Week-4-Metamorphism-Types-of-Igneous-Rocks 2
Week-4-Metamorphism-Types-of-Igneous-Rocks 2
Week-4-Metamorphism-Types-of-Igneous-Rocks 2
B-urial
S -ubduction
D ynamic
BURIAL
METAMORPHISM
It occurs when
sediments are buried
deeply enough that
the heat and pressure
cause minerals to
begin to recrystallize
and new minerals to
grow but does not
leave the rock with a
foliated appearance.
As metamorphic processes go, burial
metamorphism takes place at
relatively low temperatures (up to
~300 °C) and pressures (100s of m
depth).
SUBDUCTION
METAMORPHISM
At subduction zones,
where ocean lithosphere
is forced down into the
hot mantle, there is a
unique combination of
relatively low
temperatures and very
high pressures.
The high pressures are to be
expected, given the force of
collision between tectonic
plates, and the increasing
lithostatic pressure as the
subducting slab is forced
deeper and deeper into the
mantle.
DYNAMIC METAMORPHISM
It is the result of very high
shear stress, such as occurs
along fault zones.
Dynamic metamorphism occurs at
relatively low temperatures compared
to other types of metamorphism and
consists predominantly of the physical
changes that happen to a rock
experiencing shear stress.
It affects a narrow
region near the
fault, and rocks
nearby may
appear
unaffected.
Other Types of Metamorphism:
B-urial
S -ubduction
D ynamic
WEEK 4
2 . C O M PA R E A N D C O N T R A S T
T H E F O R M AT I O N O F T H E
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
IGNEOUS ROCKS.
Types of Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rock got its name from a
Latin word “ignis” which means
fire.
The parent material of igneous rocks
is usually magma.
Lava is magma that pushes up
through the Earth's crust to the
surface.
When magma and lava cool and
harden, they create igneous rocks.
There are many
varieties of igneous
rocks and they are
given names based
upon two things:
texture (how big
the crsytals are) and
composition (what
they made of).
Texture
It refers to the general
appearance of an
igneous rock. The
texture of an igneous
rock is strongly
affected by the rate of
cooling of the magma
that results in the
formation of crystals.
Composition
It refers to the
elements in the
magma that directly
affect the kind of
mineral that is
formed when the
magma cools.
The types of igneous rocks depend
on where they solidified and
hardened.
Two Types of Igneous Rocks
1.Intrusive igneous rocks or plutonic
I -ntermediate
M -afic
U -ltramafic
Felsic
rocks that are high in silica like rhyolite
and granite
Intermediate
Mafic
Ultramafic
Common Examples of
Igneous Rocks
Intrusive
Igneous Rocks
1.Granite
2.Gabbro
Granite
It is one of the most
important rocks in
the crust. It is also
the most common
rock type. It is a
light-colored and
coarse grained rock.
Gabbro
It is dark-colored
igneous rock often
times called “ black
granite”. The dark color
is due to a higher
content of iron and the
magnesium but with a
lower content of
quartz.
Extrusive
Igneous Rocks
1.Basalt
2.Obsidian
3.Pumice
4.Scoria
Basalt
As a specific rock, it
is usually dark-
colored, hard, fine-
grained and with
high specific gravity.
This is due to the
high content of iron
and magnesium and
some feldspar.
Obsidian
It is formed from lava
which is also dark-
colored but glassy,
meaning it has no
crystal. During early
times, these rocks
were used for
weapons and tools
was by shaping them
into pointed and
sharp-edged objects.
Pumice
It is characterized by
the presence of many
air holes. This is
because gas bubbles
are trapped in the
rock during the
cooling process
leaving tiny bubbles.
Scoria
It is formed in the
same manner as
pumice, but it has
larger holes and is
much denser and
darker.