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    02 Radiation Networks

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    Vishal Puri
    This document provides an introduction to view factors and radiation heat transfer. It defines view factors as a geometric quantity that accounts for orientation in radiation heat transfer. It presents equations for calculating view factors and discusses properties like reciprocity and summation rules. It also outlines the analysis process for radiation heat transfer between diffuse gray surfaces, including determining surface resistances and calculating net heat transfer rates.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    02 Radiation Networks

    Uploaded by

    Vishal Puri
    17 views18 pages
    This document provides an introduction to view factors and radiation heat transfer. It defines view factors as a geometric quantity that accounts for orientation in radiation heat transfer. It presents equations for calculating view factors and discusses properties like reciprocity and summation rules. It also outlines the analysis process for radiation heat transfer between diffuse gray surfaces, including determining surface resistances and calculating net heat transfer rates.

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    IITB ME 346

    Original Title

    02_radiation_networks

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    This document provides an introduction to view factors and radiation heat transfer. It defines view factors as a geometric quantity that accounts for orientation in radiation heat transfer. It presents equations for calculating view factors and discusses properties like reciprocity and summation rules. It also outlines the analysis process for radiation heat transfer between diffuse gray surfaces, including determining surface resistances and calculating net heat transfer rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views18 pages

    02 Radiation Networks

    Uploaded by

    Vishal Puri
    This document provides an introduction to view factors and radiation heat transfer. It defines view factors as a geometric quantity that accounts for orientation in radiation heat transfer. It presents equations for calculating view factors and discusses properties like reciprocity and summation rules. It also outlines the analysis process for radiation heat transfer between diffuse gray surfaces, including determining surface resistances and calculating net heat transfer rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    ME 346: Heat Transfer

    Lecture: Introduction
    Date: Instructor: Ankit Jain
    View Factor
    ❑ Radiation heat transfer depends on the orientation
    ❑ For instance, radiations from sun: standing vs lying on back
    ❑ View Factor (shape factor, orientation factor, etc):
    accounts for the effect of orientation in radiation heat
    transfer:
    ❑ purely geometric quantity
    ❑ independent of surafce radiative properties, 𝑇
    ❑ diffuse view factor (assumes diffuse emitters)

    𝐹𝑖→𝑗 = 𝐹𝑖𝑗 = the fraction of radiation that leaves surface 𝑖 and strickes surface 𝑗 directly

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 2


    View Factor
    𝑑𝐴2 cos 𝜃2
    𝑄𝑑𝐴1→𝑑𝐴2 = 𝐼 𝑑𝐴1 cos 𝜃1 𝑑𝜔21 = 𝐼 𝑑𝐴1 cos 𝜃1
    𝑟2

    𝑑𝐴2 cos 𝜃2
    𝑄𝐴1→𝑑𝐴2 = න 𝑄𝑑𝐴1→𝑑𝐴2 = න 𝐼 cos 𝜃1 𝑑𝐴1
    𝐴1 𝐴1 𝑟2

    cos 𝜃2
    𝑄𝐴1→𝐴2 = න 𝑄𝐴1→𝑑𝐴2 = න න 𝐼 cos 𝜃1 𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2
    𝐴2 𝐴2 𝐴 1 𝑟2

    𝐽 = 𝜋𝐼 → 𝑄𝐴1 = 𝜋𝐼𝐴1
    cos 𝜃
    𝑄𝐴1→𝐴2 ‫ 𝐼 𝐴׬ 𝐴׬‬cos 𝜃1 𝑟 2 2 𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2 1 cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2
    𝐹𝐴1→𝐴2 = = 2 1 = න න 𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2
    𝑄𝐴1 𝜋𝐼𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝜋𝑟 2

    1 cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2
    𝐹𝐴2→𝐴1 = න න 𝑑𝐴1 𝑑𝐴2 𝐹12𝐴1 = 𝐹21𝐴2
    𝐴2 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝜋𝑟 2
    (reciprocity relation)

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 3


    View Factor

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 4


    View Factor Relations
    ❑ Reciprocity relation:
    𝐹12𝐴1 = 𝐹21 𝐴2
    N N− 1
    For an enclosure with N surfaces: relations
    2

    ❑ Summation Rule (conservation of energy): the sum of all view factors


    (including to itself) from the surface 𝑖 of an enclosure must equal
    unity.
    𝑁
    න 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 = 1
    1

    applies to each surface in an enclosure: 𝑁 relations

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 5


    View Factor Relations
    ❑ Superposition Rule:
    𝐹1→(2+3) = 𝐹1→2 + 𝐹1→3

    ❑ Energy from surface 1 hitting surface (2+3) is the sum of


    summation of energies hitting parts of surface (2+3)
    ❑ View factor from surface 𝑖 to surface 𝑗 is the summation of
    View factors from surface 𝑖 to parts of surface 𝑗
    Note that: 𝐹 2+3 →1 ≠ 𝐹2→1 + 𝐹3→1

    Q: How to determine 𝐹3→1 given view factors between perpendicular surfaces?

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 6


    View Factor Relations
    ❑ Symmetry Rule: two surfaces that are symmetric wrt to a third
    surface will have same view factor wrt that surface

    if surfaces 𝑗 and 𝑘 are symetric wrt to surface 𝑖, then:


    𝐹𝑖→𝑗 = 𝐹𝑖→𝑘

    Also, 𝐹𝑗→𝑖 = 𝐹𝑘→𝑖 (using reciprocity rule)

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 7


    Radiation Heat Transfer between Black
    Surfaces
    𝑄ሶ 1→2 = 𝐴1 𝐸𝑏,1𝐹1→2 − 𝐴2𝐸𝑏,2𝐹2→1
    = 𝐴1 𝐹1→2 𝐸𝑏,1 − 𝐸𝑏,2 using 𝐴1 𝐹1→2 = 𝐴2𝐹2→1
    = 𝐴1 𝐹1→2 𝜎(𝑇14 − 𝑇24)

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 8


    Radiation Heat Transfer between Diffuse Gray
    Surfaces
    ❑ multiple reflections → quite complex to analyze without suitable
    assumptions
    ❑ Assumptions:
    ❑ opaque surface → 𝜏 = 0
    ❑ diffuse surface (no dependence on direction; diffuse emitter and reflector)
    ❑ gray surface (no dependence on wavelength)
    ❑ isothermal surfaces with uniform incoming and outgoing radiations over the
    entire surface.

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 9


    Surface Resistance
    𝐽 = 𝜌𝐺 + 𝜖𝐸𝑏

    opaque surface
    𝜏=0; 𝛼+𝜌=1
    𝐽 = 1 − 𝛼 𝐺 + 𝜖𝐸𝑏

    Kirchoff Law
    𝐽 = 1 − 𝜖 𝐺 + 𝜖𝐸𝑏

    𝑄ሶ 𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 (𝐽𝑖 − 𝐺𝑖 )

    𝐽𝑖 = 1−𝜖𝑖 𝐺𝑖 +𝜖𝑖 𝐸𝑏,𝑖 𝐽𝑖 − 𝜖𝑖 𝐸𝑏,𝑖


    𝑄ሶ 𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 𝐽𝑖 −
    1 − 𝜖𝑖

    rearrange 𝐴𝑖 𝜖𝑖 Ohm′ s law 𝐸𝑏,𝑖 − 𝐽𝑖 1 − 𝜖𝑖


    𝑄ሶ 𝑖 = 𝐸 − 𝐽𝑖 𝑄ሶ𝑖 = 𝑅𝑖 = (surface resistance to radiation)
    1 − 𝜖𝑖 𝑏,𝑖 𝑅𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝜖𝑖

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 10


    Surface Resistance

    1 − 𝜖𝑖
    𝑅𝑖 = (surface resistance to radiation)
    𝐴𝑖 𝜖𝑖

    Reradiating surfaces: no convection and under steady-state:

    𝐸𝑏,𝑖 − 𝐽𝑖
    𝑄ሶ = 0 → = 0 → 𝐸𝑏,𝑖 = 𝐽𝑖 = 𝜎𝑇𝑖4
    𝑅𝑖

    In radiation resistance networks, reradiating surfaces can be removed from analysis


    as no net heat trasnfer through these surfaces.

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 11


    Radiation Heat Transfer between two surfaces

    𝑄ሶ 𝑖→𝑗 = 𝐴𝑖 𝐽𝑖 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 − 𝐴𝑗 𝐽𝑗 𝐹𝑗→𝑖

    = 𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 𝐽𝑖 − 𝐽𝑗

    𝐽𝑖 − 𝐽𝑗
    =
    𝑅𝑖→𝑗

    1 1
    𝑅𝑖→𝑗 = = (space resistance to radiation)
    𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝑖→𝑗 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑗→𝑖

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 12


    Radiation Heat Transfer Problems
    Determine net heat transfer from each of these surfaces to other surfaces?

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 13


    Problem: Consider a cylindrical furnace with r=H=1 m. The top (surface 1) and
    the base (surface 2) of the furnace have emissivities 0.8 and 0.4, respectively,
    and are maintained at uniform temperatures of 700 K and 500 K. The side
    surface closely approximates a black- body and is maintained at a temperature
    of 400 K. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer at each surface
    during steady operation.
    Schematic:

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 14


    Assumptions:
    ❑ Steady-state operation
    ❑ Opaque, diffuse, and gray surfaces
    Solution:
    For radiation heat transfer analysis, first we need to determine the View Factors:

    𝐹11 = 0 (plane surface)


    𝐹12 (from chart)
    𝐹13 (using summation rule)

    𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦,
    𝐹21, 𝐹22 , 𝐹23

    𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦:
    𝐹31, 𝐹32 , 𝐹33

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 15


    For surface 1:
    𝐸𝑏,1 − 𝐽1 𝐽1 − 𝐽2 𝐽1 − 𝐽3
    = +
    𝑅1 𝑅12 𝑅13

    𝐸𝑏,1 − 𝐽1 𝐽1 − 𝐽2 𝐽1 − 𝐽3
    = +
    1 − 𝜖1 1 1
    𝜖1 𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐴1 𝐹13

    For surface 2:
    𝐸𝑏,2 − 𝐽2 𝐽2 − 𝐽1 𝐽2 − 𝐽3
    = +
    1 − 𝜖2 1 1
    𝜖2 𝐴2 𝐴2𝐹21 𝐴2𝐹23

    Since surface 3 is black:


    𝐽3 = 𝜎𝑇34 𝑄1ሶ = 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐽1 − 𝐽2 + 𝐹13 𝐽1 − 𝐽3
    𝑄2ሶ = 𝐴2 𝐹21 𝐽2 − 𝐽1 + 𝐹23 𝐽2 − 𝐽3
    𝑄3ሶ = 𝐴3 𝐹31 𝐽3 − 𝐽1 + 𝐹32 𝐽3 − 𝐽2

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 16


    Determine 𝑇𝑅 ?

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 17


    © Ankit Jain
    All rights reserved.
    You may not make copies or disseminate this material in any form
    without my express permission.

    ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 18

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