FINAL TEST (TAKE HOME)

Subject: Basic English Grammar

Lecturer: Dr. H. Pauzan, M.Hum, M.Pd

Name: Nurul Misbah

Student Number:220107175
Class: TBI 2E

A. Make a resume for the following materials:

1. USING BE AND HAVE

2. EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART 1)
3. EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART 2)
4. EXPRESSING PAST TIME
5. EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME
6. EXPRESSING ABILITY
7. USING BE AND HAVE
8. NOUN AND PRONOUN, ADJECTIVE
9. MAKING COMPARISONS
10. EXPRESSING IDEAS WITH VERBS

B. Fill in the empty column!

Assalmu’alaikum my students. I would like to apologize for any lacks of lecture as long as
we conducted it this semester, both lacks in aspects of time allocation in teaching and
learning, the materials were provided, and others.
(Assalmu’alaikum mahasiswa dan mahasiswiku. Saya ingin menyampaikan permohonan
maaf atas segala kekurangan pelaksanaan kuliah selama kita adakan di semester ini, baik
kekurangan dalam aspek alokasi waktu mengajar, belajar, materi yang diberikan maupun
aspek lainnya).
Below, I provide a column to respond my apology by filling in the empty column A and B in
responsive manner (Yes or No).
(Di bawah ini saya menyediakan kolom untuk merespon pernyataan permohonan maaf saya
dengan cara mengisi kolom A dan B dengan jawaban Ya atau Tidak):

Name of Students (Nama A:Yes (Ya dimaafkan) B: Not (Tidak dimaafkan)

Mahasiswa)
Nurul Misbah Yes ………………………….
 Using be and have

The verbs be and have can all be used as the main verb in a sentence: we have a break at half
past tweleve.

Auxiliary verbs

We ise be and have to form tenses, questions and with negative forms. When be and have are
used in this way they are called auxiliary verbs.

We use be + verb in ing form to form the continuous tenses:

Present continuous – he is working in italy at the moment

Past continuous – he was working in a hotel when i met him.

Example:

1. I am very happy
2. She isn’t my sister
3. He is so tired
Examples of different sentence using ‘be’ and ‘have’can be seen beloow.

1. The class is very boring because the students no activities.

2. Alia has a new pen pal from America.Alia is lukcy because now she can pratice writing
in english.
3. I have a headache
4. You have a new car
5. They have three motorcycles
EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME PART I

Present time with two main uses. it is used when an Action is happening right now, or happens
regularly. The present time can also be formed by using basic forms or by adding s or es at the
end (with some provisions).

Adverb of time is to state the time when an event or activity occurred. When or when is a
question word for an answer that shows a description of time.
To express how often something happens we can use adverbs of frequency, like so:

 always
 often
 frequently
 usually
 normally

Example sentences for present time adverbs with frequency adverbs are:

 We often listen to music in the evenings

 I sometimes do aerobics at the gym
 He never gets up early

The exception to the adverb position of frequency is the verb 'to be'. In this case the adverb of
frequency appears after to be. As an example:

 He is usually very reliable.

 It is often cold here during the winter

Now, after knowing the frequency description, you should know more about the present time
description, and its meaning!

 Every day
 Every week
In the morning
The function of the present time itself is to explain events that become daily habits.

The present time can be expressed in a variety of ways, depending on the context and the level
of precision required. Here are some common ways to express the present time:

1. Using the 12-hour clock: In the United States and many other countries, the 12-hour
clock is commonly used to express the time of day. For example, if it is currently 2:30
PM, you could say "It's two thirty in the afternoon."
2. Using the 24-hour clock: In many countries, especially in Europe, the 24-hour clock
is used to express the time. This system uses a 24-hour cycle, so the time would be
expressed as "14:30" instead of "2:30 PM."

3. Using relative time expressions: You can also express the present time in relation to
another time, such as "It's a quarter past two" or "It's half past four."
 EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME PART II

1. Expressing present tense

Simple present tense is formed from Verb-1 (present tense) in the form of ordinary
verbs that show action or circumstances, or in the form of "to be" verb (IS, AM, Are).
Verb -1 is a bare infinitive with additional -s or -es (except verb to be) specifically for the
subject in the form of singular noun (such as: Tita, Book) or Third Person Singular
Pronoun (such as: She, HE, IT); Or without any additional for the subject in the form of
plural noun (such as: Boys, Men, Books) or Plural Pronoun (such as: We, they), Pronoun
I/You, or Compound Subject with the word "and" (such as: You and I, Tina and Ratih).
2. Simple Present Function
a) Simple present tense to state how often an activity occurs (frequency) or habitual
action. Time expressions that are often used are Adverbial of Frequency.
Time expressions made up of one word are placed between the subject and the
verb in positive sentences and questions and between the auxiliary verb and main
verb in negative sentences.

Adverb of Frequency ;
1. Always
2. Often
3. Usually
4. Sometimes
5. Never and etc.

Example of a simple sentence present tense :

1. I always come on time

2. He never cries in front of us.
I
b) Factual (general truth/indisputable facts)

Ex; The sun rises from the east and sets in the west.
 Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius.
c) Simple present tense is used to create a simple statement that is valid general
(applies at any time) or not general (using Verb BE).
Ex; I live in Lombok.
She is so beautiful
d) Simple present tense uses stative verb to express feelings (feel), sense (sense),
mind (mental state), or possession (possession).ji
Ex; She loves dancing.
That is my book.
e) This tense is used to discuss plans or schedules in the future but has a near period
of now. Generally talk about transportation or events. Verb commonly used
include: Arrive, Come, and Leave.
Ex; He arrives from Osaka at 1 pm.
f) Simple present tense is used to provide instructions or action series.
Ex; You go straight ahead then turn left
g) Simple Present Tense is used in Conditional Sentence Type 1.
Ex; If you meet the bad boy, your parents will be angry.
3. Verbal Sentence

Verbal sentences are sentences that contain verbs or sentences in which we

declare an action. Verbal sentences (work sentences) are sentences that have the
predicate in the form of verbs (verbs), so in this sentence we do not need to be (is am
are).

4. Nominal Sentence

Nominal sentences are sentences in which the predicate or verb does not express
an action but a name, nature, status, condition and place. Usually in implementation
yes. This nominal sentence uses To Be in the form of Is, Am, Are in the present form.

To be

Present = am, is, arE

 (+) = S + to-be (am / is / are) + ANA.

(-) = S + to-be (am / is / are) + not + ANA.

(?) = To-be (Am / Is / Are) + S + ANA?

Exsample :

(+) They are my friend.

(-) They are not my friends.

(?) Are they my friend?

5. Quetion word

Wh- questions are questions that require more information in their answers. Typical wh- words
are what, where, when, why, who, how, how many, how much.

6. Tag Questions in the Present Simple

Tag questions are those short questions that are tagged onto the end of a sentence. They are used
just to make sure the person you’re talking to understood what you meant or to emphasize what
you said.
 NOUN AND PRONOUNS

A. Nouns
Noun is a part of speech in English that is used to represent the name of a person,
object, animal, idea, and so on. Therefore, nouns are an important part of a sentence.
There are two main types of nouns, abstract nouns and concrete nouns. Concrete nouns
are further divided into several types of nouns, such as common nouns, proper nouns,
collective nouns, material nouns, and compound nouns.
 Here are some types of nouns.
1. Abstract and Concrete Nouns
Abstract nouns are nouns that cannot be perceived through the senses, while concrete
nouns are nouns that can be perceived through the senses or in other words, material objects.

abstract type nouns abstract type abstract type

Happiness becomes
Happiness Budi budi buys new bicycle.
main goal.
Sadness gives bad
Sadness Car The car is Ferrari.
effect.
Her statement is The book is about
Statement Book
very brave. psychology
The agreement is Compute The best computer is your
Agreement
2. Common nouns very good. r brain.

These nouns in English are nouns that represent types of things, places and
others in general, in other words these words do not belong exclusively to certain
objects, humans or animals. Example : car, motorcycle, truck, bicycle, cell phone.
3. Proper nouns
These nouns in English have the property that the names of people, places
and others are specific to themselves. Proper which means it should make the key
 that this noun is exclusive. Examples of proper nouns are: New Michael, New
York, Asia, Dog, Ballpoint.

4. Collective Nouns
This noun in English is a combination of several humans, animals and
objects. This noun is used to show the unitary nature of several individual nouns.
Examples of collective nouns are: jury, team,choir,regiment.

5. Material nouns
This noun in English is addressed to types of objects that are natural
creations and not made by human intervention. Some examples of material nouns
are: gold, silver,blood,water,soil.
B. Pronouns
Pronouns are words that are used to replace nouns. These nouns can be people,
animals, places, and abstract concepts. The purpose of using pronouns can be caused by
many things, such as a name that is not mentioned repeatedly in a sentence and the
effectiveness of a sentence. Below are several types of pronouns.
a. Personal Pronouns

These pronouns are used to replace certain people or things. Personal pronouns are
divided into two, namely personal pronouns as subjects and objects. For example as
subjects they we, I you he she and it while as objects are: them, us, me, you, him, her, and
it.

b. Demonstrative Pronouns
This pronoun in English is used to express a singular or plural noun. Demonstrative
pronouns are "this" and "these" meaning singular and plural, and also "that" and "those"
meaning singular and plural.
Example: These people are going to Jakarta. This person is going to Jakarta.
c. Indefinite Pronouns
 The use of pronouns in English for people, objects, or things that are general and
non-specific can use these types of pronouns. Indefinite pronouns are divided into
singular, plural, or both.
d. Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are used to show something we don't know. The following
are examples of these types of pronouns.

Siapa, untuk Whom do you call? I

Whom
menanyakan objek. call my friend.

EXPRESSING PAST TIME

The simple past tense is a tense sentence that is used to express events that happened in the past
and ended in the past. In contrast to the past continuous tense, which states events that occurred
in the past, but are still happening in the present.

The Simple Past Tense Formula

To form simple past tense sentences, the formula is as follows

S + Verb 2 + O

In simple past tense sentences, the verb used is the second form of the verb. There are two types
of verbs, namely regular verbs and irregular verbs.

For regular verbs, add -ed/-d after the first form of the verb. As an example:
Stay – stayed
Punch – Punched
Play – Played
Touch – Touched
For irregular verbs, including to be, the forms of the two verbs are very different. As an example:

Awake – Awoke
Begin – Began (Starting)
Drink – Drank
Eat – ate (Eat)
Run – ran (Running)

However, there are some irregular verbs that have the same verb form as the base verb. As an
example:
Put – Put (Put)
Split – Split
Spread – Spread
Set – Set (Set)
Cut – Cut

Examples of Simple Past Tense Affirmative Sentences

The following are examples of simple past positive tense sentences:

1. Abdul went to Bali for holiday last Sunday

2. She joined the English club class at school yesterday.
3. Last Monday, Joni got in an accident at the office.
4. Dani bought new laptops last night.
5. They watched “Dilan”, the newest film at the cinema yesterday.
 EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME

A. Definition of Expressing Future Time

Expressing future time refers to the use of language to convey events or actions that
will occur at a later time or in the future. This can be done using various linguistic
devices such as future tense, modal verbs, time adverbs, and phrases that indicate a future
time frame. The purpose of expressing future time is to communicate plans, expectations,
and predictions about future events.
B. Formula of Expressing Future Time

Subject+will/shall+V1+Object
(+)
Subject + to be (am/is/are) going to + V1

Subject+will/shall+not+ V1+Object
(-)
Subject + to be (am/is/are) + not + going to + V1

Will/shall+Subject+V1+Object
(?)
To be (am/is/are) + Subject + going to + V1

Example :
1. Affirmative
I will go to the gym tomorrow.
We are going to have a party next weekend.
They will finish the project by the end of the month.
 1. Negative
I will not attend the meeting next week.
She won't buy a new car this year.
They aren't going to visit their grandparents during the holidays.

2. Interrogative
Will you come to the concert with me next week?
Are they going to move to a new house next month?
Will it rain tomorrow?
C. Adverb Of Time
Adverbs of time are very important to know so that Grameds can determine which
tenses the sentence uses. The following is a description of the time that is generally used
in the simple future tense:
Tomorrow
1. Later

2. Next week
3. Next month
4. Next year
5. Soon
6. Tonight
7. By and by
8. The day after tomorrow

It's actually quite easy to remember the timestamp. The time of the event that "will
happen" or "happens later" is a future tense sentence. For example, in this morning, in
this evening, in this afternoon can be used as a description of the future tense if the
context of that time has not happened and will happen. Grameds can learn this more
easily through the book The 1st Students Choice Changing Times Changing Tenses.
 D. Futures Use
1. Declare an event that will occur in the future. Example :
o I will take school examination next week
o Danny will be 17 years old next month
o We will arrive at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport at 09.00 a.
2. Expresses something that has been decided to do, for example :
o I am going to gym on Friday
o She is going to attend the party
o They will visit their friends in Solo
3. Declare an offer/request/invitation to other people, for example :
o Will you help me to bring this bag
o Will you come in, please!
o Will you come to my house tomorrow morning?

EXPRESSING ABILITY

Expressing ability is a way to express a person's capability or skill in performing a specific

action or activity. The expression of ability can be used in various contexts, such as in daily
conversation, education, work, and others.

In English, there are several ways to express a person's ability or skill, such as using modal
verbs (can, could), be able to, know how to, have the ability to, have a talent for, capable of, and
expert in.

1. Can/Could

Can and could are modal verbs commonly used to express ability or capability. Can is
used to express present ability, while could is used to express past ability or uncertain
ability.

Example:

“I can speak English fluently.”

2. Be able to
 Be able is used to express ability or capability in a more formal way. Be able to can be
used in all tenses.

Example:

“I am able to work under pressure.”

3. Know how to
Know how to is used to express that someone understands how to do something or
has a skill in doing something.

Example:

“I know how to cook Indonesian food.”

4. Have the ability to

Have the ability to is used to express a specific ability or capability.

Example:

“She has the ability to solve complex math problems.”

5. Have a talent for

Have a talent for is used to express a natural ability or skill.

Example:

“She has a talent for singing.”

6. Capable of
Capable of is used to express a more formal ability and is often used in a professional
context.

Example:

“I am capable of managing a team effectively.”

7. Expert in
Expert in is used to express a very specific and high-level skill or expertise.

Example:
 “He is an expert in artificial intelligence.”

Those are some ways to express ability in English. Remember that ability can be expressed
using modal verbs (can, could), be able to, know how to, have the ability to, have a talent for,
capable of, and expert in.

NOUN, PRONOUNS, ADJECTIVES

1.NOUN

A noun is a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns are typically used as
the subject or object of a sentence, and they can be singular or plural. Examples of nouns include
"dog," "Paris," and "happiness

Example:

I have a dog.

She is studying medicine.

2.PRONOUNS

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence. Pronouns are used to avoid
repetition of a noun or to make a sentence less awkward. Examples of pronouns include "he,"
"she," "it," and "they."

Example:

My sister and I like to play board games together.

He is my best friend.

3.Adective

An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. Adjectives provide

additional information about a noun or pronoun, such as its size, color, or shape. Examples of
adjectives include "red," "happy," and "beautiful."

Example:
The red dress looks beautiful on you.

The sky is so blue today

MAKING COMPARISONS

Making comparisons refers to the process of comparing two or more things to determine
agreement or difference between them. Making comparisons is an essential part of
communication in any language.

1. Comparatives
Comparatives are used to compare two things or people. They usually end in -er and are pr
eceded by "more" when the adjective has two or more syllables. Examples of comparatives ar
e:
She is taller than her sister.
This book is more interesting than the last one.
2.. Superlatives
Superlatives are used to compare three or more things or people. They usually end in -est a
nd are preceded by "most" when the adjective has two or more syllables. Examples of superla
tives are:
He is the tallest person in the room.
This is the most interesting book I've ever read.
Equal comparisons
To express equality between two things or people, we use the following phrases:
as + adjective + as: She is as tall as her sister.
as much/many + noun + as: He ate as much food as his friend.
3.Inequal comparisons
To express inequality between two things or people, we use the following phrases:
not as/so + adjective + as: He is not as tall as his brother.
not as/so much/many + noun + as: She doesn't have as much money as her friend.
Irregular comparisons
Some adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms:
 good, better, the best
bad, worse, the worst
far, farther/further, the farthest/furthest
In conclusion,
making comparisons is an essential part of communication in English. By using comparative
s, superlatives, and phrases that express equality or inequality, we can convey similarities and dif
ferences between people, objects, places, or ideas

EXPRESSING IDEAS WITH VERBS

A. Definition of Expressing Ideas with Verbs

The most fundamental function of language is to represent experience, to express and to

understand what goes in life. In the academic context, it includes using and understanding the
language of the different areas of the curriculum. In this case, the language used in Science,
History, English literary text will be different from each other because they develop
knowledge and understandings relevant to that area.

a. Action Verbs:
These verbs describe physical or mental actions. They help convey what someone or
something is doing. Examples include: run, jump, think, speak, create, write, analyze,
organize.

Example: She wrote a compelling essay on the topic.

b. State Verbs:
These verbs express a state or condition rather than an action. They describe how
someone or something exists, feels, or appears. Examples include: be, exist, love,
hate, prefer, know, believe, understand.

Example: I know the answer to that question.

c. Modal Verbs:
Modal verbs express ability, possibility, necessity, permission, or obligation. They
are used to indicate the attitude or perspective of the speaker towards an action or
event. Examples include: can, could, may, might, must, should, would.

Example: You should study for the exam if you want to do well.
 d. Auxiliary Verbs:
These verbs are used with the main verb to create different verb forms, tenses, and
moods. They assist in forming questions, negations, and other verb constructions.
Examples include: be, do, have, will, shall, should, can.

Example: She is going to the party tonight.

e. Phrasal Verbs:
Phrasal verbs consist of a main verb combined with a preposition or an adverb. They
often have idiomatic meanings that may differ from the individual words. Examples
include: look up, give in, break down, take off, put up with.

Example: He needs to look up the meaning of that word in the dictionary.

f. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs:

Transitive verbs require a direct object to complete their meaning, while intransitive
verbs do not. Transitive verbs transfer their action to an object, whereas intransitive
verbs do not require an object. Examples include: transitive - eat, write, paint;
intransitive - sleep, walk, run.

Example:

Transitive: She painted a beautiful picture.

Intransitive: He walked along the beach.

Example of expressing ideas with verbs:

 Innovate: We need to innovate our marketing strategies to stay ahead of the

Competition.
 Collaborate: Let's collaborate with other departments to improve our productivity.
 Inspire: The keynote speaker's words inspired us to pursue our dreams.