Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-365

DIFFERENTIATION
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1. Derivatives of Some Functions

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In class 11, we have studied about the derivatives of algebraic and

trigonometric functions. We derived the following results.
d n d
(i) ( x ) = nxn-1 (ii) (sin x) = cos x
dx dx
d d
(iii) (cos x) = - sin x (iv) (tan x) = sec2 x
dx dx
d d
(v) (cot x) = - cosec2 x (vi) (sec x) = sec x tan x
dx dx
d
(vii) (cosec x) = - cosec x cot x
dx

In algebra of derivatives, we have established the following rules.

Some Rules of Differentiation

d æ du dv ö
(i) (u + v) = ç + ÷
dx è dx dx ø
d æ du dv ö
(ii) (u - v) = ç - ÷
dx è dx dx ø
d æ dv du ö
(iii) (uv) = ç u × + v× ÷
dx è dx dx ø
æ du dv ö
çv × -u× ÷
d æ u ö è dx dx ø
(iv) ç ÷=
dx è v ø v2

DERIVATIVES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS (CHAIN RULE)

dy æ dy dt ö
(i) Let y = f (t) and t = g( x). Then, =ç ´ ÷×
dx è dt dx ø
dy æ dy dt du ö
(ii) Let y = f (t), t = g(u) and u = h( x). Then, =ç ´ ´ ÷×
dx è dt du dx ø
This rule may be extended further on more variables.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1 Differentiate each of the following w.r.t. x:

(i) sin x 3 (ii) cos 3 x (iii) tan x
SOLUTION (i) Let y = sin x . 3

Putting x 3 = t, we get
y = sin t and t = x 3
dy dt
Þ = cos t and = 3x2
dt dx
dy æ dy dt ö
Þ =ç ´ ÷
dx è dt dx ø
= (cos t × 3 x 2) = 3 x 2 cos t = 3 x 2 cos x 3.
d
Hence, (sin x 3) = 3 x 2 cos x 3.
dx
(ii) Let y = cos 3 x = (cos x) 3.
Putting cos x = t, we get
y = t 3 and t = cos x
dy dt
Þ = 3t 2 and = - sin x
dt dx
dy æ dy dt ö
Þ =ç ´ ÷
dx è dt dx ø
= ( -3t 2 sin x) = ( -3 sin x)t 2 = ( -3 sin x cos2 x).
d
Hence, (cos 3 x) = -3 sin x cos2 x.
dx
(iii) Let y = tan x.
Putting x = t, we get
y = tan t and t = x
dy dt 1 -1 2 1
Þ = sec2 t and = x =
dt dx 2 2 x
dy æ dy dt ö
Þ =ç ´ ÷
dx è dt dx ø
æ 1 ö sec2 x
= ç sec2 t × ÷= [Q t = x ].
è 2 xø 2 x
d sec2 x
Hence, (tan x ) = ×
dx 2 x
EXAMPLE 2 Differentiate each of the following w.r.t. x:
(i) ( ax + b) m (ii) ( 2x + 3)5 (iii) ax 2 + 2bx + c

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SOLUTION (i) Let y = ( ax + b) m.

Putting ( ax + b) = t, we get
y = t m and t = ( ax + b)
dy dt
Þ = mt m-1 and =a
dt dx
dy æ dy dt ö
Þ =ç ´ ÷ = (mt m-1 ´ a) = mat m-1 = ma( ax + b) m-1 .
dx è dt dx ø
d
\ ( ax + b) m = ma( ax + b) m-1.
dx
(ii) Let y = ( 2x + 3)5.
Putting ( 2x + 3) = t, we get
y = t5 and t = 2x + 3
dy dt
Þ = 5t 4 and =2
dt dx
dy æ dy dt ö
Þ =ç ´ ÷ = 10t 4 = 10( 2x + 3) 4 .
dx è dt dx ø
(iii) Let y = ax 2 + 2bx + c.
Putting ( ax 2 + 2bx + c) = t, we get
y = t and t = ( ax 2 + 2bx + c)
dy 1 -1 2 1 dt
Þ = t = and = ( 2 ax + 2b) = 2( ax + b)
dt 2 2 t dx
dy æ dy dt ö 1
Þ =ç ´ ÷= ´ 2( ax + b)
dx è dt dx ø 2 t
( ax + b) ( ax + b)
= = ×
t ax 2 + 2bx + c
EXAMPLE 3 Differentiate sin 3 x cos 5 x w.r.t. x.
1
SOLUTION Let y = sin 3 x cos 5 x = {2 cos 5 x sin 3 x}
2
1
= {sin (5 x + 3 x) - sin (5 x - 3 x)}
2
1 1 1
= × (sin 8x - sin 2x) = sin 8x - sin 2x.
2 2 2
dy 1 d 1 d
\ = × (sin 8x) - × (sin 2x)
dx 2 dx 2 dx
æ1 1 ö
= ç × 8 cos 8x - ´ 2 cos 2x ÷ = ( 4 cos 8x - cos 2x).
è2 2 ø
EXAMPLE 4 Differentiate sin 2x sin 4x w.r.t. x.
1
SOLUTION Let y = sin 2x sin 4x = ( 2 sin 4x sin 2x)
2

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1
= {cos ( 4x - 2x) - cos ( 4x + 2x)}
2
1
= [cos 2x - cos 6x].
2
dy 1 d 1 d
\ = × (cos 2x) - × (cos 6x)
dx 2 dx 2 dx
1 1
= × ( -2 sin 2x) - × ( -6 sin 6x)
2 2
= ( 3 sin 6x - sin 2x).
1 - tan x
EXAMPLE 5 Differentiate w.r.t. x.
1 + tan x
1 - tan x
SOLUTION Let y = ×
1 + tan x
(1 - tan x)
Putting = t, we get
(1 + tan x)
(1 - tan x)
y = t and t = ×
(1 + tan x)
dy 1 -1/2 1
\ = t = ×
dt 2 2 t
d d
(1 + tan x) × (1 - tan x) - (1 - tan x) × (1 + tan x)
dt dx dx
And, =
dx (1 + tan x) 2
(1 + tan x)( - sec2 x) - (1 - tan x)( sec2 x) -2sec2 x
= = .
(1 + tan x) 2 (1 + tan x) 2
dy æ dy dt ö 1 -2 sec2 x
\ =ç ´ ÷= ´
dx è dt dx ø 2 t (1 + tan x) 2
- sec2 x 1 + tan x
= ´
(1 + tan x) 2 1 - tan x
- sec2 x
= ×
(1 + tan x) 3/2 (1 - tan x)1/2
1 dy
EXAMPLE 6 If y= , find ×
2
a -x 2 dx
SOLUTION Putting ( a 2 - x 2) = t, we get
1 -1
y= = t 2 and t = ( a 2 - x 2)
t
dy 1 -3 -1 dt
Þ = - t 2 = 3 and = - 2x
dt 2 2t 2 dx
dy æ dy dt ö -1 x x
Þ =ç ´ ÷= ´ ( -2x) = 3 = ×
dx è dt dx ø 2t 3 2 t 2 2 3
( a - x 2) 2

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dy
EXAMPLE 7 If y = cos2 x 2 , find ×
dx
SOLUTION Given: y = (cos x 2 ) 2 .
Putting x 2 = t and cos t = u, we get
y = u2 , u = cos t and t = x 2
dy du dt
Þ = 2u , = - sin t and = 2x
du dt dx
dy æ dy du dt ö
Þ =ç ´ ´ ÷
dx è du dt dx ø
= ( 2u) ´ ( - sin t) ´ 2x
= - 4xu sin t = - 4x cos t sin t = - 4x cos x 2 sin x 2 .
dy
\ = - 4x cos x 2 sin x 2 .
dx
dy
EXAMPLE 8 If y = sin (cos x 2 ), find ×
dx
SOLUTION Putting x 2 = t and cos x 2 = cos t = u, we get
y = sin u, u = cos t and t = x 2
dy du dt
Þ = cos u, = - sin t and = 2x
du dt dx
dy æ dy du dt ö
Þ =ç ´ ´ ÷
dx è du dt dx ø
= {cos u ´ ( - sin t) ´ 2 x} = -2 x sin t cos u
= -2 x sin t cos (cos t) = -2 x sin x 2 cos (cos x 2 ).
dy
\ = -2 x sin x 2 cos (cos x 2 ).
dx
dy
EXAMPLE 9 If y = sin ( sin x + cos x ), find ×
dx
SOLUTION Putting (sin x + cos x) = t and t = u, we get
y = sin u, u = t and t = (sin x + cos x)
dy du 1 - 1 2 1 dt
Þ = cos u, = t = and = (cos x - sin x)
du dt 2 2 t dx
dy æ dy du dt ö
Þ =ç ´ ´ ÷
dx è du dt dx ø
ì 1 ü cos t
= ícos u ´ ´ (cos x - sin x) ý = × (cos x - sin x)
î 2 t þ 2 t
cos ( sin x + cos x )
= × (cos x - sin x).
2 sin x + cos x

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dy
EXAMPLE 10 If y = sin [ sin x ], find
.
dx
SOLUTION Putting x = t , sin x = sin t = u and sin x = u = v , we get
y = sin v , v = u , u = sin t and t = x .
dy dv 1 -1/2 1 du dt 1
\ = cos v ; = u = ; = cos t and = ×
dv du 2 2 u dt dx 2 x
dy æ dy dv du dt ö é 1 1 ù
So, =ç ´ ´ ´ ÷ = cos v × × cos t ×
dx è dv du dt dx ø êë 2 u 2 x úû
é 1 1 ù
= ê cos u × cos t × [Q v = u]
ë 2 u 2 x úû
1 1 1
= cos ( sin t ) × × cos x × [Q u = sin t]
4 sin t x
1 1 1
= cos ( sin x ) × × cos x × [Q t = x ]
4 sin x x
cos ( sin x)
= × cos x .
4 x sin x
5x dy
EXAMPLE 11 If y = + sin 2 ( 2x + 3), find ×
3 2 dx
1-x
SOLUTION We have
-13
y = 5 x(1 - x 2) + sin 2( 2x + 3)
dy d -1 d
Þ = {5 x(1 - x 2) 3} + {sin 2( 2x + 3)}
dx dx dx
ì æ -1 ö -4 -1 ü
= í5 x × ç ÷(1 - x 2) 3 × ( -2x) + (1 - x 2) 3 - 5 ý
î è 3ø þ
+ {2 sin ( 2x + 3) cos ( 2x + 3) × 2}
10x 2 5
= 4
+ 1
+ 2 sin ( 4x + 6)
3(1 - x 2) 3 (1 - x 2) 3

10x 2 + 15(1 - x 2)
= 4
+ 2 sin ( 4x + 6)
3(1 - x 2) 3

(15 - 5 x 2)
= 4
+ 2 sin ( 4x + 6).
3(1 - x 2) 3

EXERCISE
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EXERCISE 10A
Differentiate each of the following w.r.t. x:
1. sin 4x 2. cos 5x 3. tan 3x
4. cos x 3 5. cot 2 x 6. tan 3 x

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7. cot x 8. tan x 9. (5 + 7 x) 6
10. ( 3 - 4x)5 11. ( 2x 2 - 3 x + 4)5 12. ( ax 2 + bx + c) 6
2 2
1 a -x 1 + sin x
13. 14. 15.
2
( x - 3 x + 5) 3 2
a +x 2 1 - sin x
2 3
16. cos x 17. sec 3( x 2 + 1) 18. cos 3x
1
19. 3 sin 2x 20. 1 + cot x 21. cosec 3 2
x
22. sin x 3 23. x sin x 24. cot x
3 2
25. cot x 26. cos (sin ax + b) 27. cosec ( x 3 + 1)
28. sin 5 x cos 3 x 29. sin 2x sin x 30. cos 4x cos 2x
dy
Find , when:
dx
æ 1 + x2 ö (sin x + x 2)
31. y = sin ç ÷ 32. y =
ç 1 - x2 ÷ cot 2x
è ø
(cos x - sin x) dy
33. If y = , prove that + y 2 + 1 = 0.
(cos x + sin x) dx
(cos x + sin x) dy æ pö
34. If y = , prove that = sec2 ç x + ÷ ×
(cos x - sin x) dx è 4ø

Answers
SOLUTIONS
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1. 4 cos 4x 2. -5 sin 5 x 3. 3 sec2 3 x
4. -3 x 2 sin x 3 5. -2 cot x cosec2 x 6. 3 tan 2 x sec2 x
2
-1 sec x
7. cosec2 x 8. 9. 42(5 + 7 x)5
2 x 2 tan x
10. -20( 3 - 4x) 4 11. 5( 2x 2 - 3 x + 4) 4 ( 4x - 3)
-3( 2x - 3)
12. 6( ax 2 + bx + c)( 2ax + b) 13. 2
( x - 3 x + 5) 4
-2a 2 x
14. 3 1
15. sec x( sec x + tan x)
( a 2 + x 2) 2 ( a 2 - x 2) 2

16. -3 x 2 sin ( 2x 3 ) 17. 6x sec 3 ( x 2 + 1) tan ( x 2 + 1)

-3 sin 3 x 2 cos 2x
18. × 19. ×
2 cos 3 x 3 (sin 2x) 2 3
1 cosec2 x 6 1 1
20. - × 21. cosec 3 cot
2 1 + cot x x 3
x 2
x2
3 2 cos x 3 ( x cos x + sin x)
22. x × 23.
2 sin x 3 2 x sin x

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-cosec2 x
24. 25. -6x cot 2 x 2 cosec2 x 2
4 x cot x
- a cos ax + b 3 2
26. × sin {sin ax + b } x cosec ( x 3 + 1) × cot ( x 3 + 1)
27. -
2 ax + b 2
æ3 1 ö
28. ( 4 cos 8x + cos 2x) 29. ç sin 3 x - sin x ÷
è2 2 ø
4x æ 1 + x 2 ö÷
30. - ( 3 sin 6x + sin 2x) 31. × cos ç
2 2
(1 - x ) ç 2÷
è1- x ø
32. 2(sin x + x 2) sec2 2x + (cos x + 2x) tan 2x

HINTS TO SOME SELECTED QUESTIONS

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1 + sin x 1 + sin x ( 1 + sin x )
15. y = ´ = = ( sec x + tan x)
1 - sin x 1 + sin x cos x
dy
Þ = ( sec x tan x + sec2 x ) = sec x( sec x + tan x ).
dx
32. y = (sin x + x 2 ) tan 2 x
dy d d
Þ = (sin x + x 2 ) × (tan 2 x ) + tan 2 x × (sin x + x 2 ).
dx dx dx
æ 1 - tan x ö
33. y = çç ÷ [on dividing num. and denom. by cos x]
÷
è 1 + tan x ø
æ p ö
Þ y = tan ç - x ÷
è4 ø
dy 2æ p ö
Þ = - sec ç - x ÷
dx è4 ø
dy æp ö æp ö
Þ + y + 1 = - sec2 ç - x ÷ + tan 2 ç - x ÷ + 1 = 0.
2
dx è4 ø è4 ø
æ 1 + tan x ö
34. y = çç ÷
÷
è 1 - tan x ø
æp ö
Þ y = tan ç + x ÷
è4 ø
dy 2æ p ö
Þ = sec ç + x ÷ ×
dx è4 ø

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