Joyson - Thesis Final Report

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TRANSIT HUB, COCHIN

A THESIS REPORT

submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the requirements for the
award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

Batch 2019-2020

Guided by Submitted by
Ar.Akhilesh S Jithu Joyson Joy

VEDAVYASA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE


KARADPARAMBA P.O, KAKKOVE, KERALA.

THESIS REPORT 2020 TRANSIT HUB,COCHIN


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VEDAVYASA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE


KARADPARAMBA P.O, KAKKOVE, KERALA.

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Thesis report titled "TRANSIT HUB, COCHIN" is the Bonafide work of
Mr.JOYSON JOY who carried out the work in this institution during the period January 2009-
June 2009 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE of the UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

Ar. MERVIN MATHEW Ar. ANEES NAIR

GUIDE PRINCIPAL OF THE DEPARTMENT

VEDAVYASA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE VEDAVYASA COLLEGOF ARCHITECTURE

Karadaparamba Karadaparamba

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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DECLARATION

The Thesis report entitled "TRANSIT HUB, COCHIN “submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE of the
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT is done by me and is not submitted to any other University.

Name: JOYSON JOY


Register Number: VOAPEBC008

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ABSTRACT

A transit hub is the spine of a city. when we hear


about ‘Transit Hub’, the first thing that comes to our mind is either train or bus or metro or
all combined. The fashion of creating huge transit hubs without any concern for the
immediate society around it has a deteriorating effect on itself. Because of this, people have
to adjust to the design rather than creating an adaptive design.

Transit hubs are the fundamental facilities to anchor the urban transit network system and
to connect various passenger transport modes. This paper makes a definition of transit
hub's connotation at first, analyzes the functions and characteristics of transit hub, and then
represents the evolution of transit hub's spatial structure. Optimal transit hub locating
strategies are designed under two basic scenarios: pre-determined transit network and
unknown transit network. Under the pre-determined transit network case, the optimal
strategy can be described as "service zoning and route classifying", while under the
unknown transit network case, the optimal strategy can be summarized as "hub hierarchy,
service zoning and route classifying".

A transit hub does not necessarily needs to be just a starting or ending point of a journey. It
can also serve as a node for the community that surrounds or resides around the hub. But
how does this happen? How to get the community involved in the process? The answers lies
in the needs and aspirations of the society. If their wants and demands can be met on an
optimum level at a place which provides them an escape from their daily schedule & also
gives them a new set of viewpoint for the environment surrounding them, then the space
will act as a node for the society & passengers. This is what has been tried to achieve.

Kochi has seen tremendous growth in the past few decades, rapid urbanization has choked
the city road network and building typology has become monotonous with less architectural
features .the transit hub will enable the smooth shift in traffic flow and create a sense of
place for the CBD.As urban centers continue to increase in size and density, mobility is
becoming a more pressing issue for a city’s residents.
The project integrates the bus terminal with both the railway ,metro stations and with other
modes of city level transits,so as to enable smooth shift between different modes of
transportation.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the


Almighty, for His showers of blessings throughout my thesis work to complete the
thesis successfully.
I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my thesis guide Ar Akhilesh S
Jithu for providing invaluable guidance throughout this thesis. It was a great privilege
and honor to work and study under his guidance. I am extremely grateful for what he
has offered me.
I am grateful to Prof. Ar. Anish Nair Principal, Vedavyasa College of Architecture; Asso. Prof.
Ar. Prathyusa and thesis coordinators Ar. Adline Merhiba, Ar. Rasul Rajeev whose
encouragement supervisions and support from the preliminary to the concluding level
enabled me to develop an understanding of the project.

I am extremely grateful to my parents for their love, prayers, caring and sacrifices for
educating and preparing me for my future.
Finally, my thanks go to all the people who have supported me to complete the thesis
work directly or indirectly.

JOYSON JOY

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TABLE OF CONTENT

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE.......................................................................................................................... II

DECLARATION........................................................................................................................................ III

ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................................IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................................................V

TABLE OF CONTENT............................................................................................................................... VI

LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................................... X

LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................XII

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... XIII

1.1 GENERAL..................................................................................................................................14

1.2 AIM.......................................................................................................................................... 15

1.3 OBJECTIVES..............................................................................................................................15

1.4 FEASIBILITY.............................................................................................................................. 15

1.5 SCOPE...................................................................................................................................... 16

1.6 LIMITATIONS........................................................................................................................... 17

1.7 REQUIREMENTS...................................................................................................................... 17

1.8 METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................................... 18

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE STUDY...........................................................................................................19

2.1 BACKGROUND STUDY............................................................................................................. 20

2.2 PEDESTRIAN WAYS IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT TRANSIT HUBS.................................................20

2.2.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................20

2.2.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS.........................................................................................20

2.2.3. STRUCTURE OF PEDESTRIAN COMMUNICATION ELEMENTS IN TRANSIT HUB...... 22

2.3 BUS TERMINAL DESIGN GUIDELINES......................................................................................22

2.3.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................22

2.3.2 UPGRADING BUS TERMINAL INFRASTRUCTURE........................................................23

2.3.3 NEED FOR A GUIDELINES............................................................................................ 24

2.3.4 TERMINAL AS PUBLIC SPACE: NEW APPROACH................................................................. 24

2.3.6 PRIMARY INFRASTRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS..........................................................27


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2.3.7 SUPPORTING INFRASTRUCTURE................................................................................. 29

2.3.8 DESIGN BRIEF DEVELOPMENT..................................................................................... 31

2.3.9 GEOMETRIC DESIGN STANDARDS............................................................................... 35

2.3.10 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS (ITS)................................................................. 38

2.4 STATION PLANNING AND DESIGN..........................................................................................43

2.4.1 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................43

2.4.2 STATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS............................................................................. 43

2.5 PLANNING AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES......................................................................................44

2.5.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES........................................................................................................44

2.5.2 ARCHITECTURAL VISION.............................................................................................. 45

2.5.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STATION PROJECT.........................................................................45

2.5.4 DESIGN APPROACH AND HIERARCHY......................................................................... 47

2.5.5 DIVISION OF OPERATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY............................................................ 50

2.5.6 LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS) PERFORMANCE STANDARD.................................................55

2.6 LITERATURE REVIEW- 1 - ARNHEM CENTRAL TRANSFER TERMINAL................................... 57

2.6.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................57

2.6.2 PROJECT LOCATION..................................................................................................... 57

2.6.3 FEATURES..................................................................................................................... 57

2.6.4 DESIGN..........................................................................................................................58

2.7 LITERATURE CASE STUDY - 2, Anaheim Regional Transportation Inter-modal Center........ 60

2.7.1 PROJECT LOCATION..................................................................................................... 60

2.7.2 DESIGN AND PLANNING.............................................................................................. 61

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................ 64

3.1 PROJECT METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................... 65

3.2 APPROACH & METHODOLOGY............................................................................................... 65

3.2.1 APPROACH................................................................................................................... 65

3.2.2 METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................... 66

3.3 ESTIMATION OF BUS BAYS (ACTIVE BAYS & IDLE BAYS)...................................................... 66

3.4 ESTIMATION OF DWELL TIME................................................................................................66

3.5 PRIVATE VEHICLE PARKING.................................................................................................... 66

3.6 PEDESTRIAN INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES............................................................................67

3.7 NUMBER OF ENTRY/EXIT POINTS AND LOCATIONS.............................................................. 67

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3.8 CIRCULATION PLAN.................................................................................................................67

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISSCUSIONS............................................................................................. 68

4.1 LIVE CASE STUDY -1- CHENNAI MOFUSSIL BUS TERMINAL (CMBT) - koyambedu............... 69

4.1.1 PROJECT LOCATION..................................................................................................... 69

4.1.2 HISTORY........................................................................................................................69

4.1.3 DESIGN..........................................................................................................................69

4.1.4 FORM AND FUNCTION.................................................................................................70

4.1.5 STRUCTURAL & CONSTRUCTION DETAILS...................................................................71

4.1.6 MATERIALS USED......................................................................................................... 71

4.1.7 FACILITIES PROVIDED AT BUS TERMINAL................................................................... 72

4.2 LIVE CASE STUCY - 2 - Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus...................................... 72

4.2.1 LOCATION.....................................................................................................................72

4.2.2 HISTORY........................................................................................................................73

4.2.3 SURROUNDING CONTEXT............................................................................................ 73

4.2.4 DESIGN..........................................................................................................................73

4.2.5 PARKING AND LANDSCAPE FEATURE..........................................................................74

4.3 SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS.....................................................................................................76

4.3.1 MORPHOLOGY............................................................................................................. 76

4.3.2 ECOLOGY...................................................................................................................... 82

4.3.3 TRASPORTATION..........................................................................................................85

4.3.4 INFRASTRUCTUTRE...................................................................................................... 94

4.3.5 ISSUES AND POTENTIALS............................................................................................. 95

4.3.6 STRUCUTRE PLAN.........................................................................................................96

4.4 AREA REQUIRMENT................................................................................................................ 97

CHAPTER 5: DESIGN.............................................................................................................................. 98

5.1 ZONNING CIRCULATION AND MODEL MASSING................................................................... 99

5.2 MASTER PLAN....................................................................................................................... 100

5.3 -FLOOR PLANS-G+................................................................................................................. 101

5.4 -FLOOR PLANS- G+................................................................................................................ 102

5.5 -FLOOR PLANS- G+................................................................................................................ 103

5.6 -FLOOR PLANS-G+1,2............................................................................................................ 104

5.7 -SECTIONS &VIEWS............................................................................................................... 105

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CHAPTER 6: SPECIAL TOPIC.................................................................................................................108

6.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................109

6.2 PROPERTIES OF ETFE AS A BUILDING MATERIAL.................................................................109

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF ETFE...................................................................................... 110

6.4 SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS OF ETFE.......................................................................................110

6.5 USE OF ETFE IN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY...................................................................111

6.6 ADVANTAGES ETFE AS A BUILDING MATERIAL IN CONSTRUCTION................................... 111

6.7 INFERENCE.............................................................................................................................113

CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................... 114

List of References................................................................................................................................ 115

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 composition of transport hub.........................................................................................14

Figure 2 growth of kochi 2001-17.................................................................................................16

Figure 3 methodology...................................................................................................................18

Figure 4 Zoning of transport transit hub territory according to classification............................. 21

Figure 5 Feeder bays The Vytilla bus terminal-cum-mobility hub................................................29

Figure 6 Bus turning Radius ,Car turning Radius,Carriage way Width......................................... 36

Figure 7 Figure 8 Bus turning Radius ,Car turning Radius,Carriage way Width........................... 36

Figure 9 Bus boarding bay -2....................................................................................................... 37

Figure 10 Bus parking standard.................................................................................................... 38

Figure 11 ITS architecture for Bus Terminals ..............................................................................40

Figure 12 arnhem central transfer terminal:photographs........................................................... 58

Figure 13 arnhem central transfer terminal:floor plans...............................................................58

Figure 14 arnhem central transfer terminal:blown up,section................................................... 59

Figure 15 arnhem central transfer terminal:satellite view.......................................................... 60

Figure 16 Anaheim Regional Transportation Inter-modal Center: view...................................... 61

Figure 17 Anaheim Regional Transportation Inter-modal Center: plan......................................62

Figure 18 Anaheim Regional Transportation Inter-modal Center: elevation..............................62

Figure 19 Anaheim Regional Transportation Inter-modal Center:ETFE...................................... 63

Figure 20 :CHENNAI MOFUSSIL BUS TERMINAL - koyambedu :photograph................................69

Figure 21 CHENNAI MOFUSSIL BUS TERMINAL - koyambedu :SITE PLAN....................................70

Figure 22 CHENNAI MOFUSSIL BUS TERMINAL - koyambedu :PLAN........................................... 71

Figure 23 CHENNAI MOFUSSIL BUS TERMINAL - koyambedu :PLAN........................................... 72

Figure 24 :Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus,Delhi-photographs.................................73

Figure 25 Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus,Delhi-SITE PLAN...................................... 74

Figure 26 :Comparison analysis chart ..........................................................................................75

Figure 27 context maps of KOCHI................................................................................................ 80

Figure 28 FIGURE GROUND,BUILTUSE,BUILT AGE MAPS OF KOCHI............................................ 81

Figure 29 map-area of study.........................................................................................................81


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Figure 30 kochi -climatic graphs................................................................................................... 84

Figure 31 :kochi -elevation map................................................................................................... 84

Figure 32 :open space analysis,study area................................................................................... 85

Figure 33 kochi -road network map............................................................................................. 87

Figure 34 :road hierarchy.............................................................................................................91

Figure 35 traffic intensity map.....................................................................................................91

Figure 36 BUS ROUTES map..........................................................................................................92

Figure 37 PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT MAP................................................................................... 93

Figure 38 drainage infrastructure map........................................................................................94

Figure 39 social infrastructure map............................................................................................ 94

Figure 40 issues and potentials....................................................................................................95

Figure 41 structure plan...............................................................................................................96

Figure 42 BUBBLE DIGRAM,DESIGN PROGRAM - DESIGN SHEET.................................................97

Figure 43 MODEL MASSING..........................................................................................................99

Figure 44 MASTER PLAN - DESIGN..............................................................................................100

Figure 45 ground floor detail 1................................................................................................... 101

Figure 46 ground floor detail 2................................................................................................... 102

Figure 47 ground floor detail 3................................................................................................... 103

Figure 48 first floor and second floor......................................................................................... 104

Figure 49 Figure 50 section aa,views..........................................................................................105

Figure 51 section bb,views......................................................................................................... 106

Figure 52 section cc,views.......................................................................................................... 107

Figure 53 example ETFE roofing sysytem................................................................................... 109

Figure 54 Double Layer Installation Triple Layer........................................................................ 111

Figure 55 Triple Layer Installation.............................................................................................. 111

Figure 56 The efficiency of light transmission is high compared to other materials for ETFE...112

Figure 57 Variation of Tensile Stress of ETFE with Time............................................................ 112

Figure 58 Double Layer ETFE film layer as an insulation..........................................................113

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Description of the structure of footpaths in transport transit hub................................. 21

Table 2 Parameters of widths of pedestrian communication elements by types....................... 22

Table 3 characteristics of bus terminal.........................................................................................32

Table 4 Codes and standards for station design...........................................................................55

Table 5 J.J Fruin’s Queue LOS........................................................................................................56

Table 6 .Allocated Space per Person in the Terminal Area.......................................................... 56

Table 7 Circulation flows as per J.J Fruin’s Queue LOS.................................................................56

Table 8 Urban Areas in Kerala and Ernakulam district................................................................. 78

Table 9 Urban projects in ernakulam........................................................................................... 79

Table 10 ernakulam ksrtc bus info................................................................................................92

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

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1.1 GENERAL

Transportation plays a key role in the growth of a city,as the city


grows the demand for efficient transportation also grows.in order to maintain a healthy
growth of the city, proper infrastructure has to be provided so that the functioning of these
transit modes works efficiently.there are several modes of transit in a city which enables
the people and goods to be moved from one place to other.inter change between these
modes of transit can cause chaos in a city if not properly managed.

Developing a modern transit model requires extensive future planning and development.
But, it also means ensuring that the full social, environmental and economic potential of
existing transit hubs is exploited. By looking at the leading practices among transportation
professionals and city planners, as well as missed opportunities observed at transit-hub
developments around the world, we can gain valuable insights into approaches that will
allow us to optimize transit hub designs

Figure 1 composition of transport hub

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Transit hub is place where different modes of transit shift occurs,they provide a clear and
segregated shift between different modes of transits.transit hubs are now becoming a
fashion in most cities as they act as a gateway to the city and plays a major role in place
making.

1.2 AIM

The aim of the project is to design a transit hub with futuristic vision at south railway station,
kochi by connecting railway,metro stations and bus terminal so as to ease pedestrian and
vehicular traffic in the region.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

 To study the transportation infrastructure and urban growth trends of kochi.


 To understand the transit related problems at south railway station and to incorporate
the solutions to the design
 To create an architectural solution for integrating the bus terminal with the railway
station and metro station.
 To provide clear segregation of different type of traffic to avoid congestion at peak
hours.
 To provide sustainable landscape ,recreational features and public spaces for the
floating population throughout the hub.

1.4 FEASIBILITY

The project is a proposal to GCDA with the primary


aim to enhance the quality of the urban environment by creating a space integrating two
public corporations (KSRTC and SR) ,which are at close proximity to each other and yet
separated by governance
As more people move to cities, transit hubs will have to provide increasingly high economic,
environmental and social value. To meet these demands, early planning,
collaboration and a truly holistic outlook are all needed. This means prioritizing not only
economic and environmental benefits, but also demonstrating that new developments have
public health advantages and will benefit overall quality of life.

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As the city is sprawling towards north east which is caused by special economic zone at
Kalamassery and satellite towns like Aluva and Angamaly.The population growth rate is
declining in the corporation area while increasing population growth rate in the suburban
areas around the city.the need for development of a transit hub is crucial for handling
increasing commuters from the suburbs for work in southern ernakulam as it is the central
business district of the city.

Figure 2 growth of kochi 2001-17

1.5 SCOPE

The scope of the project has board range,as it includes


the designing of KSRTC bus terminal ,railway station,metro rail connections ,foot over
bridge ,transfer hall,retail shops and restaurant for the commuters,recreational
spaces,amenities for the public,restrooms and public toilets for both passengers and staffs
etc.
The scope of the project also includes designing of ticketing hall,reservation office,waiting
halls,parcel and mail offices ,railway managers office, office spaces for chief and executive
engineers and spaces for trade and operational staffs of railway station,IRCTC catering
services ,low budget stay for railway passengers,surveillance and
telecommunication,railway protection force etc
The project also has the scope for office spaces for the KSRTC,UMTA and rented office
spaces so as to increase the revenue.
The transit hub also has to incorporate other modes of transits such as auto/taxi stands and
MLCP with appropriate street level connection for the smooth flow of pedestrian with lest
conflict points.

The scope of the transit hub also extend to the designing of open and semi open spaces
connecting different building blocks with roofing systems providing proper lighting and
ventilation.

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1.6 LIMITATIONS

The designing of transit hub requires an extensive study


part as the context is of urban level and designing of all the interior space cannot be done
within the time limit.
The spaces with public access form the eastern entry , ground level circulation ,bus
terminal ,retail and restaurant and transfer hall planning is given higher priority and spaces
including the railway platforms,western entry block,MLCP block,railway apartments,IRCTC
lodges and office spaces for chief and executive engineers are not to be detailed due to the
limited amount of time.

1.7 REQUIREMENTS

The project requirements are based on the findings and


analysis of the existing infrastructures at the site and from literature and live case studies.
Main entry - connects the transit hub with street level,drop off point and other modes of
transits such as auto/taxi and multilevel car parking.
Transfer hall -is the core part of the transit hub which enables the mass shift of pedestrians
from different modes of transit.it has to be designed as semi open space with proper
lighting and ventilation and must provide a sense of direction and flow.
Commercial block - consist of restaurants and retail shops to enhance commercial activity
throughout the hub.
KSRTC Bus terminal - includes bus bays waiting areas,inter state bus booking office, ksrtc
parcel office ,kiosk and eateries and restrooms with cloak room for both passengers and
staff.
Railway station - this includes the main entry,lobby and ticketing areas ,reservation
office,waiting halls,railway protection force offices and spaces for operational and trade
workers of railway.,parcel and mail offices.

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1.8 METHODOLOGY

Figure 3 methodology

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE STUDY

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2.1 BACKGROUND STUDY

In order to design a transit hub in India a brief study has to


be done about different aspects of the transit hub.the major element of consideration
for the design are the pedestrian movement, a large portion of the design has to deal
with the effective movement of the pedestrians,different user groups has to be
considered including the disabled peoples ,children and peoples of different age group
with different purpose of travel will have different needs and wants.

The other aspects of designing the hub includes the integration of bus terminal and
railway station as one with ease of access from other modes of transits.the
characteristic of public transit in India is such that it is given less value and is prone to
vandalism.such issues can be solved by providing surveillance systems and security out
posts.

2.2 PEDESTRIAN WAYS IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT TRANSIT HUBS

2.2.1 INTRODUCTION

The world experience emphasizes the need to form


smart territories in transport and transfer node, as they focus on a lot of transport and
public infrastructure and there is a need to manage transport and pedestrian flows at
the level of organization of the territory. The main method is the formation of
structure and typology of transport transit hub objects. The main users of the transport
and transfer hub territory are people who either transfer between different modes of
transport or gain access to the infrastructure elements of the transport transit hub.

2.2.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The work carried out in-depth surveys of the planning


organization of the transport transit hub for the organization of pedestrian
communications and their adaptation for low-mobility groups of the population,
correspondence of human flow routes with these maps, removal of the time frame of
stay on pedestrian communications in the transport transit hub.
The results of in-kind surveys and theoretical surveys on the organization of pedestrian
traffic made it possible to highlight the main specific conditions for the organization of
pedestrian traffic in the transport transit hub, which have a direct or indirect impact on
the planning of pedestrian communications.
The difference in types of pedestrian connections is due to the variety of infrastructure
elements included in the transport transit hub. The method of survey of pedestrian
communications of transport and transfer nodes was based on the data of theoretical
surveys and analysis of existing experience of survey of pedestrian communications.
According to the received data, pedestrian flow data were grouped by axial length (l, m)
and intensity of flow (q, m/min) by clustering method. As a result of mathematical
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calculation, 3 groups of data were obtained, each of which determines a unique zone
of transport and transfer node, having special characteristics in radius, intensity of flow
and relative density (D, sq.m/sq.m). Calculation results in the form of boundary
characteristics of each zone are shown in figure 4.

Figure 4 Zoning of transport transit hub territory according to classification

The first zone serves as a concentration of transport infrastructure and is designed to


provide an approach to it and various types of transfer.
The second zone collects pedestrian flows from various objects of transport transit hub
territory and adjacent areas for direct access to the transport zone.
The third zone is available for accommodation of public objects and territories with
transport transit hub: administrative, social, commercial, natural, cultural, leisure and
religious. They serve as public spaces and areas transit oriented development.
There are 3 categories of walking paths, each of which provides access to the
corresponding area, as described in the table 1.

Table 1 Description of the structure of footpaths in transport transit hub

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2.2.3. STRUCTURE OF PEDESTRIAN COMMUNICATION ELEMENTS IN TRANSIT HUB

The principles of zoning the territory of transport transit hub


and the operation of pedestrian communications according to the structure were
considered for urban transport transit hub located inside the city, where different
types of urban passenger transport intersect. Such hubs are centers of public life in
which many urban infrastructures are concentrated.

Table 2 Parameters of widths of pedestrian communication elements by types

2.3 BUS TERMINAL DESIGN GUIDELINES

2.3.1 INTRODUCTION

Public transport holds center stage in the urban


transport agenda. A well-functioning and sustainable city cannot be achieved without
strengthening its public transport system. Infrastructure plays a vital role in the
operation of an efficient, convenient and safe transit system (Trans Link Transit
Authority 2011). When transit infrastructure is designed to enhance passenger
experience, its attractiveness is ensured, making it a viable alternative to private
motorized transport. The National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) (MoUD 2006)
recognizes that city dwellers are of utmost importance and that all plans must be
centered on their common benefit. With reference to a focus on public transportation,
the NUTP document emphasizes the following means:

1. Encouraging greater use of public transport and non-motorized modes by offering Central
financial assistance for this purpose.

2. Enabling the establishment of quality focused multi-modal public transport systems that
are well integrated, and provide seamless travel across modes.

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2. Establishing effective regulatory and enforcement mechanisms that allow a level playing
field for all operators of transport services, and enhanced safety for the transport system
users.

4. Building capacity (institutional and manpower) to plan for sustainable urban transport,
and establishing knowledge management system that would service the needs of all urban
transport professionals, such as planners, researchers, teachers, students etc.

The NUTP envisages a scenario wherein all city residents have access to jobs, education,
recreation, and other such needs within urban limits, in a safe, affordable, quick,
comfortable, reliable and sustainable environment. At present, lack of robust public
transport infrastructure renders Indian cities struggling to cope with increasing
mobility requirements. Numerous research and studies have documented the ill-
effects of a poor or dysfunctional public transport system and associated infrastructure.
Characteristic among these ill effects are - higher dependence on private motorized
modes, and higher congestion, pollution and accidents. These effects—which
ultimately reduce quality of life—are attributed to the lack of mobility options.

2.3.2 UPGRADING BUS TERMINAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Buses are the predominant mode of motorized public transport


in India. All Bus systems combined carry much more passengers than any other mass transit
systems. A functional bus system is an essential element of both intercity and Intracity public
transport system. Bus stops, bus terminals and depots are the critical infrastructure
components of a bus-based transit system. Bus terminals are the nodal points at the
beginning and end of journey.

A bus terminal is the point at the start/end of a bus route, where the vehicles stop,
reverse and wait, before departing on the return journey. It also serves as a station for
passengers to board and alight. Evidently, at a bus terminal, parameters addressing
passenger and operator requirements overlap. It is the site for interchange between
large volume of bus and passenger traffic. This demands that the facilities at a bus
terminal be planned systematically and that user requirements be addressed in such
planning, or else the lack of an efficient and functional environment will lead to friction,
ultimately compromising the attractiveness of the bus system.

A review of bus terminal projects from around the world suggests that the best
practices in terminal planning and design are people centrism. Such designing—of bus
terminal infrastructure, its operation and maintenance plan—is guided by the vision of
securing a high level of quality and comfort both for passengers as well as terminal and
bus staff. If Indian cities are to follow such a passenger service quality focused
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approach towards bus terminal planning—in terms of infrastructure, operations, and


financial planning—certain enablers must be put in place.

2.3.3 NEED FOR A GUIDELINES

A review of the current situation suggests that the lack of


capacity and resource material (such as guidelines and tools specific to Indian context)
may be one of the reasons for unsatisfactory bus terminal infrastructure in Indian cities.
A detailed planning and design guideline for bus terminals can not only propel capacity
building, but further drive the development of more responsive passenger-specific bus
infrastructure. The need to bridge the resource gap is the main motive behind this
guideline. This guideline is developed to meet the need for resource material specific
to Indian context; it will provide planning and design recommendations for different
typologies and sizes of bus terminal complex. The following points further explain the
objectives of the guideline, and its intended role towards improving the quality of
public bus terminal infrastructure in Indian cities:

1. Ensuring synchronized and functional interaction between passengers,


buses/operators as well as feeder modes such as intermediate public transport (IPT)

2. Providing efficient access and egress to and from the terminal, for both passengers
and buses

3. Ensuring planned and streamlined traffic circulation, and provision of amenities for
passengers, rest areas, and other facilities for bus drivers, as well as workshop and
workshop space for operators.

2.3.4 TERMINAL AS PUBLIC SPACE: NEW APPROACH

The main characteristic of bus terminals is their


convergence function, because they serve as important nodes of transfer between
different modes. These nodes are the focus of passenger activity, which is a potential
ingredient for a vibrant city space. Needless to say, high level of passenger activity
attracts business and retail functions, which generates secondary footfall and propels
a mere terminal site into an attractive urban destination.

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Thus, Indian cities require a new approach of planning and designing terminals, one
that views them as integrated in the urban realm and contributing to the quality of the
city space. Within this framework, not only shall designers and planners secure the
prerequisites of a transport infrastructure facility, but also explore its integration in the
urban fabric as a tool to catalyse its surroundings.

Terminal branding can also prove to be a crucial element, one that contributes towards
image building of the overall public bus system besides, adding to the passenger
experience. Embracing a modern approach to bus terminal infrastructure development,
this guideline is aimed to equip users with practical knowledge, the know-how critical
for developing a user friendly facility which meets the requirements of all stakeholders,
and contributes to the overall quality of a city. This information is divided into three
sections.

The section ‘Getting Started – Pre-planning’ addresses pre-planning issues such as


planning principles, planning requirements, design brief development etc. ‘Planning
and Design’ presents planning and design information, including functional
requirements, spatial requirements, and design requirements. ‘Financing’ deals with
different financing options, as well as contractual requirements for the project.

2.3.5 PRINCIPLES OF TERMINAL PLANNING & DESIGN

Principles governing how to approach the planning of bus


terminals are focused towards ensuring enhanced passenger experience and level of
service. These have been listed below, and may be applied during the design
development process.

2.3.5.1 ACCESS AND APPROACH: Traditional bus terminal facilities fail to provide
convenient access to public buses; their closed confines make access extremely
difficult for passengers. Current attempts to improve bus based public transport
access are only concerned with improvement of street infrastructure, and focused
mainly on pedestrian facilities and bus stops.Access to the terminal should be
convenient, barrier free and facilitate streamlined internal circulation. Additionally,
the ingress and egress points should be so located that they are not in conflict
with traffic circulation at the peripheral road network (Planning Department Hong
Kong 2014). One way of achieving this is by creating alternative access/egress
points by integrating multi modal facilities with the bus terminal; this can further
convenience commuters by providing access/egress choices.

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2.3.5.2LOCATION: Location characteristics make for the key factor attracting


passengers using the bus terminal (Trans Link Transit Authority 2011). Centrally
located (core city areas) bus terminals are desirable for operational efficiency and
passenger convenience, as they provide ample interchange opportunities.
Additionally, they are potential candidates for using terminals as a vibrant city
space. Peripheral terminals, when integrated with depot functions, work best in
minimizing dead mileage.

2.3.5.3 OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS: Planning and designing of bus terminals is


significantly influenced by the terminal’s operational attributes. Several
operational parameters bear upon a bus terminal’s requirements. These include
the number of routes served and their peak frequency, volume of waiting
passengers, spaces for bus stacking (idle parking), the mix of terminating and
passing services, and passenger circulation (Trans Link Transit Authority 2011).
Thus, it is essential to the terminal planning and development process that the
operational parameters are fully understood and accounted for.

2.3.5.4 EXISTING CAPACITY AND FUTURE DEMAND ESTIMATION: In addition to


operational requirements, terminal planning and designing should also factor in
the estimates for existing capacity and future (horizon year) demand. The
considerations for readdress of potential short-term and long term capacity
constraints, and future expansion on the basis of estimated horizon year demand
should be incorporated early in the planning stage (Trans Link Transit Authority
2011).

2.3.5.5 ENHANCED LEVEL OF SERVICE: The basic premise of the Level of Service
(LOS) framework is that passengers are sensitive to the amount of space
surrounding them. When this space is compromised by crowding, they perceive it
as a deterioration of service (Transportation Research Board 2011). LOS is an
indicator of how good the present situation in a given facility is, and helps
determine the environmental quality of a given space based on the function it is
serving. To plan for critical LOS requirements for a terminal (as listed in different
standards), one must first understand the entire journey of a passenger through
the facility. Each activity planned for the passenger/commuter needs to offer a
baseline level of service as per space standards and area allocation.

2.3.5.6 INTEGRATING MULTI-MODAL ACCESSIBILITY AND FEEDER


INFRASTRUCTURE: Integrating provisions for feeder modes—like cycle rickshaws,
auto rickshaws, buses, private vehicles etc.—in the facility design, ensures
improved accessibility and conflict free circulation. Planned allocation of space for
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such modes helps reduce delays, and improves level of service for passengers. The
aim is to facilitate seamless transfers, in order to create the impression that the
journey is continuous (and without breaks).

2.3.5.7 CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (CPTED):


Passenger safety is fundamental to the attractiveness and increased use of public
transport. A commuter should feel safe using public transport at any time (of day
and night) and at any location (Trans Link Transit Authority 2011). CPTED
promotes the notion that it is possible to apply creative urban design principles to
reduce incidence and perception of crime. This includes better urban planning,
including effective lighting, barrier-free circulation, enhanced visibility, signage
and way finding,integrated commercial activities (formal or informal) to avoid
dark or inactive corners etc. Integrating CPTED shall ensure better connectivity as
well as enhanced and attractive usage.

2.3.5.8 INTEGRATING UNIVERSAL DESIGN: India’s Disability Act of 1995 suggests


that public infrastructure be barrier free for all. This implies that bus terminal
facilities should be inclusive and accessible for all, including differently-able
people, people carrying luggage, pregnant women, children, people travelling with
infants (in hand or stroller) etc. All passengers should be able to cover their
journey in a seamless manner with minimum effort.

2.3.5.9 INTEGRATING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES: Infrastructure


plans and development practices should consider green building technologies to
reduce the overall carbon footprint and adverse impact on the environment, both
during the development and operational phase. Construction practices may
employ material (and techniques) with low embodied energy, while energy
requirements for the terminal’s operations may be met through sustainable
means and use of efficient technologies. This may include use of solar energy,
efficient LED lighting, passive cooling/heating measures, higher reliance on natural
lighting etc. Additionally, techniques for noise control, solid waste management,
waste water re-cycling, use/re-use of waste water, and rain water harvesting
should be integrated in the proposal during the planning stage.

2.3.6 PRIMARY INFRASTRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS

The infrastructural requirements for bus terminals respond to the bus and
passenger demand within a given site. Identified infrastructural elements consume
space based on planned capacity, which when aggregated defines the site area
requirement for a proposed terminal facility. These infrastructural elements include
bus transfer, park-and-ride, drop-off, vehicular parking, and meet-and-greet areas, as

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well as the various inside-terminal elements such as walkways, stairways, escalators,


elevators, turnstiles, ticket machines, and platforms. They vary with the requirements
of passengers, staff and drivers. Ancillary facilities that act as feeder to bus terminal,
also need attention. The building area that houses these facilities needs to respond to
a defined level of service in order to accommodate the required footfall. Space and
architectural standards define the relationship between spatial requirements and level
of service. Suggestions and recommendations for use of material (and finishes)
appropriate and conducive for a public zone are also included in the guideline. Primary
elements to be considered with regard a bus terminal’s infrastructure development
can be classified for three different user types. These include passengers, terminal staff
and bus staff.
1.Passenger areas
a. Ticketing and queuing
b. Passenger waiting areas
c. Passenger conveniences (drinking water facilities and toilets)
d. Passenger circulation
e. Boarding/Departing areas
f. Facility entry
g. Tourist information
h. Security, including CCTV cameras
i. Retail, concessions and lease space
j. Dormitories and lodging (if required)
k. Cloak room
l. Railway reservation
2.Areas for terminal staff
a. Revenue office
b. Security and information
c. Ticketing booth
d. Resting room
e.Staff conveniences (drinking water facilities and toilets)
f. Canteen
g. Maintenance staff (chairs and lockers)
h. Control room (CCTV surveillance)

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3. Areas for bus staff


a. Canteen
b. Resting areas
c. Lodging areas (if required)
d.Bus staff conveniences (drinking water facilities and toilets)

2.3.7 SUPPORTING INFRASTRUCTURE

Bus terminal infrastructure planning is not just about provision of requisite


facilities, but also about how these facilities serve the terminal users. It has been
observed that even large and newly constructed terminals fail to meet commuter
requirements and expectations. This can be attributed to poor functionality and
upkeep of provided facilities, such as shabby waiting areas, lack of connectivity,
dilapidated rest sheds, stinking environs, poor ambience etc. Supporting infrastructure
refer to the additional facilities which aid in enhancing user experience, efficiency, and
attractiveness of bus terminal. These include provision for feeder infrastructure,
seating, landscaping, lighting, way finding (Passenger Information Systems (PIS),
signage and marking), public art, and breakdown services.

2.3.7.1 FEEDER INFRASTRUCTURE: The infrastructure which connects the bus


terminal with the city is referred to as supporting access (or feeder) infrastructure. It
includes provision for various modes that provide access—and act as feeder—to the
bus terminal. These include parking for private vehicles; drop-off and pickup bays for
private vehicles, taxis, auto rickshaws cycle rickshaw, shared vehicles such as
vans/jeeps etc.; and bays and/or stops for local bus services. Integration of all these
modes makes for higher passenger convenience and increased inter modal
accessibility.

Figure 5 Feeder bays The Vytilla bus terminal-cum-mobility hub

Kerela. & Denver Bus Terminal

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2.3.7.2 SEATING: Seating—in and around the bus terminal complex—shall be


planned to cater to a minimum of 30% of all passengers in the facility. Seating is
required so as to avoid obstruction to the flow of passenger traffic through the
complex; it should be designed to combine comfort, ease of maintenance and
resistance to vandalism.

2.3.7.3 HARDSCAPE AND LANDSCAPING: It is important to ensure that landscaping


complements the spatial design and enhances the visual appeal of the terminal.
Outdoor and indoor passenger areas should be smoothly hard spaced, to facilitate
easy connection between site’s periphery and the terminal. The paving’s surface
quality should ensure durability as well as resistance against wear, walking comfort
and usability by wheelchairs, prams and baggage trolleys.

2.3.7.4 LIGHTING: Lighting should be designed to meet minimum illumination levels


and quality standards for both indoor and outdoor application. Natural lighting
elements such as sky lights shall be used to enhance lighting level without increasing
the energy load of the terminal facility. Lighting fixtures should be energy efficient,
require low maintenance, and minimize light pollution and glare.

2.3.7.5 SIGNAGE: PIS—including both dynamic and fixed signage—constitute an


integral part of the terminal’s way finding infrastructure, and play an important role
in regulating vehicular and pedestrian movement. They provide relevant information,
warnings and directions, thus facilitating ease of access, convenience and safety.
They should be strategically placed, consistent and easy to interpret. Public address
system should be integrated into the design, at all terminal facilities. The aim is to
provide a robust, functional, and visually discrete system that can provide
communicative information and also be linked to the security system for warning (in
case of emergency).

2.3.7.6 PUBLIC ART: Visual space perception (mental copying of objects and events
of the outer world) helps people recognize spaces within a particular environment,
such as a bus terminal complex. It increases the imageability, cultural identity, and
social attractiveness of enclosed spaces. As such, public art installations and other
aesthetic elements in the complex are likely to contribute to its visual appeal and
overall attractiveness, and must be integrated into the terminal building’s
development. Contemporarily, ‘public art’ has also come to include various other
elements like urban furniture, lighting, multimedia, graffiti and commercial art.
Public art is by the people, and for the people, and as such should also be sourced
from them. Therefore, it is important to allocate planned spaces for such
installations, and make appropriate funding available for integration of the same.

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2.3.8 DESIGN BRIEF DEVELOPMENT

Brief development is a critical starting point for the planning and design
exercise of a bus terminal project. The brief provides an outline of the project’s
objectives and their corresponding design strategies, thus yielding the design
solutions. The brief development stage assists the planners/designers to list all
functional and operational requirements, and any associated spatial and material
ones. First stage of the brief development exercise is to identify and classify the
terminal’s critical functional and operational characteristics. These are terminal
typology, terminal size, and classification by terminal operations.

2.3.8.1 TERMINAL CHARACTERISTICS

Terminal Typology: The hierarchy of routes served is one of the primary


determinants of a terminal’s design and planning. In India, there are mainly two
different types of terminals:

1 Local Bus Terminal – Bus services at a local bus terminal cater to routes whose
starting and terminating points connect two different places in the same city. On
these routes, buses stop to board and offload passengers at short intervals,
usually about 0.5 km.

2 Interstate Bus Terminal (ISBT) – Starting and terminating points connect two
different states, regions/districts, or cities; long intervals between stops, usually
greater than 10kms

Terminal Size: This characteristic denotes the scale of a bus terminal, irrespective of
its hierarchy (interstate or local). Terminals are categorized under three scales based
on the bus flow per hour - Large (more than 300 buses per hour), Medium (more
than 60 up to 300) and Small (less than or equal to 60).

Terminal Operations: This characteristic determines the operations type of a bus


terminal, in terms of allocating boarding bays to different routes. The categorization
is based on the current preference and norms followed by the terminal operator
(usually state or city transport undertakings). In India, two operations types are
observed:

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Fixed Route Bay Allocation1- This operations type is usually observed in medium
and large.bus terminals, and entails fixed (specific to a route) bay allocations i.e. a
particular route will be allotted its specific bay or a boarding spot, and every bus
plying on that route will always commence from there. More than one route may
be assigned to the same bay.

Dynamic Bay Allocation2- In this type of operations, buses dock at a vacant bay or
one assigned by the terminal supervisor at entry. These are not fixed to a
particular route.Such terminal operations are observed mainly at small terminals;
they can work with large bus flows only in the presence of a good passenger
information system (PIS).

S. No. Characteristics Description

1 Terminal Typology Inter state or Local

2 Terminal size Small, Medium or Large

2 Terminal Operations Fix route Bay Allocation or


Dynamic Bay Allocation

Table 3 characteristics of bus terminal

2.3.8.2 FUNCTIONAL ATTRIBUTES


Terminal operations involve a complex juggling of functions to support bus
and passenger handling. These functions (discussed below) influence terminal
infrastructure planning, maintenance and design.
1. Bus bay allocation: This relates to types of bay allocation for buses, depending on
terminal operational characteristics such as layover time and bus flow. Buses use
terminal space for offloading passengers, idle parking (based on the assigned layover
time), and loading passengers. These three activities influence how bus bay planning
is undertaken:

Common bays – As per this allocation type, buses park at a common bay, and load,
unload and rest in idle state all at the same location. Common bays allow only for
fixed route bay allocation for buses, and are planned mostly for local bus terminals
with short layover time.

Segregated Bays – As per this allocation type, bays are segregated by activity, i.e.
as loading bays, idle bays, and unloading bays. Buses move between these three
locations/bay types sequentially. Such bay planning helps save space and works
best with longer layover time; it is thus observed mainly at interstate bus
terminals. Segregated bays can be planned for both fixed route and dynamic bay
allocation.

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2. Bus boarding bay arrangement3 : This relates to types of boarding bay


arrangements, and is influenced by the bus demand, circulation pattern, curb length
limitations, and space availability in the terminal. There are five types:

• Saw tooth bays: This arrangement works well with one-way driveway (along the
bays), and allows easy pulling in and pulling out of buses, without the need to
reverse. Additionally, it ensures reduced gap between bus and platform while
docking.

• Angular bays (60, 45, 30 degrees): These work well with one-way driveway and
allow easy pulling in, but require reversing while pulling out. A reduced angle of
bay minimizes driveway width requirement, but increases curb length
requirement.

• Perpendicular bays: This arrangement requires minimum combined area per


bus (bay + driveway), but maximum driveway width, and higher effort (and time)
for pulling in (and out). Perpendicular bays are thus most suitable for idle parking
or for boarding bays in small terminals with a long layover time.

• Linear/parallel bays: A long linear platform serves multiple buses. Linear bays
usually include an overtaking lane which acts as a driveway. They work with one
way driveway, occupy long curb length per bus, but require minimal driveway
width. Linear bays find it difficult to allow drivers to reduce gaps between bus and
platform while docking.

• Drive through bays: Drive through bays allow for parallel bays, each with a
single drive-in lane. These bays may be arranged at 30, 45, 60 or 90 degrees to the
curb. To get to drive through boarding bays, passengers need to cross multiple
bus driveways. This is usually solved by providing raised cross-walks. Thus, drive
through bays work well for low passenger volume terminals or those which
require minimal baggage transfer; they suit local bus terminals more than inter-
state ones.
3. Average Layover Time: This is the most important determinant of capacity
requirement for a terminal’s bus specific infrastructure (boarding, offloading and idle
parking bays). Layover time is the time a bus spends inside the terminal, from entry
to exit. Higher the layover time, higher the accumulation of buses inside the terminal,
and higher the capacity requirement to accommodate them. Layover time is usually
predefined by bus operators based on their operational and service requirements.

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However, planned and actual layover time have been observed to vary significantly.
Therefore, it is important to capture both planned and observed layover time,
before initiating the planning process. The latter is usually estimated at off peak time
when the layover time is expected to be longer.
4. Private Vehicle Parking4 : This relates to the type of parking arrangement for
private vehicles at the bus terminal. It is influenced by the parking demand and
space availability in the terminal, and is classified into four categories:
• Structured parking: Parking on multiple floors (multilevel parking), usually
above ground

• At grade parking: Parking arranged only at ground level

• Shared parking: Parking not exclusive to bus terminal private vehicles, such as
public parking in a district catering to visitors to the area, including those
accessing the bus terminal

• On street parking: Parking arranged along the street, not planned on a land
parcel set off the street, usually outside the terminal complex.

5. Feeder service Integration: This relates to the type of infrastructure provided for
feeder service integration at the terminal, and is classified into three types:
• Inter-modal: Includes infrastructure integration with transit systems such as
metro or public bus systems
• Feeder lanes: These provide feeder services without parking provisions. They
are used for pick and drop only, not waiting (by feeder modes such as auto
rickshaw, taxi and cycle rickshaw). To enable waiting, separate holding space must
be integrated for such feeder modes. This holding space feeds vehicles to the
feeder lanes when required.
• Feeder bays: These provide feeder services with parking provisions. They serve
both as boarding bays for passengers as well as short term parking for feeder
modes such as auto rickshaw, taxi and cycle rickshaw.
6. Finance: This relates to the broad financing strategy adopted for the terminal, and
is classified into two types:

Public ownership - On failing to attract private participation (in terms of part or


complete equity) due to location attributes of site, political, bureaucratic
limitations etc., the terminal development project is entirely publicly financed.

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Public private Partnership (PPP) – When public funds fail to meet the urban
sector’s investment requirements, a terminal development project must rely on
the public private partnership method to raise additional finance as well as to
improve delivery methods. Private equity can be raised through various methods,
most common being exchange of land rights related to the terminal site. This
exchange entails transferring a component of the site—or floor area ratio (FAR) at
the site—to the private partner, for real estate development and allied functions
such as parking.

7. Bus maintenance Facilities: This relates to the bus maintenance infrastructure at


the terminal, and can be classified into two broad categories:
On site - Maintenance/breakdown facilities are provided inside the terminal
boundary. Provisions include reserved parking bays for breakdown vehicles, space
for a mini workshop, room for tools etc

Off Site – Maintenance/breakdown facilities are not provided inside the terminal
boundary but sourced off site, usually to local, privately operated repair
workshops in the terminal’s vicinity.
8. Passenger amenities: This relates to the facilities provided in the terminal, for
passengers’ convenience, including:

*Drinking Water ,Toilets (Odorless & Waterless) , Concourse , Free Wi-Fi facility in
waiting area ,Eateries , Tourist Information ,Cloak
room ,Ticketing ,Dormitory ,Baggage trolleys
9. Terminal staff amenities: This relates to the facilities dedicated for staff. They
include:

*Drinking Water , Toilets (Odorless & Waterless), Resting rooms , Canteen ,


Revenue Office
10. Bus staff amenities: This relates to the facilities dedicated for bus drivers and
conductors (collectively known as bus staff or crew). These include:

*Drinking Water ,Toilets (Odorless & Waterless) ,Resting room , Canteen

2.3.9 GEOMETRIC DESIGN STANDARDS

A bus terminal site requires planning for significant bus—and other vehicular (cars
and motorized two wheeler)—circulation within the terminal. This requires development of
vehicular infrastructure in the form of carriageways, driveways, parking, and bays (for
different purposes) within the terminal complex. The design for these (vehicular
infrastructure) is based on the dimensions of vehicles and related standards. This section
includes few of the critical geometric design standards for vehicular circulation within the
terminal. Based on recommendations from ASVV Record 15 (CROW 1998) published in the
Netherlands, these standards include:

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• Geometric design standards for bus and car

• Car parking standards

• Bus parking standards

• Bus bay standards

Figure 6 Bus turning Radius ,Car turning Radius,Carriage way Width

Figure 7 Figure 8 Bus turning Radius ,Car turning Radius,Carriage way Width

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Figure 9 Bus boarding bay -2

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Figure 10 Bus parking standard

2.3.10 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS (ITS)

A bus terminal’s function is to manage commuters and buses in a synchronized and


organized manner, ensuring comfort, safety, and security of the terminal users
(commuters, staff and operators). Terminals often fail at this, owing to lack of
controlled information sharing, which causes anxiety and inconvenience among users.
In India, terminals are plagued with problems like increased waiting time, uncertainty
in bus arrival, and stacking of buses in the terminals. Bus schedule is often disturbed
due to unpredictable factors like traffic conditions, weather situation, traffic jams,
breakdowns etc. (Bangare et al. 2013). This leads to unreasonably long waiting time at

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the terminal, which compromises level of service to passengers, ultimately reducing


the attractiveness of the facility.

Commuters at bus terminals need precise information regarding bus arrival and
departure time. Terminals usually have fixed (official) bus timetables on websites or in
print. But such timetables are usually static, offer limited information (operating hours,
time intervals etc.), and are not updated regularly based on recent planned changes in
schedule or day-to-day real-time traffic conditions. Apart from official timetables,
public services like Google Maps provide bus related information to travelers (Bangare
et al. 2013). Such services, though useful, fail to bridge the information gap.
Additionally, commercial bus information providers offer real-time bus arrival
information but charge substantially. Total capital cost for deployment of link
infrastructure to deliver transit services is very high. If transferred to end users, it
would lead to an increase in mobility expenditure for passengers. ITS is a tested way to
mitigate the above problems. Communication networks, digital mapping, video
monitoring, sensors, real-time passenger information, and variable message signs are
forging new trends in the public transport infrastructure field (Vanajakshi, Ramadurai &
Anand 2010). Together they form ITS, which is increasingly being recognized the world
over. Its main objective is to evaluate, analyses, and integrate new technologies (and
concepts) to achieve efficiency, improve environmental quality, save energy, conserve
time, and enhance safety and comfort (for commuters, drivers and operators). ITS
synergizes data acquisition,evaluation, analysis, and information dissemination, which
helps develop an all-encompassing organization system for information sharing among
operators and commuters. Thus, ITS can be understood as the use of modern
technologies for improving transportation systems. Bus terminals are an essential part
of the public transportation system and ITS plays a key role in delivering a ‘quality’ bus
terminal facility. ITS implementation, specifically with real-time information system,
ensures synchronized information distribution between commuters and operators.
Recent modern bus terminals are embedded with ITS and real-time information system.

An interface between commuters and buses, the ITS architecture of bus terminals
comprises two components

- passenger information system (PIS) and bus information system (BIS). The
architecture for these is presented in Figure 20 and the components briefly described
in subsequent sub sections.

Passenger Information system/display (PIS/PIDS): It is an electronic information


system which provides real time passenger information. It may include both
predictions about bus arrival and departure time, as well as information about the
nature and causes of disruptions. PIS serves as a communication link between terminal
operators and commuters (Trapeze 2015). With the help of passenger information
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technology, terminal authorities can communicate with passengers to provide them


real-time bus location and status updates, schedule data, and timely announcements.

Bus Information system (BIS): It provides information required by bus staff i.e. drivers
and conductors. It includes bus parking information, schedule of bus entry and exit in
the terminal, route information, and trip information. BIS enables a bus driver to
precisely allocate dispatching time (for the next trip) from the terminal, and get
information on the bus bay allocated to her/him for boarding passengers (especially
important in dynamic bay allocation type of bus terminal operations).

Figure 11 ITS architecture for Bus Terminals

Both PIS and BIS are largely based on the type of bus operations at a terminal complex
(dynamic or fixed route bay). They help in solving operating problems, and in adopting
appropriate new technologies to introduce innovations into terminal infrastructure.
They ensure real-time arrival information for users, saving their time and improving the
terminal’s performance, along with helping improve overall system efficiency and
increase service frequency. Apart from the real-time information system, information
can also be dispersed as static or planned information. Static or planned information
changes slowly and is typically used for journey planning prior to departure This type of
information includes stations and stops, routes, service numbers, timings, trip duration,
fares etc. Static information is made available traditionally in printed form though
route network maps, timetable booklets, name signs and/or pictograms at stations and
stops etc. This information is also available through dedicated national and local
telephone services. In many areas, static information is now being made available
electronically through websites or over mobile phone services (typically via SMS).
Information is also being increasingly provided in audio format, both on bus and within
terminals. Public address systems, usually but not always automated, will typically give
next service announcements at terminals and next stop announcement on-board buses
(Passenger Information System 2015).

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Benefits of ITS implementation in Bus Terminals The goal of bus terminals is to


provide efficient, reliable service to their users. For this, information about every
facility provided in terminals must be effectively distributed to the public.
Implementation of ITS in the terminals has the following benefits:

• Reduced perceived wait time: The negative impact of terminal delays is minimized,
leading to increased ridership numbers and the perception of better customer service.
ITS is a boon for commuters who often suffer boredom/ anxiety not knowing when the
bus will arrive.

• Increased terminal efficiency: Increased waiting time and uncertainty in bus arrival
render the public transport system unattractive for passengers. Use of a variety of ITS
technologies can track locations of buses in real time and predict when they will reach
terminals along the route. This information when shared with passengers through PIS,
will allow them to use their time efficiently and reach the terminal just before the bus
arrives, or take alternate means of transport if the bus is delayed. Needless to say, use
of ITS allows more efficient use of terminal space, with lesser crowding (of both
passengers and vehicles).

• Increased attractiveness: Accurate and real time travel information at bus terminals
(and interchanges) make public transport an attractive and high quality alternative to
travelling by other modes. The accurate arrival time of the next bus will allow
commuters to take alternative transport choices, and thus mitigate their anxiety and
improve their experience.

• Alerts and alarms: Passengers and other terminal users can be alerted if the
expected traffic is interrupted for a defined or undefined period of time, and also in
case of any problems in terminal operations. ITS helps in warning commuters about
emergencies such as strikes, terror threat, fire etc. This is an efficient way of aligning
commuters’ expectations with the service that the terminal system provides.

Information type
As terminal facilities continue to evolve, ITS is rapidly becoming a mainstay in today’s
public transport domain (Trapeze 2015). Integrated systems that keep passengers
informed at the ends of, and along their journey, are increasingly in demand. Terminals
must find a way to address this need as it vastly improves the transit experience for
commuters and streamlines operations for terminal employees. The information
provided to terminal users by ITS integration depends on the location (Passenger

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Information System 2015) where the information is needed to be disseminated. The


information distribution framework can be broadly divided into two contexts - off
board information and on board information.

ITS information medium implemented in bus terminals


ITS applications require both power and communication infrastructure. It can
significantly improve the usability of terminal as well as the overall feeling of safety and
security. Potential ITS applications that may be applied in bus terminals are as follows
(Pace Suburban Bus 2015):

1.Real-time arrival information.


2.Electronic schedules and route information.
3.Interactive information displays.
4.Payment and smart card payment kiosks.
5.Audible signage.
6.Wireless connectivity for arrival and scheduling information.
7.Cameras and emergency call stations.
8.Electronic driver-to-waiting passenger communication.

In recent years, new electronic technology has been developed to provide improved
traveler information. Information may be delivered via any electronic media, including:
Telephone (either a manned bureau service or an automated answering system).
Touch screen kiosks for self-service (e.g. in customer offices). Internet through a
website. PDA or mobile phone (typically using SMS or WAP). LED displays and screens
inside terminals

ITS implementation considerations in bus terminals


ITS functionality should be considered as an integral component in developing modern
terminal facilities. It is essential for convenient public information distribution,
operational efficiency, and security. Following are some ITS concerns to be considered
in terminal design and planning:

1. As bus terminals are a part of public infrastructure, ITS facilities should be


implemented considering usability by physically challenged travelers (visual or hearing

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impaired). Thus, information distribution should comprise visual, voice, or touchable


media (Passenger Information System 2015).

2.Considering language diversity in India, the ITS installed in the terminal should
provide information in multiple languages (Passenger Information System 2015).

3. Video cameras should be used at strategic terminal locations to allow the terminal
staff to monitor conditions and events in the station, and to record them for law
enforcement purposes. The presence of video cameras and call boxes also acts as
deterrent for crimes.

4. ITS hardware and connection points are typically located in a control room within
the terminal facility. The control room should be located in ‘discreet access area’ to the
terminal, and signed as ‘staff only’.

5. Management needs for including the ITS facility should feature in the operational
planning process of the terminal.

2.4 STATION PLANNING AND DESIGN

2.4.1 GENERAL

This section lays down the standards for planning and design of stations.

2.4.2 STATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

2.4.2.1 STATION CONFIGURATIONS

Stations shall be designed for peak flow of User traffic and the requirements of
future Train services and shall follow NFPA130.
2.4.2.2 THE STATION DESIGN SHALL CONFORM TO THE FOLLOWING STANDARDS:

(i) The Persons with Disabilities Act;


(ii) National Building Code;

(iii) NFPA70-‘National Electrical Code’

(iv) NFPA72-‘National Fire Alarm Code’

(v) NFPA130-‘Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger Rail Systems’.

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2.4.2.3 EMERGENCY EGRESS

Station design should allow safe evacuation of occupants in an Emergency.


For egress/fire evacuation measures, the Station design shall meet the
requirements for Stations as provided in NFPA130- 2007 Edition, Section-5, Item 5.5
- Means of Egress. Fire detection and suppression shall be generally as per NBC-2005.
2.4.2.4 FIRE PRECAUTIONS

An electrical fire alarm should be provided for manual operation by Users/ staff, and
installed in accordance with IS 3218: Code of Practice for Fire detection and Alarm
Systems. Public Address System should be protected as per provisions of IS:3218.

2.4.2.5 ELEVATORS, ESCALATORS AND STAIRS

(a) Elevators shall comply with NBC-2005 and BS-EN 81 and other appropriate
international codes and standards and relevant statutory requirements. Elevators
shall be type Class Afor passenger loading and shall comply with NFPA101 Fire Life
Safety requirements.
(b) The elevators shall comply fully with the National Policy for Persons with
Disabilities - 2006.

(c) Elevators shall comply with BS 7255 - "Code of Practice for safe working of lifts",
or equivalent to allow for the emergency release of Users at nearest landing.
(d) Additional codes and standards applicable, are as follows: IS: 14665; IS: 15330; IS:
7759; IS: 1860; IS: 15785:

Escalators shall conform to BS EN 115: ‘Safety rules for the construction and
installation of escalators and passenger conveyors’. They shall be suitable for
service as public service escalators /passenger conveyors. The angle inclination of
the escalators shall be not more than 30° to the horizontal with two tread band
speeds of 0.5 and 0.65 m/s. During periods of no occupancy, the speed shall
automatically reduce to 0.2 m/s and come to halt if not occupied for 5 minutes.

2.5 PLANNING AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES

2.5.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES

These are the overriding principles for the design of stations and in case of any conflict
with any specific standard and specification specified in the Manual, requirements
specified in this section shall prevail.The primary goal is to provide a safe, reliable, cost-
effective, with easy maintenance and customer oriented public transportation system.
The design of station facilities must therefore address the issues identified here in.
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2.5.2 ARCHITECTURAL VISION

Transportation structures have traditionally been the great buildings of urban society.
In the major cities of the world, oldest cultures with some of the greatest classical
architecture are part of its architectural heritage. . There should be a clear awareness
of the importance and value of this along with a clear vision of the future. Railway
Station is major gateway and entrance to a city. The station should reflect the
character, life style or background of the city or community in which it is located.
Hence, a Station building should in its design reflect the culture, historical background
and life style of the people of that area. The redeveloped stations, of each Indian city
should effectively play a key role in providing the first impression of the city to the
visitors arriving by train. The key elements of this vision must, integrate a harmonious
and elegant architectural statement with a comfortable and efficient passenger
experience, ease of movement, security, safety and accessibility. The Concessionaire
may utilize the redevelopment opportunity to include related amenities that will also
serve non-passengers, generating revenue as well as creating a facility that will
enhance the urban character unique to each city and locality. However, these
amenities shall not be considered at the expense of train travelers comfort, efficiency
of station and train operations and the effective administration of the Indian Railways.
Following shall be the key elements of the architectural vision of the Station:
1. Maximum Passenger Convenience
2. Safety and Security
3. Fast and Efficient Passenger Flow
4. Flexible Interiors
5. A World Class Icon

2.5.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STATION PROJECT

The objective of the Station Project to be developed through this Manual is to upgrade
the existing Station and its surroundings or build a new Station into a world class
passenger terminal in a manner which ensures:

1. Superior services to passengers for the design passenger volume specified in the
CA;
2. Superior train operations (including allied services e.g., parcel, posts etc.) and
maintenance facilities affording greater flexibility and enhanced operational
efficiency for IR;

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3. Smoother and safer road traffic flow to and from the station, superior road
connectivity with the city and adequate parking within the station premises;
4. Modern and improved offices, residential quarters and other facilities for railway
staff on the railway land surrounding the station;
5.Overall improvements in the urban standards of the area for residents and road
commuters;
6. Creation of an urban icon and standard-bearer of a modern vibrant city suiting to
its architectural heritage;
7. Least possible inconvenience to passengers, road commuters and residents
during construction;
8.Harmonious and complementary co-existence of the railway terminal and the
real estate proposed to be developed.

Station projects may include commercial or mixed use development in


association with the development of the station. This manual only addresses the
requirements of the station complex. No aspect of the commercial development shall
affect the construction, access, or operation of the station. In the event that the station
and commercial development share any portion of the structure all services and
utilities for the station shall be separate and distinct, all fire and life safety aspects of
the station shall be achieved independent of the commercial development (i.e. egress,
fire separation), all access shall be separate and distinct (i.e. drop off, station entrance)
and shall not be limited in any way visually or physically by the commercial
development. Should any portion of the shared structure go through the station
building (i.e. structural elements, utilities) the maintenance of those elements and any
portion of the station structure they affect will be the responsibility of the commercial
development in perpetuity and shall be duly reflected in any title drawn and/or issued
to the affected portion of the commercial development.

Compliance to the requirements specified in this Manual should generally lead to


the achievement of above Objective of the Station Project. However, any interpretation
or clarification in case of any conflict among various requirements specified in this
Manual shall be subject to the stations design’s ability to achieve the objectives
specified above.

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2.5.4 DESIGN APPROACH AND HIERARCHY

2.5.4.1 DESIGN PRIORITY

Design of Railway Station should be done from whole to part, acknowledging the
implicit hierarchy of following three categories/orders, each with their own design
considerations:

1 Primary Order - Describes the creation of Station volumes through large-scale


engineering. Yard alignment, number and size of platforms, size and location of
concourses, road networks dissipating the originating/terminating road traffic into
the city, capacity of parking, traffic circulation, size of real estate at the station, etc.
fall under this category and shall be designed at the primary stage for the Design
passenger volume.

2 Secondary Order - Building components, such as detailing of concourse space,


facilities for passengers, operational offices, staircases, escalators, elevators,
passageways, entry, exits, roof, ceilings, walls, modal split of parking, type of real
estate, development service ducts, etc. fall under this category and shall be
designed at the secondary stage for the profile of passengers using the Station;

3 Tertiary Order - Subsidiary products and components layered over secondary


elements to activate and animate stations fall under this category. This includes
passenger information system, seating, lighting, advertising, handrails, etc. and
shall be designed at the tertiary stage for bringing life and animation in the Station
space.
2.5.4.2 ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE AND PRESERVATION

In India, most of the station buildings were built in the late19th century.
Some of them are now designated as heritage structures and need to be preserved.
The Station design shall incorporate their preservation and reflect in their aesthetics
in the surrounding environment. The new station design shall not isolate the existing
heritage structures. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) under the provisions of
the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, (AMASR Act)
1958 protects monuments, sites and remains of national importance. Concessionaire
has to check, whether the monuments/structures under station complex are
protected by AMASR Act, 1958 and if they are protected by above then his
subsequent action should be in conjunctions with provision of above act. Station
designers of stations whose redevelopment may affect historical areas or structures,
potential impact zones should clearly identify such before any deign work is initiated.
The Design Team shall develop a design program which identifies those agencies or
citizen groups which are likely to be involved and the procedures to be followed for
approach of design. The program should also identify significant architectural
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features which should be taken into account in station and site design. If a portion of
a historic structure is to be retrofitted to accommodate a station, security and safety
features necessary to preserve the significant historic characteristics of the structure
shall be incorporated into the station design.

2.5.4.3 CIRCULATION AND SPACE PLANNING

The Station design shall provide sufficient circulation elements to allow for the
free and safe flow of passengers. Space shall be provided for queuing at all
circulation and passenger service elements. The queuing areas should provide
sufficient space for passengers to queue at all circulation elements, service areas and
decision points without disrupting the movement through other passenger flow
routes.

2.5.4.4 URBAN INTEGRATION

Station entrances provide the link between the Railway Station and the
surrounding streets and structures; the entrance must reflect the distinct
requirements of both. Station entrances shall provide safe and convenient access to
the station for customers while enhancing the surrounding urban environment. In
most Indian cities where a railroad enters the city from one end and exits from the
other, the city landscape is divided by the railroad track and right of way. In an effort
to mitigate such division, the MOR requires that the Concessionaire integrate such
divided cityscape on both end of the station along the railroad for up to one
kilometer at a minimum or as called for in the CA.

2.5.4.5 THE EFFICIENT MOVEMENT OF CUSTOMERS/PASSENGERS

The design of the Station shall allow for a free-flow of passengers to avoid a
buildup of dangerous congestion within the Station, in particular, on platforms and
escalators. Travel distances shall be minimized. Travel routes should be as direct as
possible. After customer safety and security, moving customers efficiently through
the Station to and from trains is the highest priority of the Station design. Customer
flow will take precedence over other Station functions and non-transit facilities in
the Station design. From the moment a customer enters the Station premises until
he exits, movement must be unimpeded. Each function should have distinct areas
and space must be allotted according to the priority of the function. The highest
allocation of area must be made for free circulation. Incoming and outgoing volume
of passenger must be handled separately. To reduce the waiting passenger’s
interference into the circulation area, adequate waiting space is to be provided.

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2.5.4.6 TRANSFERS AND INTERCHANGES WITH OTHER MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

The Stations should be merging with the other existing transportation systems.
Railway Station design shall facilitate convenient transfers to other Mass Transit
System lines and modes of public transportation toward a goal of achieving a
seamless local and regional inter-modal public transportation network. The
surrounding areas must be planned and designed to maximize free flow traffic
movement, and to avoid traffic jams inside and outside the Station campus.
Customer must be provided with enough options to leave the station campus as
they complete their journey, it could be in the form of regional buses, taxis, auto-
rickshaws or the Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS). All these services must be
available to customer within walking distance of 500.
2.5.4.7 ACCESSIBILITY

The station should provide ease of access for all travelers by minimizing physical
and psychological impediments to their use of the Station. The positioning and
character of the Station’s access points will have a critical influence in satisfying this
requirement. The Station design must comply with the requirements of Indian
Disability Acts (IDA), and the relevant provisions of American Disabilities Act (ADA)
that prescribe the specific configurations and requirements for public facilities to
accommodate persons with physical impairments.
2.5.4.8 VISIBILITY AND ORIENTATION

Clear unobstructed routes for pedestrians circulating through the Station are of
the utmost importance, and direct sight lines for all pedestrians and staff are
essential. Pedestrians should be able to orientate themselves visually within the
building at all times. Decision points, such as ticketing areas, vertical circulation
elements, and diverging paths shall be located such that they are clearly identifiable
and perceived as part of a logical sequence of travel through the building. Visual
connections should be as consistent as possible throughout the building ). The
Station architecture itself shall be the primary means of navigating a path through
the building, supported by signage and graphics.

2.5.4.9 ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE DESIGN

A primary objective of the station design will be environmental acceptability,


sustainability and energy efficiency. Station designers will create an environmentally
responsible Railway Station that exceeds current standards and practices within the
transit industry, creates a healthier, more ecologically responsible Station
environment, and complies with all applicable environmental laws. Materials used in
the station complex must be eco-friendly. The building should be energy efficient.
Rain Water Harvesting, use of Solar Panels for electricity and Waste Management
are options to reduce the energy requirement for the Station building.
Green/landscaped area must be increased and coordinated with the pedestrian and

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vehicular traffic. These environmental goals will be achieved through application of


the Five Pillars:
1. Energy Efficiency
2. Material and Resource Conservation
3. Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)
4. Best Operation and Maintenance
5. Water Conservation and Site Management

A preliminary environmental assessment shall be conducted on the proposed


development Site based on existing information and reports prepared within the
past 30 years to determine the critical environmental issues that need to be
accommodated in the station complex development. Prior to completion of project a
complete Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as per the requirements of the
Ministry of Environments and Forests must be completed and approved by the State
Authority having jurisdiction.

2.5.5 DIVISION OF OPERATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

Concessionaire and MOR will both have operational responsibility in the station structure.
The design of the station should reflect this division and ensure that the station layout
facilitates MOR’s execution of their role in support of the concessionaire’s operation of
the station and can efficiently execute their role in railway operations. Following is a table
that delineates their respective roles.

2.5.5.1 OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES RAILWAYS:

1. Train operation
a) Train reception/Dispatch (working of power cabin)
b) Placement/removal of coaching rake in/from washing lines and stabling
lines including releasing of rake by TXR
c) Shunting operation including loco movement,
d) Traction changing
e) Crew management which includes, booking, signing off, crew changing
involving handing over and taking over of the locomotive.
f) Delivering of caution order and other documents to driver/guard
g) Operation during emergency: track failure, signal failure, derailments etc.

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2. Infrastructure Operation and Maintenance


a) OHE operation and maintenance
b) Signal operation and maintenance
c) Track maintenance
d) Electricity supply for Traction, Signal, Coach and locomotive
maintenance depot area.
3. Coach maintenance
a) Washing Line Operation
b) Cleaning of Coaches
c) Sick Line Operation
d) Watering of coaches
e) Train cleaning including system of clean train station
f) Pre-cooling and battery charging of coaches in platform lines and
washing and stabling lines.
g) Rolling in examination at both ends of platform for all lines.
h) Continuity check of brake power and issue of Break Power Certificates (BPC).
i) Axle box feeling (if not covered in rolling in examination)
j) Toilet discharge collection facilities (trains with biodegradable and vacuum collection
type toilets).
k) Train examination of passing trains rolling in examination.
4. Locomotive Operation
a) Fueling of locomotives
b) Locomotive out pit operation and maintenance
c) Attaching/detaching locomotive
5. Information System
a) Coaching operation Information system
b) Coach cabinet office working
c) Announcements on Passenger Address (PA) system
d) Train announcing
e) Train Enquiry
6. Ticketing/booking
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a) Parcel booking
b) Unreserved/reserved ticketing
c) Feeding of quota/charting
d) Booking at current counter
e) Luggage booking
f) Ticket Checking
7. Tourism & catering services
a) On-board Catering including base-kitchen and servicing facilities for on
board catering.
b) Bed-roll storage and services to AC coaches in trains (both originating
and terminating).
c) Specified catering stalls, book stalls and miscellaneous passenger
related stall in the passenger in the platforms/ concourse area.
d) Tourist reception centre management
e) Yatri Niwas and budget hotels built by railways
f) Supply and distribution of bottle drinking water
g) Food courts, catering stalls of IRCTC relocated in the redeveloped
station.
8. Train Services
a) Provision of PCP sets, fire extinguisher, stretcher, first aid box to the
guard
b) Posting of charts and delivery of chart to train conductor
c) Feeding of Platform nomination in Coach Guidance system
d) Handling of driver /guard boxes
9. Parcel Activities
a) Parcel handling
b) Activities of SLR/VPU lease holders
10. Security
a) Security of Railway installations by RPF/GRP
b) Crime prevention/control by RPF/GRP

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2.5.5.2 NON OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES CONCESSIONAIRE

1. Utilities
a) Water supply including water-harvesting/recycling facilities.
b) Electricity Supply except for Traction, Signal, Coach and locomotive
maintenance depot area.
c) Drainage Management
2. Passenger Utilities
a) Communication systems operation and maintenance.
b) Cloak room management
c) Operation and Maintenance of Pay & use toilets/showers
d) Provision of Cyber Cafes/ATMs
e) Book stalls and miscellaneous stalls in commercial areas of the station
other than those in the passengers concourse
f) Food Courts, Catering stalls, other than those in the platforms/passenger
concourse.
g) Waiting room (free)
h) Paid Lounges
i) Escalator/lift upkeep and operation
j) Supply and distribution of potable and non potable water including
operation and maintenance of pumping installations, excluding bottled
water.
k) Emergency medical care facilities.
3. Cleaning
a) Station Cleaning including cleaning of washable aprons.
b) Staff offices and other building cleaning
c) Garbage collection and disposal
4. Inter modal Connectivity
a) Parking management: four wheeler, two wheeler
b) Pre paid taxi/auto rickshaw
c) Maintenance of circulating area and approach roads including parking area

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5.Building Services
a) Maintenance of station lighting, ventilation, air conditioning, power supply
substation
b) Station building maintenance and buildings.
c) Renovation and up gradation of infrastructure.
d) Development and maintenance of drainage system and sewerage
system for yard and circulating area.
e) Landscaping of the station complex including horticulture
f) Provision of station furniture and its repair.
g) Maintenance of parcel-handling conveyors (to be remunerated by
payment of specified charges per parcel.)
6.Railway Staff services
a) Maintenance and cleaning of railway staff office
b) Crew running room management including house keeping, maintenance & catering.
7.Commercial development
a) Licensing in passenger & concourse area (excluding platforms) except
for the area reserved for Railway use or its Corporations such IRCTC.
b) Advertising
8. Security and Safety
a) Access control systems including passenger gets/turnstiles, if any
b) Security surveillance system
c) Fire safety
d) Luggage & parcel scanners.
9. Others
a) Management of Registered Porters and trolley operations.

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Table 4 Codes and standards for station design

2.5.6 LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS) PERFORMANCE STANDARD

LOS performance standards provide a method of sizing passenger circulation


elements that respond to the demands of pedestrian behavior based on John J. Fruin’s
Pedestrian Planning and Design (1987). The capacity of passenger circulation elements
shall permit natural, free-speed passenger movement and consider the physical
dimensions of the human body and human locomotion. A LOS of C or greater shall be
used for all passenger circulation elements based on the projected passenger/ridership
load target specified in the Concession Agreement. However, station design shall take
into account seasonal peak use and ensure that all station components conform to a
Level of Service (LOS) D during this period. The following charts outline the LOS
requirements of various station elements. In design of certain facilities, where J.J Fruin
standards are not applicable International Aviation Transportation Association (IATA)
standards shall apply.

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Table 5 J.J Fruin’s Queue LOS

Table 6 .Allocated Space per Person in the Terminal Area

Table 7 Circulation flows as per J.J Fruin’s Queue LOS

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2.6 LITERATURE REVIEW- 1 - ARNHEM CENTRAL TRANSFER TERMINAL

2.6.1 INTRODUCTION

The station is the result of an ambitious 20-year project – master


planned by UNStudio – to redevelop the wider station area; the largest post-war
development in Arnhem. Backed by the Dutch government, this transfer hub rewrites
the rule book on train stations and is the most complex of its type in Europe.
The station will become the new ‘front door’ of the city, embracing the spirit of travel,
and is expected to establish Arnhem as an important node between Germany, the
Netherlands and Belgium. The new terminal houses commercial areas, and a
conference centre and provides links to the nearby office plaza, city centre,
underground parking garage and the Park Sonsbeek. The area around the station will
become a place in of itself, with 160,000m2 of offices, shops and a cinema complex.

2.6.2 PROJECT LOCATION

located in Stationsplein, Arnhem, Netherlands.The station is the result


of an ambitious 20-year project – master planned by UNStudio – to redevelop the
wider station area; the largest post-war development in Arnhem. Backed by the Dutch
government, this transfer hub rewrites the rule book on train stations and is the most
complex of its type in Europe.

2.6.3 FEATURES

The 21,750m2 Transfer Terminal features a dramatic twisting structural roof


geometry, which enables column-free spans of up to 60m in the transfer hall. Taking
references from the continuous inside/outside surface of a Klein Bottle, UNStudio
aimed to blur distinctions between the inside and outside of the terminal by continuing
the urban landscape into the interior of the transfer hall, where ceilings, walls and
floors all seamlessly transition into one another.
The structure of the roof and twisting column was only made possible by
abandoning traditional construction methods and materials; much lighter steel
replaced concrete – originally intended for the station – and was constructed using
boat building techniques on a scale never before attempted.
Integrating the naturally sloping landscape distinctive to Arnhem, UNStudio conceived
the Transfer Terminal as a flowing, utilitarian landscape of different.
functions stacked up to four stories above ground and two below. The key space is the
5,355m2 main Transfer Hall, topped with a dynamic, undulating roof form.

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Figure 12 Arnhem central transfer terminal:photographs

2.6.4 DESIGN

The emphasis on how people interact with a space is evident in his


design for the 21,750-square-meter central transport terminal. Tucked beneath a
rolling paneled roof are ticketing halls, parking for cars and bicycles, regional and local
bus arrivals and departures, and access to train platforms to the north, among the
sundry retail and dining establishments that pepper any transit hub. Yet with all of
this complex and varied program, the one thing visitors will not see an abundance of
is signage. The building gives travelers all the direction they need.

Figure 13 Arnhem central transfer terminal:floor plans

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Upon entering, visitors are greeted by a sweeping main transfer hall that spirals up
around a thin, central column. The ceiling changes from white concrete in this main
area to wood lamella in offshoot hallways that lead to bus gates, parking, and a
tunnel to the train platforms, helping to move and direct people through the space.

Figure 14 Arnhem central transfer terminal:blown up,section

In the glazed main hall, DAYLIGHT reflects off of the polished ceiling, splashing bright
tones across the surface as the angles of the sun shift throughout the day. Glass
canopies over the outdoor train platforms filter light down onto commuters, and
even in more enclosed spaces, such as the concrete regional bus boarding areas,
windows are cut in to allow light and direct the eye to stairways and other forms of
circulation to the rest of the station.

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Figure 15 Arnhem central transfer terminal:satellite view

2.7 LITERATURE CASE STUDY - 2, Anaheim Regional Transportation Inter-modal Center

2.7.1 PROJECT LOCATION

The new Anaheim Regional Transportation Inter modal Center (ARTIC) sets a
precedent for civic-minded transit hubs in the United States. HOK designed ARTIC,
which represents the next generation of public transportation in Southern California,
as an innovative new transit station that serves as a destination in itself.
Projected to serve the transportation needs of more than three million
people annually in the coming years, the 67,000-sq.-ft. transit hub links commuter
and regional rail service and intercity bus systems including Amtrak, Metro link,
OCTA bus service, Anaheim Resort Transportation (ART), Mega bus.com and
Greyhound. . In addition to accommodating passenger arrivals, departures and
transfers, ARTIC integrates amenities such as transit-oriented retail, Wi-Fi and
charging stations, parking, bike racks, lockers, community space and specialty dining.

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Figure 16 Anaheim Regional Transportation Inter-modal Center: view

2.7.2 DESIGN AND PLANNING

Drawing inspiration from classic grand transit halls including Grand


Central Terminal in New York, along with the structural elegance of local airship
hangars, the team developed a 21st-century design concept for the forward-looking
transit facility. The design achieves ARTIC’s signature parabolic form by employing a
diagrid structural system of diamond-shaped steel arches infilled with translucent
ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene) pillows. At the north and south ends,
freestanding curtain walls bring in daylight and open the building to views.
The long-span, grid shell structure creates a grand, light-filled atrium space that
accommodates open circulation.
The design team used building information modeling (BIM) to develop ARTIC’s complex
form, geometry and functions, to navigate the complexities of the building systems,
and to study the building’s tolerances and environmental performance.
The tubular steel-framed 67,000-square-foot building has a compound curved shell
that is covered with a 200,000-square-foot (19,000 m2) ethylene tetrafluoroethylene
roof system. This allows diffuse sunlight to illuminate a major portion of the building's
interior. At night, the structure can be illuminated in any color with the 1,354 energy-
efficient lights glowing through the air-filled plastic pillows which make up the arched
roof.

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Figure 17 Anaheim Regional Transportation Inter-modal Center: plan

The structure’s entrance is a 120-foot-tall glass wall (37 m) and leads into a
spacious lobby ticketing counters.A plaza leads to the thirteen bus bays. The second
floor has space for offices and two restaurants. The third level is a mezzanine with a
small lobby and the concourse bridge for access to the stairs or elevators that take
travelers down to the railroad tracks. The station design has been criticized due to the
lengthy route and distance between the station building and train platforms. Some
commuters transferring between bus and train have called the layout "dysfunctional"
for pedestrians.

Figure 18 Anaheim Regional Transportation Inter-modal Center: elevation

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Figure 19 Anaheim Regional Transportation Inter-modal Center:ETFE

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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

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3.1 PROJECT METHODOLOGY

The selection of the topic as per my interest in transit oriented development and
study of urban growth and trends in transportation infrastructure was the first step
taken towards the methodology of the project.
While selecting a topic like transit hub the site plays a major role in the design
development,the study of urban morphology and context has to be done to
understand the land use patterns ,history and evolution of the urban fabric.the
ecological factors are also to be analyzed and considered for an effective design.
The existing transportation infrastructure and public transit modes,routes has to
be studied and analyzed to understand the major problems and issues in the region so
that these problems can be addressed in the design.
To understand various aspects involved in the designing of transit hub a brief
background study has to done.pedestrian movements , activities and requirement and
needs has to be understood at a public level.vehicular circulation ,parking
requirements,
Data has to be collected regarding the dimensions of street and walkways for the
smooth flow of traffic,standards and specification for street layouts and other spaces
involved in transit hub designs.the next step was to study transit hub with international
context ARTIC California and Arnhem central transfer terminal, data collection so as to
get an understanding of spatial organization,circulation ,concept and design
development.
In order to get a clear understanding of urban level transit issues and potentials
live case studies are done with Indian context.CMBT Chennai was selected as it was the
largest Bus terminal in Asia and ISBT,kasmere gate Delhi was also selected considering
the urban sprawl around the bus terminal.
After the study and analysis of different cases of Indian and international
context ,design program has to be developed, which will also be impacted by the site
context and issues to be solved.the design programs defines the project requirements
and its spacial relations with each other.
Design development is the final stage where the initial concept and zoning leads to the
master plan and relevant detailed drawings , renderings and outputs are generated.

3.2 APPROACH & METHODOLOGY

3.2.1 APPROACH

To follow task-based approach. The major task shall be data collection and database
development, Data analysis, Demand forecasting and Recommendations. Each task will
be taken up one after another through systematic and timely manner.

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3.2.2 METHODOLOGY

The experience of the Consultants in previous similar projects has helped in evolving
methodology to achieve requirements of the TOR. The various tasks of the proposed
methodology are listed in the following section followed by detailed description of
each task.

3.3 ESTIMATION OF BUS BAYS (ACTIVE BAYS & IDLE BAYS)

Bus bays are the platforms where buses dock and where passengers board and
alight at the bus terminal. Design of the bus bays must incorporate both vehicle and
passenger needs. The bus bays are estimated for the peak demand. The bays will be
estimated both for active bays (bays used for boarding/alighting of passengers) & idle
bays (used for idle parking of buses). Bus bays are calculated considering passenger &
bus demand based on passenger footfall and travel needs. In addition, one of the
major factors in the assessment of number of bus bays is the bus dwell time which is
explained in detail below. The number of bays required at the bus terminal has to be
estimated based on the bus entry exit survey. This survey will also help us determine
the dwell times which will further facilitate in planning bus bay requirement for
intercity & intra-city buses.

3.4 ESTIMATION OF DWELL TIME

Dwell time of a bus refers to the time spent by bus at the scheduled stop/bay.
Typically, this time is spent for entering/exiting bus bay (clearance time), boarding and
alighting of passengers and time allowed for passengers to buy tickets. Other factors
which could also be considered is early arrival or delayed departure of buses from
scheduled time.

3.5 PRIVATE VEHICLE PARKING

Parking requirement for private modes shall be


assessed based on the travel patterns, modal share of vehicles accessing the terminal.
In terms of the private modes such as two-wheelers and cars, long-term or all-day
commuter parking will be considered as well as short-term or drop-and-ride activities.
Parking analysis will require the assessment of existing & proposed parking
requirement. The existing parking requirement will be developed on the basis of traffic
surveys conducted and the same shall be forecasted based on suitable forecasting
technique.

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3.6 PEDESTRIAN INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

One of the main components within the terminal planning guidelines is to


provide adequate space and appropriate facilities to accommodate and disperse
projected peak pedestrian demands while ensuring pedestrian safety and convenience.
For this, facilities should be formulated based on the pedestrian flow rate at the
terminal. The same will be determined on the basis of pedestrian volume count
conducted at adjacent mid-block & junctions.

3.7 NUMBER OF ENTRY/EXIT POINTS AND LOCATIONS

The decision on number of entry and exit for the bus terminal and circulation
pattern (one-way or two-way movement) shall be provided based on the assessment
of road capacities in the influence area, size of the bus terminal plot, based on queue
length observed during analysis and no. of buses entering/exiting the terminal in peak
hour.

3.8 CIRCULATION PLAN

The circulation plan for both vehicular as well as pedestrian traffic will be worked
out so as to avoid all points of conflict of movements. This would also include the
traffic plan for the incoming and outgoing traffic at the main entry and exit points.

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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISSCUSIONS

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4.1 LIVE CASE STUDY -1- CHENNAI MOFUSSIL BUS TERMINAL (CMBT) - koyambedu

4.1.1 PROJECT LOCATION

located in Chennai, India, providing inter-state bus transport services. It is


located on the 100 feet (30 m) inner-ring road (Jawaharlal Nehru Road) in Koyambedu
between SAF Games Village and the Koyambedu Vegetable Market. It is the largest bus
terminus in Asia. Chennai Metro Rail operates a coach depot behind the bus terminus
since 2015.

Figure 20 :CHENNAI MOFUSSIL BUS TERMINAL - koyambedu :photograph

4.1.2 HISTORY

The bus terminus originally functioned at the Broadway terminus near


Madras High Court in George Town, in an area covering about 1.5 acres (6,100
m2).With the growing population and transportation demand, a new terminus was
planned at Koyambedu.
The terminus was planned and construction started by the Karunanidhi during DMK
regime at a cost of ₹ 103 crore and inaugurated on 18 November 2002 by Jayalalithaa
during AIADMK regime .The terminus was renamed as Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G.R.
Bus Terminus on 9 October 2018 in honour of AIADMK founder and former chief
minister M.G.Ramachandran.

4.1.3 DESIGN

The terminal has good landscape features with multilevel underground


parking. main block of the terminal separates the inter-state bus stand and local bus
stand.the main space in the terminal is the transfer hall which is very massive and is

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connected with three bus fingers.the ground floor plan shows the symmetry in
geometry and function of the space of the main block.the space are more open and
welcoming.

Figure 21 CHENNAI MOFUSSIL BUS TERMINAL - koyambedu :SITE PLAN

4.1.4 FORM AND FUNCTION

The form of the terminal is rectangular with a shell form


above the main block which provides light and ventilation to the transfer hall.the bus
fingers are other rectangular forms connected to the main block functioning as the
feeder to the main block. the inter state buses from kerala,karnataka,andrapradesh
and telangana transfers passengers to the bus finger,the north side of the main block
connects the local bus bays, the main street and the metro station.the terminal has 2
floor levels, but the dominant one is the ground floor where major activities take place.

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4.1.5 STRUCTURAL & CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

foundation : driven cast-in-situ end bearing piles.


pile detail : 400 mm dia and 20m depth 925 nos.
500 mm dia and 25m depth 375 nos.
columns:the whole structure is a r.c.c form work.a grid of circular columns are
arranged above the foundation to support the roof of the structure.main hall columns
have 1000 mm dia and 18 nos finger bay 600 mm and pedestrian walkway 450 mm
dia.r.c.c roof :shell roof size is 45m x 30m, shell roof height upto skylight is 20.65 mts.
size of peripheral beam supporting shell dome:

4.1.6 MATERIALS USED

steel (ctd bars):3600 mt,cement (48grade) :18000 mt(3,60,000bags)


concrete for structure (m20) :15000 cUM (M30) :3500 CUM.
concrete is also used for road construction.gravel filling of average depth 2m is done
and also used 30,00,000 bricks for the construction.
flooring finishes include polished granite, kotta stone and chisle dressed
granite.cladding materials used are cats eye for interior and bala grey for
exterior.curtain wall glazing and glazed doors and windows.decorative clay tiles above
shell roof over 1850 sq.m

Figure 22 CHENNAI MOFUSSIL BUS TERMINAL - koyambedu :PLAN

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4.1.7 FACILITIES PROVIDED AT BUS TERMINAL

facilities provided at the bus terminus at ground floor


*dispensary : near the entrance*cloak room : 1 no.*reception/enquiry counter : 2
*maintenance shed : 1 no. (1400 sq.mt.) *fuel filling station : 1 no. (855 sq.mt.)
*parking facilities : single entry for staff and public parking
*crew rest room : 2 nos. (500 sq.mt.) *private dormitories are provided with bed.*time
keepers room : 6 nos.*drinking water fountains with cooler : 7 nos.*free emergency
clinic cum dispensary : m/s Apollo hospitals (150 sq. mt.)police out-post : 1 no.
security cabin : 5 nos./free wheel chairs : 6 nos.bank ATM : 4 nos.
telephone booth : 30 nos.at first floor*office/commercial space : 2300 sq.mt.
*trade center : 2 blocks of 5 shops each.
there are total 44 shops (600 sq m) no of shops in main hall : 10 nos.
in bus fingers : 24 nos.

4.2 LIVE CASE STUCY - 2 - Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus

4.2.1 LOCATION

popularly known as Kashmere Gate ISBT or ISBT, located in Delhi is the oldest
and one of the biggest Inter State Bus Terminals in India.

Figure 23 CHENNAI MOFUSSIL BUS TERMINAL - koyambedu :PLAN


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4.2.2 HISTORY

Kashmere Gate ISBT was opened in 1976. It served as the only ISBT in Delhi till
1993 when it was transferred to the Transport Department, after which two new ISBT's
were created in Sarai Kale Khan and Anand Vihar to DE-congest the overcrowded
Kashmere Gate ISBT. It was renovated in 2011-2012 by DIMTS at a cost of ₹ 70 Crore
and then inaugurated in 2013 by then Chief Minister of Delhi, Sheila Dikshit.

4.2.3 SURROUNDING CONTEXT

most part of the site is surrounded by roads.the major express way bridge crossing
the yamuna river is in the north side of the site.the terminal is in a strategical location
connected with major highways.
*a foot over bridge connects the i.s.b.t to the street level over the other side of the
ah2.
*the west side of the site has metro stations under ground and above the ground
across which is the local bus stand.
*towards the south side of the site is high density
commercial buildings.

Figure 24 :Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus,Delhi-photographs

4.2.4 DESIGN

The redeveloped ISBT is designed as a state of the art, modern


integrated Bus Terminal. While being modern, in its design and appearance, the design
carefully incorporates functional requirements.
Presently, there are 60 active bus bays,31 idle parking spaces for buses,14 alighting bus
bays,and 12 local bus bays.
The ISBT also has a local bus stand which has 12 local bus bays, it is well connected to
important places in NCR like Ghaziabad,New Delhi Railway Station, Noida & Gurgaon.

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It also has a CNG auto stand nearby.A prepaid booth is also there for the facility of
people arriving at odd hours at the terminus.
the one side of the terminal receives pass-angers from the private vehicles and
transfers them to the bus boarding area through the link block, the link block has ticket
counters and information center. the arrival block has other office space up-to 6 more
floors above the ground floor

Figure 25 Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus,Delhi-SITE PLAN

4.2.5 PARKING AND LANDSCAPE FEATURE

The space provided for car and bike parking is very few and is increasing
demand.parking spaces are provided in front of the terminal near the arrival
block.space for bike parking is minimal. a connection to the parking are is provided
from the ground floor level from the arrival block.
The landscape features are very few,but the site has a buffer zone around as
it is surrounded by roads.the area of Delhi transport corporation in the west connected
with metro is being turned into recreational space.there lots of open space and parks
present near the site.

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Figure 26 :Comparison analysis chart

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4.3 SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS

4.3.1 MORPHOLOGY

4.3.1.1 HISTORY AND EVOLUTION

For many centuries up to and during the British Raj, the city of Kochi was the
seat of the eponymous princely state. Kochi traces its history back many centuries,
when it was the centre of Indian spice trade for hundreds of years, and was known
to the Yavanas (Greeks and Romans), Jews, Arabs and Chinese since ancient
times.Kochi earned a significant position on the world trading map after the port at
Kodungallur (Cranganore) was destroyed by massive flooding of the river Periyar in
1341.
The earliest documented references to Kochi occur in the books written by
Chinese voyager Ma Huan, during his visit to Kochi in the 15th century as part of the
treasure fleet of Admiral Zheng He. There are also references to Kochi in accounts
written by Italian traveller Niccolò Da Conti, who visited Cochin in 1440.Today, Kochi
is the commercial hub of Kerala, and one of the fastest growing second-tier
metropolises in India.
4.3.1.2 URBAN SPRAWL

The growth of the city towards the north-east direction can be seen in the
recent decades.lack of transportation infrastructure and improper planning is the
reason for the uncontrolled growth of the city.lack of public amenities are also a
reason.as water logging becomes a major problem in the city , the need for more
land and has caused the city to grow toward the north rather toward the south
where the back waters are.there are several constituent units around the main land
of kochi including heritage zone in fort kochi,tourism towards
kumbalanghy,residential tourism in thrippunitthara , industries and institutional
towards vaduvacodeputhencruz , it institution in kakkanad which is also the especial
economic zone, industries in varpuzha and port related in vallarpadam.
4.3.1.3 DEVELOPMENT OF COCHIN PORT

In the early nineties the existence of a sand bar in the sea mouth prevented
large ships from entering safely into the backwaters of Kochi. Western
industrialization brought in revolutions in overseas trade with the wrought iron ships
of greater draught and the consequent need for deeper and safer harbors and
stronger moorings. The opening of Suez Canal in 1869 further emphasized the
importance of the Port at Kochi as a coaling station for this route. The idea of making
it a great harbour, out of the unique lagoons in Kochi was mooted as early as in 1870.
Though Kochi had proposed for a dredged channel leading to the inland harbour,
due to the non-availability of adequate technology for dredging at that time, it was
only in 1920 that the port works were initiated. Under the direction of Sir Robert
Bristow, the sand bar at sea mouth was cut open and a deep shipping channel was
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dredged to the backwaters. The spoils of the dredging were used to reclaim
Wellington Island from the backwaters. Road and rail connectivity to the west Kochi
and the island from the main land on the east were completed in 1940 when
Government of India declared Kochi as a Major Port. Wellington Island developed
with its wharfs, quays and other infrastructure as a transport terminal complex.
Cochin port gradually became the focus of the city. Centered on the port facility
grew a large number of business and commercial establishments providing the
economic base to the city and the environs. The development of the port also
coincided with the commissioning of the Pallivasal Hydro Electric Project supplying
ample power, heralding a new era of industrial growth in the region. In this wake a
number of major propulsive industries were established in the region.
4.3.1.4 GENESIS OF KOCHI CORPORATION

The industrialization in turn resulted in population increase and


consequent urban growth. Kochi thus witnessed unprecedented trend of
urbanization during the past four decades. The growth of population and activities
necessitated efforts to tackle urban problems, to regulate city building and to guide
future development. Though the Municipal Governments of Fort Kochi,
Mattancherry and Ernakulam were able to exercise their powers and evolve
schemes in their respective areas of jurisdiction, they were not in a position to
perceive the problems of urban growth as a whole and to plan for it. In order to
streamline the municipal administration, the Kochi Municipal Corporation was
formed in 1967, incorporating the three municipalities (Fort Kochi, Mattancherry
and Ernakulam), Wellington Island and a few surrounding areas in the suburbs.

The 74th Constitution Amendment and the resultant new enactment of Kerala
Municipality Act in 1994 grossly changed the role, powers and functions of the Kochi
Municipal Corporation (and the other ULBs as well) from being just an Urban Local
Body to that of Local Government. Adequate provisions built into the Act for public
participation, participatory planning and development, transparency and public
disclosure and mandatory ward level community participation etc. brought in a sea
change in the functioning of Kochi Municipal Corporation.
4.3.1.5 URBANIZATION IN KOCHI

Census 2001 recognizes 27.78 percent of the population of India as urban (Out
of India’s population of 102.70 crore, 28.54 crore live in urban areas). Considering
the rapid urbanization in India, it is estimated that by 2050 about 50 percent of
India’s population may be living in urban areas. During the last three decades India
has witnessed significant increase in the population of its metropolitan cities. There
are 35 million plus cities in India as per the Census 2001.

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Table 8 Urban Areas in Kerala and Ernakulam district

The State of Kerala accommodates only 2.90% of the urban population of


India.However, Kerala has witnessed steady growth in the urbanization. The urban
content of the State’s population which was only 15.11 % in 1961 has risen to
25.97% in 2001. The urban population of 82.67 lakh (2001) is accommodated in 159
urban areas comprising of 60 statutory towns and 99 census towns. A peculiar
phenomenon of the urbanization trend in Kerala is that a major percentage of this
urban population is within 17 urban agglomerations (UA). Kochi UA has the most
number of constituent units (25) with Kannur in the second place with 16
constituent units and Kozhikode in the third position with 14 constituent units. All
the other UAs have only 10 or less than ten constituent units. A remarkable feature
of urbanization is that though the urban content of the State’s population is only
25.97%, Ernakulam is the most urbanized district in the state in terms of absolute
number of urban population (14.77 lakhs) and the percentage of urban to total
district population (47.56 %) as per 2001 census. The distribution of towns by size,
class and population in the State shows that there are 7 Class 1 towns with a
population over 100,000 (one lakh). A clear demarcation between urban and rural
areas is difficult since Kerala has a dispersed settlement pattern. This is clear from
the fact that though there are only 60 statutory towns out of the 159 census towns,
a good percentage of these census towns are within the 17 urban agglomerations,
lying in the peripheral areas of major towns and cities. It was also seen in a study by
the Department of Town and Country Planning that more than 100 panchayats
satisfy more than 75% of the criteria for urban as per the Census (the three fold
criteria specified by Census of India).
Major Establishments
(i) Special Economic Zone
A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is coming at Kakkanad by a joint venture of Cochin
Port Trust, Cochin International Airport Limited (CIAL) and Cochin SEZ. Kochi is the
only city in India to have three SEZs. These include the Electronic Park at
Kalamassery, Cochin SEZ and a port based SEZ. Eleven new SEZs have been
approved in the state. In nine out of 11 approved SEZs, the state and central
governments are the developers. Of the 11 SEZs six are IT/ITES based SEZs, one
each in food processing, biotechnology and electronics and two are port based
SEZs. While the Vallarpadam SEZ (port based) consists mainly of the Container
Transshipment Terminal and related infrastructure, the Puthuvypeen SEZ (port
based) will comprise an LNG Terminal. Two SEZs have been approved in principle,
for development by Smart City Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. and Sutherland Global
Service Pvt. Ltd.

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(ii) Cochin Special Economic Zone


The Cochin special economic zone (CSEZ) established in 1984 spread over an area
of 103 acres located at Kakkanad is one of the seven Special Economic Zones of
Central Government. The CSEZ is multi product zone with 98 working units and
four under implementation units in sectors as varied as software, hardware,
engineering, ready made garments, food processing, rubber products, gem &
jewellery, manufacturing and with more than 7800 employees making it the single
largest employment destination in the state. Export during 2008-09 was of Rs.11,
549.04 crore as against Rs.4651.40 crore during 2007-08, thereby registering a
growth of 148 percent.
4.3.1.6 MAJOR PROJECTS IN THE REGION

The major development projects envisaged by various agencies in and around


Kochi city is listed in Table below

Table 9 Urban projects in ernakulam

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4.3.1.7 SITE CONTEXT STUDY

Figure 27 context maps of KOCHI

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Kochi is known as the financial,commercial and industrial capital of Kerala. It has


the highest GDP as well as the highest GDP per capital in the state, KAKKANAD
SEPECIAL ECNOMIC ZONE.
The city is home to the Southern Naval Command of the Indian Navy and is the
state headquarters of the Indian Coast Guard with an attached air squadron,
named Air Squadron 747

Figure 28 FIGURE GROUND,BUILTUSE,BUILT AGE MAPS OF KOCHI

Figure 29 map-area of study

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4.3.2 ECOLOGY

4.3.2.1 PHYSICAL FEATURES

(i) Topography
Being a coastal district majority of the Kochi region is within the low land
regions of the state. The average altitude towards the eastern fringes is about 7.5
m above MSL, and towards the west the altitude is less than one metre on an
average. The whole of the land slopes gradually from east to west. The flat terrain
of the central city with the low altitude interspersed with a network of canal
system provide link to the backwaters. The main canals are navigable for small
and medium crafts. The secondary canals used to serve as natural drainage canals
in the city for flood waters, but today they are in an advanced stage of
deterioration through silting and waste dumping and fail to serve their purpose.
The effects of inadequate drainage become visible and real with flooding and
water logging of low lying areas during rainy season. The terrain features have
adverse influence on the sewerage and drainage system of the area. Percolation
of effluent from septic tank and dispersion trenches pollute the ground water.
Commercial wastes are mostly directed to open surface drains. To ensure ruling
gradient the drains have to be deepened often below the sea level and the
sewage has to be regularly pumped to its outfall regions for disposal. The outfall
regions are again the back waters. The back waters further take the load of
effluents from the industry, most of which are located in the water fronts and
river side. The continued effects of all these factors result in the abuse of water
courses, environmental deterioration and public health hazards.
(ii) Soil type
The soil of the planning region can be broadly classified into two categories
viz. alluvial and lateritic. The lateritic soil covers the eastern portion of the area.
The soil is porous and well drained and hence suited for all garden works. On
removal of the top soil, laterite is present as a homogeneous mass which can be
cut as building blocks. The alluvial soil is the characteristic type seen over the
remaining part of the city. It has been formed from the deposition and
consolidation of river discharge laden with fine silt and clay. Soil exploration has
revealed that this deposit is present even to a depth of about 50 metre from the
sea level. This fact presents the unique foundation engineering problems of this
area.
(iii) Climate, Rainfall and Water Bodies
The annual variation of temperature in the Kochi region is between 220 C
and 320 C and a more or less uniform temperature exists throughout the year.
Because of the nearness to the sea and due to the large area of backwaters in the
region, the humidity is high all round the year. Kochi has a tropical climate with
intense solar radiation and abundant precipitation. Kochi region experiences only
two major seasons, namely the dry season and the wet season, as in all other

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places in Kerala. The wet season is usually associated with the months in which
the south-west and north-east monsoon occur. The north-east monsoon
commences in October and continues till November. The rain fall varies from 1500
mm to 2000 mm during south west monsoon and 400 to 700 mm during the
north-east monsoon. The maximum annual rainfall in the region is around 3000
mm. Heavy showers during the monsoons over the whole of the state, sustains a
system of rivers and estuaries originating from the Western Ghats. These rivers
transport the sediments from high lands and mid lands to the plains and discharge
them into Arabian Sea. The interaction between the river discharge and the tidal
forces has helped the sediment deposition, there by directly influencing the
creation of lagoon system and land forms of Kochi. The characteristic physical
feature of Kochi is the expanse of backwaters and low lying wet lands. The
backwaters of Kochi form part of the Vembanad water basin of the Central Kerala.
This, together with a number of canals provides the cheapest means of
transportation, especially for bulk goods to and from the city. However due to
misuse these canals are not adequately used as waterways for transport. These
water bodies are often made to contribute to environmental degradation due to
waste dumping and other misuses. The backwaters are rich in their marine foods
and hence form the means of livelihood for a large portion of the population.
Further, it presents great potential for recreation. The wet lands are formed by
the gradual leaching of dry land into the flood basins of the watercourse, canals
and estuaries. They remain covered by water during rainy seasons, but in summer
they partially dry up and become suitable for paddy cultivation. With spiraling
labour cost and decreasing size of holdings, presently they are mostly left
uncultivated. More often, they are used for pisciculture by bundling and in filling
by water from the back water. Potential of converting the paddy fields and
marshy lands into urban land has also led to indiscriminate filling of such area in
recent times; often creating possibilities of flooding and water logging in adjoining
areas.
4.3.2.2 CLIMATIC ANALYSIS

Kochi’s climate is generally tropical, with no harsh


extremities. Under Köppen's climate classification, the city features a tropical
monsoon climate.Kochi lies at the northern end of a narrow neck of land, about
19 km long and less than 1.6 km wide in many places, and is separated from the
mainland by inlets from the Arabian sea and by the estuaries of rivers draining
from the Western Ghats. As a result, Kochi is a natural harbour.
The soil consists mainly of recent sediments (Alluvium, Teri’s, Brown sands etc.).
Hydromorphic saline soils are also found in the areas
surrounding the backwaters. The major rock types are Archaean-basic dykes,
Charnockites and Gneisses.

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Figure 30 kochi -climatic graphs

4.3.2.3 waste management

The major source of MSW(municipal solid waste) in the city include :domestic
waste sources, commercial establishments, marriage and community halls,
hotels and restaurants, markets, institutions, schools, offices, street sweepings,
hospitals,slaughter house,construction and demolition etc.
The total daily production of MSW in city is 180- 250 metric tonnes. The percapita
waste generation is 482g/day/head. their are no popper collection points for
MSW and is accumulated in the road side.the drainage system in the area is
choking with solid waste.
the perandoor canal has become the drinage exit of the city and its flow is
obstructed by encroachment and waste dumping.

Figure 31 :kochi -elevation map

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Figure 32 :open space analysis,study area

4.3.3 TRASPORTATION

4.3.3.1 REVIEW OF STUDIES

1. Comprehensive Traffic and Transport Study (CTTS) for Greater Cochin Area,
August 2001 by RITES
The study was prepared by Transport department, Government of Kerala
with RITES Ltd, a Government of India enterprise in 2001 for Greater Cochin
Development Authority (GCDA). The GCDA area includes Goshree Island
Development Authority (GIDA) with its suburbs extending up to the satellite towns
Angamaly in the North, Thripunithura in the East and Aroor in the South. A number
of traffic surveys have been carried out to assess the socio-economic and traffic
characteristics of the resident population and commuter traffic. These include, Road
Network Inventory along arterial and major roads, Speed and Delay survey,
Classified Traffic Volumes Survey at Screen Lines, Mid Blocks, Intersections and
Outer Cordon Points, Pedestrian Survey at selected locations, Parking Survey at
identified stretches, Origin and Destination survey at outer cordon points,
Household Travel survey, Passenger Occupancy Survey, Terminal surveys (Bus, Rail,
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IWT, Airport), Bus stop survey, Public Transport Operator Survey, Intermediate
Public Transport survey, Level crossing survey, Tourist survey. The travel data
collected through survey for the defined zone system has been used to develop the
Lowry land use transport model for the horizon year 2021. The land use transport
model has been developed at strategic level, utilizing an aggregated system of traffic
zones with compatible transport network for testing development strategies. This
model is based on the premise that given the basic employment locations, it is
possible to predict population and service employment. The land use transport
model developed comprises of Economic Base Mechanism, Allocation Base
Mechanism, and Transport Sub-System. Traditionally four stage transport demand
model has been developed. The transport land use model includes two basic
employment strategies, two population location strategies and five transport
network. Twenty alternative scenarios have been developed by combining the
strategies of basic employment, population, and transport network. The land use
transport model developed has been used for obtaining the traffic assignments on
the proposed network for the horizon years. Short term Improvement Measures-
The data analysis of the traffic surveys has been used to identify the problem areas
type and intensity. The following parameters have been taken into consideration for
problem identification, Volume Capacity ratio, Degree of congestion, Congestion
index, Parking index, Saturation Capacity of Intersections, PV2 values (Pedestrian
volume x Vehicle volume2 during peak hour). The corridors where the V/C ratio is
more than one and the congestion index is high have been selected for
improvement schemes under the short-term scheme. A total of 16 junctions have
been selected for improvement, out of which 7 junctions are proposed to be
provided with automatic signals
.
i) Short term improvements like, corridor improvement schemes, intersection
improvement schemes, holding areas for buses and LCVs are suggested. These
are to be implemented within a period of one to two years.

ii) To provide immediate relief from the traffic problems, rapid action plans are
proposed. These are simple and immediately implementable measures viz. road
markings and signage's, area traffic management schemes, parking
management and pedestrian facilities which will serve as the precursor of the
short term improvements measures.

Medium term Improvement Measures- The transport demand projected by


the land use transport model and four stage transport model has been used in
formulating the medium term improvement proposals. The ‘Shortest Path
Assignments’ with all ‘All or Nothing’ assignment procedure has been adopted for
assignment of estimated horizon year trip interchanges. The traffic assignments in
PCUs have been taken as the basics for formulating the road improvement proposals.
18 new roads and missing links are proposed in the study area at an estimated cost
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of Rs.180 Crore. To reduce congestion and delays, grade separators/ROB is also


proposed. The total estimated cost for the road development proposals works out to
Rs.280 Crore in the next ten years.
The Inland Water Transport (IWT) system in the study area comprises of
ferries operating from 10 major terminals. The ferries operated by private operators
as well as KINCO act as the principal link between the mainland and islands of
Vypeen and Vallarpadam. Two scenarios of the proposed public transport plan have
been prepared. In the first scenario, modifications have been made with reference
to the changes in the road network and adding the routes from the municipal areas
falling in the jurisdiction of the Greater Cochin Development Authority. In another
scenario the routes have been reorganized by considering the major terminals in the
study area and the routes from each terminal. To reduce the pollution, the diesel
buses have to be changed into CNG buses and also IWT has to be redesigned for the
efficient functioning has been proposed in the study area. Mass Rapid transit
system- The rail based mass rapid transport corridors have to be identified to cater
to the anticipated travel demand and earmark the reservation of land for the same.
The traditional four stage transport model has been developed for projecting the
transport demand for the year 2005, 2011 and 2021. Based on the traffic
assignments, the MRTs have been identified as,
Phase 1: Kalamassery to Tripunithura (23 km),
Phase 11: Aluva to Kalamassery (7 km).
Economic review has been carried out for Phase 1 of the MRTS network by
comparing “with” and “without” the project scenario. The proposed MRTS is
estimated to cost of Rs.1625 crore in Phase 1 at April 1999 prices.
The economic internal rate of return is estimated at 24 %. Financial rate of
return is estimated as 3% with a fare structure of Rs.7.00 per trip. As per the study
undertaken, the project is not viable but it is economically very attractive based on
the traffic demand estimation.

Figure 33 kochi -road network map

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2. Traffic and Transportation System Study for Kochi City, 2007 by NATPAC

A detailed study on traffic and transportation system of Kochi city was carried out
by as part of preparation of Development Plan for Kochi. The summary of the
Report is as follows:
Travel characteristics
• Detailed studies were carried out to ascertain the intra-city and inter city
travel characteristics of Cochin city
• A total of 2.28 lakh trips were performed by the resident population of
Kochi Corporation in 2006. The per capita trip rate was found to be 0.46.
Majority of passenger trips (60%) were performed in public buses, followed
by 26% in two wheeler and 20% by walk.
• In the first stage, growth rate method is used to predict the future traffic at
all the road stretches to account for normal growth of traffic arising out of
population growth, vehicle growth and commercial development.
• In the second stage, additional traffic generated from the developmental
projects envisaged at the peripherals of Kochi City like Vallarpadam,
Kalamasserry, Kakkanadu, Amabalmugal etc, are estimated. The generated
traffic was distributed to various traffic zones in the proportion of existing
pattern of inter-city traffic. In the third step, the traffic distributed to various
traffic zones were assigned on the road network through the shortest path
from the generating zones. Medium and long term Transport Development
Plan
• Medium and long-term transport facilities for Kochi City were planned
involving the development of alternative transport development plans taking
into account the proposed land use developments.
• The configuration of the existing road network within Kochi city does not
reflect any regular form, although, it resembles more or less like grid-iron
pattern of network. There are six major corridors in the north-south direction
and almost an equal number of east west corridors.
• The east-west connectivity of the city is hampered to great extent by the
railway line and waterways. The east-west connectivity is also hampered by
the waterways.
• Most of the available north-south corridors are narrow and are passing
through the congested CBD areas.
• Various transport related problems facing the city along with the
development plans for the city prepared by various agencies have been taken
into account while formulating the long term network development strategy
for the city. The development strategy for the city has been prepared giving

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special emphasis in relocating the heavy traffic generating facilities and


services to the peripherals of the city. In order to reduce the number of
private vehicle trips and IPT trips, the development strategy give importance
to develop an efficient public transport system for the city.
• Based on the evaluation of the future year traffic loading on the base year
network, alternative network development schemes have been formulated
so as to reduce the traffic loading on routes where the traffic volume
exceeded the capacity. All committed road development schemes and the
proposed land use development plan for the city were taken into account
while formulating the alternative network development plans.
• Parking on the periphery of the city or activity centers served by transit
vehicles have also been proposed to improve the parking supply.
• Development of pedestrian facilities: Pedestrian facilities in the form of
walkways, marked cross walks and pedestrian over passes/underpasses have
been proposed at selected locations.
• Road side appurtenances: Proper road way marking such as pedestrian
crossing, traffic lane marking, bus bay marking, stop lines, parking area
marking, centre line marking etc are proposed for all the identified road
corridors in Kochi city. Similarly, traffic signs are also proposed for major road
corridors in Kochi City. Development Plan for Public Transport System
• After considering various travel and physical factors prevailing in Kochi City
and the feature of various transport options available for selection, a
combination of different mass transportation systems has been
recommended for implementation in Kochi City for various horizon years.
The mass transport system proposed for Kochi City comprises of bus
transport system, inland water transport system, metro rail system and sub-
urban rail system.
• Metro rail system: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation has prepared a detailed
plan for the development of metro rail corridor between Aluva and Petta
(25.253 Km), which is in advanced stage of implementation. A total of 24
stations have been proposed by DMRC along the proposed Corridor.
• Sub-urban rail system: A sub-urban rail system for Kochi Region is proposed
to be developed by constructing a few new lines and rebuilding the old lines,
to improve the service facilities and upgrade the services. The proposed sub-
urban rail system comprises of two ring and a series of radial lines.
• By the year of 2025, nearly 139 km of sub-urban railway line has to be
newly built, expanding the total length of suburban railway lines within Kochi
region to 291 km. • 56 major terminals are proposed to be developed on the
sub-urban rail system including 24 existing terminals. The passenger load
expected in various sections of the sub-urban wail system has been worked
out for various horizon years.

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• Bus transport system: It is proposed to develop a bus transport system to


serve Kochi City and its environs by complementing and supplementing the
metro rail and sub-urban rail systems.
• Based on the passenger demand for bus transport and considering the road
network characteristics, a series of circular, link and radial routes have been
proposed for city buses. Detailed routing plan for the 10 circular routes, five
link routes and 14 radial routes have been worked out. The number of buses
required for operation on these routes and the vehicle utilization achieved by
these buses have been worked out for various horizon years based on
passenger demand, route length and frequency of operation.
• A set of five major terminals and eight mini-terminals (operating terminals)
has been proposed for Kochi city for easy and efficient operation of the bus
transport system enabling convenient transfer facilities for the traveling
public within the system and among-st other transportation systems
proposed for Kochi city.
• Also a management plan for operation of bus transport system has been
proposed to improve the efficiency of the system.
4.3.3.2 ROAD NETWORK

The road transport network of Kochi City is shown in Map 9.7.1. The total
length of roads in Kochi City (except the roads belonging to Kochi Naval Base in ward
No.26) is 614 Km. The city has a road density of 1.03 km/1000 population and 6.47
km/sq km of surface area. The roads in the city are classified as arterial, sub-arterial,
collector and local streets, based on the following definition.
Arterial streets:This system of streets, along with expressways where they
exist, serves as the principal network for through traffic flows. Significant intra-urban
travel, such as, between central business district and outlying residential areas or
between major suburban centers takes place on this system. The arterial streets are
generally divided highways with full or partial access control. Parking, loading and
unloading activities are usually restricted and regulated. Pedestrians are allowed to
cross only at intersections.
Sub-arterial streets: These are functionally similar to arterial streets but with
somewhat lower level of travel mobility. Their spacing may vary from about 0.5 km
in the central business district to 3-5 km in the sub-urban fringes.
Collector streets: The function of collector streets is to collect traffic from
local streets and feed to the arterial and sub-arterial streets and vice versa. These
may be located in residential neighborhoods, business areas and industrial areas.
Normally, full access is slowed on these streets from abutting properties. There are
few parking restrictions except during the peak hours.
Local Streets: These are intended primarily to provide access to abutting
property and normally do not carry large volumes of traffic. Majority of trips in
urban areas originate from or terminate on these streets. Depending on the
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predominant use of the adjoining land they allow unrestricted parking and
pedestrian movements.

Figure

34 :road hierarchy

Figure 35 traffic intensity map

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4.3.3.3 PUBLIC TRANSIT

KSRTC bus services


KSRTC operated mainly Fast passenger and Super fast services to cater the
travel demand of long distance passengers from Alappuzha, Kozhikode,Kottayam,
Pathanamthitta and Guruvayoor regions. Ordinary bus services operated from the
KSRTC bus station at Kochi to various destinations within the town are very less
compared to private buses.

Table 10 ernakulam ksrtc bus info

Figure 36 BUS ROUTES map

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4.3.3.4 PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT

The auto stand near the ksrtc stand has a


capacity of 30 autos and function as an
extension for the ksrtc bus stand.
The ksrtc bus stand fails to handle the
pedestrian flow in the region,people walk
around the station with no sense of
direction.pedestrian crossing railway line
from the east to reach the ksrtc stand in the
west can be observed.
There are also pedestrian flow from the
railway station region towards the ksrtc
stand and vice versa along the swami
vivekanda road.
pedestrians are also generated from the
mahakavi g road and mullassery canal road
which are sub-arterial roads.as
The rail line divides the urban area and less
pedestrian flow is observed from the
eastern side of the major pedestrian
movement is through the south railway
station road.
The metro station on the road and the bus
stop in the chitoor road are the generation
points of these pedestrians along with the
railway station.

Figure 37 PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT MAP

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4.3.4 INFRASTRUCTUTRE

Figure 38 drainage infrastructure map

Figure 39 social infrastructure map

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4.3.5 ISSUES AND POTENTIALS

Figure 40 issues and potentials

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4.3.6 STRUCUTRE PLAN

Figure 41 structure plan

vision & frame work


The study of site and surroundings has lead to the realization of certain factors
which involves the future development in the region.create an attractive and inviting transit
oriented development with enhanced public uses, which will act as a predominant gateway
to the downtown core of kochi.
The project will unify the public realm by integrating different modes of public
transit and by making interchange between these transit smooth and defined. so as to
enhance the connectivity and image-ability of the railway-station precinct.
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4.4 AREA REQUIRMENT

Figure 42 BUBBLE DIGRAM,DESIGN PROGRAM - DESIGN SHEET

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CHAPTER 5: DESIGN

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5.1 ZONNING CIRCULATION AND MODEL MASSING

Figure 43 MODEL MASSING

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5.2 MASTER PLAN

Figure 44 MASTER PLAN - DESIGN

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5.3 -FLOOR PLANS-G+

Figure 45 ground floor detail 1

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5.4 -FLOOR PLANS- G+

Figure 46 ground floor detail 2

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5.5 -FLOOR PLANS- G+

Figure 47 ground floor detail 3

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5.6 -FLOOR PLANS-G+1,2

Figure 48 first floor and second floor

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5.7 -SECTIONS &VIEWS

Figure 49 Figure 50 section aa,views

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Figure 51 section bb,views

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Figure 52 section cc,views

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CHAPTER 6: SPECIAL TOPIC

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6.1 INTRODUCTION

ETEF -is a man made fluoropolymer which stands for ethylene tetrafluoroethylene,
which has attained its position as an efficient architectural material.

The appearance of ETFE is like a transparent sheeting material type, which can be
employed instead of glass and plastic that are hard in nature. ETFE is widely used in
modern buildings which possess greater architectural features.

Its composition has a major ingredient of fluorite, which is a mineral that is


commonly found. The fluorite is combined with other two compounds namely
trichloromethane and the hydrogen sulfate. The above mixture, by the process of
pyrolysis, produces chlorofluoroethylene, which is later combined with ethylene to
make ethylene tetrafluoroethylene or the so called ETFE. ETFE is regarded as one of the
exciting material in building construction industries. It has favored the construction
world with the potential it offers.

It is a fluorine-based plastic, a polymer scientifically known as polyethene-co-


tetrafluoroethene. Its structure makes it very flexible, which can help it to cope with
large deformations before breakage.

Figure 53 example ETFE roofing system

6.2 PROPERTIES OF ETFE AS A BUILDING MATERIAL

The properties of ETFE materials reflects the advantages it provides. ETFE possess a
non-sticky surface, which gives them a self-cleaning as well as recycling capacity.The

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combustion of material would result in the emission of hydrofluoric acid (HF) which is
highly toxic and corrosive in nature.

This force us to undergo a proper disposal for this material. Sharp edges create
punctures in these materials, hence it is commonly used as roofing or as a cladding
material. It is stretchable, hence a variation in size can be compromised.

This advantage is more effective when ETFE are used as a roof material.The tensile
strength of ETFE is 42N/mm2 with 89 K to 423 K as its working temperature.

It is found highly ultraviolet light resistant when subjected to a weathering test done
under high acceleration. The test showed no kind of deterioration in the material.

6.3 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF ETFE

ETFE is an invention of DuPont during a research program which was intended to


determine an insulating material for machinery in the industry. The properties meant
to develop where high temperature resistant (in both low and high temperature),
friction and abrasion resistant as well as higher immunity towards radiation.

The application of ETFE started as ETFE wire and cable in nuclear, aerospace and
automobile industries. It is one of the stable chemical compounds,that made them
applicable for linings as well as in filters.

The ETFE as an architectural material took its place during the year 1973 to 1974,
where it was a period of the oil crisis. The authorities found it essential to harvest solar
energy to replace fossil fuels to fight against the crisis.

ETFE film was developed by the researchers (an extruded form of ETFE) as a
replacement for glass in thermal solar collectors, greenhouses etc. This application
made ETFE more famous than glass material, which further leads its way to broader
architectural applications.

6.4 SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS OF ETFE

The ETFE material helps in life costing by assuring lower maintenance costs when
compared to other materials of fabric used. As mentioned in the properties of ETFE, they clean
out dirt coming over it, because of the smooth surface it possesses.

During rain, the dirt is washed out easily, unlike other fabric material used, which instead
have uneven surfaces that hold and attracts dirt. The interior surface of the ETFE cushions may
be cleaned at 5 to 10 years’ interval with water.

But mostly it is found unnecessary.The ETFE material constitutes chlorodifluoromethane which


is not a petrochemical derivative and is found safe for the ozone layer.

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6.5 USE OF ETFE IN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

The ETFE can be installed over the structure based on the requirement of
insulation, lighting, and building aesthetics.

It can be :-

Single Layer Here a single film of ETFE film is installed which are connected to the
primary structure and reinforced by means of wire cable or aluminum or lightweight
steel.

Double Layer filled with low-pressure air. This is the criteria which provide thermal
resistance and stability in structure.

Figure 54 Double Layer Installation Triple Layer

Figure 55 Triple Layer Installation

6.6 ADVANTAGES ETFE AS A BUILDING MATERIAL IN CONSTRUCTION

The ETFE material gains certain advantages as mentioned below, which dominates
glass or all other similar material which were used conventionally:

ETFE are lightweight in nature

ETFE have excellent light transmission capability

ETFE possess high light transmission property. The light transmission can be
controlled my choosing a specific film, from the variety of films they provide.
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Adequate lighting through ETFE would help in reducing the cost that is invested for
additional lighting activities.

Figure 56 The efficiency of light transmission is high compared to other materials for ETFE
and remains almost same with time

Highly Durable

It is highly resistant towards damage due to chemical actions as well as


higher wear and tear due to any range of weather. A data showing tensile stress
variation with time for different materials including ETFE is shown below.

Figure 57 Variation of Tensile Stress of ETFE with Time

It is seen from the above-depicted graph that with time, the tensile strength of ETFE is
less decreased compared to other material i.e. polyolefin and PVC.

Self-Cleaning Property

ETFE retains its transparency by its self-cleaning properties.

ETFE Show Higher Insulation

It is when installed in multiple layer, shows higher insulation, as shown in the figure
below.

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Figure 58 Double Layer ETFE film layer as an insulation

ETFE are Eco-Friendly

The ETFE material after use can be recycled and converted into useful industrial
products. Their lightweight nature makes the use of lesser fabrication thus reducing the
emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.The ETFE films are transparent, which
when installed would provide adequate ventilation to the building indoor, reducing the
cost and energy of additional lighting requirements.

ETFE are Fire Resistant

It has been proved that the ETFE film material has efficiently undergone the
International tests for fire resistance and proved extremely fire resistant. It’s combined
property of light weight and fire resistance make them use prominently in insulation
areas in aerospace.

The material is less inflammable due to the presence of higher fluorine content,
compared to other plastic and fabric construction material available. The presence of low
oxygen index gives itself extinguishing property.

As mentioned in properties that ETFE emits HF under combustion. This happens


only when the temperature is above 800 degree Celsius.

ETFE gains the advantage of self-venting. This would prevent heat that is built
within the structures, which further causes an explosion or building collapse. The ability
of self-venting would make the interior into an open space, thus reducing the
accumulation of heat and further destruction.

6.7 INFERENCE

The ETFE is a sustainable material for roofing structure of the transfer hall in the design as it enables
to ex-cute parametric architecture to create a aesthetically pleasing environment with functional
aspects such as lighting & ventilation.

The transfer hall need to have a long span structure,which can achieved from ETFE roofing system as
it is light weight and highly durable.

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CONCLUSION

The project aims to bring a unification among different modes of transit in the urban
context of south kochi.the project deals with linking of newly constructed metro station to the
intra -city rail network and also with both inter city and intra-city bus network.

A grand plaza representing the public realm which will also act as the transfer hall in
between different mods of transit is the core of design around which all the other functional
spaces are placed. The space hierarchy has evolved keeping in mind the importance of public
realm in evolving urban cities.

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List of References

1.CET march ud study 2013-14

2.URBAN STREET DESIGN GUIDELINES,PUNE

3.Bus Terminal Design Guidelines - SGArchitects

4.PAPER • OPEN ACCESS Smart space solutions of pedestrian ways in public transport transit hubs

5.MANUAL FOR STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR RAILWAY STATIONS June 2009

6.AMIT MEENA Indian Administrative Service ( IAS) Managing Director ,Cochin Smart Mission
Limited

7. Working Paper No. 359 -The Role of Waterways in Promoting Urban Resilience: The Case of
Kochi City

8. Google earth & blog spots


9. https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mapping-how-growth-kochi-mumbai-and-
chennai-made-them-flood-and-drought-prone-108564
10.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275544817_From_Typology_Concept_to_Sm
art_Transportation_Hub
11.https://www.arcadis.com/media/5/E/6/%7B5E6F99C5-91D3-46C2-8639-
24A182A1E460%7DImproving%20Quality%20of%20Life%20through%20Transit%20Hubs_
001.pdf
12. https://www.slideshare.net aruntheacb › a-study-on-urba..

13. https://www.urban-pathways.org/kochi.html

14. https://wikitravel.org/en/Kochi

15. https://in.pinterest.com/madeleine_roberts/multimodal-transit-hub/

16. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814055281/pdf?md5=3d0a62db5
310871ff4244d3f798db1c6&pid=1-s2.0-S1877042814055281-main.pdf

17. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-10/how-to-future-proof-a-transit-hub

18. https://architecturelive.in/b-arch-thesis-transit-hub-at-sector-21-dwarka-new-delhi-ashwjit-
singh/

19. https://mobiliseyourcity.net/sites/default/files/2020-09/multimodal-transport-hubs-good-
practice-guidelines.pdf

20. www.google.com/

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