Lesson 1 Basic Statistics
Lesson 1 Basic Statistics
Lesson 1 Basic Statistics
Lesson 1 . Introduction
1. Definition of Statistics
2. Importance of Statistics
3. Descriptive, Correlational and Inferential Statistics
4. Population and Sample
5. Statistical Symbols
6. Variables
7. Discrete and Continuous
8. Dependent and Independent
9. Summation Notation
Introduction:
Statistical techniques are employed in almost every phase of life. Surveys are designed to
collect data. Consumers are sampled to provide information for predicting product preferences.
Research physicians conduct experiments to determine the effect of various drugs and controlled
environmental conditions on humans in order to infer the appropriate treatment for various illnesses.
Engineers sample a product quality characteristic and various controllable process variables to
identify key variables related to product quality. Newly manufactured electronic devices are sampled
before shipping to decide whether to ship or hold individual lots. Economists observe various indices
of economic health over a period of time and use the information to forecast the condition of the
Statistical techniques play an important role in achieving the objective of each of these
practical situations. The development of the theory underlying these techniques is the focus of this
course/text.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Apply the basic concepts that provide the necessary foundations for more specialized expertise
cpbinarao
BASIC STATISTICS- LESSON ONE
Discussion:
We begin our discussion with a question “ how statistics is used”. Well we define first some
terminologies that will help us understand the concept. We begin by defining statistics itself.
What is statistics?
Statistics –
making
meaningful information.
measurable on each and every individual or entity of the study. The information that will
subset of data leading to predictions or inferences about the entire set of data.
Academic records of the graduating classes during the past 5 years in a certain
university show that 72% of the entering freshman eventually graduated. The numerical value , 72%
is a descriptive statistics. If you are a member of the present freshman class and conclude from this
study that your chances of graduating are better than 70%, you have made a statistical inference that
is subject to uncertainty.
In gathering information we will determine our area of interest or the subject of interest that
is to determine the data to be gathered and the number of observations is needed. In gathering
information we should to take into consideration the time frame so as to the research will be
beneficial. So we take into consideration whether we take the whole set or just a subset of our
subject of interest.
Sample- is a subject of measurement taken from the population. It is a few members of the
Example: A candidate for political office hires a polling firms to asses his chances in the
upcoming election. The population consists of all voters in the candidate’s district.
The sample consists of all voters in the candidate’s district interviewed by the polling
firm.
cpbinarao
BASIC STATISTICS- LESSON ONE
population
It is also very important in research to know our variable of our study. The variable
Variable- refers to the characteristics or property whereby members of the group or set vary
from another.
Types of Variables
finite, specific values or countable number of values, while Continuous variable assumes infinitely
Examples:
Marital Status Examples:
cpbinarao Political
Eye Color
Party Number of Children Examples:
Defects per hour Weight
(Defined categories ) (Counted items) Voltage
(Measured
characteristics )
BASIC STATISTICS- LESSON ONE
sometimes called criterion variables while the Independent variable is sometimes called predictor
variables: the effect of information about the gender of a job applicant on hiring decisions made by
personnel managers. The hiring decision is the dependent variable because it is thought to depend
on the information about the gender of the applicant, while the gender of the applicant is independent
because it is assumed to influence the dependent variable and does not “depend” on the other
variable.
variable is the amount Psychological stress an individual feeling and the dependent variable is the
Constant refers to the property whereby the members of the group do not differ from one
another.
Level of Measurement
In order to determine what statistical tool used in the analysis of gathered data, it is important
to know the different type of measuring scale use in the data gathering or collection. A measuring
scale can have one or more of the following mathematical attributes: magnitude, an equal interval
There are four types of scales namely: the nominal scale, the interval scale, the ordinal
Nominal Scale used with variables that are qualitative in nature. The data collected are
simply labels, categories or nameless without any implicit or explicit ordering of the categories or
explicit ordering of the labels. The observations or subjects belong to the same category. It is the
cpbinarao
BASIC STATISTICS- LESSON ONE
lowest level of measurement. Nominal scale does not possess any of the attributes of magnitude,
Example:
1. Sex/ Gender
Ordinal scale has a relative low level of property of magnitude, but it does not have the
property of equal intervals between the adjacent units. This is concerned with the ranking or order
Example
1. Winners of a contest
2. Faculty Rank
3. Military Rank
Interval scale has its property of magnitude and equal interval between two adjacent units,
but it does have an absolute zero point. The data collected can be ordered or rank. The unit
Example
Ratio scale is the highest level of measurement scale. It has all the properties of an interval
scale, that is, it has magnitude and equal intervals plus the absolute zero point. There is a constant
size interval between each successive unit on the measurement scale. Furthermore, there is a physical
Examples
cpbinarao
BASIC STATISTICS- LESSON ONE
cpbinarao