the height
h
he of this level with respect to
ower
wer generatrix, which ignoring the
the lower th volumetric
volumetric
etric component
co
com of the ends becomes:
Wpll • W lhhi 3
A lhhi • 10 (98)
U pl • L
Placing the value of ((Alhhi + Alhi + Arli + Alli + Allli + AZ) in equation (93) with
z = (h2 + Hllli + Hlli + Hlni + Hlhi + Hlhhi) / D, (h2 + Hllli + Hlli + Hlni + Hlhi + Hlhhi) can be
BO
calculated numerically and hence he Hlhhi.

above-indic
above-ind
The adaptation of the above-indicated correlations to the situation in which certain lockout
els are absent is immediate.
levels immediate
atively, the above-ind
Alternatively, above-indicated heights can be found by using the correlations and/or
Sectio 5.
Sect
tables specified in Section
u) Calculati
Calculation of po
possible differences in height of HLS (and/or HHLS) with respect to
HLL (and HLS) and of LLL (and/or LLS) with respect to LLS (and LLLS) (Hll, Hlll, Hlh,
Hlhh),, diff
difference in normal level height of light liquid (Hrl) and the difference in height
differen
tween the
between th lowest light liquid level and the highest interface level (hi):
To de
describe these calculations, it is better to simplify the writing and use the following
des
abb
abbr
abbreviations:
A
A* = Alhhi + Alhi + Arli + Alli + Allli + AZ and h* = h2 + Hllli + Hlli + Hlni + Hlhi + Hlhhi
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 51 (113)
x The LLLS position is identified by calculating the height of this level

vel with respect
respec to the
lower generatrix, which ignoring the volumetric component of the e ends becomes:
Wll • W 0 3
AW 0 • 10 (99)
U ll • L
Placing the value of (AW0 + A*) in equation (93)) with

wit z = (hi + h*)
*) / D,
D (hi + h*) can be
A
calculated numerically and hence hi.
x The LLS position is identified by calculating
ing
ng the height of this level with respect
res to the
umetric
metric component of the ends becomes:
lower generatrix, which ignoring the volumetric beco
Wpl • W lll 3
A lll • 10 (1
(100)
ZZ U pl • L
Placing the value of (Alll + AWW00 + A*) in equation (93) with z = (Hlll + hi + h*) / D,
(hi + h + Hlll) can be calculated
alculated numerically and hence Hlll.
x The LLL position is identified by ca
calculating tthe
he height
ght of this lev
level with respect to the
ix,
x, which ignoring the volumetric
lower generatrix, vvolumetric component
onent of the
th ends becomes:
Wpl • W ll 3
A ll • 10 (101)
U pl • L
Placing the value of (All + Alll + AWW00 + A*) in equa

equation (93) with z = (hi + h* + Hlll + Hll) / D,
(hi + h* + Hlll + Hll) can
an be calculated numerica
numerically and hence Hll.
numericall
x The HLL position is identified by calculating
calculat
calcula the height of this level with respect to the
vol
vo
BO
Wpl • W ln 3
A rl • 10 (102)
U pl • L
cing
Placing the value of (Arl + All + Alll + AW0 + A*) in equation (93) with
z = (hi + h* + Hlll + Hll + Hln) / D, (hi + h* + Hlll + Hll + Hln) can be calculated numerically
and hence Hln.
x The H
HLS position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
g
Wpl • W lh 3
A lh • 10 (103)
U pl • L
Placing the value of (Alh + Arl + All + Alll + AW0 + A*) in equation (93) with
z = (hi + h* + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh) / D, (hi + h* + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh) can be calculated
numerically and hence Hlh.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 52 (113)
x The HHLS position is identified by calculating the height of this level

vel with respect
respe to the
lower generatrix, which ignoring the volumetric component of thee ends becomes:
Wpl • W lhh 3
A lhh • 10 (104)
U pl • L
Placing the value of (Alhh + Alh + Arl + All + Alllll + AW0 + A*) in n equation (93) with
A
z = (hi + h* + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh + Hlhh) / D, (hi + h* + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh + Hlhh) can be
calculated numerically and hence Hlhh.
relations
elations to
The adaptation of the above-indicated correlations o the situation in which ssome or all of
te.
e.
the locking levels are missing is immediate.
eights
ghts can
Alternatively, the above-indicated heights can be found by using the correlatio
correlations a
and/or
ZZ tables specified in Section 5.
v) Sizing finalization:
Having found the value off hi, it is possible to proceed with the following ch
check:
che
h3 + (hi – h3) d hi
where h3 is the greater

ater of the two followi
following values in mm:
h3 = Dull + 100 (105)
Wll
U ll
h3 2186 .4798 • (106)
U
(1 - ll ) 0.25
2 0.25
25
• D ull
U pl
BO
and (hi – h3) has the following

ng va
value:
Wlll
( )0.4
Ull
(hi - h3 ) 887.7854 • (107)
U
(1 - lg )0.2
Ull
If thiss check
che fails,
fa the value of the residence time W0 or the vessel’s slenderness ratio O is
nged and the calculations repeated, starting from point g).
changed
tth standard level, normal height, difference values listed in Table 4.2.2.2.b, that
From the
close to the above-calculated values for Hrl and Hrli. The slenderness ratio O of the vessel
closest
t
is then varied in order to obtain, by resuming processing from point h), calculated values of
Hrl and Hrli as close as possible to those selected from the table.
The values obtained for D and L are approximated to the next highest 50 mm.
At this point, with the solution that has been found, it is possible to check equation (83), the
limitation imposed on h1 in point h) and the limitation imposed on the distance between the
lower section of the demister and the highest liquid level (300 mm). If these checks are
successful, the sizing can be considered finished.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 53 (113)
Instead, if the imposed limitations fail verification, a solution corresponding

onding to the sstandard
level, normal height difference immediately above that previously found und is looked for, a
always
inv
by varying the vessel’s slenderness ratio, for one or both of the levels involved alwa
and always
resuming processing from point h).
rainment checks.
At the end of this phase, it is necessary to carry out entrainment checks. Using the critica
critical
meters calculated
velocities calculated in point b) and the geometric parameters ulated in points t) and u),
it is possible to indicate:
A
h** = Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh + Hlhh (108)
A** = Alhh + Alh + Arl + All + Alll (109)
And then check that:

h**/vcpp d L0UllA**/Wll (110)
ZZ h*/vcpl d L0UplA*/Wpl
ckss fail, before revising the des

If these last checks
examine the assumptions
ptions made on en
ign work
design k carried o
entrainment and the ass assu
out, it is necessary to re-
assumed size of the drops that
(111)
form part off the critical velocity calculations

lcula
calculations.. In the case in which these assumptions are
rre-calculated
revised, the critical velocities must be re-calculated ted as indicated
iin in point b) and then the
-described checks repeated. Otherwise, the design
above-described desig is revised by increasing the length
desig
he vessel.
of the
z) Dimension optimization:
With regards to the considerations made and an the limitations indicated in the previous point,
a
the vessel’s slenderness ratio O is alt altered to obtain a new solution. The objective is
BO
estim
achieved if a vessel with a lower estimated weight is obtained.
4.2.3.3 det
Data sheet details
La Figure 4.2.4 shows a typical ho
horizontal three-phase separator.
vario connections is given below. For further details, please refer to
A brief description of the various
4.5
section 4.5.
N1 Flu inlet
Fluid
P
Provide entrance with curve (STD.CR.GEN.7038) or open or slotted
N2 HC liquid outlet (light liquid)
(with suction pipe)
N3 Gas outlet
N4 Ventilation
N5 Steam out
N6 Drain
N7 Water outlet (heavy liquid)
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 54 (113)
Provide flow straightener (STD.CR.GEN.7015y7018 / more or les less raised

e or less fouling natu
with respect to the base line according to the more nature of
the service)
CN1a,b LT/LG Conn.
CN2a,b LT/LG Conn.
M1 Manhole
A
tains
ains when emptying, it is advisable to have
To facilitate the complete draining of the liquid it contains
the vessel sloping towards the heavy-liquid outlet nozzle
ozzle (norma
(normally 1%).
ZZ
BO
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 55 (113)
Min. Min.
CN1b
N1 N4 CN1a N3
7051
STD.CR.IN.7051
STD.CR.GEN.7030
A
150
50 mm
m
h1 300
00 mm
min.
HLL
N
NLL =
D LLL = M1
STD.CR.GEN.7015
D.CR.
ZZ
Min.
N5
HILL
NILL
LILL
=
=
h2
N6 CN2a
a N7 N2
SADDLE
SAD CN2b
b SADDLE
TL Min. Min. TL
L
BO
Fig. 4.2.4 – Horizontal water/hydrocarbon separator
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 56 (113)
4.2.4 Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator with pot
4.2.4.1 General
eavy
In practice, with this vessel the separation of water (continuous heavy vy liquid phase) from liquid
om gaseous
an
g. 4.2.5).
water vapor (continuous light gas phase) is achieved (see Fig.
The use of this vessel can be considered when the volume olume
ume (linked to residence time) of the
A
heavy liquid Vpl is less than or equal to ten percent of the
he volume (linked to residence time
time) of the
light liquid Vll. (Vpl d 0.1Vll)
Note:
In the absence of entrainment data, the following
lowing
owing assumptions a
are made:
Oil entrained by water:
ZZ When not known, a quantity off oil equa
(See Table 4.1.2.a for average
Water entrained by oil:
il:
l:
In the absence of other
rage
equal to 0.1% by weight
olar fraction of water at ssatu

At 40°C, the molar
ther data, a quantity doubl
double
ght with respect to water
e that of saturation
turation sh
ration for mainly
saturation
assumed as equal to 0.001% mol. and, in the case off mainly a
nly para
sho
wate is assumed.
age diameter of drops to take into consideration).
consideration)
should be assumed.
paraffinic hydrocarbons can be
aromatic hydrocarbons, equal
to 0.01% mol.
able
ble 4.1.2.a for average diameter of drops to take into consideration).
(See Table
4.2.4.2 ation proc

he dimensions of the separator are defined via an iterative process, which contemplates the
The
minary calculation of sizing parameters and their subsequent optimization.
preliminary
BO
ng that in this type of separator, the zon

Noting zone of separation of the continuous light liquid phase
from the continuous heavy liquid phas
phase is clearly separate from the zone of separation of the two
liquid phases from the continuous lig light gas phase, vessel sizing can conceptually be reduced to
cylindrica shell and the separate sizing of the pot.
the sizing of the horizontal cylindrical
For the sizing of the horizontal ccylindrical shell, the calculation procedure seen for the horizontal
and/ steam separator (section 4.2.2.2) can be used, after having
and
two-phase liquid - gas and/or
a occurrences of the “pl” subscript in the physical quantities with the “ll” subscript.
substituted all
From the conc
conceptual vviewpoint, the separation of the two liquid phases is ascribable to the sizing
po
of the pot and its positioning with respect to the horizontal cylindrical shell.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 57 (113)
A
ZZ SADDLE
Hp
Dp Lp
L
BO
The calculation is carried out accordin

according to the below-indicated sequence:
a) Search for values of quantitie

quantities to be utilized:
As in point a) of section 4.2
4.2.3.2.
b) Calculation of critica
Calcula critical velocities (vc, vcpp, vcpl):
As in point
poin b) of se
section 4.2.3.2.
c) Calculation
culati of internal diameter of gas phase outlet nozzle (Dou):
As in po
point c) of section 4.2.2.2.
poi
d) Calculation of demister side (Ddm):

Ca
As in point d) of section 4.2.2.2.
e) Calculation of height, with respect to lower generatrix, of LLL or LLS or LLLS (h2):
As in point e) of section 4.2.2.2, with the instructions regarding the subscripts of the above-
shown physical quantities involved.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 58 (113)
f) Calculation of volume of liquid present in the vessel for satisfying

fying control and/or
lockout residency times (Vpl):
As in point f) of section 4.2.2.2, with the instructions regarding

g the
he subscripts of the above-
g) Calculation of distance of axis of gas phase outlet nozzle from the nearest TL (L1):
A
As in point g) of section 4.2.2.2.
h) Calculation of cross-section area reserved

ved
ed for passage of the continuo
continuous light gas
phase (AV):
As in point h) of section 4.2.2.2.
i) Calculation of macroscopic velocity

elocity
locity of the continuous light gas phase (vlgg):
l)
ZZ
As in point i) of section 4.2.2.2.
(L0):
As in point l) of section
tion 4
2.2.
2.
Calculation of useful distance for separation
4.2.2.2.
separation of liquid
se d from the con
continuous gas phase
m) Calculation
on of fall time of light liquid drop (T):
uid d
As in point m) of section 4.2.2.2.
n) Calculation
alculation of cross-section area below
below the lowest
low light liquid level (AZ):
As in point n) of section 4.2.2.2.
o) Calculation of volume of light liquid a

at the ends (2) below the lowest liquid level and
BO
the volume of light liquid at th ends between the highest and the lowest levels (VZ)
the end
and (Vfl):
As in point o) of section 4.2.2.2.
4.2.2.2
p) Calculation of cross-section
cross-sec area reserved for passage of the continuous light liquid
phase (AL):
As in poin
point p) of sec
section 4.2.2.2.
q) Calculation
ulatio oof unknown parameters (h1, L, D):
As in po
point q) of section 4.2.2.2.
poin
r) Calculation of thicknesses, surfaces and weight (scc, sfe or sfem, Scc, Sfe and P):
Calc
Cal
As in point r) of section 4.2.2.2.
A
s) Calculation of possible differences in height of HLS (and/or HHLS) with respect to

HLL (and HLS) and of LLL (and/or LLS) with respect to LLS (and LLLS) (Hll, Hlll, Hlh,
Hlhh), and the difference in normal level height (Hrl):
As in point s) of section 4.2.2.2, with the instructions regarding the subscripts of the above-
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 59 (113)
t) Sizing finalization:
As in point t) of section 4.2.2.2.
entrainment of drops of
At the end of this phase, it is necessary to carry out a check on the entrainment
heavy liquid by the continuous light liquid phase. But to do so, it is
s necessary to size the pot
and position it.
scopic
Sizing of the pot is carried out by imposing a macroscopiccopic velocity for the continuous heavy
A
ritical velocity of the light liquid drops,
liquid phase inside it that is lower or equal to the critical dro vcpl,
calculated in point b) (the maximum value to take ake into consideration for this parameter
para is 4
control and/or lockout residency of
mm/s), and that its height guarantees the control o the heavy
rmal
liquid, respecting the standard level, normalmal height differences. The minimum pot cross cross-
ameter
meter are calculated as follows:
section area and the corresponding diameter
Wpl
A p min (112)
v cpl • U pl
ZZ Dp min
4 • A p min
S
• 10
The effective diameter of the pot is calc

3
calculated on the basis of tthe diameter of the cylindrical

(113)
dicated in the following table:

shell as indicated ble:
Diameters
ters to select for p
pot
Cylindrical shell diameter Dd1000

000 1000<Dd1500
100 1500<Dd2750 D>2750
D (m
(mm)
Pot diameter Dp (mm) 406 508 914 1/3D
BO
At this point, the thicknesses of the shell and the end of the pot, sccp and sfep or sfemp, can be
lculated with the equations of section 4.1.4.
calculated
The difference in height be
between HILL and LILL is calculated on the basis of the normal
interface residence time:
Wpl • Wln i 3
Hrli = • 10 (114)
Upl • A p
In Table 4.2.2.2.b,
4 locate the standard Hrli row immediately greater than the calculated Hrli.
The ddifference in height between NILL and the lower TL of the pot is indicated by H1i. If Hrli
di
k
is known, H1i can be determined using the values in Table 4.2.2.2.b, in function of the
chosen standard level range.
The values in the table are calculated on the assumption of side-by-side mounting and
overall dimensions of level regulators and/or transmitters and level indicators on the
standpipe as indicated in standard STD.SM.GEN.0001.
To check the validity of the choice made, the process designer must control the correctness
of installation and the relevant overall dimensions.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 60 (113)
HILL
NILL
A
LILL
h0i
ZZ cement
ary
ement plate.
associated reinforcement p
that the distance h0i obtained using d
ry to check tha
Essentially, it is necessary
overall dimensions off the instrumentati
instrumentation, allows the mounting
A reliable value forr h0i can be calculated by adding 60 mm to tth

zle (in mm), plus an amount,
level tap nozzle mount f0i (in mm), given
distance H1i and the
ounting of the sstandpipe nozzle and
the external diameter of the

iven by tthe following relation:
f 0i 6 • s ccp 0.3 • s ccp • (D p 2 • s ccp

c ) (115)
The corresponding heights Hlli (and/or d/or Hllli) a and Hlhi (and/or Hlhhi) are calculated with
equations similar to (114), based on the required req
re residence times Wlli (and/or Wllli) and Wlhi
(and Wlhhi).
(and/or
BO
If Hllill + Hllli ! H01i, + ((Hrli)standard

dard-(H
-( rli)calc
calculated) / 2, the height H1i will be increased by amount
g0i, given by the following relationrelation:
((
((H
Hrli ) s tan dard - (Hrli ) calculated )
g 0i Hlli Hllli - H 01i - (116)
2
The tota
total height of the pot, or rather the distance between the lower TL of the pot and the
ower generatrix
lower ge o the cylindrical shell, will be equal to the sum of the following
of
ponen
components:
Hrli
Hp H1i Hlhi Hlhhi (117)
2
w approximation to the next highest 50 mm.

with
The position of the pot can be identified if distance Lp is known, which, assuming a saddle
encumbrance of 500 mm, becomes:
Lp 500 2 • D ull 6 • s ccp 0.3 • s ccp • (D p 2 • s ccp ) (118)
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 61 (113)
At this point, the check on the entrainment of drops of heavy liquid by the continuous
continuo light
liquid phase can be carried out:
(D-h1)/vcpp d (L-Dp-Lp) UllAL/Wll (119)
If this last check fails, before revising the design work rk carried out,
ut, it is necessary to re-
examine the assumptions made on entrainment and nd
d the assumed size of the drops that
A
he case in which these assumptions
form part of the critical velocity calculation. In the assumptio are
lated
ated as indicated in point b) and then the
revised, the critical velocity must be re-calculated
above-described check repeated. Otherwise, e,, the design
de
design is revised by increasing
increasin the length
of the vessel.
u) Dimension optimization:
As in point u) of section 4.2.2.2.
4.2.4.3
ZZ
Data sheet details
section 4.5.
N1
al horizontal
Figure 4.2.5 shows a typical horizon three-phase separator with pot.
e various connections is given below. For further details, please refer to
A brief description of the
Fluid inlet
Provide entrance with curve (STD.CR.GEN.7038)
(STD.CR.
(STD.CR.G or open or slotted
N2 HC liquid outlet (light liqu
liquid)
Provide
vide flow straightener
straightener
tener (STD.CR.GEN.7015
(STD.C y7018 / more or less raised
pect to the base line according
with respect ac to the more or less fouling nature of
e)
the service)
N3 Gas outlet
BO
N4 Ventilation
N5 Steam outt
N6 Drain
N7 ou
o
Water outlet (heavy liquid)
Provid flow straightener (STD.CR.GEN.7015y7018 / more or less raised
Provide
t service)
the
CN1a,b LT/LG Conn.
a,b
CN2a,b LT/LG Conn.
M1 Manhole
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 62 (113)
Min. Min.
CN1b CN2b
N1 N4 CN1a CN2a N3
STD.CR.GEN.7030 STD.CR.IN.7051
STD
A
150 m
mm
h1 300 m
mm
HLL min.
D = M1
NLL
ZZ
Min.
N5
LLL
HILL
NILL =
= STD.CR.GEN.7015
h2
LILL =
N6
N N2
SADDLE
SADD SADDLE
TL Min. Min. TL
Min.
BO
STD.CR.GEN.7015
N7
L
Fig. 4.2.5 – Water/hydrocarbon separator with pot
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 63 (113)
4.2.5 Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator with dam
4.2.5.1 General
eavy
vy liquid phase) from liquid
In practice, with this vessel the separation of water (continuous heavy
om gaseous
an
water vapor (continuous light gas phase) is achieved (see Fig. 4.2.6).. As can be seen in the
figure, some ratios for important geometric dimensions are given for sizing purp
purposes.
A
The use of this vessel can be considered when the volume (linked to residence time time) of the
olume (linked to residence time) oof the light
liquid Vll (Vpl > 0.1Vll). Typical applications are: vacuum unit accumulator, sour w water stripper
surge drum and rich amine flash drum.
Note:
In the absence of entrainment data,
ata,
ta, the following assumptio
assumptions are made:
ZZ Oil entrained by water:
When not known, a quantity

In the absence
ntity of oil equa
ce of other data, a quantity

ntity d
doubl
double
ht with respect to water is assumed.
(See Table 4.1.2.a forr average diameter of drops to take into consideration).
considera
e that of saturatio
he molar fraction of waterr at ssatu
At 40°C, the ration for
saturation or mainl
mainly paraffinic hydrocarbons can be
assumeded as equal to 0.001% mol. and, in the case ase of ma
m
mainly aromatic hydrocarbons, equal
01% mol.
to 0.01%
ee Table 4.1.2.a for average diameter of drops to take into consideration).
(See
4.2.5.2 alculation
ulatio procedure
Calculation
BO
minary calculation of sizing param

preliminary parameters and their subsequent optimization.
In this type of vessel, three zones for th
the liquid phase are created for separate purposes with the
aid of internal dams. In the first, cce
central zone, in which the feed nozzle is positioned, there is
coexistence of the two liquid phases, light and heavy, and therefore its sizing will be
characterized by the need to g guarantee separation. The second zone is destined for just the light
on for just the heavy liquid phase. The sizing of these last two zones
liquid phase and the third one
characteriz by the residence
is characterized re times of the respective phases.
ulation is carried
The calculation car out according to the below-indicated sequence:
a) Search
arch ffor values of quantities to be utilized:
Flow o
of continuous light gas phase Wlg
Flow
Flo of continuous light liquid phase Wll
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 64 (113)

Diameter of light liquid drop that falls in the continuous light
gas phase dp
ous
Diameter of drop of heavy liquid that falls in the continuous
light liquid phase dpp
A
nuous
uous
Diameter of light liquid drop that rises in the continuous
heavy liquid phase dpl
Normal residence time of light liquid phase Wln
nce time of light liquid
liqui
phase Wll and/or Wllll
High and/or very high emergencyy residence time of the light
ZZ liquid level
Normal residence time of heavy liquid phase
Low and/or very low emergency
heavy liquid phase
p (1)
mergency interface residence time of
ry high
High and/or very
heavy liquid phase
gh emergency interface residence time of
Wlh and/or
Wlli a
or Wlhh
Wlni
and/or Wllli
Wlhi and/or Wlhhi

Corrosion
n allowance sc
Design
gn temperature DT
Design
esign pressure
pr DP
Operating
Opera pressure OPP
(1) This time must be 300 s in the case of a rich-amine

r flash drum for rich amine, 600 s in the
BO
case
ase of a sour-water stripper surge
surg drum for water and 120 s in the case of a vacuum unit
accumulator
ccumu for condensate.
b) Calculation of critical velocit

velocities (vc, vcpl):
As in point
oint b) of section 4.2
4.2.4.2.
c) Calculat
Calculation of cro
cross-section areas for passage of the gas phase and of the
ntinuo heavy liquid phase (AV), (AL):
continuous
With the aid o
of the tables or correlations specified in Section 5 and based on the ratios
hn/D
D = 0.0
0.05 and hs/D = 0.15, relations of the following type can be found:
AV = 14.681D210-9 (120)
AL = 73.875D210-9 (121)
It must be noted that hs must never be less than 300 mm.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 65 (113)
INTERFACE
INLET
hn
D/4
D/3
A
hOW LIGHT LIQUID PHASE
E
NLL
NLL
hI QUID PHA
HEAVY LIQUID PHASE hs
ZZ 0.1L 0.15
0.15 L
0.15L
Ls
L
0.45L
0.45
0.4
L
0.05L
0.05L
L
0.25L
0.25
0.25
d) Calculation of macroscopic velocities of cont

conti
continuous gas phase and continuous heavy
liquid phase (vlg), (vpl):
If the areas are known, the velocities
veloc are
e given
g by the following relations:
BO
vlg = Wlg / (UlgAV) (122)
vpl = Wpl / (UplAL) (123)
e) Calculation of vessel length (L):

Calcula
To
o guara
guarantee the sseparation of the liquid phases, it is necessary to ensure that the lengths
Ls and
nd hs are ssuch as to prevent drops of light liquid passing through AL. If the critical
city vcpl is known, then:
velocity
L t (1/
((1/3)(vpl / vcpl)D (124)
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 66 (113)
f) Calculation of height, with respect to lower generatrix, of LLL orr LLS or LLLS of the
heavy liquid phase (h2):
This height is determined with the following empirical formula:
Wpl
)0,4 (
Upl
h2 = 887,7854 • (125)
Ulg 0,2
A
(1_ )
Upl
g) Calculation of volume of heavy liquid

quiduid present in the vessel for satisfyi
satisfying con
control
and/or lockout residency times (Vpl)::
Considering the sum of the residence
dence
ence times gives:
ZZ h)
Vpl
Wpl
U pl
• (W ln
W ll W lll W lh W lhh )
s-section area below the lowest liqui

liquid level of the heavy liquid
(126)
phase (AZ):
The area
ea
a of the section considered can be
b expressed
essed as
a a function of the ratio h2/D. Setting
h2/D
D = y:
D2 -6
AZ = • (arccos(1 - 2 • y) - 2 • (1 - 2 • y) • y • (1 - y) ) • 10 (127)
4
BO
i) Calculation of volume of liquid at end below the lowest liquid level of the heavy liquid
hase (VZ):
phase
Volume
me VZ can be calculated
calculate using the correlations and/or tables specified in Section 5,
based on the ratio h2/D.
l) Calculation of vess
Calculat vessel diameter (D):
The volum
volume thathat defines the highest liquid level relative to the continuous heavy liquid
phase,
se, ind
indica
indicated as V*, is given by:
V* = VZ + Vpl (128)
N
No
Now, remembering that, with the aid of the correlations specified in Section 5, volume V*
can be expressed as the sum of two components (one due to the end and one due to the
cylindrical shell of length 0.25OD), as a function of h*/D and OD, where h* is the height of
the highest liquid level with respect to the lower generatrix of the cylindrical shell:
V* = ff(h*/D) + fmc(h*/D, OD) (129)
Substituting this in (128) yields a function dependent on h*/D and OD that, coupled with
(124), provides a system that can be resolved numerically by setting a slenderness value
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 67 (113)
(starting perhaps with O = 3), with the limitation of h* being less than 2D/3 by as mu
much as is
desired. Having found the value of D, it should be immediately checked hecked that hs is gr
greater
than 300 mm; if it is not, hs is set to 300 mm and the calculation performed
erformed again.
s
With the already known methodologies and always with the aid of the correlations specified
in Section 5, it is possible to calculate the difference in normal level
evel height in the solutio
solution
ose specified
that has been found. If this is different from one of those d in Table 4.2.2.2.b, the
slenderness ratio O should be varied to find the solution
on that satisfies this last condition.
A
After sizing is completed, the distances between een
en the levels and between the individual
i
levels and the lower generatrix of the shell in the zone regarding the light liquid llevel should
be checked, with the restriction that the e distance of the highest liquid level
le from the
cylindrical shell’s lower generatrix muststt be less than 3D/4. If after completing
mplet this la
last
ce
check, it is found that the difference e in normal level height is not equal to one o o the
of
standard ones (Table 4.2.2.2.b), design n work can be stopped, accepting a standard
stan
standa level
ght higher than that calculated, or the vessel slenderness
with a difference in normal height ssl
ZZ ratio changed to find a new solution
m) Calculation of position
shell (hI):
ion
olution that shall turn out to be the optimal one.
on of interface with respect to
The position of the interface, as can be sseen,

brium between immiscible
(static equilibrium
o lower gener
gene
generatrix of cylindrical
een, depends on the d

ble phases) and the motio
densities of the two liquids
motion head loss of the continuous
uid phase that establishes
heavy liquid s itse
itself bet ween the central
between ce
cen zone of the vessel and that
destinedd for just the heavy liquid phase. To evaluate he head loss, an empirical correlation is
used that needs the length of the chord o of tthe
he
e separa
separat
separator between the central zone and that
estined for the continuous heavy liquid phase. For
destined F the assigned geometry, this length is
Fo
given bby LW = (2/3)(2)D:
Ther
Therefore:
BO
D W ppl
( - 11.044 • 106 • )
12 U pl • LW
hOW (130)
U
(1 - ll )
U pl
Consequ
Consequently:
hI = 3D
D/4 – hOW (131)
n) Final ch
checks:
If necessary, when the design is completed, it should be checked that the positioning of
none of the nozzles interferes with support elements, such as saddles.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 68 (113)

m.
Figure 4.2.6 shows a typical horizontal three-phase separator with dam.
urther
rther details, please
A brief description of the various connections is given below. For further p refer tto
section 4.5.
N1 Fluid inlet
D.CR.GEN.7038)
CR.GEN.7038) or open or slotted
Provide entrance with curve (STD.CR.GEN.7038)
A
33)
3)
N2 HC liquid outlet (light liquid)
STD.CR.GEN.7015
TD.CR.GEN.7
Provide flow straightener (STD.CR.GEN.7015 y7018 / more o or less raised
with respect to the base lineine
ne according to the more or less fouling
foul o
nature of
the service)
N3 Gas outlet
N4 Ventilation
N5
N6
N7
ZZ Steam out
Drain
ater outlet (heavy liquid)
Water
ovide flow straightener
Provide
liqu
htener (STD.CR.GEN.7015y7
straightener 7018 / more or less raised
the service)
CN1a,b C
LT/LG Conn.
b
CN2a,b Conn
LT/LG Conn.
M1 Manhole
BO
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 69 (113)
Min.
N4 CN2b N1 N3 CN1b
A
0.05D
0.0 D
D/4
D/3
HLL
HLL
= D M1
NLL =
ZZ
Min.
N5
STD.CR.GEN.7015
LLL
=
150
50
0.15D
300 mm min.
NLL
LLL
=
STD.CR.GEN.7015
N2 CN2a
C N6 CN1a N7
SADDLE
SADDL SADDLE
TL Min. Min. TL
0.1L 0.15L
0.1 0.3y0.25L
BO
0.05L
L
Fig. 4.2.6 – Water/hydrocarbon separator with separation dams
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 70 (113)
4.2.6 Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator with skimmer
mmer
4.2.6.1 General
eavy
vy liquid phase) from liquid
In practice, with this vessel the separation of water (continuous heavy
om gaseous
an
water vapor (continuous light gas phase) is achieved (see Fig. 4.2.7).. As can be seen in the
figure, some ratios for important geometric dimensions are given for sizing purp
purposes.
A
The use of this vessel can be considered when the volume (linked to residence time time) of the
olume (linked to residence time) oof the light
liquid Vll (Vpl > 0.1Vll). Typical applications are: vacuum unit accumulator, sour w water stripper
surge drum and rich amine flash drum.
Note:
In the absence of entrainment data,
ata,
ta, the following assumptio
assumptions are made:
ZZ Oil entrained by water:
When not known, a quantity

In the absence
ntity of oil equa
ce of other data, a quantity

ntity d
doubl
double
ht with respect to water is assumed.
(See Table 4.1.2.a forr average diameter of drops to take into consideration).
considera
e that of saturatio
he molar fraction of waterr at ssatu
At 40°C, the ration for
saturation or mainl
mainly paraffinic hydrocarbons can be
assumeded as equal to 0.001% mol. and, in the case ase of ma
m
mainly aromatic hydrocarbons, equal
01% mol.
to 0.01%
ee Table 4.1.2.a for average diameter of drops to take into consideration).
(See
4.2.6.2 alculation
ulatio procedure
Calculation
BO
minary calculation of sizing param

preliminary parameters and their subsequent optimization.
In this type of vessel, three zones for th
the liquid phase are created for separate purposes with the
aid of the skimmer. In the first zon
zone
zone, at the top of which the feed nozzle is positioned, there is
coexistence of the two liquid phases, light and heavy, and therefore its sizing will be
g
characterized by the need to guarantee separation. The second zone, the skimmer, is destined
for just the light liquid phase and the third one for just the heavy liquid phase. The sizing of these
characte
last two zones is characterized by the residence times of the respective phases.
ulation is carried
The calculation car out according to the below-indicated sequence:
a) Search
arch ffor values of quantities to be utilized:
Flow o
of continuous light gas phase Wlg
Flow
Flo of continuous light liquid phase Wll
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 71 (113)

Diameter of light liquid drop that falls in the continuous
light gas phase dp
Diameter of drop of heavy liquid that falls in the
continuous light liquid phase dpp
A
Diameter of light liquid drop that rises in the
continuous heavy liquid phase dpl
Normal residence time of light liquid phase Wln
dence time of
idence
light liquid phase Wll and/or Wlll
ncy
cy residence
High and/or very high emergency re time of
ZZ light liquid level
Normal residence time of heavy liquid phase
time of heavy liquid

High and/or very
d phase
ry high
inter
p
Low and/or very low emergency interface
gh emergency interface
time of heavyy liquid phase
interf
(1)
residence
residence
Wlh and/or Wlhh
Wlli and/
Wlni
ln
and/or Wllli
and
Wlhi and/or Wlhhi

Corrosion
n allowance sc
Design
gn temperature DT
Design
esign pressure
pr DP
Operating
Opera pressure OPP
(1) This time must be 300 s in the case of a rich-amine

r flash drum for rich amine, 600 s in the
BO
case
ase of a sour-water stripper surge
surg drum for water and 120 s in the case of a vacuum unit
accumulator
ccumu for condensate.
b) Calculation of critical velocit

velocities (vc, vcpl):
As in point
oint b) of section 4.2
4.2.4.2.
c) Calculat
Calculation of cro
cross-section areas for passage of the gas phase and of the
ntinuo heavy liquid phase (AV), (AL):
continuous
With the aaid of the correlations specified in Section 5 and based on the ratios hn/D and hs/D,
ations of the following type can be found:
relations
AV = fVD210-9 (132)
AL = fLD210-9 (133)
It must be noted that hs must never be less than 300 mm.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 72 (113)
INTERFACE
INLET
hn
200 mm
A
LIGHT LIQUID PHASE hOW
NLL
LL
hOB hWB
HEAVY LIQUID PHASE NLL
L
LL
hs
ZZ LV
L
LS
0.05L
0.05 L
0.25L
0.25
0.25L
d) Calculation of macroscopic velocities

velocities of the continuous gas phase and the
phase (vlg), (vpl):
continuous heavy liquid phas
If the areas are known, the velocities
veloc are
e given
g by the following relations:
BO
vlg = Wlg / (UlgAV) (134)
vpl = Wpl / (UplAL) (135)
e) Calculation of vessel length (L):

Calcula
To
o guara
guarantee the sseparation of the light liquid, it is necessary to ensure that the lengths LV
and hn are such as to prevent drops of light liquid passing through AV. If the critical velocity
vc is known,
know tthen:
L t (1
((10/7)(vlg / vc)D (136)
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 73 (113)
f) Calculation of height, with respect to lower generatrix, of LLL orr LLS or LLLS of the
heavy liquid phase (h2):
This height is determined with the following empirical formula:
Wpl
)0,4 (
Upl
h2 = 887,7854 • (137)
Ulg 0,2
A
(1_ )
Upl
g) Calculation of volume of liquid present

esent in the vessel for satisfying cont
control an
and/or
lockout residency times (Vpl):
Considering the sum of the residence
dence
ence times gives:
ZZ h)
Vpl
Wpl
U pl
• (W ln
W ll W lllll W lh W lhh )
s-section area below the lowest liqui

liquid level of the heavy liquid
(138)
phase (AZ):
The area
ea
a of the section considered can be
b expressed
essed as
a a function of the ratio h2/D. Setting
h2/D
D = y:
D2 -6
AZ = • (arccos(1 - 2 • y) - 2 • (1 - 2 • y) • y • (1 - y) ) • 10 (139)
4
BO
i) Calculation of volume of liquid at end below the lowest liquid level of the heavy liquid
hase (VZ):
phase
Il volume
lume VZ can be calculated
calculate using the correlations and/or tables specified in Section 5,
based on the ratio h2/D.
l) Calculation of dam height on continuous heavy liquid phase side (hWB):

Calculat
This dime
dimension
dimension, as can be seen, depends on the densities of the two liquids (static
equilibrium
librium be
between immiscible phases) and the motion head loss of the continuous heavy
liquid
uid ph
phas
phase that establishes itself between the central zone of the vessel and that destined
for just the heavy liquid phase. To evaluate head loss, an empirical correlation is used that
need
needs the length of the chord of the separator between the central zone and that destined
fo the continuous heavy liquid phase. For the assigned geometry, this length is given by:
for
D 2 D2
LW 2 • (h WB - ) (140)
2 4
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 74 (113)
and
U ll Wpl
h WB h OB - h OW • (1 - ) - 11.044 • 10 6 • (141)
U pl U pl • L W
with hOW = 250 mm and hOB = D-hn-200 = D(1-hn/D-200/D).

00/
00/D).
A
Inserting (140) in (141) gives hWB as a function of D and hn/D.
m) Calculation of vessel diameter (D):

The volume that defines the highest liquid
quid level relative to the continuous heavy liqu
liquid
phase, indicated as V*, is given by:
V* = VZ + Vpl (142)
ZZ Now, remembering that, with
can be expressed as the
V* = ff(h*/D)
evel
ith
th the aid of the correlations specified in Sectio
e sum of two components (one due to the end a
gth 0.25OD),
cylindrical shell of length ), as a function of h*/D and OD, whe
vel with respect to th
the highest liquid level
D) + fmc(h*/D,
h OD)
the lower generatrix
Section 5, volume V*
an
and one due to the
where h* is the height of
x of the cyli
cylin
cylindrical shell:
(143)
Substituting o h*/D and OD that, coupled with

ng this in (142) yields a function dependent on
ting
(136),, provides a system that can be resolved
resolved
re d numerically
nume
numer by setting a slenderness value
arting perhaps with O = 3), with the limitation o
(starting of h* being less than the value of hWB
calculated in point l) by as much as is desired.
With the already known methodologies and a always with the aid of the correlation specified
th difference in normal level height in the solution
in Section 5, it is possible to calculate the
BO
d
that has been found. If this is different from one of those specified in Table 4.2.2.2.b, the
slend
slenderness ratio O should be varied
va tto find the solution that satisfies this last condition.
n) Calculation of skimmer widt

width (LS):
By givingg hs a value of 300 mm, it is possible to determine the minimum value for length (Lv-
Ls) that guarantees the desired entrainment of the drops of light liquid by the continuous
heavy liq
liquid phase:
LV-LS)min = 3
(L 300(vpl / vcpl) (144)
a
With the above relation, it is possible to calculate the maximum value of LS. This value must
born in mind when sizing the skimmer.
bor
be borne
Th volume of light liquid in the skimmer for satisfying the control and/or lockout residency
The
t
times (Vll) can now be determined:
Wll
Vll • (W ln W ll W lll W lh W lhh ) (145)
U ll
With this value, the values of the partial volumes regarding the individual residence times
and with the aid of the correlations and/or tables specified in Section 5, it is possible to find
the distances of the levels from the bottom of the skimmer for a given value of LS less than
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 75 (113)
the maximum LS, and so estimate whether the greater of these heights s is lower than (hOB-hs)
by as much as desired and if the difference in normal level height iss exactly equal to one
o of
the standard ones listed in Table 4.2.2.2.b.
o) Final checks:
If necessary, when the design is completed, it shoulduld
d be checked that the positioning of
A
ts,
s, such as saddles.
none of the nozzles interferes with support elements,

hase separator with
Figure 4.2.7 shows a typical horizontal three-phase w skimmer.
ns is given below. For further details, ple
A brief description of the various connections please refe
refer to
section 4.5.
N1 Fluid inlet
N2
ZZ vide
ance with curve (STD.CR.GEN.7038) or ope
Provide entrance
STD.CR.GE
Water outlet (heavy liqu
liquid)
de flow straightener
Provide
open or slotted
straightener (STD.CR.GEN.7015y7018 / more or less raised

h respect to the base line according to the more
with
ser
the service)
mor or less fouling nature of
N3 Gas outlet
N4 Ventila
Ventilation
N5 Steam out
N6 Drain
N7 utlet (light liquid)
HC liquid outlet liquid
Provide flow straightene (STD.CR.GEN.7015y7018 / more or less raised
w straightener
stra
BO
th base
with respect to the bas line according to the more or less fouling nature of
the service))
CN1a,b LT/LG Conn.
CN2a,b Con
LT/LG Conn.
M1 Manhol
Manhole
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 76 (113)
Min. Min.
Min
CN2b CN1b
N1 N4 CN2a CN1a N3
STD.CR.IN.7051
D.CR.IN.7051
A
STD.CR.GEN.7030
150 mm
1
200
00
0 mm
hOW HL
HLL HLL
NLL = =
D M1
ZZ
Min.
N5
hOB
STD.CR.GEN.7015
S EN.70
0
LLL =
hs
=
NL
NLL
LLL
hWB
STD.CR.GEN.7015
N6 N7 N2
SADDLE Ls SADDLE
TL Min. Min. TL
L
BO
Fig. 4.2.7 – Water/hydrocarbon separator with skimmer
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 77 (113)
4.3 Steam generation vessel (Steam Drum)
4.3.1 General
By "Steam Drum", the steam/water separator installed in steam am generation

neration systems for heat
recovery from process currents or convection zones of processss ovens is intended.
inten
ndrical
drical bodies of Steam Reformer and
The criteria provided below are not applicable to the cylindrical
A
Synthesis Gas loop boilers in ammonia plants.
4.3.2 Calculation procedures
The procedures in sections 4.2.2 or 4.2.3 shouldhould be followed for vertical or horizontal
horizo vesse
vessels
respectively.
In addition, the following guidelines are applicable:
icab
Residence time
ZZ A normal residence time of 300
generated steam.
Steam space
Steam space is the e space
00
0 s (5 min.) is considered for a boiler feed water fflow equal to the
pace reserved for steam

es this parameter is the
that characterizes
ste
he ratio
(volume) above
ra between steam
ove highest
hig
high
team generation
ge
liquid level. The index
(converted to mass)
me of the vessel occupied by the
and the volume th steam.
steam. After having
ha
hav performed the sizing, it must
be checkedd that
hat the calculated index is less
les than
than that
hat indicated
indi
indic in Table 4.3.2, based on the
OPP.
Inlett nozzle diameter
Forr this vessel, feeding takes place in the liquid p
phase. The velocity to use for sizing the nozzle
must
ust not exceed that indicated in Table 4.3.2, based
b on the OPP.
BO
Table 4.3.2 – Steam spac

space and maximum velocity of BFW in inlet nozzle
OPP MPa 0.7

0.79 1.14 1.48 1.83 2.17 2.52 2.86 4.24
Steam space (kg/s)/m3 1.29 1.51 1.74 1.91 2.05 2.18 2.31 2.67
Velocity m/s 9.1 7.3 6.7 5.5 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.1
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 78 (113)
4.4 Vessels for chemicals
Figure 4.4 shows two types of vessel normally used for chemicals (additives).
ditives).
drocarbon
ocarbon chemica
The first type (with elliptical end) is normally used with mainly hydrocarbon chemicals or when
ueous solutions.
blanketing is required, while the second is used with water or aqueous
A
ZZ
Fig. 4.4
.4 – Vessels for c
chemicals
ch
BO
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 79 (113)
4.5 Process nozzles and other connections
4.5.1 Process nozzles
As a rule, process nozzles have the same diameter as the piping ing to which they are connected.
conne
meters greater
For vessels in which it process nozzles are planned with diameters eater than the piping, it is
le
e for a section equal to five diameters
assumed that the piping will have the diameter of the nozzle
A
in length.
Basically, the feed nozzle, the outlet nozzle(s) of the gas and/or steam phase and the outlet
nozzles of the liquid phase(s) can be grouped under this definition. Only the feed fe nozzle is
affected by mixed phase motion, while motion inn the others is related to the single ph
phases.
4.5.1.1 Feed nozzle

ollowed
lowed for sizing the inlet nozzle:
The following procedure should be followed no
ZZ vs k•Zx
R
M
amic
Determination of the thermodynamic mic speed
speed of sound relative to the gas phase (vs) in the case of
considering the real gas and/orr steam with Z constant:
• ( 273 .15 OT ) (146)
with k = Cp / Cv, exponent of adiabatic transformation

ansformation for gas phas
phase.
nation of weight fraction of gas phase (xg)::

Determination
Wlg
xg (147)
Wlg Wll Wpl
BO
ermination of density of total liquid phase (Ulm):

Determination
Wll Wpl
U lm (148)
Wll Wpl

U ll U pl
Determinatio of density of mixed phase (Um):

Determination
Wlg Wll Wpl
Um (149)
Wlg Wll Wpl

U lg U ll U pl
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 80 (113)
Determination of critical velocity for mixed phase (vcm)

U lg
x g (1 - x g ) •
U lm
v cm ( U lg 2
)v
• s (150)
x g F 2 • (1 - x g ) • ( )
U lm
A
peed of sound of the gas phase and the
F indicates the ratio between the thermodynamic speed
thermodynamic speed of sound of the total liquid phase. In general, this ratio is app
approximately
1/3.
Determination of velocity of mixture (vm):
section
ction is indicated by AB, the following is
If the area of the nozzle’s internal cross-section s obtained:
obtai
obtained
Wlg Wll Wpl
ZZ vm
been verified:
vm d 0.8vcm
A B • Um
The nominal diameter of the

he following restrictions have
e inlet nozzle to select is that for which the follow
(151)
U(vm)2 d 1000
000 Pa For open inlet without any type of defle
deflector.
U(vm)2 d 1500 Pa For inlet with deflector made vi

via
v half-open pipe.
BO
U(vm)2 d 2000 Pa For inlet with 90° flow d

deflector plate.
U(vm)2 d 2500 Pa For inlet with 90°

9 flow deflector with curve and plate.
U(vm)2 d 375
3750 Pa For ta
tangential inlet.
U(vm)3 d 100,000
100,0 P Pam/s
Thee type of
o connection or distributor in input depends on the service for which it is set up, the
m
type of motion of the mixed phase and the positioning of vessel.
As a rule, inlet connections with a large-radius curve and anti-erosion plate are used for
ho
horizontal vessels that process liquid and gas.
For liquid-only horizontal vessels, connections with an internal stub pipe are used.
In the presence of two liquid phases, the pipe is provided with slits arranged at 180° on the
generatrix, with sizes dependent on the diameter of the connection.
For vertical vessels, septum connections are used with the roof located 150 mm from the center
of the connection.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 81 (113)
4.5.1.2 Outlet nozzle for gas phase

The following procedure should be followed for sizing this nozzle:
Determination of the thermodynamic speed of sound relative to the gas

as phase (vs), as seen fo
for
the inlet nozzle.
A
Determination of velocity of gas phase (vBg):
dicated by AB, the following
If the area of the nozzle’s internal cross-section is indicated wing is obtai
obtained:
Wlg
v Bg (152)
A B • U lg
The nominal diameter of the gas phase

ase outlet
outl nozzle
nozzle to select is that for which the following
restrictions have been verified:
ZZ
vBg d 0.6vs
U(vBg)2 d 6000 Pa
U(vBg)3 d 100,000
,000 am/s
0 Pa
4.5.1.3 et nozzles for light liquid and heavy liquid phases

Outlet
The following procedure should be followed for siz
sizi these nozzles:
sizing
ermination of velocity of the liquid phases (v
Determination ( Bll) and (vBpl):
BO
e area of the nozzle’s internal cross-section

If the cros
cross-se is indicated by AB, the following is obtained:
Wll
v Bll (153)
A B • U ll
Wpl
v Bpl (154)
A B • U ppll
The nominal
minal ddiam
diameters of the liquid phases’ outlet nozzles to select are those for which the
ng restrictions
following rest
restric have been verified:
vBll d 1 m
m/
m/s
vBpl d 1 m/s
Ull(vBll)2 d 6000 Pa
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 82 (113)
Upl(vBpl)2 d 6000 Pa
Ull(vBll)3 d 100,000 Pam/s
Upl(vBpl)3 d 100,000 Pam/s
A
4.5.2 Other connections
4.5.2.1 Manhole
Generally, every vessel must be fitted with h a manhole.
m he position must be such to facilitate
The fa
e of liquid due to flange leaks. As a rule, the manh
access to the inside and avoid spillage manhole has a
diameter based on the diameter of thehe vess
vessel.
ZZ Diameter of vessel
Nominal diameter for
or manh
manhole, in
Table 4.5.2.1.a – Manhole siz
sizes
900 d D <1500
18
1500 d D <2500
<
<2
20
2
D t 2500
24
When vessels have a diameter of less than

an 900
90 mm, they ey are designed
de
d for a vertical position and
he top.
flanged at the
ole (nominal diameter, NPS equal to 6
A manhole 6) sshould
hould
ould be p
provided for access to the parts inside.
4.5.2.2 ntilation,
lation, drain and steam-out noz
Ventilation, nozzles
sels are normally equipped with ventilation (which can be positioned on the gas line) and
Vessels
n noz
drain nozzles.
BO
In addition,
ddition, vessels that handle hydro
hydrocarbo
hydrocarbons should be equipped with a steam-out nozzle with
waterr vapor, unless cleaning is carri
carried o
out by evacuation and purging with nitrogen (vessels in
catalytic
ic circui
circuits).
Their sizes should be in accordance
accordanc with that indicated in Table 4.5.2.2.a.
In horizontal vessels, a flanged ventilation nozzle should be provided on the upper part and on
the opposite side from th
the m
manhole.
The size should
sho acco
be in accordance with that indicated in Table 4.5.2.2.b.
In vertical
al vessels,
ves if not flanged at the top, a flanged ventilation nozzle of nominal diameter,
NPS equal al to 6 (if D d 2000 mm) or 8 (if D > 2000 mm), should be provided.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 83 (113)
Table 4.5.2.2.a – Size of steam-out, ventilation and drain

n nozzles
Vessel volume, m3 Blanketing, NPS Ventilation, NPS
S Drain, NPS
<2 1 1 1
2÷10 1 1 1½
A
10÷20 1½ 1 2
20÷50 1½ 1½ 3
>50 2 2 3
Table 4.5.2.2.b – Size of flanged

ed
d ventilation nozzle for horizontal vessels
vesse
Length, m <4 4÷7.5 > 7.5
4.5.2.3
ZZ
Demister
Diameter, NPS
150 mm thick.
y a pack of st
The demister is usually ainless
ess steel (or a more precious ma
stainless m
4 6
material if required) meshes

8
e of mesh are:
The various type
Type A general
eneral type, spec
specified in tthe
he absence
bsence of special re
req
requests.
surface area: 267 m2/m / 3 free volume: 9
98%
98
Indicate: VICO-Tex 280
e B specified in services that foul (possibility
ype
Type (possibility of
o coking or entrainment of solids)
surface area: 152 m2/m m3 free vvolume: 99%
Indicate: VICO-Tex 160 rp
BO
e C specified in services in which

Type whic high
hig separation efficiency is requested
sur
surface area: 360 m2/m m3 free volume: 97.5%
Indicate: VICO-Tex 380
4.5.2.4 Separator instrumentation
b equipped with the following instruments:

Vessels can be
- ure indicator
Pressure in
indicato (often on the outlet line)
- Glasss level
leve indicator
in
- co
con
Level controller
- High and low level alarms
- O
Optional high and low level switches
- Safety valve (often on the outlet line)
Normally, it is better to install a standpipe to which the level indicator and controller are
connected.
Separate connections must be provided for high/low level switches, if present.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 84 (113)
Special regulations can require further instrumentation in addition to that required by the
process.
It should always be checked that the dimensions of the vessel and the eleva
elevations of leve
level
heights or level switches are compatible with the installation on requirements of the
allation
connected instruments.
A
ZZ
BO
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 85 (113)
5. CALCULATION OF GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS
This information is useful for both vessel sizing and determining the surface
urface exposed
ex to fire (this
(t
sary
is an external lateral surface and therefore to calculate it is necessaryry to consider the thickness
nt in the
of vessel), as well as for determining the volumes of liquid present he plant (risk analysis)
analysis).
5.1 Vertical cylindrical shell: lateral surface and volume (partial)

part
partial)
A
ZZ Ap 0 6
S D h 10
h
(155)
D2
Vp S • • h • 10
-9
(156)
4
5.2 Horizontal
orizontal
zontal cylindrical shell: lateral surface and v
volume (partial)
BO
h
Ap L • D • arccos(1 - 2 • )•10 - 6 (157)
D
2
D h h h h
Vp L• • [arccos(1 - 2 • ) - 2 • (1 - 2 • ) • • (1 - ) ] • 10 -9 (158)
4 D D D D
These functions are tabulated overleaf ( Vp = fV(h/D)LD210-9 and Ap = fA(h/D)LD10-6 ).
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 86 (113)
h/D fV(h/D) fA(h/D) h/D fV(h/D) fA(h/D)
0.000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.150 0.073874710

0 0.795398830
0.79
0.005 0.000470697 0.141539473 0.155 0.077469703
69703 0.809307274
0.010 0.001329326 0.200334842 0.160 0.081112364
081112364 0.823033692
A
0.015 0.002438437 0.245565518 0.165 0.084801401 0.836587539
0.020 0.003748527 0.283794109 0.170 0.088535568 0.849977566
0.849977
0.025 0.005230756 0.317560429 0.175
75 0.092313664 0.863211890
0.8632
0.030 0.006865511 0.348166021 0.180 0.096134530 0.876298061
0.876298
0.035 0.008638282 0.376383482 0.185 0.099997045 0.88924311
0.8892431
0.889243115
ZZ0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.010537738
0.012554690
0.014681477
0.016911573
0.402715842
842
42
0.427512265
512265
12265
0.451026812
451026812
0.473451157
0.190
0.195
0.200
0.205
0.103900125
0.107842718
0.111823805
0.115842393
0.9020
0.902053624
0.
0.9
0.914735736
0.927295218
0.939737486
0.060 0.019239321
1 0.494934126 0.210 0.11989
0.119897
0.119897520 0.952067636
0.065 0.021659752
9752
752 0.515594006 0.215 0.12
0.123988249 0.964290472
0.070 0.024168447
24168447 0.535526654 0.220 0.128113667 0.976410527
0.075 0.026761437 0.554811033 0.225 0.132272882 0.988432089
0.080 0.029435132 0.573513104 0.23
0.230 0.136465027 1.000359217
BO
0.085
85 0.032186257 0.591688642 0
0.235 0.140689253 1.012195761
0.090 0.035011805 0.609385308 0.240 0.144944730 1.023945376
0.095 0.037909003 0.626644212
0.62664421 0.245 0.149230648 1.035611537
0.100
0 0.040875277 0.64350
0.643501109 0.250 0.153546212 1.047197551
0.105 0.0439
0.043908231 0.659987329
0.65 0.255 0.157890645 1.058706574
0.110
110 0.047005
0.047005622 0.676130510 0.260 0.162263185 1.070141614
0.115 0.050165346
0.0501653 0.691955175 0.265 0.166663083 1.081505549
0.120 0.053385419
0.0533854
0.05338 0.707483212 0.270 0.171089607 1.092801128
0.125 0.056663969
0.056 0.722734248 0.275 0.175542035 1.104030988
0.130
0 0
0.059999221 0.737725968 0.280 0.180019658 1.115197653
0.135 0.063389490 0.752474376 0.285 0.184521782 1.126303550
0.140 0.066833171 0.766994008 0.290 0.189047721 1.137351007
0.145 0.070328732 0.781298117 0.295 0.193596800 1.148342265
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 87 (113)
0.300 0.198168356 1.159279481 0.450 0.342782540

40
0 1.47
1.470628906
0.305 0.202761735 1.170164734 0.455 0.347759906
59906 1.480674382
0.310 0.207376291 1.181000030 0.460 0.352741789
352741789 1.490710747
A
0.315 0.212011389 1.191787306 0.465 0.357727686 1.500739034
0.320 0.216666401 1.202528433 0.470 0.362717091 1.510760268
1.510760
0.325 0.221340707 1.213225223 0.475
475
75 0.367709502 1.5207
1.520775470
0.330 0.226033695 1.223879429 0.480 0.372704416 1.530785652
1.530785
0.335 0.230744761 1.234492752 0.485 0.377701332 1.54079182
1.5407918
1.540791825
ZZ0.340
0.345
0.350
0.355
0.235473306
0.240218740
0.244980478
0.249757940
1.245066840
840
40
1.255603294
603294
03294
1.266103673
266103673
1.276569489
0.490
0.495
0.500
0.505
0.382699748
0.387699165
0.392699082
0.397698998
1.5507
1.550794993
1.
1.5
1.560796160
1.570796327
1.580796493
0.360 0.254550554
4 1.287002218 0.510 0.40269
0.402698
0.402698415 1.590797660
0.365 0.259357752
7752
752 1.297403295 0.515 0.40
0.407696831 1.600800829
0.370 0.264178971
64178971 1.307774124 0.520 0.412693747 1.610807001
0.375 0.269013653 1.318116072 0.525 0.417688661 1.620817184
0.380 0.273861246 1.328430476 0.53
0.530 0.422681072 1.630832385
BO
0.385
85 0.278721200 1.338718644 0
0.535 0.427670477 1.640853620
0.390 0.283592971 1.348981856 0.540 0.432656374 1.650881907
0.395 0.288476019 1.359221367
1.35922136 0.545 0.437638258 1.660918272
0.400
0 0.293369807 1.36943
1.369438406 0.550 0.442615623 1.670963748
0.405 0.2982
0.298273801 1.379634180
1.37 0.555 0.447587963 1.681019377
0.410
410 0.303187
0.303187471 1.389809876 0.560 0.452554769 1.691086209
0.415 0.308110292
0.3081102 1.399966658 0.565 0.457515531 1.701165306
0.420 0.313041738
0.3130417
0.31304 1.410105674 0.570 0.462469738 1.711257742
0.425 0.317981289
0.317 1.420228054 0.575 0.467416875 1.721364600
0.430
0 0
0.322928425 1.430334912 0.580 0.472356426 1.731486980
0.435 0.327882632 1.440427347 0.585 0.477287872 1.741625996
0.440 0.332843394 1.450506444 0.590 0.482210692 1.751782778
0.445 0.337810201 1.460573277 0.595 0.487124363 1.761958473
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 88 (113)
0.600 0.492028357 1.772154248 0.750 0.631851951

51
1 2.09
2.094395102
0.605 0.496922144 1.782371287 0.755 0.636167515
67515 2.105981117
0.610 0.501805192 1.792610797 0.760 0.640453433
640453433 2.117647277
A
0.615 0.506676964 1.802874010 0.765 0.644708911 2.129396892
0.620 0.511536918 1.813162178 0.770 0.648933136 2.141233436
2.141233
0.625 0.516384510 1.823476582 0.775
775
75 0.653125281 2.15316
2.153160565
0.630 0.521219192 1.833818530 0.780 0.657284497 2.165182127
2.165182
0.635 0.526040411 1.844189358 0.785 0.661409914 2.17730218
2.1773021
2.177302182
ZZ0.640
0.645
0.650
0.655
0.530847609
0.535640223
0.540417685
0.545179423
1.854590436
436
36
1.865023165
023165
23165
1.875488981
875488981
1.885989359
0.790
0.795
0.800
0.805
0.665500643
0.669555771
0.673574359
0.677555445
2.1895
2.189525017
2.
2.2
2.201855168
2.214297436
2.226856918
0.660 0.549924857
7 1.896525814 0.810 0.68149
0.681498
0.681498038 2.239539030
0.665 0.554653402
3402
402 1.907099902 0.815 0.68
0.685401118 2.252349538
0.670 0.559364468
59364468 1.917713224 0.820 0.689263633 2.265294592
0.675 0.564057456 1.928367430 0.825 0.693084500 2.278380764
0.680 0.568731762 1.939064220 0.83
0.830 0.696862596 2.291615088
BO
0.685
85 0.573386774 1.949805347 0
0.835 0.700596762 2.305005114
0.690 0.578021872 1.960592623 0.840 0.704285799 2.318558961
0.695 0.582636428 1.971427919
1.97142791 0.845 0.707928461 2.332285380
0.700
0 0.587229807 1.98231
1.982313173 0.850 0.711523453 2.346193823
0.705 0.5918
0.591801363 1.993250389
1.99 0.855 0.715069431 2.360294536
0.710
710 0.596350
0.596350443 2.004241647 0.860 0.718564993 2.374598646
0.715 0.600876381
0.6008763 2.015289104 0.865 0.722008673 2.389118277
0.720 0.605378505
0.6053785
0.605378 2.026395000 0.870 0.725398942 2.403866685
0.725 0.609856129
0.609 2.037561666 0.875 0.728734194 2.418858406
0.730
0 0
0.614308557 2.048791525 0.880 0.732012744 2.434109442
0.735 0.618735080 2.060087105 0.885 0.735232818 2.449637478
0.740 0.623134978 2.071451039 0.890 0.738392541 2.465462144
0.745 0.627507518 2.082886080 0.895 0.741489932 2.481605324
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 89 (113)
h/D fV(h/D) fA(h/D)
0.900 0.744522886 2.498091545

0.905 0.747489160 2.514948442
0.910 0.750386358 2.532207346
0.915 0.753211906 2.549904011
0.920 0.755963031 2.568079549
0.925 0.758636726 2.586781621
0.930 0.761229717 2.606065999
0.935 0.763738411 2.625998647
0.940 0.766158842 2.646658527
527
27
0.945 0.768486591 2.668141496
141496
41496
0.950 0.770716687 2.690565842
6905658
690565842
0.955 0.772843474 2.714
2.714080389
0.960 0.774860426
6 2.738876812
Z
0.965 0.776759881
9881
881 2
2.765209171
0.970 0.778532652
78532652 2.793426632
2.79342
0.975 0.780167407 2.824032224
2.82403222
0.980 0.781649636 2.857798544
BO
0.985
85 0.782959726 2.896027136
0.990 0.784068837 2.941257811
0.995 0.784927467 3.000053180
3.00005318
1.000
0 0.785398163 3.14159
3.141592654
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 90 (113)
5.3 Vertical lower hemispherical end: lateral surface and volume (partial)
A
h
ZZ Ap
Vp S •
D
6
3
•(
h
S • D 2 • ( ) • 10 -6
D
h 2
D
h
) • (3 - 2 • ) • 10 -9
D
-9
(159)
(160)
s are tabulated overleaf ( Vp = fV(h/D)D310-9 an

ons
These functions and Ap = fA(h/D)D210-6 ).
BO
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 91 (113)
0.000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.150 0.031808626

26
6 0.47
0.471238898
0.005 0.000039139 0.015707963 0.155 0.033838749
38749 0.486946861
0.010 0.000156032 0.031415927 0.160 0.035923065
035923065 0.502654825
A
0.015 0.000349895 0.047123890 0.165 0.038060788 0.518362788
0.020 0.000619941 0.062831853 0.170 0.040251132 0.534070751
0.534070
0.025 0.000965385 0.078539816 0.175
75 0.042493313 0.549778714
0.5497
0.030 0.001385442 0.094247780 0.180 0.044786545 0.565486678
0.565486
0.035 0.001879327 0.109955743 0.185 0.047130042 0.58119464
0.5811946
0.581194641
ZZ0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.002446253
0.003085437
0.003796091
0.004577431
0.125663706
706
06
0.141371669
371669
71669
0.157079633
157079633
0.172787596
0.190
0.195
0.200
0.205
0.049523019
0.051964691
0.054454273
0.056990978
0.5969
0.596902604
0.
0.6
0.612610567
0.628318531
0.644026494
0.060 0.005428672
2 0.188495559 0.210 0.05957
0.059574
0.059574021 0.659734457
0.065 0.006349028
9028
028 0.204203522 0.215 0.06
0.062202618 0.675442421
0.070 0.007337713
07337713 0.219911486 0.220 0.064875983 0.691150384
0.075 0.008393943 0.235619449 0.225 0.067593329 0.706858347
0.080 0.009516931 0.251327412 0.23
0.230 0.070353873 0.722566310
BO
0.085
85 0.010705893 0.267035376 0
0.235 0.073156828 0.738274274
0.090 0.011960043 0.282743339 0.240 0.076001409 0.753982237
0.095 0.013278596 0.298451302
0.29845130 0.245 0.078886831 0.769690200
0.100
0 0.014660766 0.31415
0.314159265 0.250 0.081812309 0.785398163
0.105 0.0161
0.016105767 0.329867229
0.32 0.255 0.084777056 0.801106127
0.110
110 0.017612
0.017612816 0.345575192 0.260 0.087780288 0.816814090
0.115 0.019181125
0.0191811 0.361283155 0.265 0.090821218 0.832522053
0.120 0.020809910
0.0208099
0.02080 0.376991118 0.270 0.093899063 0.848230016
0.125 0.022498385
0.022 0.392699082 0.275 0.097013036 0.863937980
0.130
0 0
0.024245765 0.408407045 0.280 0.100162351 0.879645943
0.135 0.026051264 0.424115008 0.285 0.103346225 0.895353906
0.140 0.027914098 0.439822972 0.290 0.106563870 0.911061870
0.145 0.029833480 0.455530935 0.295 0.109814502 0.926769833
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 92 (113)
0.300 0.113097336 0.942477796 0.405 0.188084403

03
3 1.27
1.272345025
0.305 0.116411585 0.958185759 0.410 0.191876960
76960 1.288052988
0.310 0.119756465 0.973893723 0.415 0.195683654
95683654 1.303760951
A
0.315 0.123131190 0.989601686 0.420 0.199503700 1.319468915
0.320 0.126534975 1.005309649 0.425 0.203336312 1.335176878
1.335176
0.325 0.129967034 1.021017612 0.430
430
30 0.207180705 1.3508
1.350884841
0.330 0.133426582 1.036725576 0.435 0.211036094 1.366592804
1.366592
0.335 0.136912833 1.052433539 0.440 0.214901693 1.38230076
1.3823007
1.382300768
ZZ0.340
0.345
0.350
0.355
0.140425003
0.143962305
0.147523955
0.151109167
1.068141502
502
02
1.083849465
849465
49465
1.099557429
099557429
1.115265392
0.445
0.450
0.455
0.460
0.218776716
0.222660379
0.226551896
0.230450482
1.3980
1.398008731
1.
1.4
1.413716694
1.429424657
1.445132621
0.360 0.154717155
5 1.130973355 0.465 0.23435
0.234355
0.234355351 1.460840584
0.365 0.158347134
7134
134 1.146681319 0.470 0.23
0.238265717 1.476548547
0.370 0.161998320
61998320 1.162389282 0.475 0.242180796 1.492256510
0.375 0.165669925 1.178097245 0.480 0.246099802 1.507964474
0.380 0.169361166 1.193805208 0.48
0.485 0.250021950 1.523672437
BO
0.385
85 0.173071256 1.209513172 0
0.490 0.253946453 1.539380400
0.390 0.176799410 1.225221135 0.495 0.257872528 1.555088364
0.395 0.180544843 1.240929098
1.24092909 0.500 0.261799388 1.570796327
0.400
0 0.184306769 1.25663
1.256637061
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 93 (113)
5.4 Vertical upper hemispherical end: lateral surface and volume (partial)
A
h
D
ZZ Ap
Vp S •
D
12
3
h
S • D 2 • ( ) • 10 -6
D
•(
h
D
h
) • [(3 - 4 • ( )2 ] • 10 -9
D
-9
(161)
(162)
ons are tabulated overleaf ( Vp = fV(h/D)D310-9 and

These functions an Ap = fA(h/D)D210-6 ).
BO
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 94 (113)
0.000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.150 0.114275433

33
3 0.471238898
0.4
0.005 0.003926860 0.015707963 0.155 0.117837083

37083 0.486946861
0.010 0.007852934 0.031415927 0.160 0.121374385

21374385 0.502654825
A
0.015 0.011777438 0.047123890 0.165 0.124
0.124886555 0.518362788
0.020 0.015699586 0.062831853 0.170 0.128

0.128372806 0.534070751
0.5340707
0.025 0.019618592 0.078539816 0.175

75 0.131832354
0.1318 0.549778714
.5497
0.030 0.023533671 0.094247780 0.180 0.135264413

0.1352 0.565486678
65486
ZZ0.035 0.027444037 0.109955743 0.185 0.138668198
0.1386 0.58119464
1946
0.581194641
0.040 0.031348906 06
6
0.125663706 0.190 0.142042923
4204 0.59690
0.5969
0.596902604
0.045 0.035247491 71669

0.141371669 0.195 0.145387803
4538 0.6
0.612610567
0.050 0.039139008 157079633

570796
0.157079633 0.200 0.148702052
48702052 0.628318531
0.055 0.043022671 0.172787596

0.1727 0.205 0.151984886
1984886 0.644026494
0.060 0.046897695
5 0.188495559 0.210 0.155235
0.15523
0.155235518 0.659734457
0.065 0.050763294
3294
294 0.204203522 0.215 0.15
0.158453163 0.675442421
0.070 0.054618683
54618683 0.219911486
0.2199 0.220 0.161637036 0.691150384
0.075 0.0584
0.058463076 0.235619449
356194 0.225 0.164786352 0.706858347
0.080 0.06
0.062295688 0.251327412
27412 0.23
0.230 0.167900325 0.722566310
BO
0.085
85 0.06
0.066115734 0.267035376
5376 0
0.235 0.170978169 0.738274274
0.090 0.0699
0.069922428 0.282743339
3339 0.240 0.174019100 0.753982237
0.095 0.073714985
0.07371498 0.298451302
45130 0.245 0.177022332 0.769690200
0.100
0 0.077492619 0.314159265
0.314159 0.250 0.179987079 0.785398163
0.105 0.0812
0.081254545 0.32
0.329867229 0.255 0.182912556 0.801106127
0.110
110 0.084999
0.084999978 0.345575192 0.260 0.185797978 0.816814090
0.115 0.088728132
0.0887281 0.361283155 0.265 0.188642560 0.832522053
0.120 0.092438222
0.0924382
0.092438 0.376991118 0.270 0.191445515 0.848230016
0.125 0.096129463
0.096 0.392699082 0.275 0.194206058 0.863937980
0.130
0 0
0.099801068 0.408407045 0.280 0.196923405 0.879645943
0.135 0.103452253 0.424115008 0.285 0.199596770 0.895353906
0.140 0.107082233 0.439822972 0.290 0.202225366 0.911061870
0.145 0.110690221 0.455530935 0.295 0.204808410 0.926769833
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 95 (113)
0.300 0.207345115 0.942477796 0.405 0.248520792

92
2 1.272345025
1.
0.305 0.209834696 0.958185759 0.410 0.249839345

39345 1.288052988
0.310 0.212276368 0.973893723 0.415 0.251093495

251093495 1.303760951
A
0.315 0.214669346 0.989601686 0.420 0.252
0.252282456 1.319468915
0.320 0.217012843 1.005309649 0.425 0.253

0.253405445 1.335176878
1.3351768
0.325 0.219306075 1.021017612 0.430

430
30 0.2544
0.254461675 1.350884841
.3508
0.330 0.221548256 1.036725576 0.435 0.255450360

0.2554 1.366592804
66592
ZZ0.335 0.223738600 1.052433539 0.440 0.256370716
0.2563 1.38230076
23007
1.382300768
0.340 0.225876323 02
2
1.068141502 0.445 0.257221956
25722 1.39800
1.3980
1.398008731
0.345 0.227960639 49465

1.083849465 0.450 0.258003297
5800 1.4
1.413716694
0.350 0.229990762 099557429

995574
1.099557429 0.455 0.258713951
58713951 1.429424657
0.355 0.231965908 1.115265392

1.1152 0.460 0.259353134
9353134 1.445132621
0.360 0.233885290
0 1.130973355 0.465 0.259920
0.25992
0.259920061 1.460840584
0.365 0.235748123
8123
123 1.146681319 0.470 0.26
0.260413945 1.476548547
0.370 0.237553623
37553623 1.162389282
1.1623 0.475 0.260834003 1.492256510
0.375 0.2393
0.239301003 1.178097245
780972 0.480 0.261179447 1.507964474
0.380 0.24
0.240989478 1.193805208
05208 0.48
0.485 0.261449493 1.523672437
BO
0.385
85 0.24
0.242618263 1.209513172
3172 0
0.490 0.261643355 1.539380400
0.390 0.2441
0.244186572 1.225221135
1135 0.495 0.261760249 1.555088364
0.395 0.245693620
0.24569362 1.240929098
92909 0.500 0.261799388 1.570796327
0.400
0 0.247138622 1.256637061
1.256637
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 96 (113)
5.5 Horizontal hemispherical end: lateral surface and volume (partial)
A
D
ZZ Ap
Vp S
S •
•
D
2
D
12
2
3
•(
•(
h
D
) • 10 -6
h 2
D
h
0 -9
) • (3 - 2 • ) • 10
D
-9
(163)
(164)
s are tabulated overleaf ( Vp = fV(h/D)D310-9 an

ons
These functions and Ap = fA(h/D)D210-6 ).
BO
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 97 (113)
0.000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.150 0.015904313

3 0.235619449
0.23
0.005 0.000019570 0.007853982 0.155 0.016919374
19374 0.243473431
0.010 0.000078016 0.015707963 0.160 0.017961532
017961532 0.251327412
A
0.015 0.000174947 0.023561945 0.165 0.019030394 0.259181394
0.020 0.000309970 0.031415927 0.170 0.020125566 0.267035376
0.267035
0.025 0.000482693 0.039269908 0.175
75 0.021246657 0.274889357
0.2748
0.030 0.000692721 0.047123890 0.180 0.022393272 0.282743339
0.282743
0.035 0.000939663 0.054977871 0.185 0.023565021 0.29059732
0.2905973
0.290597320
ZZ0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.001223127
0.001542718
0.001898046
0.002288716
0.062831853
853
53
0.070685835
685835
85835
0.078539816
078539816
0.086393798
0.190
0.195
0.200
0.205
0.024761510
0.025982346
0.027227136
0.028495489
0.2984
0.298451302
0.
0.3
0.306305284
0.314159265
0.322013247
0.060 0.002714336
6 0.094247780 0.210 0.02978
0.029787
0.029787011 0.329867229
0.065 0.003174514
4514
514 0.102101761 0.215 0.03
0.031101309 0.337721210
0.070 0.003668857
03668857 0.109955743 0.220 0.032437991 0.345575192
0.075 0.004196971 0.117809725 0.225 0.033796665 0.353429174
0.080 0.004758466 0.125663706 0.23
0.230 0.035176937 0.361283155
BO
0.085
85 0.005352947 0.133517688 0
0.235 0.036578414 0.369137137
0.090 0.005980022 0.141371669 0.240 0.038000705 0.376991118
0.095 0.006639298 0.149225651
0.14922565 0.245 0.039443416 0.384845100
0.100
0 0.007330383 0.15707
0.157079633 0.250 0.040906154 0.392699082
0.105 0.0080
0.008052884 0.164933614
0.16 0.255 0.042388528 0.400553063
0.110
110 0.008806
0.008806408 0.172787596 0.260 0.043890144 0.408407045
0.115 0.009590562
0.0095905 0.180641578 0.265 0.045410609 0.416261027
0.120 0.010404955
0.0104049
0.010404 0.188495559 0.270 0.046949531 0.424115008
0.125 0.011249192
0.011 0.196349541 0.275 0.048506518 0.431968990
0.130
0 0
0.012122882 0.204203522 0.280 0.050081176 0.439822972
0.135 0.013025632 0.212057504 0.285 0.051673112 0.447676953
0.140 0.013957049 0.219911486 0.290 0.053281935 0.455530935
0.145 0.014916740 0.227765467 0.295 0.054907251 0.463384916
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 98 (113)
0.300 0.056548668 0.471238898 0.450 0.111330190

90
0 0.70
0.706858347
0.305 0.058205792 0.479092880 0.455 0.113275948
75948 0.714712329
0.310 0.059878232 0.486946861 0.460 0.115225241
15225241 0.722566310
A
0.315 0.061565595 0.494800843 0.465 0.117177675 0.730420292
0.320 0.063267487 0.502654825 0.470 0.119132859 0.738274274
0.738274
0.325 0.064983517 0.510508806 0.475
475
75 0.121090398 0.74612
0.746128255
0.330 0.066713291 0.518362788 0.480 0.123049901 0.753982237
0.753982
0.335 0.068456417 0.526216769 0.485 0.125010975 0.76183621
0.7618362
0.761836218
ZZ0.340
0.345
0.350
0.355
0.070212501
0.071981153
0.073761978
0.075554583
0.534070751
751
51
0.541924733
924733
24733
0.549778714
549778714
0.557632696
0.490
0.495
0.500
0.505
0.126973227
0.128936264
0.130899694
0.132863124
0.7696
0.769690200
0.
0.7
0.777544182
0.785398163
0.793252145
0.360 0.077358578
8 0.565486678 0.510 0.13482
0.134826
0.134826161 0.801106127
0.365 0.079173567
3567
567 0.573340659 0.515 0.13
0.136788413 0.808960108
0.370 0.080999160
80999160 0.581194641 0.520 0.138749487 0.816814090
0.375 0.082834963 0.589048623 0.525 0.140708990 0.824668072
0.380 0.084680583 0.596902604 0.53
0.530 0.142666529 0.832522053
BO
0.385
85 0.086535628 0.604756586 0
0.535 0.144621712 0.840376035
0.390 0.088399705 0.612610567 0.540 0.146574147 0.848230016
0.395 0.090272421 0.620464549
0.62046454 0.545 0.148523440 0.856083998
0.400
0 0.092153385 0.62831
0.628318531 0.550 0.150469198 0.863937980
0.405 0.0940
0.094042202 0.636172512
0.63 0.555 0.152411030 0.871791961
0.410
410 0.095938
0.095938480 0.644026494 0.560 0.154348541 0.879645943
0.415 0.097841827
0.0978418 0.651880476 0.565 0.156281341 0.887499925
0.420 0.099751850
0.0997518
0.09975 0.659734457 0.570 0.158209035 0.895353906
0.425 0.101668156
0.101 0.667588439 0.575 0.160131232 0.903207888
0.430
0 0
0.103590353 0.675442421 0.580 0.162047538 0.911061870
0.435 0.105518047 0.683296402 0.585 0.163957561 0.918915851
0.440 0.107450846 0.691150384 0.590 0.165860908 0.926769833
0.445 0.109388358 0.699004365 0.595 0.167757186 0.934623814
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 99 (113)
0.600 0.169646003 0.942477796 0.750 0.220893233

33
3 1.17
1.178097245
0.605 0.171526966 0.950331778 0.755 0.222355972
55972 1.185951227
0.610 0.173399683 0.958185759 0.760 0.223798683
223798683 1.193805208
A
0.615 0.175263760 0.966039741 0.765 0.225220974 1.201659190
0.620 0.177118805 0.973893723 0.770 0.226622451 1.209513172
1.209513
0.625 0.178964425 0.981747704 0.775
775
75 0.228002723 1.21736
1.217367153
0.630 0.180800228 0.989601686 0.780 0.229361396 1.225221135
1.225221
0.635 0.182625821 0.997455668 0.785 0.230698079 1.23307511
1.2330751
1.233075117
ZZ0.640
0.645
0.650
0.655
0.184440810
0.186244804
0.188037410
0.189818235
1.005309649
649
49
1.013163631
163631
63631
1.021017612
021017612
1.028871594
0.790
0.795
0.800
0.805
0.232012377
0.233303899
0.234572251
0.235817042
1.2409
1.240929098
1.
1.2
1.248783080
1.256637061
1.264491043
0.660 0.191586886
6 1.036725576 0.810 0.23703
0.237037
0.237037878 1.272345025
0.665 0.193342971
2971
971 1.044579557 0.815 0.23
0.238234367 1.280199006
0.670 0.195086097
95086097 1.052433539 0.820 0.239406115 1.288052988
0.675 0.196815871 1.060287521 0.825 0.240552731 1.295906970
0.680 0.198531901 1.068141502 0.83
0.830 0.241673822 1.303760951
BO
0.685
85 0.200233793 1.075995484 0
0.835 0.242768994 1.311614933
0.690 0.201921155 1.083849465 0.840 0.243837855 1.319468915
0.695 0.203593595 1.091703447
1.09170344 0.845 0.244880013 1.327322896
0.700
0 0.205250720 1.09955
1.099557429 0.850 0.245895075 1.335176878
0.705 0.2068
0.206892137 1.107411410
1.10 0.855 0.246882648 1.343030859
0.710
710 0.208517
0.208517453 1.115265392 0.860 0.247842339 1.350884841
0.715 0.210126275
0.2101262 1.123119374 0.865 0.248773756 1.358738823
0.720 0.211718212
0.2117182
0.211718 1.130973355 0.870 0.249676505 1.366592804
0.725 0.213292870
0.213 1.138827337 0.875 0.250550195 1.374446786
0.730
0 0
0.214849856 1.146681319 0.880 0.251394433 1.382300768
0.735 0.216388779 1.154535300 0.885 0.252208825 1.390154749
0.740 0.217909244 1.162389282 0.890 0.252992980 1.398008731
0.745 0.219410860 1.170243263 0.895 0.253746504 1.405862712
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 100 (113)
h/D fV(h/D) fA(h/D)
0.900 0.254469005 1.413716694

0.905 0.255160090 1.421570676
0.910 0.255819366 1.429424657
0.915 0.256446441 1.437278639
0.920 0.257040922 1.445132621
0.925 0.257602416 1.452986602
0.930 0.258130531 1.460840584
0.935 0.258624874 1.468694566
0.940 0.259085052 1.476548547
547
47
0.945 0.259510672 1.484402529
402529
02529
0.950 0.259901342 1.492256510
4922565
492256510
0.955 0.260256669 1.500
1.500110492
0.960 0.260576261
1 1.507964474
Z
0.965 0.260859724
9724
724 1
1.515818455
0.970 0.261106667
61106667 1.523672437
1.52367
0.975 0.261316695 1.531526419
1.53152641
0.980 0.261489417 1.539380400
BO
0.985
85 0.261624440 1.547234382
0.990 0.261721372 1.555088364
0.995 0.261779818 1.562942345
1.56294234
1.000
0 0.261799388 1.57079
1.570796327
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 101 (113)
5.6 Vertical lower 2:1 elliptical end: lateral surface and volume (partial)
A
h D
D/4
ZZ Setting [ = (1-4h/D), it is possible

ossible to write:
D2 ln(2 3 ) 3 1
Ap S • • { 3 - •[ • 1 3 • [ 2 - • ln[ 3 • [ 1 3 • [ ]} • 10
2 -6
(165)
4• 3 2 2 2
3
D h 2 h
Vp S • •( ) • (3 - 4 • ) • 10 -9 (166)
3 D D
BO
overlea ( Vp = fV(h/D)D310-9 and Ap = fA(h/D)D210-6 ).

se functions are tabulated overleaf
These
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 102 (113)

(
0.000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.130 0.043890144

890144 0.667226039
0.005 0.000078016 0.031180704 0.135 0.046949531
046949531 0.687481153
A
0.010 0.000309970 0.061892589 0.140 0.050081176 0.707397229
0.015 0.000692721 0.092138177 0.145 0.053281935 0.726983518
0.72698
0.020 0.001223127 0.121920111 0.150
150 0.056548668 0.746249746
0.74624
0.025 0.001898046 0.151241155 0.155 0.059878232 0.765206132
0.765206
0.030 0.002714336 0.180104210 0.160 0.063267487 0.7838634
0.783863
0.783863403
ZZ0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.003668857
0.004758466
0.005980022
0.007330383
0.208512315
315
0.236468657
6468657
468657
0.263976582
.263976582
0.291039601
0.165
0.170
0.175
0.180
0.066713291
0.070212501
0.073761978
0.07735857
0.077358578
0.802
0.802232811
0
0.820326144
0.838155738
0.855734485
0.055 0.008806408
08 0.317661401 0.185 0.0809
0.08099
0.080999160 0.873075835
0.060 0.010404955
04955 0.343845854 0.190 0.08
0.0
0.084680583 0.890193798
0.065 0.012122882
012122882 0.369597034 0.195 0.088399705 0.907102940
0.070 0.013957049 0.394919218 0.200 0.092153385 0.923818370
0.075 0.015904313 0.419816909 0.20
0.2
0.205 0.095938480 0.940355732
BO
0.080
080 0.017961532 0.444294841 0.210 0.099751850 0.956731176
0.085 0.020125566
.020125566 0.468357998 0.215 0.103590353 0.972961339
0.090 0.022393272 0.492011625
0.49201162
0.4920116 0.220 0.107450846 0.989063305
0.095 0.024761510 0.5152
0.515261245 0.225 0.111330190 1.005054571
0.100
0 0.02722
0.027227136 0.538112673
0.5 0.230 0.115225241 1.020952998
0.105 0.029787011
0.0297870 0.560572034 0.235 0.119132859 1.036776762
0.110 0.032437991
0.0324379 0.582645778 0.240 0.123049901 1.052544297
0.115 0.035176937
0.035176
0.03517 0.604340701 0.245 0.126973227 1.068274234
0.120
.120 0.03
0.038000705 0.625663961 0.250 0.130899694 1.083985338
0.125 0.040906154 0.646623094
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 103 (113)
5.7 Vertical upper 2:1 elliptical end: lateral surface and volume (partial)
A
D/
D/4
h
ZZ D
D2 h h h h
Ap S • • [4 • 3 • ( ) • 1 48 • ( )2 ln( 4 • 3 1 48 • ( )2 )] • 10 -6 (167)
8• 3 D D D D
D3 h h 2
Vp S • • ( ) • [3 - 16 • ( ) ] • 10
-9
-9
(168)
12 D D
BO
overlea ( Vp = fV(h/D)D310-9 and Ap = fA(h/D)D210-6 ).

se functions are tabulated overleaf
These
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 104 (113)
0.000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.130 0.092898989

89
9 0.45
0.458321377
0.005 0.003926467 0.015711104 0.135 0.095722757
22757 0.479644637
0.010 0.007849793 0.031441041 0.140 0.098461703
098461703 0.501339560
A
0.015 0.011766835 0.047208576 0.145 0.101112683 0.523413304
0.020 0.015674453 0.063032340 0.150 0.103672558 0.545872665
0.545872
0.025 0.019569504 0.078930767 0.155
55 0.106138184 0.568724093
0.56872
0.030 0.023448848 0.094922033 0.160 0.108506421 0.591973713
0.591973
0.035 0.027309341 0.111023999 0.165 0.110774128 0.61562734
0.6156273
0.615627340
ZZ0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.031147844
0.034961214
0.038746309
0.042499989
0.127254162
62
0.143629606
629606
29606
0.160166968
160166968
0.176882398
0.170
0.175
0.180
0.185
0.112938162
0.114995381
0.116942645
0.118776811
0.6396
0.639690497
0.
0.6
0.664168429
0.689066120
0.714388304
0.060 0.046219111
1 0.193791540 0.190 0.12049
0.120494
0.120494739 0.740139483
0.065 0.049900534
0534
534 0.210909503 0.195 0.12
0.122093286 0.766323937
0.070 0.053541116
53541116 0.228250853 0.200 0.123569311 0.792945737
0.075 0.057137716 0.245829600 0.205 0.124919672 0.820008755
0.080 0.060687192 0.263659194 0.21
0.210 0.126141228 0.847516681
BO
0.085
85 0.064186403 0.281752527 0
0.215 0.127230837 0.875473023
0.090 0.067632207 0.300121935 0.220 0.128185358 0.903881128
0.095 0.071021462 0.318779206
0.31877920 0.225 0.129001648 0.932744183
0.100
0 0.074351026 0.33773
0.337735592 0.230 0.129676567 0.962065227
0.105 0.0776
0.077617759 0.357001820
0.35 0.235 0.130206973 0.991847160
0.110
110 0.080818
0.080818518 0.376588109 0.240 0.130589723 1.022092749
0.115 0.083950162
0.0839501 0.396504185 0.245 0.130821678 1.052804634
0.120 0.087009550
0.0870095
0.08700 0.416759299 0.250 0.130899694 1.083985338
0.125 0.089993540
0.089 0.437362244
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 105 (113)
5.8 Horizontal 2:1 elliptical end: lateral surface and volume (partial)
A
D
h
ZZ D/4
h
Ap fA ( ) • D2 • 1
10 -6 (1) (169)
D
D3 h 2 h
Vp S • • ( ) • (3 - 2 • ) • 10 -9 (170)
24 D D
BO
valu of fA cannot be expressed

he value
(1) The press in a simple manner. This is obtained as the result of a
meric integration with the trape
numeric trapez
trapezoid method, for example, a linear combination of elliptical
rals.
integrals.
a tabulated overleaf ( Vp = fV(h/D)D310-9).

unction are
These functions
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 106 (113)
0.000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.145 0.007458370

70
0 0.13
0.133236136
0.005 0.000009785 0.003956130 0.150 0.007952156
52156 0.138374692
0.010 0.000039008 0.007969327 0.155 0.008459687
008459687 0.143541807
A
0.015 0.000087474 0.012037863 0.160 0.008980766 0.148736882
0.020 0.000154985 0.016160120 0.165 0.009515197 0.153959330
0.153959
0.025 0.000241346 0.020334572 0.170
70 0.010062783 0.159208577
0.1592
0.030 0.000346361 0.024559778 0.175 0.010623328 0.164484058
0.164484
0.035 0.000469832 0.028834376 0.180 0.011196636 0.16978522
0.1697852
0.169785220
ZZ0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.000611563
0.000771359
0.000949023
0.001144358
0.033157070
070
70
0.037526626
526626
26626
0.041941868
041941868
0.046401669
0.185
0.190
0.195
0.200
0.011782511
0.012380755
0.012991173
0.013613568
0.1751
0.175111521
0.
0.1
0.180462424
0.185837407
0.191235952
0.060 0.001357168
8 0.050904951 0.205 0.01424
0.014247
0.014247744 0.196657551
0.065 0.001587257
7257
257 0.055450678 0.210 0.01
0.014893505 0.202101705
0.070 0.001834428
01834428 0.060037856 0.215 0.015550655 0.207567922
0.075 0.002098486 0.064665526 0.220 0.016218996 0.213055715
0.080 0.002379233 0.069332762 0.22
0.225 0.016898332 0.218564608
BO
0.085
85 0.002676473 0.074038672 0
0.230 0.017588468 0.224094129
0.090 0.002990011 0.078782393 0.235 0.018289207 0.229643812
0.095 0.003319649 0.083563087
0.08356308 0.240 0.019000352 0.235213199
0.100
0 0.003665191 0.08837
0.088379946 0.245 0.019721708 0.240801837
0.105 0.0040
0.004026442 0.093232182
0.09 0.250 0.020453077 0.246409279
0.110
110 0.004403
0.004403204 0.098119031 0.255 0.021194264 0.252035083
0.115 0.004795281
0.0047952 0.103039751 0.260 0.021945072 0.257678811
0.120 0.005202477
0.0052024
0.005202 0.107993620 0.265 0.022705305 0.263340033
0.125 0.005624596
0.005 0.112979932 0.270 0.023474766 0.269018322
0.130
0 0
0.006061441 0.117998001 0.275 0.024253259 0.274713255
0.135 0.006512816 0.123047159 0.280 0.025040588 0.280424414
0.140 0.006978524 0.128126750 0.285 0.025836556 0.286151386
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 107 (113)
0.290 0.026640968 0.291893762 0.435 0.052759023

23
3 0.46
0.463397249
0.295 0.027453626 0.297651135 0.440 0.053725423
25423 0.469426201
0.300 0.028274334 0.303423105 0.445 0.054694179
054694179 0.475459203
A
0.305 0.029102896 0.309209273 0.450 0.055665095 0.481495916
0.310 0.029939116 0.315009244 0.455 0.056637974 0.487536000
0.487536
0.315 0.030782797 0.320822628 0.460
460
60 0.057612620 0.4935
0.493579115
0.320 0.031633744 0.326649036 0.465 0.058588838 0.499624923
0.499624
0.325 0.032491758 0.332488082 0.470 0.059566429 0.50567308
0.5056730
0.505673087
ZZ0.330
0.335
0.340
0.345
0.033356645
0.034228208
0.035106251
0.035990576
0.338339386
386
86
0.344202567
202567
02567
0.350077250
350077250
0.355963061
0.475
0.480
0.485
0.490
0.060545199
0.061524951
0.062505487
0.063486613
0.5117
0.511723269
0.
0.5
0.517775133
0.523828341
0.529882557
0.350 0.036880989
9 0.361859628 0.495 0.06446
0.064468
0.064468132 0.535937445
0.355 0.037777292
7292
292 0.367766582 0.500 0.06
0.065449847 0.541992669
0.360 0.038679289
38679289 0.373683556 0.505 0.066431562 0.548047893
0.365 0.039586784 0.379610187 0.510 0.067413081 0.554102781
0.370 0.040499580 0.385546112 0.51
0.515 0.068394206 0.560156997
BO
0.375
75 0.041417481 0.391490970 0
0.520 0.069374743 0.566210205
0.380 0.042340291 0.397444402 0.525 0.070354495 0.572262069
0.385 0.043267814 0.403406054
0.40340605 0.530 0.071333265 0.578312251
0.390
0 0.044199852 0.40937
0.409375569 0.535 0.072310856 0.584360415
0.395 0.0451
0.045136211 0.415352593
0.41 0.540 0.073287073 0.590406223
0.400
400 0.046076
0.046076692 0.421336777 0.545 0.074261720 0.596449338
0.405 0.047021101
0.0470211 0.427327769 0.550 0.075234599 0.602489422
0.410 0.047969240
0.0479692
0.04796 0.433325220 0.555 0.076205515 0.608526135
0.415 0.048920914
0.048 0.439328783 0.560 0.077174271 0.614559137
0.420
0 0
0.049875925 0.445338112 0.565 0.078140670 0.620588089
0.425 0.050834078 0.451352862 0.570 0.079104518 0.626612649
0.430 0.051795176 0.457372689 0.575 0.080065616 0.632632476
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 108 (113)
0.580 0.081023769 0.638647226 0.725 0.106646435

35
5 0.80
0.809272083
0.585 0.081978780 0.644656555 0.730 0.107424928
24928 0.814967016
0.590 0.082930454 0.650660118 0.735 0.108194389
08194389 0.820645305
A
0.595 0.083878593 0.656657569 0.740 0.108954622 0.826306527
0.600 0.084823002 0.662648561 0.745 0.109705430 0.831950255
0.831950
0.605 0.085763483 0.668632744 0.750
750
50 0.110446617 0.8375
0.837576059
0.610 0.086699841 0.674609769 0.755 0.111177986 0.843183501
0.843183
0.615 0.087631880 0.680579284 0.760 0.111899342 0.84877213
0.8487721
0.848772139
ZZ0.620
0.625
0.630
0.635
0.088559403
0.089482213
0.090400114
0.091312910
0.686540935
935
35
0.692494368
494368
94368
0.698439226
698439226
0.704375151
0.765
0.770
0.775
0.780
0.112610487
0.113311226
0.114001362
0.114680698
0.8543
0.854341526
0.
0.8
0.859891209
0.865420730
0.870929623
0.640 0.092220405
5 0.710301782 0.785 0.11534
0.115349
0.115349039 0.876417416
0.645 0.093122402
2402
402 0.716218756 0.790 0.11
0.116006189 0.881883633
0.650 0.094018705
94018705 0.722125710 0.795 0.116651949 0.887327787
0.655 0.094909118 0.728022277 0.800 0.117286126 0.892749386
0.660 0.095793443 0.733908088 0.80
0.805 0.117908521 0.898147931
BO
0.665
65 0.096671486 0.739782770 0
0.810 0.118518939 0.903522914
0.670 0.097543049 0.745645952 0.815 0.119117183 0.908873817
0.675 0.098407936 0.751497256
0.75149725 0.820 0.119703058 0.914200117
0.680
0 0.099265950 0.75733
0.757336302 0.825 0.120276366 0.919501280
0.685 0.1001
0.100116896 0.763162710
0.76 0.830 0.120836911 0.924776761
0.690
690 0.100960
0.100960578 0.768976093 0.835 0.121384497 0.930026008
0.695 0.101796798
0.1017967 0.774776065 0.840 0.121918928 0.935248456
0.700 0.102625360
0.1026253
0.10262 0.780562233 0.845 0.122440007 0.940443531
0.705 0.103446068
0.103 0.786334203 0.850 0.122947537 0.945610646
0.710
0 0
0.104258726 0.792091576 0.855 0.123441324 0.950749202
0.715 0.105063138 0.797833952 0.860 0.123921169 0.955858588
0.720 0.105859106 0.803560924 0.865 0.124386878 0.960938179
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 109 (113)
0.870 0.124838253 0.965987337 0.940 0.129542526

26
6 1.03
1.033080387
0.875 0.125275098 0.971005406 0.945 0.129755336
55336 1.037583669
0.880 0.125697216 0.975991718 0.950 0.129950671
29950671 1.042043470
A
0.885 0.126104413 0.980945587 0.955 0.130128335 1.046458712
0.890 0.126496490 0.985866307 0.960 0.130288131 1.050828268
1.050828
0.895 0.126873252 0.990753156 0.965
965
65 0.130429862 1.0551
1.055150962
0.900 0.127234502 0.995605392 0.970 0.130553333 1.059425560
1.059425
0.905 0.127580045 1.000422251 0.975 0.130658348 1.06365076
1.0636507
1.063650766
ZZ0.910
0.915
0.920
0.925
0.127909683
0.128223221
0.128520461
0.128801208
1.005202945
945
45
1.009946666
946666
46666
1.014652576
014652576
1.019319812
0.980
0.985
0.990
0.995
0.130744709
0.130812220
0.130860686
0.130889909
1.0678
1.067825218
1.
1.0
1.071947474
1.076016011
1.080029208
0.930 0.129065266
6 1.023947482 1.000 0.13089
0.130899
0.130899694 1.083985338
0.935 0.129312437
2437
437 1.028534659
BO
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 110 (113)
6. GUIDE TO FILLING OUT DATA SHEETS
The data sheets regarding vessels are:

DAT.CR.PV.1300 Sht. 1 (General information)
DAT.CR.PV.1300 Sht. 2 (Nozzle list)
General sheet for drawing
A
General sheet for notes
formation
ormation falling within process juris
This section illustrates the items and graphical information jurisdiction.
6.1 Filling out data sheets
Service
ZZ Brief description of the use for
Standard
Indicates the standard
Design temperature
or which the equipment is set up.
up
d according to which the vessel must be designed

Obtained from the project database.
erature
e
designed.
The design temperature is determined

ed in accordance with PRG.GG.GEN.0001.
PR
n, the MDMT and the corresponding
In addition, sponding pressure mu
must be indicated.
Operating
rating temperature
This
is is the normal maximum tem
temperature
perature
ature under ope
operating conditions.
Desig pressure
Design
Unless specified otherwise for the project, tth
the design pressure is calculated in accordance
with PRG.GG.GEN.0001.
BO
In the case of vacuum operation

operation, the mi
minimum operating pressure and the related operating
temperature must be indicated.
Operating
perating pressure
This
s is the normal maximum p
pressure under operating conditions.
Materials
s
The material of the end shells and internals must be chosen in accordance with
PRG.PR
PRG.PR.GEN.0001 based on the characteristics of the process fluid, the most severe
operating
erating conditio
conditions and the minimum theoretical service life foreseen for the equipment.
The process
proce guidelines
gu are limited to the identification of the type of material:
· all steels, the percentage content of alloy elements is indicated (e.g. 5% Cr, 0.5%
for alloy
Mo).
Mo)
· ffo AISI 400 series stainless steels, the percentage content of Cr is indicated (e.g. 13%
for
Cr)
· for austenitic stainless steels, the type is indicated (e.g. AISI 316)
· For non-ferrous alloys, the name of the alloy is indicated (e.g. Monel, Hastelloy, etc.)
Note that special steel alloys and non-ferrous alloys are indicated by the manufacturer’s
“patent name”.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 111 (113)
Corrosion allowance
The corrosion allowance is at least 3 mm on carbon steel and, inn any
an case, equal to the
mber
ber of years sservice.
estimated corrosion in mm/year for the minimum theoretical number
Plating
When the thickness of stainless steel material exceeds 10 mm it is preferable to use carbon
steel that is plated or coated in a material resistant to the
he corrosive medium.
medium
A
es
As a rule, the thickness of the plating or coating does s not exceed 3 mm.
on-resistant
n-resistant material should be cho
If a greater thickness is required, a more corrosion-resistant chosen.
Sprayed cement layer
If the process fluid has a pH < 4, in certain
n cases it can be advantageous to the use carbo
carbon
yer
steel coated with a sprayed cement layer er (normally 20 mm)
mm).
Fluid
The type of fluid held (e.g. HC + H2S) and the relative density under normal co
conditions of
ZZ temperature and pressure are
Lethal substance
amount of the e gas
he
e fluid is letha
It should be indicated if the
e indicate
indicated.
lethal (a condition thatt implies annealing
s,, the ASME standards
For lethal substances, standa owing generic d
give the following
e – Poisonous gas or liquid (fluid) of such a n
annealin and/or caustic.
annealing)
definition:
nature that a very small
as or of the vapor of the liquid mixed or unmixed with air is
dangerous to life when inhaled (e.g.
e.g. hydrocyanic acid, cacar
carbonyl chloride, etc.).
To define e more
ore precisely whether a fluid is lethal,
lethal, it is necessary
nec
nece to analyze the components
orm the mixture in input to all plan
that form plant cycles
es and e establish if these components, or at
st one of them, are lethal. If the resea
least research describe
describ
described below establishes that a component
s lethal, then the fluid is letha
is lethal.
Acco
According to the HODGE-STERNER
E-STERNERR toxicolo
toxicological scale, a substance can be considered
toxicol
h
lethal, or rather leads to the death of a human being, when LD50 is less than 50 mg/kg
BO
(sub
(substance/body weight).
considere are lethal doses (LD) and lethal concentrations (LC).
The quantities that are considered
The values of these quantities for a large number of substances are listed in specialized
xts, such as:
texts,
Title: DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS
DANGEROU
Author: N. IRVIN
IRVING SAX
Publis
Publishers: VAN NOSTRAND
N REINHOLD COMPANY New York
he given LD and LC quantities can refer to animals (pigs, horses, donkeys, mice, birds,
The
etc.) or to man.
rats, etc.), m
e most common
The co quantities are:
LD50 - Fifty-percent
F lethal dose - a calculated dose of a substance which is expected to
caus the death of 50% of an entire defined experimental animal population. It is
cause
de
determined from the exposure to the substance by any route other than inhalation of a
significant number from that population.
LDLo - Low lethal dose - the lowest dose (other than LD50) of a substance introduced by
any route, other than inhalation, over any given period of time in one or more divided
portions and reported to have caused death in humans or animals.
LC50 - Fifty-percent lethal concentration - a calculated concentration of substance in air,
exposure to which for a specified length of time (normally 4 hours) is expected to cause the
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 112 (113)
death of 50% of an entire defined experimental animal population. It iss determined from the
tion.
exposure to the substance of a significant number from that population.
LCLo - Low lethal concentration - the lowest concentration of a substance in air, other tha
than
LC50, which has been reported to have caused death in humansmans s or animals. The reported
r
hich are less
concentrations may be entered for periods of exposure which ess than 24 hours (acute
(acute)
ours = 86400 s).
or greater than 24 hours (subacute and chronic), (24 hours
A
The limits for some of the above-defined quantities are:
Main group
LD50 oral in rats 25 mg/kg (substance/bod weight)
(substance/body
LD50 cutaneous in rats or rabbits 50 mg/kg (substance/body weight)
LC50 for 14400 s (4 hours) in rats 0.5 10-9 kg/m
kg/ 3 (substance/air
/air vo
volume)
Secondary group
ZZ LDLo for exposure by any route
for humans or any animal.
LCLo for humans or any
ute
te
y animal and for

=30 minutes
periods of exposure >=30 min
fo
LCLo for humans or any animal and for

sure
e <30 minutes
periods of exposure
100 mg/kg
/kg
5 10-6 kg/m
g/m3
1 10-4 kg/m
/m3
(substance/bo
(substance/bod
(substance/body weight)
(substance/air volume)
(substan
(substanc
(substance/air volume)
(su
(sub
omponent, if data for the

For each component, e main
ma group is available in literature, it is used for the
analysis; if just one of these values iss within the limit, the fluid
fflu is to be considered lethal.
a for the main group is not available in literatu
If data literature, that of the secondary group is
lyzed, with the same logic as described above.
analyzed,
implicat
implica
Furthermore, considering the significant implications in planning for this quantity, or rather
the introduction of more restrictive control an
and inspection procedures, it is indispensable to
c
reconsider this criterion whenever a job is commenced in order to insert the above-identified
cli
rule in the requirements of the client and of the country in which the plant will be built.
BO
o products containing H2S are not classified as lethal.

Chlorine, natural gas and vapors of oil
Insulation
sulation
Specified
cified for process motives,
motives with the type indicated by a letter:
· I for or hot insulation
· F for cold ld insulatio
insulation
The req
request of insulat
insulation for personal protection is not handled by process services.
End type
types
Normally,
mally, an e
elliptical end is indicated, unless there are special process requirements.
Elevation
evatio
Indication of elevation above ground in required.
Indicati
Indicatio
The ddefault value is the minimum allowed for operability and installation.
Nozzles
N
The ID codes, composed of a service code and a progressive number, should be indicated
for every connection.
If there is more than one nozzle for the same service, an identifying lower case letter is
added.
The service codes in use are:
· N for process connections
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 113 (113)
· M for manholes
· CN for instrumentation connections.
s normally
Nominal diameter, series and type of coupling, which is ormally the sam
same as the
connected piping.
h the nozzle is allo
The service is a concise description of the use for which allocated.
A
6.2 Sketch of vessel
The following must be indicated on an outline drawing

rawing
awing of the ves
vessel:
· eter
ter and length/height.
Main dimensions, such as internal diameter length/heigh
· ning of devices required b
All dimensions regarding the positioning by the process.
· s,, with indication of dimensions due to process re
Process and service connections, req
requirements.
·
·
·
ZZ
and level intervals.
Internal elements,, such

all and maximum liquid levels, with indication of tthe level heights
Position of minimum, normal
Position and height off optional level alarms

alarm and switches.
uch as demisters, distributors,
the reference standard or, if necessary,
d
distributors, flow straightener
straighte
ary, attaching a construct
constructio
plates, etc., indicating
construction detail that includes all the
information for mechanical sizing.
ce standard must also be indicated
The reference indicated on the last co
column of the data sheets.
zontal
ontal vessels, in cases where it is necessary
In horizontal necessary to guarantee
g drainage and it is not possible
pecify
ecify the drain on the opposite side from the liquid
to specify lli outlet, an inclination (2‰) should be
dicated
ated with respect to the lower generatrix.
indicated
BO
Revision Memorandum
Sep. 1986 First Issue
Mar. 1988
19
1 Rev. 1
Jun.
Jun 1995 Rev. 2
Mar. 2003 Rev. 3 General revision of layout and contents.

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$

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

4.1.1 Liquid - gas and/or steam separ

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

4.5 Process nozzles and other connections 79

5. CALCULATION OF GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS 85

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

1.1.1 International Regulations and Standards References

ASME, Sect. VIII, Div. I Boiler and

Design enginee chemical plants

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

Vessels utilized for the physical separation of fluids are classified by

2.1 Functional definitions

2.1.1 Liquid - gas and/or steam separators

These are designed to separate a liquid uid - gas and/or steam

These are designed

se are designed to separate two immis

x paration of water or caustic solution

Some vessels require

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

2.2 Type definitions

The external configuration allows a general subdivision

x when long residence times are required

2.2.2 Internal configuration

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

AB cross-section area of a generic nozzle m2

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

g acceleration of gravity (9.806 65) m/s2

difference in normal level height (between HLL and LLL)

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

h2 difference in height between lowest liquid level and lower generatrix

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

scc cylindrical body thickness mm

vcpl critical velocity of light liquid

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

Z real gas compressibility factor -

avy continuous phas

Wlll very low emergency reside

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

4.1 Theoretical basics

vessel dimensions that are m

mostly conditioned by the

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

The evolution of this system can be studied died

Whe this equilibrium

ew equilibrium shall have been reach

Before proceeding in the development of the above-indicated considerations, it is opportune to

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

The model for a horizontal vessel is

modulus of the friction force,

From m this description, it is obvious th

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

Three possible flow regimes have thus been identified:

and equation (3) becomes:

- Transition flow regime. Established

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

- Laminar flow regime established for: C·Re2 < 48

- Transition flow regime established for: 48 d C·Re2 d 1.1·105

scc = 3 + 0.0007D + sc (41)

scc = 3.25 + 0.0005D + sc (43)