1-Prof DR Anees Biomechanics of Hip

DR ANEES S. S.
Ghiet
B.Sc. , M.Sc. , Ph.D. PT

PROFESSOR OF BIOMECHANICS
FACULTY OF PHYSICAL THERAPY
CAIRO UNIVERSITY
Biomechanics of Hip Joint
The hip joint is synovial joint formed
by articulation of head of femur and
deep fossa of acetabulum of pelvis.
It is classified as ball and socket

joint.
It forms connection between bones
of lower limb and axial skeleton of
trunk and pelvis.
Both joint surfaces covered with

strong lubricated layer, called
articular hyaline cartilage.
-Understanding of hip joint
biomechanics :
-constitutes an important
background for the diagnosis
and treatment of hip disorders.
-This includes:
1- Knowledge of the kinematics.

2- Loading experienced during static
and dynamic activities.
3- Transmission of mechanical
stresses between articulating
members of the joint .
This allows the clinician :
to assimilate the effects of motions and

deformations resulting from forces and
moments acting on the joint in the
selection and guidance of appropriate
medical interventions.
Alterations in anatomy of hip:
through acute injury, chronic

degeneration, or surgery can
significantly impact the function of
the hip during activities.
The clinical goal of treatment : •
is to alleviate symptoms of pain •

and prevent the development or
progression of degenerative
changes in the hip.
ANATOMY OF THE HIP
-The hip is ball-and-socket joint.
-It has four characteristics of

synovial joint:
1- it has joint cavity.
2- it has joint surfaces which covered

with articular cartilage .
3- it has synovial membrane producing

synovial fluid .
4- it is surrounded by ligamentous
capsule .
BONY ANATOMY
The cup-shaped acetabulum is
formed by the contributions from :
1- ilium (approximately 40%)

2- ischium 40%
3- pubis 20% (of the acetabulum) .
In the skeletally immature these
three bones are separated by the
triradiate cartilage .
Fusion of this starts to occur around

the age of 14 – 16 years and is
complete usually by the age of 23 .
The femoral head covered with
articular cartilage beyond the
reaches of acetabular brim to
accommodate the full range of
motion.
The covered region forms

approximately 60 to 70% of sphere.
There is an uncovered area on the •
central area of femoral head called
fovea capitis for the femoral insertion
of ligamentum teres.
The head of femur is attached to the

femoral shaft by femoral neck, which
varies in length depending on body size.
The neck shaft angle is usually 125 •
± 5° in the normal adult .
Coxa valga is the condition when •

neck shaft angle increase to
exceeds 130° .
Coxa vara is the condition when •

neck shaft angle inclination is less
than 120 .
A –-------------- B ---------------- C
(A) Normal femoral neck angle .
(B)decreased femoral neck angle

(coxa vara).
(C) increased femoral neck angle

(coxa valga).
The importance of neck shaft angle is
that the femoral shaft is laterally
displaced from the pelvis, thus
facilitating freedom for joint motion.
If there is significant deviation in angle

outside this typical range, the lever arms
used to produce motion by the abductor
muscles will either be too small or too
large.
The neck-shaft angle decreases •
from 150° after birth to 125° in the
adult due to remodeling of bone in
response to changing stress
patterns.
Femoral anteversion
Angle
Definition of femoral anteversion :
1-The femoral neck is slightly

rotated anterior in coronal plane.
2-This medial rotation is referred as

femoral anteversion.
3-The angle of anteversion is the
angle between two lines :
A-the first line is the mediolateral

line through the knee .
B- the second line is the line through

the femoral head and neck .
The angle of anteversion
4-The average range for
femoral anteversion is from:
( 15 to 20°).
5-Anteversion refers to •
orientation of femoral neck in
relation to femoral condyles at the
level of knee.
6- In most cases, femoral neck •

oriented anteriorly as compared to
femoral condyles.
7-In the case of posterior •
orientation, the term femoral
retroversion is applied .
8- Femoral anteversion averages •
at birth between 30-40 degrees .
9- Femoral anteversion averages •

in adults between 8 and 14
degrees .
10- Femoral anteversion averages
in males is slightly smaller than
females.
N.B
The vascular supply to •
femoral head
The vascular supply to femoral
head:
It is very important due to the risk of

vascular necrosis of the head when it is
disrupted, particularly in fractures of the
femoral neck or dislocation of hip.
Three sources are
noted:
1-Obturator artery •
2-Medial femoral circumflex artery •
3-Lateral femoral circumflex artery •

1-Small vessel found within ligamentum
teres supply from medullary canal and
an anastamosis of vessels creeping
around femoral neck.
2-The vessels ascend toward the
femoral head in the synovial lining
that is reflected onto the femoral
neck.
3-The vessels arise posteriorly from
the medial circumflex femoral artery
that braches off the deep femoral
artery.
THANK •
YOU

1-Prof DR Anees Biomechanics of Hip

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DR ANEES S. S.

B.Sc. , M.Sc. , Ph.D. PT

It is classified as ball and socket

Both joint surfaces covered with

1- Knowledge of the kinematics.

to assimilate the effects of motions and

through acute injury, chronic

is to alleviate symptoms of pain •

-It has four characteristics of

2- it has joint surfaces which covered

3- it has synovial membrane producing

1- ilium (approximately 40%)

Fusion of this starts to occur around

The covered region forms

The head of femur is attached to the

Coxa valga is the condition when •

Coxa vara is the condition when •

(B)decreased femoral neck angle

(C) increased femoral neck angle

If there is significant deviation in angle

1-The femoral neck is slightly

2-This medial rotation is referred as

A-the first line is the mediolateral

B- the second line is the line through

6- In most cases, femoral neck •

9- Femoral anteversion averages •

It is very important due to the risk of

2-Medial femoral circumflex artery •

3-Lateral femoral circumflex artery •

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