Psychology 11th Edition Myers Solutions Manual

Psychology 11th Edition Myers
Solutions Manual
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Learning 27
HANDOUT 1a
For each example, identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned
response.
1. While Omar was having a cavity filled by his dentist, a few times the drill hit a nerve that had not been dulled by
anesthetic. Each time he cringed in pain. Omar now gets anxious each time he sees the dentist.
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
2. Maria eats fried chicken that has E. coli in it and ends up vomiting for hours that night. Luckily, she recovers
within a day, but now just the thought (or the sight or the smell) of fried chicken makes her nauseated.
3. At a football game, every time the home team scores a touchdown, the person behind you blasts an air horn
near your ears causing you to wince. Unfortunately for you, the home team scores frequently. As the end of the
game nears, the home team scores a touchdown, and even though the inconsiderate fan behind you has left, you
still wince.
4. Duy has been humiliated in the past for doing poorly on tests. When that has happened, he would get so upset
he would shake. Now when presented with a test, he begins to shake.
5. Joseph has a fluffy down pillow with some of the down sticking out of the fabric. When he first tries out the pil-
low, a piece of down tickles his nose and he sneezes. He now sneezes every time he lays down on any kind of
pillow.
28 Learning
HANDOUT 1a (continued)
6. It is springtime and the pollen from the flowers causes you to sneeze. Soon you are sneezing at the mere sight of
a flower, real or fake.
7. You ride a roller coaster and get sick afterward. Now, whenever you are near a roller coaster, you feel queasy.
8. Your relationship is going badly and your significant other has yelled at you without warning several times. You
now feel tense and fearful any time that you are around him or her.
Learning 29
HANDOUT 1b
response.
1. Every night Jasmine comes home from an exhausting day at work, sits down in front of the television, and
falls asleep. One Friday night she invites a friend over to watch a movie. Just a few minutes into it, Jasmine is
asleep.
2. Carlos just got a new puppy, Bowser. Every morning, Carlos walks to the back door, takes Bowser’s leash off the
hook, and says, “Want to go for a walk?” After leashing Bowser, they take a 30-minute stroll around the neigh-
borhood. After just a couple weeks, any time Carlos goes near the leash, Bowser gets excited.
3. One day at the off-leash dog park, a Great Dane, just wanting to play, pounces on Bowser a little too hard, caus-
ing Bowser to yelp in fear. Now any time Bowser spots a really big dog, he crouches in fear.
4. Carmelia is newly in love. She programs a specific ringtone into her phone for this special person. Whenever
that person calls, her heart pounds with excitement. Now all it takes is hearing that ringtone, on her phone or
someone else’s phone, for her to quiver with excitement.
5. Carmelia is no longer in love. In fact, she and that special person have just gone through a horrific break-up,
which has left her feeling very angry. Even though she has deleted the ringtone from her phone, she occasionally
hears it on others’ phones. Whenever she does, her heart pounds in anger.
30 Learning
HANDOUT 1b (continued)
6. Jamal’s grandmother bakes the best chocolate chip cookies. Ever since he was a young child, he would smell the
baking cookies, be given one that had been out of the oven for just a few minutes, producing the expected saliva.
Now whenever Jamal smells chocolate chip cookies, he salivates.
7. Svetlana hears a siren, looks in her rearview mirror at the flashing lights of a police car, and pulls over. This is
the first time she has ever been pulled over, and she is shaking with nervousness. She was going just a little over
the speed limit and gets a warning to slow down. Now whenever Svetlana is driving and she hears a siren and
sees flashing lights behind her, she begins shaking.
8. Unfortunately Svetlana’s driving woes continued. One day another driver ran a stop sign and crunched into the
side of her car. Fortunately she wasn’t injured, but the accident badly scared her. Now whenever she approaches
that particular intersection, she feels a little scared.
Learning 31
HANDOUT 2
response.
1. In 2004 Ken Jennings won $2.5 million from a 74-game Jeopardy! winning streak. When he hears the theme
music from the show, he tenses up.
Hill, E. (2012, August 12). Ken Jennings talks ‘Jeopardy!’ and his lifelong love of trivia. Retrieved October 11, 2014, from
parade.condenast.com/98322/erinhill/12-ken-jennings-love-of-trivia-kennections.
2. When he was 5-years-old, Attis Clopton fell into a creek, went under water, and was rescued by his cousin.
Four years later, he brashly jumped into a pool. Unfortunately, he didn’t know how to swim. He thought he was
drowning, but then discovered he was in the shallow end and could stand up. With that, his fear of water was
complete. He couldn’t even put his face under the shower spray without feeling panicked.
Kleinfield, N. R. (2014, August 29). A New Yorker faces his phobia, one stroke at a time. Retrieved October 11, 2014, from
www.nytimes.com/2014/08/30/nyregion/with-intensive-swim-lessons-a-man-attacks-his-fear-of-water.html.
3. In 1971, an estimated 20 percent of American military personnel fighting in Vietnam was addicted to heroin.
Those who were addicted stayed in Vietnam for treatment until their heroin dependence was gone. Once they
returned to the States, how many would stay away from heroin in that first year? About 95 percent. How were so
many able to stay clean? Vietnam is a very different environment from the United States. The soldiers associ-
ated the environment of Vietnam with heroin use so that Vietnam created a craving for the drug. Back home, the
cues for heroin weren’t there, so there was no craving.
Spiegel, A. (2012, January 2). What Vietnam taught us about breaking bad habits. Retrieved October 11, 2014, from www.npr.
org/blogs/health/2012/01/02/144431794/what-vietnam-taught-us-about-breaking-bad-habits.
4. If you get several relaxing massages with a lavender-scented oil, eventually just the smell of lavender will be
enough to make you relaxed.
Kaufman, W. (2004, November 7). Turning scents into dollars. Retrieved October 11, 2014, from www.npr.org/templates/story/
story.php?storyId=4157119.
einforcement: Behavior increases or strengthens
R Punishment: Behavior decreases or weakens
over time over time
32 Learning
Positive: Results in (Reinforcer is something given and desired) (Punisher is something given and aversive)
receiving something
HANDOUT 3
Forms of Reinforcement and Punishment
Negative: Results in (Reinforcer is something taken away and aversive) (Punisher is something taken away and desired)
having something
taken away, removed
Learning 33
HANDOUT 4
Reinforcement and Punishment
Identify the type of operant conditioning illustrated in each example. Consider these questions for each.
a. What behavior is changing?
b. Is the behavior increasing (reinforcement) or decreasing (punishment)?
c. Is something being added to the person’s experience (positive) or being subtracted (negative)?
PR = Positive reinforcement P = Positive punishment

NR = Negative reinforcement NP = Negative punishment
1. When Olivia makes rude noises at the dinner table, she gets her mouth washed out with soap. She
doesn’t make rude noises that often anymore.
2. Little Joey gets yelled at when he acts up in class. Now he’s acting up even more.
3. Because Tameka earned an A in each of her classes, she doesn’t have to do her usual chore of vacuuming
this month. She’s studying even more now.
4. Ray came home past his curfew, so he was not allowed to drive for the following week. He hasn’t missed
a curfew since.
5. Maria put in extra hours at work helping her boss finish a major project. She received a big bonus for
her contributions. She’s now looking for other ways to contribute at work.
6. When Thuy and Gurpreet were running around the living room, they crashed into the Xbox, breaking it.
They no longer run through the living room.
7. Chandler’s girlfriend, Monica, keeps bugging him to take her dancing. He finally agrees, and she quits
bugging him. The next time she starts bugging him, he quickly agrees to do whatever it is. (Chandler’s
behavior is changing.)
8. Monica’s boyfriend, Chandler, gives in when she starts bugging him about something. Now whenever
she wants something, she just starts bugging him. (Monica’s behavior is changing.)
34 Learning
HANDOUT 5
Reinforcement Schedules
In real life, continuous reinforcement is rare. Sometimes responses are reinforced, sometimes not. Among the most
important schedules of partial reinforcement are the fixed ratio (FR), variable ratio (VR), fixed interval (FI), and vari-
able interval (VI). Identify the schedule in the examples below by writing your answer—FR, VR, FI, or VI—in the
spaces on the left.
1. Buying state lottery tickets and sometimes winning.
2. A hotel maid may take a 15-minute break only after having cleaned three rooms.
3. Checking your cell phone to see if you have a new text message when your phone is on silent.
4. A baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at bat.
5. Checking the oven to see if chocolate chip cookies are done, when baking time is known.
6. A blueberry picker receives $1 after filling 3 pint boxes.
7. A charitable organization makes an average of 10 phone calls for every donation it receives.
8. Repeatedly callings a garage mechanic to see if your car is fixed yet. (Assume that the calls have no
impact on your mechanic’s behavior.)
9. A student’s final grade improves one level for every three book reviews submitted.
10. A dog watches out the window to bark at the postal carrier who arrives every morning promptly at
10:05.

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Psychology 11th Edition Myers

Forms of Reinforcement and Punishment

Reinforcement and Punishment

PR = Positive reinforcement P = Positive punishment

1. Buying state lottery tickets and sometimes winning.

4. A baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at bat.

6. A blueberry picker receives $1 after filling 3 pint boxes.

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