COMPREHENSIVE MOBILITY PLAN

TOOLKIT - OVERVIEW

1
GUIDELINES AND TOOLKIT
PREVIEW OF CMP
CMP – TOOLKIT, 2008? DETERMINISTIC FORECASTING APPROACH

The focus of the toolkit was on the following:

01
The Guidelines and Toolkits for Urban Transport Development were 1. To optimize the “mobility pattern of people
prepared by a Technical Assistance on Urban Transport Strategy (TA 4836 and goods” and to optimize goods movement. SECTION I
IND) funded by the Asian Development Bank.
2. To focus on the improvement and promotion of SECTION II
The initial set of Guidelines and Toolkits consists of the following public transport, NMVs and pedestrians. TASK 1
five modules: 3. To provide a recognized and effective platform TASK 2
Module 1: Comprehensive Mobility Plans (CMPs): Preparation for integrating land use and transport planning. TASK 3
Toolkit. TASK 4
Module 2: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): Toolkit for Feasibility Studies. CMP – TOOLKIT, 2013?FLEXIBLE SCENARIO BASED APPROACH TASK 5
Module 3: Bus Service Improvement: Policy and Options. The revised toolkit would ensure the following: TASK 6
Module 4: Parking Measures: Policy and Options. 1. A low-carbon mobility growth scenario for the SECTION III
Module 5: Nonmotorized Transport (NMT) Measures: Policy and city. SECTION IV
Options.APPRAISING FUNDING - Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) 2. Equity to all sections of the society including
urban poor and differently abled. TOOLKIT FOR
This module (Module 1) is a toolkit for the preparation of a Comprehensive 3. Service level benchmarks incorporation. COMPREHENSIVE
Mobility Plan (CMP), which focuses on the tasks required and general MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
guidelines relating to key issues involved in the development of a CMP. MODIFIED CMP TOOLKIT TO A
BETTER AID PRELUDE
New data collection formats included
Socio-economic + Gender DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
Environment and CO2 emissions JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
VALLIKANNU |
Collection of data on vehicles
Aspects of safety TRANSPORT
Collection of data on safety and security PLANNING STUDIO
The typical CMP planning horizon will be 25 years, but COMPREHENSIVE
CMPs should also cover actions to be taken within 5 and 15
MOBILITY PLAN
years.

The concept of Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP) is to

have a long-term vision in the urban agglomeration. It
focuses on the mobility of people to address urban
transport problems and promote better use of existing
infrastructure which as such leads to the integration of SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
land use and transport development and is essential to ARCHITECTURE,
ROLE OF CMP IN JNNURM building smart cities. VIJAYAWADA
TOOLKIT - SECTION I
WHAT IS A CMP?
KEY OUTCOMES OF A CMP
a) Improvement in mobility for all socio-economic groups and
02
CMP is a vision statement of the direction in which Urban genders.
Transport in the city should grow. It should cover all elements of b) Improvement in air quality of Sustainable Urban Transport
SECTION I
Urban Transport under an integrated planning process. Scenario with reference to the BAU scenario.
SECTION II
SCOPE OF CMP c) Improvement in safety and security for pedestrians, NMT and
TASK 1
The preparation of CMP includes the following steps:
liveability in the city.
TASK 2
a) Understand the present travel characteristics and forecast d) Increase in sustainable transport mode share and a decrease in
TASK 3
travel demand for the planning horizon. private motor vehicle use.
TASK 4
b) Estimate emissions from urban transport based on the travel e) Achievement of desirable indicators and benchmarks.
TASK 5
demand and technological choices. f) Integral part of Master Plan.
c) Integrate transport options with land use structure and TASK 6
develop alternative scenarios for sustainable transport. SECTION III
d) Work out the mobility plan which is economically, socially, SECTION IV
environmentally and technologically sustainable and be an
integral part of development plans / master plans. TOOLKIT FOR
e) Suggest an implementation programme for a successful COMPREHENSIVE
execution of the selected interventions. MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
OBJECTIVE Statement of Vision and
S OF A CMP Goals to improve mobility of
people
INTRODUCTION
COMPARISON OF MAJOR TASKS OF CMPS & OTHER EXISTING PLANS
DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
CM JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
P VALLIKANNU |

Implementation List of Proposed Urban

Program
Land Use/ Transport TRANSPORT
Measures
PLANNING STUDIO
SURVEYS FOR CMP
PREPARATION
For the preparation of Comprehensive Mobility Plan, the COMPREHENSIVE
required information will be collected and compiled through MOBILITY PLAN
primary surveys and secondary sources as per the formats.
Road Inventory Freight Survey
Junction Inventory Traffic Safety
Traffic Volume Count Household Survey
Parking Survey Energy Consumption in Transport: City level
Speed & Delay Survey Vehicle Inventory –Registered Vehicles at City
Inventory for Cycle Rickshaws and Autos Vehicle Survey at Petrol Pump SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
Inventory for Public Transport Air Quality levels – Secondary Data
ARCHITECTURE,
Land use Survey along PT Corridor (BRT / Metro)
VIJAYAWADA
DETAILED TASK DESCRIPTIONS 03
TASK 1 Defining Scope of the CMP
SECTION I
TASK 2 Data Collection and Analysis of the Existing Urban Transport Environment SECTION II
TASK 1
TASK 3 Development of Business as Usual (BAU) Scenario TASK 2
TASK 3
TASK 4 Development of Sustainable Urban Transport Scenarios TASK 4
TASK 5
TASK 5 Development of Urban Mobility Plan TASK 6
SECTION III
TASK 6 Preparation of the Implementation Program SECTION IV
OVERALL MODELLING FRAMEWORK FOR CMP TOOLKIT FOR
COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA

INTRODUCTION

DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
VALLIKANNU |

TRANSPORT
PLANNING STUDIO
COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN

SCHOOL OF PLANNING &

ARCHITECTURE,
VIJAYAWADA
TASK1: DEFINING THE SCOPE OF THE
CMP
04
PLANNING HORIZON PLANNING AREA
SECTION I
If we consider that CMP leads to The planning area should cover the urban SECTION II
investments in transport infrastructures agglomeration or metropolitan area or city TASK 1
with long-term impacts on climate change region as identified in the master
TASK 2
and other issues, its planning horizon plan/regional plan. In many aspects, the
should be at least 20 years. In addition, master plan should be used as a base for
TASK 3
immediate (optional), short-term and preparing the CMP. TASK 4
medium-term target with a range of 2 TASK 5
SCOPE OF THE (two), 5 (five) and 10 (ten) years, TASK 6
respectively, should be included. SECTION III
PROJECT VISION SECTION IV
WORK PLAN
A vision statement for the direction of the
TOOLKIT FOR
The average period for preparation of CMP city’s transport system should be based on
COMPREHENSIVE
is estimated to be about 12 months for the the diagnosis of the current public
MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
study area with a population of about transport, mobility, urban transport
twenty lakh (two million). However this environment and the future urban growth
schedule is indicative and will vary scenario. It must be in line with the overall INTRODUCTION
depending on the city’s size, availability of vision of the city’s growth indicated in the
data and time for collection of information. master plan. DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
VALLIKANNU |

TRANSPORT
PLANNING STUDIO
COMPREHENSIVE
PLANNING AREA
MOBILITY PLAN

SCHOOL OF PLANNING &

ARCHITECTURE,
WORK PLAN VIJAYAWADA
 05
Task 2: Data Collection and Analysis of the Existing Urban Transport Administrative • In case a master plan is available, the zones or
sub-zones of the city as indicated in the plan
and Environment boundaries may be used.

Task 2.1 Review of the City Profile • Rivers, lakes, canals, railway lines may be

It is important to study the present socio-economic profile and trends over a period of Physical barriers considered for delineating TAZ

time. The data must be collected from primary or secondary sources. The data SECTION I
requirements for the city profile in CMP is given in below table. Road network & PT • The zone size would also get affected by the
network in the road and PT network in the study area. SECTION II
Data required study area TASK 1
Description Source for Primary Data Data level
• Major centres like industrial areas or major
TASK 2
Location Geographical location Master plans of the city and City wide Homogeneity in land residential pockets should be considered as a TASK 3
region if available/ CDP use single zone.
TASK 4
Master plan of the city and
Total land area region City wide • Regional / city level like railway station, sports TASK 5
Special traffic complexes / major freight centres etc. might
Master plan of the city and generators be considered as separate zones. TASK 6
Land ared Growth pattern City wide
region SECTION III
Zone sizes SECTION IV
Identification of notified areas Master plan of the city and City wide
region
Regional The zone sizes should be as uniform as possible TOOLKIT FOR
Road & Rail Network Master plan/CDP City wide If some zones are much bigger than others, a significant
linkages COMPREHENSIVE
number of trips will be made within the zone (intra-zonal MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
Population growth trends by
census wards or enumeration Census City wide trips) that will not reflect on the network.
Generally, Data Collection and Analysis
blocks of the Existing Urban
Demography • population of 1,000 – 3,000 is optimum for a small
Number and size of house Transport and Environment
hold Census City wide area
• population of 5,000 – 10,000 is optimum for a large DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
Age-sex pyramid Census City wide JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
area
Population by income / If city level GIS data available or If the study area includes outskirts and peripheral areas VALLIKANNU |
Socio- expenditure on transport at enumeration block data of the City wide
TAZ or ward level census and primary surveys around the city which are not fully developed, these may
economic
data Vehicle ownership (including RTO, other local agencies /
be merged with the existing administrative zones at TRANSPORT
City wide which socio-economic, censés, etc. data Is available. PLANNING STUDIO
bicycles) by social group primary surveys
Task 2.2 Delineation of Traffic Analysis Zones Task 2.3 Review of Land Use Pattern and
For the purpose of analysis and development of travel demand forecasting model, the Population Density COMPREHENSIVE
study area is required to be subdivided into smaller areas known as Traffic Analysis Once the zoning is done, the next step is the collection of MOBILITY PLAN
Zones (TAZs). the data. While collecting the data the slums are
• Internal Zones :- The zones inside the planning/study area.
considered as part of residential land use. And the
• External Zones :- The zones outside the planning/study area.
residential land use will have the income groups marked
These zones help analyse trip interactions between internal-internal, internal-external, properly. This data can be collected from the household
external-external and external-internal. survey. If the household survey data is not available then
The Basis of Zoning disaggregation of the residential land use can be done by SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
TAZs are delineated taking into account various factors such as administrative the following formula, ARCHITECTURE,
boundaries, physical barriers like water bodies, railway lines, highways and Per capita floor area = household area_________ VIJAYAWADA
homogeneous land uses.
 06
Land Use Data Existing Transport Systems
CDP or master plans are the prime data sources for reviewing existing land-use patterns
An alternative source for land use information collected by the National Urban
Information System (NUIS)7
In cities where NUIS data is not available, CDPs or Master Plans can be used in
conjunction with property tax data, which is available from the respective municipal SECTION I
corporation. SECTION II
TASK 1
After obtaining the land use data it need to be analysed for land/floor area TASK 2
consumption per land use in each TAZ which indicates the percentage of land under TASK 3
each land use.
TASK 4
And the an indicator which influence the distance travel for obligatory activities like
shopping, recreation etc. is collected by the household survey. (The survey format are TASK 5
given in CMP toolkit reviserd-2014 – Annexure 1 and 4) TASK 6
SECTION III
SECTION IV
Analysing Density
In addition to residential densities, job densities are studied and analysed using the TOOLKIT FOR
following formula. COMPREHENSIVE
No. of persons/job per unit area = Rj____ MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
ARj x AJj Data Collection and Analysis
Where, of the Existing Urban
Rj = no of residents in a zone Transport and Environment
ARj = area under residential purpose landuse in the zone DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
AJj = no.of jobs in the zone to the area under land uses that generate these jobs JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
respectively VALLIKANNU |

The next parameter to be analysed is the Floor space used per activity per unit area,
TRANSPORT
which is by
Floor space used per activity per unit area = No. of floor X land use (activity) PLANNING STUDIO

This indicator will help us in comparing the BAU development projection and COMPREHENSIVE
sustainable urban policy scenarios. MOBILITY PLAN

Task 2.4 Review of the Existing Transport Systems

A review of existing transport infrastructure and facilities needs to be done for all
transport modes including public transport (private and public), private vehicles,
walking, cycling, cycle rickshaw, auto rickshaw, shared auto rickshaw, etc. For this
purpose, a number of surveys need to be conducted. The data collected must be SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
visually represented, such as on maps. The information that needs to be collected is ARCHITECTURE,
given in below table and maps that need to be prepared are given below. VIJAYAWADA
 07
Task 2.5 Study of Existing Travel Behaviour
Two important considerations should be taken into account while collecting data on
travel patterns.
• The collected data should cover the travel behaviour of all individuals within a
household,
• The data should be segregated by mode and trip purpose. SECTION I
The household survey is designed to collect the data of access time of the trip, trip SECTION II
purpose, the address of the trip starting and ending points, mode of travel for each TASK 1
stage of the journey and to represent people’s perceptions towards different modes of TASK 2
transport in terms of time, cost, comfort, safety and security. TASK 3
The questionnaire is divided into two parts:
TASK 4
• General or household questionnaire
• Individual questionnaire TASK 5
TASK 6
Details of the household survey are given below :
SECTION III
SECTION IV

TOOLKIT FOR
COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
Data Collection and Analysis
of the Existing Urban
Transport and Environment
DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
VALLIKANNU |

TRANSPORT
PLANNING STUDIO
COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN

SCHOOL OF PLANNING &

ARCHITECTURE,
VIJAYAWADA
 08
Task 2.6 Review of Energy and Environment Vehicles: Fuel Types and Efficiency
Energy consideration is one of the key concerns of a “Smart City”.
Quantifying energy consumption for transport is important for estimating the
CO2 and local air pollution emissions from transport-related activities.
The estimation of energy consumption can be done in two steps: SECTION I
• Top-Down approach – Information by energy suppliers such as oil SECTION II
companies, electricity board, etc. TASK 1
• Bottom-Up approach – Information obtained by primary survey of TASK 2
vehicle user to get data of energy consumption of different TASK 3
vehicle categories. TASK 4
Energy Balance TASK 5
Energy balances are a way of representing aggregate energy flows from TASK 6
energy suppliers to energy consumers and are used as an accounting tool for SECTION III
estimating energy-related emissions. SECTION IV

TOOLKIT FOR
COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
Data Collection and Analysis
of the Existing Urban
Ambient Air Quality Transport and Environment
DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
The data related to ambient air quality is helpful for
JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
understanding the impact of transport on air VALLIKANNU |
pollution. In some cities, the pollution control
department has installed measurement TRANSPORT
instruments in a few places within the city.
PLANNING STUDIO
However, data on ambient air quality is not
available for all cities, and in such cases the data of COMPREHENSIVE
cities of similar characteristics can be used. MOBILITY PLAN

SCHOOL OF PLANNING &

ARCHITECTURE,
VIJAYAWADA
 09
Task 2.7 Service Level Benchmarks Task 2.8 Analysis and Indicators (Comparison with Benchmarks)
The data so far collected is compared with the Indicators provide an easy way to make comparisons across alternative scenarios.
service-level benchmarks to understand the
The indicators for transport at the city level can be broadly divided into as follows :
level of service provided to the citizen of
i. Mobility and Accessibility
certain specified parameters. SECTION I
ii.Infrastructure and Land use
There will be a regular check on the level of SECTION II
iii.Safety and Security
service provided, so that the level of service TASK 1
iv.Environmental impact
can be improved accordingly. TASK 2
v. Economic
The data to be collected for service-level TASK 3
benchmarking are given in below table :- TASK 4
TASK 5
TASK 6
SECTION III
SECTION IV

TOOLKIT FOR
COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
Data Collection and Analysis
of the Existing Urban
Transport and Environment
DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
VALLIKANNU |

TRANSPORT
PLANNING STUDIO
COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN

SCHOOL OF PLANNING &

ARCHITECTURE,
VIJAYAWADA
 10
TASK 3- DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS AS USUAL SCENARIO

FRAMEWORK FOR SCENARIOS  Future based on the continuation of past trend

SECTION I
 Extrapolate existing trends + assume no radical policy intervention, except infrastructure SECTION II
development and land use according to master plan, with continued reliance of transport sector TASK 1
on fossil fuel cars. TASK 2
TASK 3
TASK 4
Model framework  Mobility and accessibility TASK 5
 Safety TASK 6
SECTION III
 Environment
SECTION IV
 Energy
TOOLKIT FOR
COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA

BUSINESS AS USUAL
SCENARIO
SOCIO ECONOMIC PROJECTION DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
VALLIKANNU |
DEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS  Population projections for the city.
 Along with family size, age group, gender proportion, rural-urban, rural-rural, urban- rural TRANSPORT
migration.
PLANNING STUDIO
COMPREHENSIVE
EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS  Jobs for each activity in a particular TAZ. MOBILITY PLAN

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH  Depends on National and State level policies for the region.
PROJECTIONS  Growth trend for city’s existing and planned industrial sectors.
 Growth rate of large industrial sectors linked to overall economic growth projections in a country.
SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
ARCHITECTURE,
VIJAYAWADA
LAND USE TRANSITIONS • Understanding and considering changes of land use planning while modeling.
• Consideration of changes from Vacant land to built up , Changes in the land use – from residential to
11
commercial, is necessary .
SECTION I
SECTION II
Simulation tools used to study the types of projected land TASK 1
Existing land use type + floor area LAND USE SIMULATION
use changes in a region. TASK 2
Floor Space requirement per TASK 3
capita for each land use/TAZ as TASK 4
estimated STEP 1 – Projection of population and employment and estimating per TASK 5
Capita pace requirement for each activity TASK 6
Input SECTION III
STAGE A – Allocation of non residential activities based on the past trends, SECTION IV
STEP 2 master plan provisions, availability of space.

STAGE B – Allocation of residential activity based on accessibility to jobs for TOOLKIT FOR
each TAZ, Master plan provision, availability of space. COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
STEP 3 Scope of Entire land use transition – from commercial to residential, etc
BUSINESS AS USUAL
STEP 4 Impact of land use on transport to be analysed SCENARIO
DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
VALLIKANNU |
TRANSPORT DEMAND ANALYSIS
TRANSPORT
Base year Modelling PLANNING STUDIO
•The demand for passenger transport estimated using four step model . Trip generation – Trip distribution – Mode choice – Trip assignment
COMPREHENSIVE
•Based on Primary Household survey, transport infrastructure and service quality. MOBILITY PLAN
• Traffic flows compared with actual volume count .

• Transport demand model calibrated for base year – used for analyzing the future of the BAU scenario
 Planned strategies
 Changes in Socio economic drivers ( population, employment projections)
 Changes in land use SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
Inputs for BAU scenario analysis ARCHITECTURE,
VIJAYAWADA
TECHNOLOGY TRANSITIONS
Vehicles and fuels  A change in fuel, greater use of CNG, Bio fuels, cleaner petrol and diesel 12
 More efficient engines
 More electricity transportation. SECTION I
SECTION II
TASK 1
CO2 EMISSIONS AND AIR QUALITY • Estimating Fuel consumption due to travel activity in vehicle kilometre,, to estimate CO2 emissions TASK 2
TASK 3
1. Calculating Fuel Consumption 3. VKTs and Fuel mix TASK 4
TASK 5
TASK 6
SECTION III
SECTION IV

TOOLKIT FOR
COMPREHENSIVE
2. Vehicle occupancy 4. Fuel use converted to CO2 emission value MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA

BUSINESS AS USUAL
SCENARIO
DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
VALLIKANNU |

5. Local Emissions 5. Local Air Quality TRANSPORT

Calculated by Multiplying the VKTs with emission coefficients  Pollutant loads transformed into air pollutant concentrations
PLANNING STUDIO
through Modelling such as SIM Air Model, AIM Endues/AIM Air COMPREHENSIVE
Models. MOBILITY PLAN

 Local Air quality modelling help create Maps of Air pollutant

concentrations. thus to analyze air concentrations related to
different strategies. SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
ARCHITECTURE,
VIJAYAWADA
 13
TASK 4 - DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT SCENARIOS
4.1 FRAMEWORK FOR SCENARIO 4.2 STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT SCENARIO
REVIEW OF NATIONAL CARBON INDICATORS CMPs must identify investment priorities to help achieve the sustainable city goals. The
CO2 is the predominant constituent of sustainable scenarios also assume an increase in motorised transport to some extent,
greenhouse gas. The per capita CO2 emissions which is inevitable given the low level of vehicle use on a per capita basis.
based on the second national communication SECTION I
was 1.0 t CO2 29 in 2000. Due to the rapid pace SECTION II
of development, the per capita CO2 emissions TASK 1
increased to 1.33 t CO2 30 in 2010. TASK 2
For future emission trajectories, a reference can TASK 3
be made to studies undertaken by TASK 4
• The Climate Modelling Forum in 2009
TASK 5
• UNEP project
TASK 6
The sustainable urban transport scenario
SECTION III
visualises social, economic, environmental and
technological transitions through which societies SECTION IV
respond to climate change, local environment
and mobility challenges. The scenario assumes TOOLKIT FOR
the following. COMPREHENSIVE
• Deep emission cuts using low carbon energy MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
sources (such as Renewable’s, natural gas, DEVELOPMENT OF
nuclear power) SUSTAINABLE URBAN
• Use of highly efficient technologies (e.g., TRANSPORT
improved vehicle efficiency) SCENARIOS
• Adoption of behavioural and consumption
DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
styles consistent with sustainable
JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
development Four Broad Strategies and Accompanying Policies Used for Sustainable Scenarios VALLIKANNU |
• Changes in urban development
• Enhanced use of non-motorised and public A: Urban Structure TRANSPORT
transport infrastructures.
Urban sprawl and uncontrolled growth of cities result in increased trip lengths. PLANNING STUDIO
The main drivers are socio-economic projections, o To develop compact cities with high density and multi-nuclei development
land use, infrastructure and policy change. o Shorten trip lengths and improve access to public transport COMPREHENSIVE
Models link scenario drivers to the outcomes to o The changes in zoning regulations and floor area ratio (FAR) include some of the MOBILITY PLAN
be analysed. planning and regulatory measures
B: Non-Motorised Transport Infrastructure
o Enhancing footpaths and bicycle lanes.
o Improvement in safety and accessibility for pedestrians and bicycles at
intersections SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
o Reducing barriers and impediments on roads to improve bicycle safety ARCHITECTURE,
o Reduced conflicts between NMT users and buses on roads can result in a small VIJAYAWADA
increase in bus speed.
 14
Aim is to improve transport infrastructure and increase the cost of using 4.3 TRANSPORT DEMAND ANALYSIS OF
personal motorised vehicles. ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE
C: Public Transport URBAN TRANSPORT
1. Improved bus service with compatible pedestrian and bicycle Method 1: Repeating a four-step model
infrastructure:
o The scenario assumes that bus infrastructure and operations are SECTION I
improved so that reliable bus service is available at least along all arterial SECTION II
roads. TASK 1
o Option of providing para transit modes on the sub arterial and TASK 2
connecting roads should also be considered. TASK 3
o This will help compute the increased demand for public transport in the TASK 4
scenario where limitations of infrastructures (which exists in the BAU TASK 5
scenario) for public and non-motorised transport are removed
TASK 6
2. Improved bus service and mass rapid transit with compatible pedestrian
and bicycle infrastructure: SECTION III
o This scenario includes all improvements detailed above in the improved SECTION IV
bus service scenario, as well as a mass rapid transit system on selected
traffic corridors. Mass rapid transit options could include BRT (exclusive TOOLKIT FOR
lanes on all arterial roads), light rail, a metro rail system or mono rail COMPREHENSIVE
system. MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
Method 2: Stated preference surveys for mode choice DEVELOPMENT OF
D: Improving Public Transport, NMT and Urban Structure
o
modeling SUSTAINABLE URBAN
This scenario looks at how the implementation of NMT, public transport
and urban structure strategies combine and complement each other • The scenarios specifically related to improving infrastructure TRANSPORT
directly impact people’s choice of mode. In such cases, the effect SCENARIOS
E: Technology of different scenarios on the attributes of individual modes
o DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
Technology changes can encompass changes in vehicles design, fuels use, should be presented to the respondents. JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
energy use and reduction in CO2 emissions related to electrically driven • to predict the demand for each mode in different scenarios, even VALLIKANNU |
vehicle based on central / state policies when there is no existing alternative.
F: Regulatory and Financial Measures (Incentives and Disincentives) 4.4 TECHNOLOGY TRANSITIONS UNDER A LOW TRANSPORT
o A wide variety of measures can be undertaken tohelp shift people from PLANNING STUDIO
CARBON SCENARIO
private transport modes to sustainable urban transport under a
regulatory and financial measure scenario. In the low carbon COMPREHENSIVE
o Examples of such measures include parking policies, congestion pricing scenario, the fuel MOBILITY PLAN
and carbon-taxes by central / state decisions Mix is expected to
 Parking Policies Diversify further
• In this scenario, infrastructure improvements are made for from BAU towards
pedestrians, bicycles and public transport along with increased bio-fuels, electricity
and natural gas.
parking cost SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
Fuel Mix for
• In the four-step model these should increase the generalized ARCHITECTURE,
Transport in
cost of travel of motorised modes as compared to NMT and PT Sustainable Low VIJAYAWADA
mode, which will favor use of NMT and PT modes. Carbon Scenario
ANALYSIS AND INDICATORS (COMPARISON WITH BENCHMARKS)
The indicators for the sustainable urban transport scenario are similar to those estimated
for the base year (Task 2.8); however, some of the indicators are more difficult to measure
Stated preference
perception study
survey and
15
for the future and can be left out of the list of indicators to be estimated
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY – PART II (STATED PREFERENCE CHOICE SURVEY) SECTION I
The survey methodology enables the analyst to understand the impact of improving SECTION II
infrastructure, taxation and pricing regime or introducing new choice mode in alternative TASK 1
scenarios. TASK 2
Example: (Vishakhapatnam Low-Carbon Mobility Plan) SCENARIO 1 TASK 3
Based on scenarios attributes of modes, each TASK 4
scenario is defined by the consultants (as given in TASK 5
example), which is presented to the respondents TASK 6
one by one and asked to select mode of travel in SECTION III
each scenario (to be filled in table below). SECTION IV
Which mode will you use for each of
TOOLKIT FOR
the following scenarios? COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
SCENARIO 2 DEVELOPMENT OF
SUSTAINABLE URBAN
TRANSPORT
SCENARIOS
DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
VALLIKANNU |

TRANSPORT
PLANNING STUDIO
Certain points of Concern
SCENARIO 3 • People may be biased for a certain alternative COMPREHENSIVE
either on negative or on positive side. MOBILITY PLAN
• the change in safety and security parameters
needs to be strongly addressed.
• It is likely that inferior modes are not
considered as an available alternative for
middle income and high income group.
• It is extremely important to ensure that an SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
alternative within a choice set does not ARCHITECTURE,
dominate as it is difficult to determine the VIJAYAWADA
trade-offs between different alternatives.
DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN MOBILITY PLAN
 MOBILITY PLAN should provide alternatives to enhance mobility to
all users

all modes of travel.

16
It may, if necessary, suggest changes in the existing urban structure and form that encourages
SECTION I
an increased use of public transport SECTION II
walking TASK 1
TASK 2
NMT. In fact, a mobility plan should be a city’s long-term blueprint for improving accessibility
TASK 3
and mobility.
TASK 4
 This means that cities need to PLAN FOR THE PEOPLE RATHER THAN VEHICLES BY PROVIDING The aim of the mobility plan is to
provide transport system which is to be TASK 5
SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY for all citizens to jobs, education, social services and
TASK 6
recreation at an affordable cost and within reasonable time
develop an adequate SECTION III
 The desirable modal split for Indian cities i.e. Share of public transport modes based on city size SECTION IV
are shown in table below. Safe
TOOLKIT FOR
environmentally friendly COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
Affordable DEVELOPMENT OF
Equitable URBAN MOBILITY
PLAN
 In the absence of a suitable modal split method, the above-mentioned modal split levels could be Comfortable DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
adopted for working out transportation system requirements of urban settlements. JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
efficient VALLIKANNU |
 The plan can be defined along the following lines; however it is important that the plan includes
integrated TRANSPORT
a phasing plan and implementation agencies.
PLANNING STUDIO
within the framework of a progressive
INTEGRATED LAND USE AND URBAN MOBILITY PLAN and competitive market economy. COMPREHENSIVE
 CMP advocates integrating the urban mobility plan with the land use plan and vice-versa. MOBILITY PLAN
 Mobility plan should be an integral
part of the DP document
TRAVEL PATTERN
 At the same time, the transport
nodes or hubs impact the allocation
of land use both at the city and local ACTIVITY NODES LOCATION OF SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
level. ARCHITECTURE,
VARIOUS LAND USE
VIJAYAWADA
Thus, elements for land use transport integration would be as follows:

Enabling urban structure

17
Completing the hierarchy of roads
SECTION I
Aligning public transit with high density areas, mixed land use to capture the SECTION II
land value TASK 1
Integrating multimodal transit interchange policy and planning integration at TASK 2
vertical and horizontal level TASK 3
TASK 4
 High density residential areas intertwined with high density employment areas, along with increased travel costs and an efficient public TASK 5
transport system will incite people to use NMT for short trips and public transport for long ones. TASK 6
SECTION III
 The land use should be allocated in a manner that encourages short and fewer trips, thereby enabling improved accessibility to activities.
SECTION IV

TOOLKIT FOR
COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
DEVELOPMENT OF
URBAN MOBILITY
PLAN
DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
VALLIKANNU |

TRANSPORT
PLANNING STUDIO
neighborhood
cycling tracks COMPREHENSIVE
design
MOBILITY PLAN
measures
pedestrian footpaths variety in public spaces

 To summarize, it should locate activities in a manner that encourages low-carbon mobility and the urban mobility plan, in turn, should
facilitate access to activities. SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
ARCHITECTURE,
VIJAYAWADA
 FORMULATION OF THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENT PLAN
 Formulating a public transport improvement plan in a small-sized Indian city can involve several challenges.
assessing transport
demand 18

These can range from

MOST INDIAN CITIES, ESPECIALLY MIDDLE-SIZED ONES, DO NOT HAVE AN EXTENSIVE PUBLIC TRANSPORT
NETWORK. THEREFORE, IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO JUDGE THE DEMAND FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT BASED ON SECTION I
REVEALED PREFERENCES. THE ONLY ALTERNATIVE IS THE DATA COLLECTED ON STATED PREFERENCES, WHICH SECTION II
SHOULD BE USED FOR DEMAND ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS. TASK 1
TASK 2
 The improvement in level of service is likely to not only maintain the existing modal share of public transport but TASK 3
also create a shift from other modes to public transport. These shifts are determined by the city’s structure and
service provision and its TASK 4
travel behavior. The fleet must be optimized based on the demand: instead of offering a 50-seat bus every 20
minutes, it might be better to provide 25-seat buses every 10 minutes. alignment with land TASK 5
use. TASK 6
SECTION III
every 20 minutes every 10 minutes SECTION IV

TOOLKIT FOR
COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
 System planning should consider not only where terminal, routes and stops are placed (i.e. routes and stops), but also whether they are DEVELOPMENT OF
accessible to all potential users. The plans for the system should take into account the accessibility issues for pedestrians and cyclists, the
differently abled and elderly people, as well as private vehicle users after they have parked their vehicles. URBAN MOBILITY
PLAN
PREPARATION OF ROAD NETWORK DEVELOPMENT PLAN DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
 CMP should list out road projects which are to be developed, strengthened, projects which are to be JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
upgraded and interconnected including hierarchical road network, arterial developed, strengthened, VALLIKANNU |
road construction / widening projects, secondary road construction / upgraded and interconnected
widening projects, intersection improvement projects, flyover projects, TRANSPORT
railway over bridge or underpass projects. PLANNING STUDIO

 The hierarchical road network should be based on travel demand. COMPREHENSIVE

MOBILITY PLAN
 CMPs should reflect induced demand effects to estimate the overall benefit of any new road capacity. In
addition to assigning the proper hierarchy to the road network, which is derived from its land use, it is
important to consider urban roads as streets and function to be assigned. The availability of additional
road capacity often induces new travel.
TRAVEL DEMAND
 Despite the latent demand for motorized vehicle use, proposals to improve motorized vehicle mobility
SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
by increasing road space under the pretext of easing congestion should be discouraged as much as
ARCHITECTURE,
possible.
VIJAYAWADA
PREPARATION OF NMT FACILITY IMPROVEMENT PLAN
 As stated earlier, if the TAZ sizes are small, the generalized cost of spatial interaction between zones can be
19
obtained from the road network using street attributes and their suitability for walking and bicycle use.

 When planning NMT infrastructure, due consideration should be given to the existing networks and not SECTION I
patches. SECTION II
TASK 1
 The design of these facilities should be such that they are inclusive, and provide travel opportunities to For example, all roads where TASK 2
individual are likely to walk
the so-called disadvantaged sectors of society (the physically challenged, urban poor, women, children TASK 3
should include at least 2 meters
and individuals with special needs). TASK 4
of clear, walkable footpath
cycle stand TASK 5
comfortable footpaths streetlights TASK 6
SECTION III
NMT infrastructure SECTION IV
NMT-designed signals cycle tracks Access to activities and
TOOLKIT FOR
at all junctions formal pedestrian transport services should
also be taken into account. COMPREHENSIVE
crossing MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
 While at a policy level, NMT planning may be accepted, detailed NMT improvement plans and traffic management measures should be
DEVELOPMENT OF
worked out for CBD, commercial centers, and other major activity centers.
URBAN MOBILITY
FREIGHT MOVEMENT PLAN PLAN
DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
 The planning for freight movement should address the problem of intermixing of
JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
local and regional traffic.
VALLIKANNU |
 Non-motorized modes also play significant role in the total freight movement. It TRANSPORT
is, therefore, important to recognize the benefit of non-motorized freight transport
PLANNING STUDIO
while addressing the issue of the last leg connectivity in freight movement.
plan should assess the expected growth of freight
 Location of distribution centers for goods should be based on the scale of COMPREHENSIVE
movement of goods. The freight management plan should address issues MOBILITY PLAN
past trends, extent of industrial and
regarding the location of distribution centers, mode of transport, time restrictions,
air and noise pollution etc. commercial activities distribution and
storage facilities in the city
 For example, a regional distribution center can be located on the periphery of
the city in conjunction with transport network infrastructure and a local location of wholesale markets,
distribution centers can be located suitable at a number of locations within the SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
direction of city growth etc
city preferably closer to commercial centers. ARCHITECTURE,
and indicate the need for relocation of wholesale markets and
shifting of truck terminals at appropriate locations, preferably on VIJAYAWADA
the periphery of city.
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT MEASURES
 In CMP, traffic management plans cover parking management plans, traffic control measures, intermodal facilities, demand management
measures, traffic safety plan and ITS.
20
 Mobility management measures suggested in the CMP should enable enhanced use of public transit and NMT modes. SECTION I
SECTION II
 As shown in Table below, additional measures should be added to increase the cost to discourage the use of personal motorized travel, TASK 1
including the taxation of cars and fuel, land use planning that encourages shorter travel distances and traffic management by reallocating TASK 2
space on the roads. TASK 3
TASK 4
TASK 5
TASK 6
SECTION III
SECTION IV

TOOLKIT FOR
COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
DEVELOPMENT OF
DEVELOPMENT OF FISCAL MEASURES
URBAN MOBILITY
Fiscal measures should also be considered to achieve a balanced modal split, and to secure the budget necessary to implement urban transport
PLAN
DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
projects. As fiscal measures usually correspond to institutional and regulatory measures, the following aspects may have to be examined in the
JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
CMP document for consideration of state government:
VALLIKANNU |
 Fare policy for public transportation, intermediate public transport and parking
TRANSPORT
 Subsidy policy for public transport operators and intermediate transport operators PLANNING STUDIO
 Taxation on private vehicles and public transport vehicles COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN
 Permits and regularization of intermediate public transport

 Potential for road congestion charging

 Influence private vehicle usage through parking and disincentivize free parking with private developments

 Setting up of Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority to coordinate urban transport and related issues in million plus cities SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
ARCHITECTURE,
 Creating Special Purpose Vehicles particularly for Mass Transit System. VIJAYAWADA
MOBILITY IMPROVEMENT MEASURES AND NUTP OBJECTIVES
 The land use and transport measures proposed in the CMP will improve the mobility in
the metropolitan area and cover the critical issues addressed in the NUTP.
21
 A table can be prepared summarizing the relationship between the NUTP objectives and SECTION I
the measures proposed in the study, together with a classification of the measures
SECTION II
according to their implementation timeframe (immediate, short, medium and long term) as
per the provision of NUTP.
TASK 1
TASK 2
 Traffic Engineering Measures already covered like improvement of Road / Junction TASK 3
sections need to be identified. TASK 4
TASK 5
 City-specific plans like Tourist management plan, water transport plan, hill transport like TASK 6
rope ways etc. may be prepared as part of CMP. SECTION III
SECTION IV

TOOLKIT FOR
COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
DEVELOPMENT OF
URBAN MOBILITY
PLAN
DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |
JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
VALLIKANNU |

TRANSPORT
PLANNING STUDIO
COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN

SCHOOL OF PLANNING &

ARCHITECTURE,
VIJAYAWADA
TASK 6: PREPARATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM 22
PREPARATION
IDENTIFICATION & PRIORITIZATION SECTION I
CMPs can base their timeframe into the All sustainable transport projects must have SECTION II
following categories: equal priority, but their planning can be TASK 1
• Immediate priority / actions (0 - 2 years) phased based on short, medium and long- TASK 2
• Short term (2-5 years) term planning. The prioritization of projects TASK 3
• Medium term (5-10 years) can be done using the following criteria: TASK 4
• Long term (more than 10 years) • Immediate and short-term measures TASK 5
• Medium-term measures TASK 6
Detailed project reports with cost estimates • Long-term measures SECTION III
and financing will have to be prepared by These project ideas are presented to the SECTION IV
the city authorities separately and approved stakeholders in order to get their feedback.
by the urban local body and state Multi Criteria Assessment (MCA) technique TOOLKIT FOR
COMPREHENSIVE
government before seeking funding from the can be used to evaluate alternate options
MOBILITY PLAN - MoHUA
MoUD or any other agency. using stakeholder feedback.
CONCLUSION

FUNDING MONITORING OF DEEPAK | GURUVISWAS |

IMPLEMENTATION
As per the MoUD advisory, CMP is the basis
JAYALAKSHMI | SHARDUL |
VALLIKANNU |
for approving projects, plans and various
regulatory measures within the city related TRANSPORT
to transport, and it is therefore important to PLANNING STUDIO
monitor and measure the impact of
interventions taken as an outcome of CMP. COMPREHENSIVE
MOBILITY PLAN
• The first level of monitoring can be with
regard to the status of implementation.
• The second level of monitoring can be to
understand the impact of CMP
implementation.
SCHOOL OF PLANNING &
ARCHITECTURE,
VIJAYAWADA