© EVS-25 Shenzhen, China, Nov.

5-9, 2010
The 25th World Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition

Wireless Power Transfer System via Magnetic Resonant Coupling at Fixed

Resonance Frequency
―Power Transfer System Based on Impedance Matching ―
TeckChuan Beh1, Masaki Kato1, Takehiro Imura1, Yoichi Hori1
1
Department of Advanced Energy, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo, Frontier Sciences,
Transdisciplinary Sciences Building, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba, Japan
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract— To increase the usage of electric vehicles (EV), a safe and convenient method to charge the vehicles is
essential. Recently, an efficient mid range wireless power transfer that uses magnetic resonant coupling, WiTricity, was
proposed, and has received much attention due to its practical range and efficiency. Studies show that the resonance
frequency of the antennas changes as the gap between the antennas change. However, when this technology is applied in
the MHz range (which allows small sized antennas), the usable frequency is bounded by the Industrial, Science, Medical
(ISM) band. Therefore, to achieve maximum power transmission efficiency, the resonance frequency has to be fixed
within the ISM band. In this paper, the possibility of using impedance matching (IM) networks to adjust the resonance
frequency of a pair of antennas at a certain distance to 13.56MHz is studied. The simulations and experiments show that
the IM circuits can change the frequency to 13.56MHz for different air gaps, improving the power transfer efficiency.
Experiments also show that IM can be achieved just by observing and minimizing the reflected wave.
Keywords— wireless power transfer, EV charging, magnetic resonance, magnetic coupling, impedance matching,

This paper studies the wireless power transfer system via

1. Introduction magnetic resonance coupling at a fixed resonance
Wireless power transfer is essential for the spread of EVs frequency (13.56MHz). A system to improve the
as it provides a safe and convenient way to charge the efficiency of the power transfer based on impedance
vehicles. When wireless power transfer is achieved, the matching (IM) is proposed. The aim is to improve the
process the process of charging the devices will be made a efficiency by using an IM circuit to tune the resonance
lot more convenient as we do not have to plug the cord frequency of the system to the frequency of the power
into the socket. Furthermore, as power can be constantly source. The parameters of the tuning circuit are calculated
transferred to the vehicles, the battery size can be reduced. based on the equivalent circuit of the antennas, and
Also, the danger of being electrocuted due to the wear and impedance matching theories. Its effects are studied with
tear of an old cord, or rain will be avoided as the process experiments and simulations.
of handling the power cord is unnecessary, thus making
the charging process safer. To achieve wireless charging, 2. Theory of Magnetic Resonant Coupling
the wireless power transfer system must satisfy these three (MRC)
conditions: high efficiency, large air gaps, and high power.
In this paper, we study this phenomenon using antenna
Presently, the most popular wireless transfer technologies
design theories and circuit design theories. Using the
are the electromagnetic induction and the microwave
equivalent circuit, the frequency characteristics of the
power transfer. However, the electromagnetic induction
antennas can be estimated up to an accuracy of 5% error.
method has a short range [3], and the microwave power
transfer has a low efficiency as it involves radiation of 2.1 Equivalent Circuit of MRC
electromagnetic waves. Recently, a highly efficient mid-
range wireless power transfer technology using magnetic Magnetic resonant coupling involves creating an LC
resonant coupling, WiTricity, was proposed. It is a system resonance, and transferring the power with
that transfers power in between two resonating antennas electromagnetic couplings without radiating
through magnetic coupling. It satisfies all three conditions electromagnetic waves. Hence, the magnetic coupling can
to make wireless charging possible as it has a high be represented as mutual inductance Lm as in Figure 2.1
efficiency at mid range. (Approximately 90% at 1m and Zsource in Figure 2.1 represents the characteristic impedance,
50% at 2m [1] at 60W ). and Zload is the impedance of the load. In this system, they
Until now, this phenomenon was explained using mode are both considered to be the same at Z0, 50Ω the default
coupling theory. However, this theory is this theory is characteristic impedance of most high frequency systems.
often complicated, and inconvenient when it comes to The ohm loss and the radiation loss of the antennas are
designing the circuits around the system. In this paper, we represented by R.
study this phenomenon using antenna design theories and Next, the resonance frequency is calculated based on the
circuit design theories. The characteristics of the antennas equivalent circuit. To satisfy the resonance condition, the
are explained using equivalent circuits, electromagnetic reactance of Figure 2.1 must be zero, as in equation (1).
analysis, and experiments. The frequency characteristics of The condition in equation (1) can be satisfied by two
the antennas and its relation to the efficiency are studied. resonant frequencies as calculated in equation (2) and (3).
The coupling coefficient k can be calculated from equation
 © EVS-25 Shenzhen, China, Nov. 5-9, 2010
The 25th World Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition

(2) and (3) to become equation (4). It represents the

strength of the magnetic coupling between the antennas,
which is closely related to factors such as the air gap
between the antennas and the obstacles between them.

Figure 2.2 Coupling factor and air gap [2]

Figure 2.1 Equivalent circuit of power transfer system without

tuning circuit
(1)
ω0 1
ωm = =
(1 + k ) (L + Lm )C
ω0 1 (2)
ωm = = ( a ) gap=100mm ( b ) gap=150mm
(1 + k ) ( L + Lm )C
ω0 1
ωe = = (3)
(1 − k ) ( L − Lm ) C
Lm ω e2 − ω m2 (4)
k= = 2
L ω e + ω m2
The power transfer efficiency is calculated based on the
equivalent circuit. The ratio of power reflection η11 and
transmission η21 can be defined by equations (5) and (6),
where S11 is the reflected wave ratio and S21 is the ( c ) gap=200mm ( d ) gap=250mm
transmitted wave ratio. To simplify the calculations, R is Figure 2.3 Efficiency vs frequency graph[2]
considered to be 0Ω. Here, S21 can be calculated with
equation (7). [2] As shown in the figure above, when the gap is small and
the coupling is strong, two resonance frequencies that
η11 = S112 ×100[%] (5) permit power transfer at maximum efficiency exists. As
the gap becomes larger, the two resonance frequencies
2
η21 = S21 ×100[%] (6) moves closer to each other and eventually merges into one.
If the gap gets even larger, the maximum efficiency will
2 jL m Z 0 ω drop.
S 21 = 2
⎧ 1 ⎫ (7)
L2M ω 2 + ⎨( Z 0 + R ) + j (ωL − )⎬ 2.3 Necessity of Impedance Matching
⎩ ω C ⎭
As stated in the section above, the resonance frequency
2.2 Frequency Characteristics of MRC changes as the coupling factor changes, and the maximum
As the air gap between the antennas increases, the efficiency power transfer occurs at the resonance
coupling in between the antennas weaken, and the frequency. However, when this wireless power transfer
coupling coefficient will be smaller. Therefore, the system is applied in the MHz range (which allows smaller
impedance of the circuit will change as the air gap changes, antennas), the usable frequency range is bounded by the
affecting the power transfer efficiency and the resonance Industrial-Scientific-Medical(ISM) band as shown in
frequency. figure 2.4. The ISM band dictates the usable frequency
Figure 2.2 shows the relationship of the coupling factor range for purposes other than communication. According
k and the air gap. Figure 2.3 shows the ratio of power to the ISM band, the usable frequency ranges are
reflection η11 and transmission η21, and the frequency extremely narrow. For example, at 13.56MHz, the usable
characteristics of the system when the air gap, g, is frequency range is 13.56MHz±7kHz.
changed between 100mm-250mm. The antenna used here
is a self resonating 5 turn, 150mm radius, 5mm pitch, open
type helical antenna.
 © EVS-25 Shenzhen, China, Nov. 5-9, 2010
The 25th World Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition

The IM circuit can be considered as a two-port network

that can be described with equation (10). The matching
conditions are satisfied when the parameters satisfy
equation (11).

3. Proposed Wireless Power Transfer System

Figure 3.1 shows the diagram of the proposed system to
improve the efficiency of wireless power transfer via
magnetic resonant coupling with a matching circuit.
Figure 2.4 ISM Band
Transmitting
Component
As a result, to apply this technology in restricted
frequency ranges such as the MHz range, the frequency of Tuner
High Frequency Transmitting
the power source must be fixed at a usable range, and the Power Source
Directional Coupler (Impedance
Antenna
50O Matching Circuit)
system has to be tuned so that its resonance frequency 13.56MHz
matches the frequency of the power source. In this paper, a
tuning circuit based on the IM theory is used to match the
resonance frequency of the antennas to the frequency of
the power source fixed at 13.56MHz. Transmitted Wave,
Computer

Reflected Wave
2.3.1 Basic Theory of Impedance Matching
IM is a technique commonly used in power transfer
systems and communication systems to improve the
efficiency of the system. It usually involves inserting a DC/DC Converter Rectifier
Receiving
Antenna
matching network (such as in LC circuit) to minimize the
power reflection ratio to the power source of the system.
In Figure 2.5, the power transferred to the load is written Receiving
as equation (8) when the impedance characteristic of the Component

power source is defined as Zsource and that of the load is Battery/EDLC

defined as Zload. The power transferred to the load reaches

its maximum when Zsource=Z*load, as in equation (9).
Therefore, the circuit is considered matched and the
Figure 3.1 Wireless power transfer system with tuning circuits
maximum efficiency achieved when the impedance of the
load from the source's point of view matches Zsource, vice As shown in Figure 3.1, the wireless power transfer
versa. system involves resonating two antennas with identical
self resonance frequency (13.56MHz) using a high
frequency power source. The power is transmitted through
magnetic resonant coupling in between the two antennas at
the resonance frequencies. The power transferred is
rectified and used to charge energy storage mediums such
as batteries and electric double layer capacitors (EDLC).
As stated above, this research focuses on the
transmitting part of the system, and the load of the system
Figure 2.5 Theory of impedance matching is set at 50Ω. Under normal circumstances, the coupling
factor k (affected by the air gap) and the load (50Ω in this
V2 1 case) are variable and unknown. Only the voltage, current
P = I 2Z = ( )
Z source Z source Z load (8) and power reflection ratio can be measured in the power
+2+
Z load Z source transmitting side of the system. In this system, a
V2 directional coupler is inserted before the transmitting
Pmax = (9)
4 Z source antenna to measure the reflected power in between the
antennas. The measured values are input into a computer
⎛ V1 ⎞ ⎛ A B ⎞⎛ V 2 ⎞ (PC) which is used to control the parameters of the IM
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ (10) circuit. The IM circuit functions as a tuner to change the
⎝ I1 ⎠ ⎝ C D ⎟⎠⎜⎝ I 2 ⎟⎠ characteristics of the antennas so that the resonance
AB frequency can be adjusted to the frequency of the power
Z source = source. This can be achieved by tuning the parameters so
CD (11) that the reflected power ratio measured by the directional
DB coupler reaches its minimum.
Z load =
CA
 © EVS-25 Shenzhen, China, Nov. 5-9, 2010
The 25th World Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition

4. Experiment Results system that uses the air core coil is higher than that of the
ferrite core coil. This is due to the loss of the ferrite core in
The equivalent circuit used in the simulations and this frequency range. Hence, it is shown that the efficiency
experiments are shown in Figure 4.1a, where an at the resonant frequency can be increased further to match
impedance matching network is inserted in between the the theoretical value and the original maximum efficiency
power source and the transmitting antenna. The antenna of the antennas by using stable components that has a high
used here is a 5 turn, 15cm radius, 5mm pitch, open type Q value.
spiral antenna that is self-resonating at 13.56MHz (Figure
100
4.1b). Here both the input and output impedance, Zsource
and Zload are set at Z0, 50Ω. Using the vector network 80 η11(Experiment)

E fficien cy [% ]
analyzer (VNA), the L and C parameters of the antennas 60 η21(Experiment)
were calculated to be 10300nH and 13.26pF respectively η21(Simulation)
[4]. These experiments are conducted at low power. The 40
system is expected to function similarly in high power 20
situations [2].
0
13.56
7 12 17 22
Frequency[MHz]
( a ) Before matching

100
80
E ffic ie n c y[% ]
60 η11(Experiment)
40 η21(Experiment)
Figure 4.1a: Equivalent circuit of experimental setup
20 η21(Simulation)

0
13.56
7 12 17 22
Frequency[MHz]

( b-1 ) After matching : Ferrite Core [4]

Figure 4.1b: transmitting antenna with tuning circuit and

receiving antenna used in experiments
4.1 Simulation and Experiment to Confirm the IM
Theory
To confirm the effect of IM on the antennas, an L-type
matching circuit was inserted in between the transmitting ( b-2 ) After matching: Air core
antenna and the power source as in Figure 4.1a. Two Figure 4.2: Experiment results and comparison with simulations
inductors L1 in the circuit were tested. One of them was
made of ferrite core (6μH)[4], and the other of air core
(4.8μH). Multiple ceramic condensers connected in
parallel were used to make C1 and C2. Here, the VNA is
used to measure the power reflection ratio, the matching
parameters (C1, C2) that minimize the reflection ratio are
chosen. In this experiment, the gap in between the
antennas is fixed at 9cm, and the horizontal displacement
at 0cm (coaxial). Figure 4.2 shows the experiment results.
As shown in Figure 4.2, the reflection ratio of the post-
matching system at 13.56MHz is almost 0. Therefore, it Figure 4.3: Equivalent circuit of modified L type IM network
can be concluded that the resonant frequency of the used when the coupling is weak (single peak situations)
antennas can be tuned to match the frequency of the power When the coupling between the antennas is weak, the two
source at 13.56MHz using an L type matching circuit. By peaks of the efficiency frequency characteristics to merge
comparing Figure 4.2 (b-1) and (b-2), the efficiency of the into a single peak at 13.56MHz. In this situation, the
 © EVS-25 Shenzhen, China, Nov. 5-9, 2010
The 25th World Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition

efficiency cannot be increased using the tuning circuit at

Figure 4.1a as the resonant frequency is already at the
frequency of the power source. However, the impedance
can matched using a modified circuit, where the C2
component is shifted to the power source side of the
matching network (Figure 4.3). A simulation was run
using LTSpice to study its effects when the coupling
coefficient k is very small (k=0.03). The results show that
the efficiency can be increased in these situations, thus
potentially extending the gap that allows high efficiency
power transfer further. (Figure 4.4) However, there should (a) Before matching (b) After Matching
be a physical limit to which this matching circuit can work, Figure 4.6: Experiment results. Frequency characteristics at
as the gap shouldn’t be able to extend infinitely. This will Gap=13cm. Matching parameters used here are L1=4.8μH,
be an interesting topic to work on in the future. C1=29pF, C2=13.7pF

( a ) Before matching ( b ) After Matching

Figure 4.4: Simulation results of the system at extremely weak
coupling (k=0.03) Figure 4.7: Experiment results. Efficiency (at 13.56MHz) vs Gap
4.2 Experiments of the Maximum Efficiency reached graph (antennas are placed coaxial)
through IM at Varying Gaps and Displacements
Section 4.1 confirmed that the efficiency can be
increased by tuning the resonant frequency of the system
to match that of the power source using an IM circuit. This
section studies the effects of the system when the
displacements and gaps are varied. Variable condensers
(~100pF) and air-core coil (4.8μH) are used to conduct
these experiments (Figure 4.5), and they are set up
according to Figure 4.1a. The gaps are varied from
5~24cm and the antennas coaxial for the experiment to test
(a) Before matching (b) After Matching
the system at varying gaps. On the other hand, the gap is
fixed at 9cm and the displacements set from 0~21cm for Figure 4.8: Experiment results. Frequency characteristics at
the experiments to test the system varying displacements. Displacement=13cm. Matching parameters used here are
The system is matched by using the VNA to measure the L1=4.8μH, C1=38.4pF, C2=6.3pF
power reflection ratio, and tuning the variable condensers
(C1, C2) until the reflection ratio is minimized. Then, the
system is tested with the same matching parameters at
20W (generated from a signal generator and linear
amplifier), and a power meter is used to measure the
efficiency.

Figure 4.9: Experiment results. Efficiency (at 13.56MHz) vs

Displacement graph (gap is fixed at 9cm)
Figure 4.6 and Figure 4.8 are the frequency
characteristics of the system before and after matching for
(gap=13cm, displacement=0cm, variable gap experiment)
Figure 4.5: Air core coil and variable condensers used to make and (gap=9cm, displacement=3cm, variable displacement
the IM network used in this experiment experiment) respectively. The frequency characteristics
show that the resonance frequency can be shifted to the
 © EVS-25 Shenzhen, China, Nov. 5-9, 2010
The 25th World Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition

frequency of the power source (13.56MHz), thus

increasing the efficiency. This experiment is repeated for
other gaps and displacements and the results obtained are
generally similar.
Figure 4.7 and Figure 4.9 shows the efficiency of the
system at 13.56MHz before and after matching for
different gap and displacement. According to the results,
the efficiency can be improved by tuning the resonance
frequency to that of the power source using an impedance
matching circuit when the coupling is still sufficiently
strong (two peaks exist). The efficiency after matching
does not reach its theoretical value (1-η11) because the
variable condensers were used in an unstable range (low
capacitance), causing the Q value of the component to
decrease. The efficiency is predicted to increase further
(up to the maximum potential of the antennas) when high
Q components are used. Also, when the coupling between
the antennas are extremely weak (single peak), the
(a) k=0.05
efficiency is predicted to increase by inserting the
matching circuit shown in Figure 4.3.

5. Simulations on Characteristics of S21 at

13.56MHz vs Tuning Parameters (C1, C2)
The results section 4 confirms that IM networks can
match the resonance frequency to a fixed frequency and
increase the efficiency for different gap and displacement.
To automate this system, the reflection ratio is measured
and a computer will be used to select the tuning
parameters (C1, C2) that will minimize the reflection ratio.
It is important to know how the transmission and
reflection ratio changes as the tuning parameters change so
that a suitable searching algorithm and matching
components can be chosen. In the event that local peak
exists, a more sophisticated optimization algorithm such as
the particle swarm optimization (PSO) will need to be
applied instead of simple two dimension optimization
algorithms such as the steepest gradient method.. The (b) k=0.17
sharpness of the peak also determines the precision of the
tuning parameters required. As two parameters are used,
the system is a two dimension non linear system.
Therefore, this simulation was conducted to study the
capacitance range and precision needed by the matching
parameters, and to check the system for local peaks. This
simulation was run using Matlab to calculate the S21
parameter of the equivalent circuit in Figure 4.1a. The
inductor L0 set at 6000nH, and the coupling coefficient k
varying from 0.05 (large gap) to 0.25(small gap).
Figure 5.1 shows the S21 characteristics of the system at
13.56MHz when the tuning parameters C1 and C2 are
varied from 10pF to 100pF. Based on the figure, it can be
observed that 100pF variable condensers will be sufficient
to tune the antennas. It also shows that the S21 parameter
has a single peak with relatively gentle slopes at strong
couplings (close range) and steeper slopes at weaker
couplings (far range). This means that almost any
optimizing algorithm can be used to tune the system as (c) k=0.25
long as the precision of the parameters are sufficiently Figure 5.1: Characteristics of wave transmission ratio S21 (C1, C2)
high. In this case, a precision of 1-2pF will be sufficient to at different coupling factor k
satisfactorily tune the system.
 © EVS-25 Shenzhen, China, Nov. 5-9, 2010
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6. Conclusion Matching”, IEEE International Symposium on Industrial

Electronics, ISIE 2010, IEEE pp2011-2016
A wireless power transfer system based on magnetic
resonance coupling is proposed to as method to charge 4. Author
EVs. The frequency characteristics and the power transfer
efficiency of the antennas were studied using equivalent TeckChuan Beh
circuits, electromagnetic analysis, simulations and Graduate School of Frontier Science,
University of Tokyo,
experiments. The resonance frequency of the antennas
Tel: +81-4-7136-3873 Fax: +81-4-7136-
changes as the air gap changes. Since the maximum power 3847 Email:[email protected]
transfer efficiency occurs at the resonance frequency, the Beh Teck Chuan received his B.E. Degree
resonance frequency must match the frequency of the in Electrical Engineering from the
power source. When this is applied in the MHz range University of Tokyo, Japan in March 2010. He is currently
(which allows smaller size antennas), the usable frequency pursuing his masters degree in the same university. His research
range is bounded by the ISM band. Therefore, a system interests are wireless power transfer, circuit design and power
which uses an IM network to match the resonant electronics.
frequency of the antennas to a power source at a fixed
Masaki Kato
frequency (13.56MHz) was proposed.
Graduate School of Frontier Science,
The tuning parameters of the IM circuits were University of Tokyo,
estimated using the equivalent circuits. The effects were Tel: +81-4-7136-3873 Fax: +81-4-7136-
analyzed with equivalent circuits, electromagnetic analysis, 3847 Email:[email protected]
simulations and experiments. The experiments and Masaki Kato received the B.E. degree in
simulations show that the resonance frequency of the Electrical Engineering from Shibaura
system can be changed using IM circuits for different air Institute of Technology, Tokyo. He used to
gaps and displacements. The matching can be achieved by work for Honda Elesys Co., Ltd, and is currently pursuing the
tuning the circuits so that the power reflection ratio masters degree at the University of Tokyo.
(measured by the directional coupler) of the system
Dr. Takehiro Imura
reaches its minimum. However, when the resonance Author’s Graduate School of Frontier Science,
frequency of the system is already at the power source Photo University of Tokyo,
frequency before IM was conducted (through weak Tel: +81-4-7136-3873 Fax: +81-4-7136-
couplings), the IM circuit will not be able to improve the 3847 Email: [email protected]
efficiency of the system. Simulations show that a modified Takehiro Imura (S’09) received the B.S.
version of the circuit (by shifting the parallel capacitor at degrees in electrical and electronics
the power source side of the tuning circuit) is able to engineering from Sophia University, Tokyo,
increase the power transfer efficiency of the system, thus Japan. He received the M.S degree and Ph.D in Electronic
Engineering from the University of Tokyo in March 2007 and
increasing the distance where efficient wireless power
March 2010 respectively. He is currently a research associate in
transfer can be achieved. the Graduate School of Frontier Sciences in the same university.
Experiments show that the stability and ohmic loss of He is now researching the wireless power transfer for EVs using
the components in the tuning circuit contributes to the electromagnetic resonant couplings.
drop in efficiency around the resonance frequency.
Therefore, core losses of the coils and the stable range of Professor, Yoichi Hori
the variable condensers will have to be put into Graduate School of Frontier Sciences,
consideration when designing the circuit. University of Tokyo
Tel: +81-4-7136-3846 Fax: +81-4-7136-
3847 Email: hori@ k.u-tokyo.ac.jp
3. References Yoichi Hori received the Ph.D. in electrical
[1] Andre Kurs, Aristeidis Karalis, Robert Mofatt, J.D. engineering from The University of Tokyo,
Joannopoulos, Peter Fisher, Marin Soljacic, “Wireless Power Japan, 1983, where he became a Professor in 2000. In 2002, he
Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance”, Science moved to the Institute of Industrial Science and, in 2008, to the
Express, 7 June 2007, Vol. 3.17 no.5834, pp 83-86. Department of Advanced Energy, Graduate School of Frontier
Sciences. His research fields include control theory and its
[2] Takehiro Imura, Hiroyuki Okabe, Yoichi Hori, “Basic industrial applications to motion control, mechatronics, robotics,
Experimental Study on Helical Antennas of Wireless Power electric vehicles, etc.
Transfer for Electric Vehicles by using Magnetic Resonant Prof. Hori was the recipient of the Best Paper Award from the
Couplings”, Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, 2009. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics in 1993 and 2001
IEEE, pp 936-940. and of the 2000 Best Paper Award from the Institute of Electrical
[3] Takehiro Imura, Toshiyuki Uchida, Yoichi Hori, Engineers of Japan (IEEJ). He is the past President of the
“Experimental Analysis of High Efficiency Power Transfer using Industry Applications Society of the IEEJ, the President of the
Resonance of Magnetic Antennas for the Near Field – Geometry Capacitors Forum, and the Chairman of the Motor Technology
and Fundamental Characteristics- ”, IEE Japan Industry Symposium of the Japan Management Association.
Applications Society Conference, Kochi, Japan, 2008.8, No.2-62,
pp.539-542
[4] TeckChuan Beh, Masaki Kato, Takehiro Imura, Yoichi Hori,
“Basic Study on Improving Efficiency of Wireless Power
Transfer via Magnetic Resonance Coupling Based on Impedance