Jawahar Navodaya vidhyalaya

Jodhpur

Biology Investigatory Project

Topic :- Amniocentesis

Submitted By Submitted To
Yashoda Mr. Rajesh Meena
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Yashoda a

student of Class XII SCIENCE, has
successfully completed the research
on the below mentioned project under
the guidance of Mr. Rajesh Meena
during the year 2023-24 in partial
fulfillment of chemistry practical
examination conducted by

Sign of internal examiner Sign of external examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Apart from my efforts, the success of any project depends

largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I
take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who
have been instrumental in the successful completion of this
project. I would like to show my greatest appreciation to our
teacher Mr. Rajesh Meena. I can't say thank you enough for his
tremendous support and help. I feel motivated and encouraged
every time I attend his meeting. Without his encouragement
and guidance this project would not have materialized. The
guidance and support received from all the members who
contributed and who are contributing to this project, was vital
for the success of the project. I am grateful for their constant
support and help.

Last but not least I wish to avail myself of this opportunity,

express a sense of gratitude and love to my friends and my
beloved parents for their manual support, strength, and help.
 Content

1.
What is amniocentesis?
Who is a candidate for
2.
amniocentesis?
What can be detected through an
3.
amniocentesis?
4. Procedure

5. After procedure

6. Rapid test

7. Full karyotype

8. Result

9. Complications of amniocentesis

10. Conclusion
 What is amniocentesis?

 A procedure performed usually in the beginning of

pregnancy to detect chromosomal abnormalities in the
foetus.
 Usually done when a women is between 16 to 22
weeks of pregnancy.
 During this procedure a sample of amniotic fluid is
taken from the amnion sac (amnion) surrounding the
unborn baby and its DNA is examined for genetic
abnormalities.
 The amniotic fluid- has skin cells of the developing
body, as well as his/her waste products like urine.
Each cell from the baby in fluid contains their
complete set of DNA (genetic information). Analyzing
these cells helps the doctors access the foetus health
and detects any potential problems.
 The entire amniocentesis appointment lasts
approximately 45 minutes –most of which involves a
detailed ultra sound examination.
 Who is candidate for
amniocentesis?
 Any pregnant woman who ,at her due date will be 40 years of
age or older.
 Any women whose combitest results are high risk (blood tests
and/ or foetal ultrasound).
 Any women whose ultrasound results indicate a potential
foetal chromosomal abnormally.
 Any woman who has family history or whose partner has a
family history of one or more incidents of chromosomal
anomalies or genetic disorders with a high recurrence risk.
 It is also possible for women under the age of 40, with no
history of genetic disorder to have an amniocentesis; it is a
matter of personal choice.
What can be detected through an
amniocentesis?
 Nearly all chromosome disorder, including Down’s syndrome
as well as sex chromosome abnormalities.
 Several hundred genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and
sickle cell disease. The test is not used to look for all of them,
but if your baby is at increased risk for one or more of these
disorders, in most cases amniocentesis can usually tell you
whether he/she has the disease.
 Neural tube defects such as spina bifida.

 Amniocentesis is the only way to obtain information about

fetal lung maturity. Amniocentesis is occasionally used late
in pregnancy to assess whether the baby’s lungs are mature
enough for the baby to breathe on his own.
 PROCEDURE
1. An ultrasound is used as a guide to determine a safe
location for the needle to insert through the abdominal wall
to enter the amniotic sac. So the fluid may be safely
removed.
2. A sample of amniotic fluid is collected through the needle.
The procedure takes about 45 minutes, although the
collection of fluid takes less than five minutes.
3. The amniotic fluid, which contains cells shed by the foetus,
is sent to the laboratory for analysis.
 After procedure
 Advised to rest for 24 hours
 No strenuous work or exercise for 72 hours
 No air travel for 72 hours
 Seek urgent medical attention if-
o Feeling shivery
o High fever of 38 degree Celsius or above
o Persistent lower back pain and abdominal pain
 After the amniocentesis procedure, the sample of amniotic
fluid (the fluid that surrounds the unborn baby in the womb)
will be taken to a laboratory for testing.
 There are two different type of tests
o a rapid test
o A full karyotype
 Rapid Test
 A rapid test looks for abnormalities on specific
chromosomes (the parts of the body’s cells that carry
genes). We can get its reports within24-48 hours. A rapid
test can identify a number of chromosomal conditions that
cause physical and mental abnormalities. These are:
o Down’s syndrome- symptoms are as follows
1. Flat facial features.
2. Small head and ears.
3. Short neck.
4. Bulging tongue.
5. Eyes that slant upward.
6. Atypically shaped ears.
7. Poor muscle tone.

o Edward’s syndrome-- symptoms are as follows

1. Physical Abnormalities. Such as small and abnormally
shaped head, abnormally small jaw and mouth, overlapping
fingers and underdeveloped fingernails. Scrunched fists.
Low-set ears. ...
2. Heart problems.
3. Developmental disorders.

o Patau’s syndrome-- symptoms are as follows

1. cleft lip and palate.
2. an abnormally small eye or eyes (microphthalmia)
3. absence of 1 or both eyes (anophthalmia)
4. reduced distance between the eyes (hypotelorism)
5. problems with the development of the nasal passages.

 The results of a rapid test should be ready after three working days.
This test is almost 100% accurate, but its only tests for the three
conditions listed above.
 Full Karyotype
 Each cell in the body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. A full
karyotype checks all of these.
 The cells in the sample of amniotic fluid are grown for up to 10
days. In a laboratory before being examined under a
microscope to check for:
o The no. Of chromosomes
o The appearance of chromosome
 Results from full karyotype will usually be ready in 2 or 3
weeks. In about 1 in every 100 tests, the results may not be
clear. This could be due to the mother’s blood contaminating
the sample of amniotic fluid, which may have prevented cells
from growing properly.

Down’s syndrome Edward’s syndrome Patau’s syndrome

 Result
 After amniocentesis, the sample of amniotic fluid is sent to a
lab for analysis.
 Results usually take 10 days to three weeks depending on
the lab
 It takes that long to get result because the cells have to
grow in the lab in order to analyse them.
 In the lab, genetic and chemical test are done.
 For genetic tests, proteins, minerals and other compounds
in the amniotic fluid are analysed.
 Amniocentesis results will either be positive or negative.

Positive Test result Negative Test result

 If the test result is positive it  For most women who have
means the baby has the amniocentesis, results of
disorder that was being the procedure will be
tested for. One should be negative. That is, there
aware that there is no cure baby will not have any
for the majority of disorders that were tested
chromosomal conditions, So for.
she needs to consider her
options carefully.

 Options may include :  It is possible to have a

1. Continuing with her negative result from
pregnancy while getting amniocentesis but the
information and advice baby may still be born with
about the condition. So, the condition tested for or
she is prepared for another chromosomal
carrying for her baby. condition. This is because
2. Ending her pregnancy. a normal test result
3. Options for ending her doesn’t exclude every
pregnancy will depend on chromosomal disorder.
how many weeks
pregnant she is when
making the decision.
Complications of amniocentesis:

 It is important to be aware of the possible complications

during or after amniocentesis. These are outlined below:

Miscarriage:
o There is a small risk that amniocentesis can cause a
miscarriage (the loss of the pregnancy). The risk is estimated to
be around 1 in 100.

Club foot:
o Amniocentesis may cause club foot in baby. This is when the
baby is born with a deformed ankle and foot. However , the
likely hood of this happening is higher if you have
amniocentesis before week 15 of pregnancy.

Rhesus Disease:
o Rhesus disease is a condition where proteins in a pregnant
woman’s blood attack her baby’s blood cells.
o Rhesus disease is only possible if the mother’s blood is RH-
negative and the baby’s blood is RH-positive. If this is the case,
amniocentesis could trigger RH disease if the mother’s blood is
exposed to the baby’s blood during the procedure.

Injury from needle:

o During amniocentesis, the placenta (the organ that links a
mother ‘s blood to the baby’s blood) may be punctured by the
needle. Sometimes this is necessary to access the amniotic
fluid. If this happens, the puncture wound usually heals
without any problems developing .
o Ultrasound (where high frequency sound waves are used to
create images) is now commonly used to guide the needle. This
significantly reduces the risk of injury from the needle.

Infection:
o In very rare cases, an infection may develop if the procedure
introduces bacteria in the amniotic sac (the sac surrounding the
foetus that contains amniotic fluids). This can cause:
  A high temperature (fever) of 38-39 degree Celsius or
above
 Tenderness of abdomen (tummy)
 Contractions (when your abdomen tightens then relaxes).
 One should seek medical attention if she has any of these
symptoms. The risk of developing a serious infection from
amniocentesis is estimated to be less than 1 in 1000

Conclusion

Amniocentesis is a safe procedure that can provide

helpful information about the health of foetus. It
may be offered to be a woman who is at high risk of
having a baby with a genetic disease. The risk of
miscarriage of amniocentesis is about 0.5% or 1 in
200.

It is the patient’s decision whether the benefits of

procedure out-weigh the risks.