Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

5 Zest for Progress

Z Peal of artnership

Fourth Quarter – Module 3

(Writing Paragraph: Cause-Effect
Relationship)

Name of Learner: _________________________

Grade & Section: _________________________
Name of School: _________________________
 What I Need To Know

One way to organize information through writing is by showing cause-and-effect

relationships. The things that happen are the effects, and the reasons why they happen are the
causes.
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Write a paragraph showing: cause and effect, comparison and contrast, problem
and
solution relationship. (EN5WC-IIb-2.2.5)
1.1 Write a paragraph showing cause and effect relationship.

What I Know
Directions: Read each paragraph and note to the explanations of why or how something
happened. Complete the pair of cause and effect by filling in the blanks.
1. Nilo’s team and Andy’s team were playing volleyball. A strong wind carried the ball
much farther than Nilo could toss it. Andy’s team made a try to catch the ball but it went
over the fence and into the street.
Effect: The ball went over the fence and into the street.
Cause:

2. Andy ran through the gate. He stood at the side of the street for a while. He waited
until all the jeeps and cars had passed. Then he hurriedly crossed the street to get the ball. He
threw the ball over the fence.
Effect: Andy stood for a while at the side of the street and waited for all the cars and jeeps to
pass.
Cause:

3. The boys continued to play. Suddenly, they heard a loud crash. A branch of the narra
tree was torn off by the wind and struck an electric post. The live wire was stretched across
the street.
Cause: A branch of narra tree was torn off by the wind.
Effect:
4. The boys served as traffic police officers. They formed two lines across the street, one
on each side of the fallen wire. They waved their handkerchief and stopped the cars from
crossing the street.
Cause: A fallen live wire lay stretched across the street.
Effect:

5. The school principal called the electric company and reported the accident. One of
the boys ran to find a traffic police officer. Workers from the electric company arrived and
placed the wire back to the electric post.
Effect: The principal called up the electric company.
Cause:

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 What’s In

Directions: Complete this T-Chart to show the Cause-Effect relationship.

CAUSE EFFECT

1. It rained heavily for whole day. 1.

2. 2. My father woke up late in the morning.

3. Chelzea’s cellphone snatched in the bus 3.

terminal.

4. 4. My mother received a letter from the

guidance counselor.

5. She always skipped her lunch. 5.

What’s New
Directions: Read the paragraph below.

Air pollution may be due to a lot of factors, the most common of which are
caused by exhaust gases from vehicles, factory gas emissions, and natural events.
Exhaust gases from vehicles have continuously dominated the air especially in
highly urbanized towns and cities mainly because the government lacks control
and citizens prefer convenience to the harmful effects. Likewise, the government
has not exercised good control of factories that emit gas elsewhere.
More often than not. Air pollution is caused by natural events such as
forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, and pollen dispersal.

Source: Joy in Learning English 5

Page 2
What is the paragraph about?
Does the key sentence express a cause or an effect?
How many causes of air pollution are stated?
If the topic sentence introduces an effect, what do the supporting details describe?
This paragraph shows cause-and-effect which uses the pattern
one-effect multiple causes
Find out the cause-and-effect and write your answer in a given table.
Effect Causes
(Topic Sentence) (Supporting Details)

What Is It
 A cause is an event or reason which has an effect on something else.
 An effect is what happens or a result of a cause.
 because, since, due to, if, when are transitional words used to show causes that answer the
question why.
 so, therefore, as a result, consequently, thus, then are words used to
show effects that answer the question what happened.
 The cause-and-effect paragraph can be organized using these pattern: one cause – multiple
effects and one effect – multiple causes.
 A basic paragraph structure usually consists of five sentences: the topic sentence, three
supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence.

Below are the Steps in Writing a Cause-and-Effect Paragraph

1. Prewriting
Make a list of subjects where a cause-and-effect relationship is found.
After you have chosen a topic or subject, give a clear explanation of how one or more events
or situations resulted in another event or situation.

2. Drafting
When you are ready with your materials, you can do the actual writing.
Review all the information you have gathered and identify the causes and the effects.
Organize your information using an outline. List down the causes and the effects and the
supporting details.

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3. Revising
It is the general process of going back through your whole draft, from the start to end,
and improving the content of the paragraph.
4. Editing
It is last process of revising each word and lines of your draft.

Elements of Paragraph Writing

1. Unity. Unity in a paragraph begins with the topic sentence. Every paragraph has one single,
controlling idea that is expressed in its topic sentence, which is typically the first sentence of
the paragraph. A paragraph is unified around this main idea, with the supporting sentences
providing detail and discussion.

2. Order. Order refers to the way you organize your supporting sentences. Whether you
choose chronological order, order of importance, or another logical presentation of detail, a
solid paragraph always has a definite organization. In a well-ordered paragraph, the reader
follows along easily, aided by the pattern you’ve established. Order helps the reader grasp
your meaning and avoid confusion.

3. Coherence. Coherence is the quality that makes your writing understandable. Sentences
within a paragraph need to connect to each other and work together as a whole. One of the
best ways to achieve coherency is to use transition words. These words create bridges from
one sentence to the next. You can use transition words that show order (first, second, third);
spatial relationships (above, below) or logic (furthermore, in addition, in fact). Also, in
writing a paragraph, using a consistent verb tense and point of view are important ingredients
for coherency.

4. Completeness. Completeness means a paragraph is well-developed. If all sentences clearly

and sufficiently support the main idea, then your paragraph is complete. If there are not
enough sentences or enough information to prove your thesis, then the paragraph is
incomplete. Usually three supporting sentences, in addition to a topic sentence and
concluding sentence, are needed for a paragraph to be complete. The concluding sentence or
last sentence of the paragraph should summarize your main idea by reinforcing your topic
sentence.

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Here is an example on how to organize a paragraph showing cause-and-effect relationship.

Water covers more than 70% of the Earth’s surface and constitutes over
60% of the human body. If water is polluted, marine life, wildlife health, and
human well-being are affected extensively. To prevent pollution, there must be an
immediate check on our daily habits and the types of products we consume,
including our knowledge on the causes and effects of water pollution in the
environment.

There are many ways by which water becomes polluted. First, sewage from
domestic households, factories and commercial buildings is treated in water
treatment plants. This is often disposed of into the sea. Second, solid wastes and
human litter such as Styrofoam, aluminium, plastic, and glass are dumped into
rivers, lakes, and seas. Next, industrial wastes from factories going to the rivers
contaminate the waters. Aside from this, oil spills from tankers and oil from ship
travel do not dissolve in water, thus, forming a thick sludge. When fossil fuels are
burned, acidic particles are formed in the atmosphere, causing acid rain.

Because of the pollution, groundwater contaminated by pesticides causes

damage to reproductive processes within wildlife ecosystems. Sewage, fertilizer,
and other chemicals increase the growth of algae which depletes the oxygen in
water, upsetting the natural ecological balance in rivers and lakes. These also
poison fish which humans eat. Swimming in and drinking contaminated water
causes skin rashes and health problems like cancer. Human-produced litter like
plastic bags and oil spills can kill marine animals. Solid waste accumulated in
streams and rivers causes flooding, too.

Facts on water pollution are alarming, especially its huge impact on human
health and marine animal ecosystems. If we do our part by not polluting the water,
we can help improve aquatic life and our health, in general.

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 What’s More
Activity 1
Directions: A. The pictures show the effect of what happened when Bohol experienced a
powerful earthquake measuring 7.2 magnitude last October 15, 2013. Write a
sentence on the space provided based from each picture.

1.
Source: Philippine EnviroNews

2.
Source: IDEA Philippine

3.
Source: The Atlantic

Activity 2
Directions: Using the chart below. Organized your ideas in Activity A to help you in writing
a paragraph. Write your answers in the box.
CAUSE

EFFECT EFFECT EFFECT

CONCLUSION

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Activity 3
Directions: Based from the pictures and chart in Activity 1 and 2, write the paragraph on a
separate sheet showing cause-and-effect.

Activity 4
Directions: Combine these pair of sentences into one showing cause-effect relationship.
Use the words inside the box to combine the sentences. Write your answer
on the space provided below the sentence.
because since due to if when
so therefore as a result consequently thus then

1. People do not follow health protocol.

They were infected with the virus.

2. My parents are too busy working as front liners.

They have no time to guide me in my modular learning.

3. There was no face-to-face class this year.

Teachers monitored their pupils through phone call.

4. Jane does her work well in school.

She gets a reward from her parents.

5. Rommel got very low in the written and performance task in Math.
He failed the subject.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Fill in the blank. Choose the answer from the words inside the box.

Why Revising What Happened

Paragraph Pre Writing Topic Sentence
Concluding Sentence Coherence Cause
Order Completeness Effect
Transitional Editing Drafting
Three Supporting Sentences

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 is an event or reason which has an effect on something else.
It answer the question ?
is what happens or a result of a cause. It answer the question
?

To connect the idea of cause and effect, we use words.

A is a group of sentences organized around a central topic. A basic

paragraph consist of five sentences: , and
a .

To help you in writing a paragraph, we need to follow the steps in writing such as
, , and . Aside from the steps
in writing, we need also to consider the elements of writing.
It refers to the way you organize your supporting sentences.
It is the quality that makes your writing understandable.
It means a paragraph is well-developed.
It develops a single idea that express in the topic sentence.

What I Can Do

Directions: Give the possible cause-and-effect based on the given situation.

A. Since the COVID-19 spread throughout the world, people are conscious with their health
so that they will not be infected with the said virus. But why there are still people got
infected. What are the causes of spreading the virus? Write your answer in the .

People got
infected with
COVID -19
because….

B. Now that we know why people got infected with COVID-19, think of what will
happen after they got infected. Write the effects in the .

When
people got
infected
with
COVID -
19…

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C. Based from the causes and effects, put them together in a paragraph. Write a short
introduction in the first paragraph. On the second paragraph, write the causes and
discuss the effects on the third paragraph.

___________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

___________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

___________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

Assessment
Directions: Compose a well-organized paragraph using the following sentences. Arrange it
and write your paragraph on the space provided. Refer a rubrics found on
page 10 as your guide.

1. As a result of this behavior, floods are everywhere during typhoons.

2. Many people become careless of the environment.
3. Consequently, people who live near hilly areas are threatened by soil erosion.
4. As a result, everyone is alarmed of possible menaces which people themselves are
making.
5. Water and air are becoming polluted which affects the lives of other creatures.
6. The earth experiences global warming which causes abnormality in climate

______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

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 CAUSE-AND-EFFECT PARAGRAPH RUBRIC
Criteria 4 3 2 1
Introductory sentence A creative introductory An introductory A simple introductory No inroductory sentence
sentence made the sentence with some sentence was included was included.
reader interested in creativity was included
reading the paragraph.
Cause-and-effect At least three cause- Two cause-and-effect One cause-and-effect No cause-and-effect
relationships and-effect relationships relationships were relationships were relationships were
were clearly described clearly described in clearly described in clearly described in
in detail.
Concluding Sentence A creative, clear, and A concluding sentence A simple concluding No concluding sentence
interesting concluding with some creativity sentence was included was included.
sentence was included was included.
Logigal order/ Information in Information in Information in Information in
organization paragraph was very paragraph was paragraph was poorly paragraph was not
organized. somewhat organized. organized. organized.
Language No capitalization, One to three Four to six More than six
conventions spelling,or punctuation capitalization, capitalization, capitalization,
errors. spelling,or punctuation spelling,or punctuation spelling,or punctuation
errors. errors. errors.
Source:

Additional Activity
Directions: Write a cause-and-effect paragraph. Choose one among the suggested topic.
1. The Cause-and-Effect of Volcanic Eruption
2. The Cause-and-Effect of Typhoon in the Philippines
3. The Cause-and-Effect of Distance Learning to Students

Answer Key
What I Know What’s New
Answers vary
What’s In Natural events
Answers vary Factory gas emissions
Exhaust gases from vehicles Air Pollution
Causes Effect

10. Unity
9. Completeness
8. Coherence
5. as a result
4. so 7. Order
3. therefore 6. pre writing, drafting, revising and editing
2. as a result a concluding sentence
1. so 5. the topic sentence, three supporting sentence and
Activity 4 4. paragraph
Answers vary 3. transitional
Activity 1, 2 and 3 2. effect, what happened
What’s More 1. cause, why
Page 10
What I have Learned
 References:
Joy in Learning English 5, LM pp. 124, 139
Kristine Erika C. Castillo and Evelyn B. Angeles
Department of Education/Copyright 2016 by Vibal Group Inc.

Joy in Learning English 6, LM pp. 150, 265-266

Agnes P. Galapon, Carmelita A. Relente and Evelyn B. Angeles
Department of Education/Copyright 2016 by Vibal Group Inc.

Cause-and-Effect Paragraph Rubric

Read.write.think Copyright 2006IRANCTE All rights reserved

The Elements of Writing

www.time4writing.com

Writer: Jean B. Erasga

Teacher - III, Kaum Purnah Elementary School
Isabela City Schools Division
Editor: Leonora M. Ling, Principal II
Language Editor: Rachel M. Delante, Teacher III
Proof Reader: Maria Lourdes F. Francisco (PSDS, East District II)
Illustrators: Paulisa S. Jamal, Teacher III
Layout Artist: Rex Paul A. Tagud, Teacher III

Management Team:
Julieto H. Fernandez, Ed. D., CESO VI
SDS-Isabela City
Maria Laarni T. Villanueva, Ed. D., CESE
ASDS-Isabela City
Henry R. Tura, CID Chief
Elsa A. Usman, LR Supervisor

Page 11
 Helen De Leon, EPS-English, Module Coordinator

Region IX: Zamboanga Peninsula Hymn – Our Eden Land

Here the trees and flowers bloom Gallant men And Ladies fair
Here the breezes gently Blow, Linger with love and care
Here the birds sing Merrily, Golden beams of sunrise and sunset
The liberty forever Stays, Are visions you’ll never forget
Oh! That’s Region IX
Hardworking people Abound,
Here the Badjaos roam the seas
Every valleys and Dale
Here the Samals live in peace
Zamboangueños, Tagalogs, Bicolanos,
Here the Tausogs thrive so free
Cebuanos, Ilocanos, Subanons, Boholanos,
With the Yakans in unity
Ilongos,
All of them are proud and true
Region IX our Eden Land
Region IX
Our…
Eden...
Land...

Page 12
 The Footprints Prayer Trees by Joyce Kilmer
One night I had a dream. I dreamed I think that I shall never see
that I was walking along the beach A poem lovely as a tree.
with the LORD.
A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
In the beach, there were two (2) sets Against the earth’s sweet flowing
of footprints – one belong to me and breast;
the other to the LORD.

Then, later, after a long walk, I A tree that looks at God all day,
noticed only one set of footprints. And lifts her leafy arms to pray;

“And I ask the LORD. Why? Why? A tree that may in Summer wear
Why did you leave me when I am sad A nest of robins in her hair;
and helpless?”
Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
And the LORD replied “My son, My Who intimately lives with rain.
son, I have never left you. There was
only one (1) set of footprints in the
Poems are made by fools like me,
sand, because it was then that I
But only God can make a tree.
CARRIED YOU!

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Page 14