Practicum Report “Thermometer Application”

Module K1 – Thermometer Application

Sufi / 23612020
Assistant: Rachmad Widyanto
Practicum Date: 19 October 2023
Chemistry – Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Islamic University of Indonesia

Abstract- Thermometers have many types, for example, body thermometers, body thermometers
have a scale from 35 ℃ to 42 ℃ so they cannot be measured directly, with ice that has melted and water
that is boiling. So, the body thermometer must be tested with a rod that has a scale slightly below 0℃ and
slightly above 100℃, which is tested first at the freezing point and boiling point of water directly. In this
experiment, two reference temperatures or two fixed points will be selected, which are the freezing point
of water, which is the temperature of melting ice at 1 atm air pressure, and the boiling point of water,
which is the temperature of pure water boiling at 1 atm pressure, which are defined as 0℃ and 100℃
respectively. The distance between the mercury tip in the capillary pipe of a mercury thermometer at the
freezing point of water and at the boiling point of water is divided into 110 equal parts,
each of which is 1℃.
Keywords- Thermometer, Temperature, boiling point, freezing point

I. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this practicum entitled Thermometer Testing is so that practitioners can read the
thermometer scale carefully and can perform thermometer testing.

Thermometers utilize various physical effects to measure temperature. Temperature sensors are used
in a variety of scientific and engineering applications, especially measurement systems. Temperature
systems are primarily electrical or mechanical, sometimes inseparable from the systems they control (as
in the case of mercury thermometers). Thermometers are used on highways in cold weather climates to
help determine if icing conditions exist. Indoors, thermistors are used in climate control systems such as
air conditioners, freezers, heaters, refrigerators, and water heaters (B. J. Frederick, Ph.D, H. Eugene, Ph.D.,
2006).

Galileo thermometers are used to measure indoor air temperature, due to their limited measurement
range. Such liquid crystal thermometers (which use thermochromic liquid crystals) are also used in mood
rings and are used to measure the temperature of water in fish tanks. Fiber Bragg grating temperature
sensors are used in nuclear power facilities to monitor the temperature of the reactor core and avoid a
possible nuclear meltdown (D. S. Goris, L. Stephanus, L. E. Cosma, S. B. John, 2007)

A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient (the degree to which
an object is hot or cold) A thermometer has two essential elements: (1) a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb
of a mercury thermometer or the pyrometric sensor in an infrared thermometer) in which some change
occurs with changes in temperature; and (2) some way to convert this change into a numerical value (e.g.
a visible scale marked on a mercury thermometer or a digital readout on an infrared model). Thermometers
are widely used in technology and industry to monitor processes, in meteorology, in medicine, and in
scientific research (Paramartha.A, Guide to Basic Physics II, 2010).

Thermometers are called primary or secondary based on how the raw physical quantity being
measured is mapped to temperature. As summarized by Kauppinen et al., "For primary thermometers, the
properties of the measured matter are well known so that the temperature can be calculated without any
unknown quantities. Examples are thermometers based on the equation of state of a gas, on the speed of
sound in a gas, on the voltage of a thermal noise or the current of an electric resistor, and on the angular
anisotropy of gamma-ray emission from certain radioactive nuclei in a magnetic field." In contrast,
"Secondary thermometers are most widely used because of their convenience. Also, they are often much
more sensitive than primary ones (Giancoly. D, 2001).

There are many types of thermometers, for example, body thermometers. Body thermometers have
a scale from 35C to 42C so they cannot be directly measured with melted ice and boiling water.
To get the boiling point of water we need to look at the barometer and boiling point table. In this
experiment, the barometer in the laboratory must be corrected as follows:

ℎ = ℎ𝑡 (1 − 0.000163𝑡) 978⁄981

Description:
h = corrected barometer pressure (real)
ht = barometer pressure read
t = room temperature

Thermometer application experiments are useful for validating tool readings. The application of
thermometers is also carried out in temperature testing laboratories both in hospitals and companies.

II. PRACTICUM METHOD

Experiment Steps

Prepare tools and materials

Take 150 mL of water and bring it to a boil. Then insert the stem thermometer into the water
vessel, after the temperature increase is slow enough, observe every 1 minute for 7 times.

taking the ice and waiting for it to melt

After observing the temperature of the boiling water is complete. Then put the thermometer rod into
the ice water bath. When the temperature drop is slow enough, observe every 1 minute for 7 times.

reinsert the stem thermometer into the warm water and wait until the water temperature is 40℃.

Record the body thermometer when the stem thermometer

shows 41℃, 40℃, 39℃, 38℃, 37℃, 36℃, and 35℃.

Report writing
 Tools and Materials

Figure 1. electric stove

Source: https://www.bukalapak.com/p/rumah-tangga/dapur/kompor/90idq1-jual-kompor-
listrik-maspion-s300-s-300masak-elektrik-300w-600w

Figure 2. ice cubes

Source:
https://tirto.id/manfaat-es-batu-bagi-kesehatan-atasi-gejala-pms-hingga-insomnia-eejN

Figure 3. Water
Source: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/water-healthy-retirement-gsk/

Figure 4. Stick thermometer

Source:
https://kelasbimbel.blogspot.com/2018/02/jenis-jenis-termometer-beserta-fungsi.html
 Figure 5. Body thermometer
Source:
https://huazhemedical.en.made-in-china.com/product/wevQxdHoXJcT/China-Pen-Type-
Digital-Thermometer-Clinical-Thermometer-DT-101-.html

Figure 6. Barometer
Source: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/brass-analog-barometer-23141069955.html

Figure 7. Beaker glass

Source : https://www.aliexpress.com/item/150mL-Glass-Beaker-Low-Form-New-Chemical-Lab-
Glassware/32807932377.html
 III. EXPERIMENT DATA

Ice Boiling point Glass Micrometer

temperature temperature thermometer
3 98 35 34,2 34,1 33,9
2,5 98 36 34,8 34,8 34,6
2,3 98,3 37 36,0 35,8 35,3
2,3 98,6 38 36,9 36,8 36,7
2,3 98,7 39 38,0 37,8 37,8
2 99 40 38,5 38,4 38,2
2 99 41 40,4 40,1 40

Room temperature : 25°C

air pressure : 729 mmHg

IV. DATA ANALYSIS

̅ ± ∆𝒂
1. Calculating the freezing point error (𝒂 ̅)
Table 1. Ice Temperature Measurement Data (a) (℃)
𝑎𝑛 𝛿𝑎 (𝑎𝑛 − 𝑎̅) |𝛿𝑎 (𝑎𝑛 − 𝑎̅)|2
3 3 – 2,342 = 0,658 0,432
2,5 2,5 – 2,342 = 0,158 0,024
2,3 2,3 – 2,342 = -0,042 0,001
2,3 2,3 – 2,342 = -0,042 0,001
2,3 2,3 – 2,342 = -0,042 0,001
2 2 – 2,342 = -0,342 0,116
2 2 – 2,342 = -0,342 0,116
∑ = 16,4 ∑ = 0,691

∑𝑎 16,4
𝑎̅ = = = 2,342℃
𝑛 7
|𝛿𝑎 |2 0,691
∆𝑎̅ = √ =√ = 0,339 ℃
𝑛−1 6
𝑎̅ ± ∆𝑎̅ = 2,342℃ ± 0,339℃
0,339
100% accuracy : ( ×100%) = 14,47%
2,342

̅ ± ∆𝒃
2. Calculating the boiling point error (𝒃 ̅)
𝑏𝑛 𝛿𝑏 (𝑏𝑛 − 𝑏̅) |𝛿𝑏 (𝑏𝑛 − 𝑏̅)|
2

98 98 – 98,5 = -0,5 0,25

98 98 – 98,5 = -0,5 0,25
98,3 98,3 – 98,5 = -0,2 0,04
98,6 98,6 – 98,5 = 0,1 0,01
98,7 98,7 – 98,5 = 0,2 0,04
99 99 – 98,5 = 0,5 0,25
99 99 – 98,5 = 0,5 0,25
∑ = 689,6 ∑ = 1,09

∑𝑏 689,6
𝑏̅ = = = 98,5℃
𝑛 7
|𝛿𝑏 | 2
1,09
∆𝑏̅ = √ =√ = 0,181 ℃
𝑛−1 6
𝑏̅ ± ∆𝑏̅ = 98,5℃ ± 0,181℃
0,181
100% accuracy : ( ×100%) = 0,18%
98,5
3. Calculating the error in body thermometer temperature
a. At temperature 35℃
𝑡𝑛 𝛿𝑡 (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡̅) |𝛿𝑡 (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡̅)|2
34,2 34,2 – 34 = 0,2 0,04
34,1 34,1 – 34 = 0,1 0,01
33,9 33,9 – 34 = -0,1 0,01
∑ = 102,2 ∑ = 0,06

∑𝑡 102,2
𝑡̅ = = = 34℃
𝑛 3
|𝛿𝑡 |2 0,06
∆𝑡̅ = √ =√ = 0,173 ℃
𝑛−1 2
𝑡̅ ± ∆𝑡̅ = 34℃ ± 0,173℃
0,173
100% accuracy : ( ×100%) = 0,5%
34

b. At temperature 36℃
𝑡𝑛 𝛿𝑡 (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡̅) |𝛿𝑡 (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡̅)|2
34,8 34,8 – 34,7 = 0,1 0,01
34,8 34,8 – 34,7 = 0,1 0,01
34,6 34,6 – 34,7 = -0,1 0,01
∑ = 104,2 ∑ = 0,03

∑𝑡 104,2
𝑡̅ = = = 34,7℃
𝑛 3
|𝛿𝑡 |2 0,03
∆𝑡̅ = √ =√ = 0,122 ℃
𝑛−1 2
𝑡̅ ± ∆𝑡̅ = 34,7℃ ± 0,122℃
0,122
100% accuracy : ( ×100%) = 0,3%
34,7

c. At temperature 37℃
𝑡𝑛 𝛿𝑡 (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡̅) |𝛿𝑡 (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡̅)|2
36,0 36,0 – 35,7 = 0,3 0,09
35,8 35,8 – 35,7 = 0,1 0,01
35,3 35,3 – 35,7 = -0,4 0,16
∑ = 107,1 ∑ = 0,26

∑𝑡 107,1
𝑡̅ = = = 35,7℃
𝑛 3
|𝛿𝑡 |2 0,26
∆𝑡̅ = √ =√ = 0,360 ℃
𝑛−1 2
𝑡̅ ± ∆𝑡̅ = 35,7℃ ± 0,360℃
0,360
100% accuracy : ( ×100%) = 1%
35,7
d. At temperature 38℃
𝑡𝑛 𝛿𝑡 (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡̅) |𝛿𝑡 (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡̅)|2
36,9 36,9 – 36,8 = 0,1 0,01
36,8 36,8 – 36,8 = 0 0
36,7 36,7 – 36,8 = -0,1 0,01
∑ = 110,4 ∑ = 0,02

∑𝑡 110,4
𝑡̅ = = = 36,8℃
𝑛 3
|𝛿𝑡 |2 0,02
∆𝑡̅ = √ =√ = 0,1 ℃
𝑛−1 2
𝑡̅ ± ∆𝑡̅ = 36,8℃ ± 0,1℃
0,1
100% accuracy : ( ×100%) = 0,002%
36,8
 e. At temperature 39℃
𝑡𝑛 𝛿𝑡 (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡̅) |𝛿𝑡 (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡̅)|2
38,0 38,0 – 37.8 = 0,2 0,04
37,8 37,8 – 37.8 = 0 0
37,8 37,8 – 37.8 = 0 0
∑ = 113,6 ∑ = 0,04

∑𝑡 113,6
𝑡̅ = = = 37,8℃
𝑛 3
|𝛿𝑡 |2 0,04
∆𝑡̅ = √ =√ = 0,1 ℃
𝑛−1 2
𝑡̅ ± ∆𝑡̅ = 37,8℃ ± 0,1℃
0,1
100% accuracy : ( ×100%) = 0,264%
37,8

f. At temperature 40℃
𝑡𝑛 𝛿𝑡 (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡̅) |𝛿𝑡 (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡̅)|2
38,5 38,5 – 38,3 = 0,2 0,04
38,4 38,4 – 38,3 = 0,1 0,01
38,2 38,2 – 38,3 = -0,1 0,01
∑ = 115,1 ∑ = 0,06

∑𝑡 115,1
𝑡̅ = = = 38,3℃
𝑛 3
|𝛿𝑡 |2 0,06
∆𝑡̅ = √ =√ = 0,1 ℃
𝑛−1 2
𝑡̅ ± ∆𝑡̅ = 38,3℃ ± 0,1℃
0,1
100% accuracy : ( ×100%) = 0,261%
38,3

g. At temperature 41℃
𝑡𝑛 𝛿𝑡 (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡̅) |𝛿𝑡 (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡̅)|2
40,4 40,4 – 40,1 = 0,3 0,09
40,1 40,1 – 40,1 = 0 0
40 40 – 40,1 = -0,1 0,01
∑ = 120,5 ∑ = 0,1

∑𝑡 120,5
𝑡̅ = = = 40,1℃
𝑛 3
|𝛿𝑡 |2 0,1
∆𝑡̅ = √ =√ = 0,2 ℃
𝑛−1 2
𝑡̅ ± ∆𝑡̅ = 40,1℃ ± 0,2℃
0,2
100% accuracy : ( ×100%) = 0,498%
40,1

4. Determining the corrected barometric pressure (h) and boiling point (T) from the table
978
h = ℎ𝑡 (1 − 0,000163𝑡) ⁄981
978
h = 729 mmHg (1 − 0,000163(25℃)) ⁄981
h = 723 mmHg

Where :
h = corrected barometric (actual)
ht = read barometric pressure (use 729 mmHg)
t = experimental temperature

Determining the value of (T) from the table, adjusted to the obtained value of (h)
The value of T obtained for t = 25℃ is 99,678℃
5. Determining the corrected temperature (x ± ∆x )
a. At temperature 35℃
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑇
x = [(𝑡 − 𝑎) ̅̅̅̅̅̅]= ℃
𝑏−𝑎
99,678
= [(34 − 2,342) ]= 32,81℃
98,5−2,342

2
𝑇 2 𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑡−𝑎) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2
(𝑡−𝑎) 2
∆x= √[̅̅̅̅̅̅] [∆𝑡̅]2 + |− ̅̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
| |∆𝑎̅|2 + |−𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2
(𝑏−𝑎
| |∆𝑏̅|
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏−𝑎 )^2
2
99,678 2 99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(34−2,342)
∆x=√[̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅] [0,173]2 + |− + 99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)^2
| |0,339|2 +
98,5−2,342 98,5−2,342 (98,5−2,342
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2
(34−2,342)
|−99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)^2
| |0,181|2
(98,5−2,342
∆x= 0,03℃

X ± ∆x = 32,81℃ ± 0,03℃

b. At temperature 36℃
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑇
x = [(𝑡 − 𝑎) ̅̅̅̅̅̅]= ℃
𝑏−𝑎
99,678
= [(34,7 − 2,342) ]= 33,46℃
98,5−2,342

2
2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2 2
𝑇 𝑇 (𝑡−𝑎) (𝑡−𝑎)
∆x= √[̅̅̅̅̅̅] [∆𝑡̅]2 + |− ̅̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )^2
| |∆𝑎̅|2 + |−𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2
(𝑏−𝑎
| |∆𝑏̅|
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏−𝑎
2
99,678 2 99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(34,7−2,342)
∆x=√[̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅] [0,122]2 + |− + 99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)^2 | |0,339|2 +
98,5−2,342 98,5−2,342 (98,5−2,342
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2
(34,7−2,342)
|−99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)^2 | |0,181|2
(98,5−2,342
∆x= 0,03℃

X ± ∆x = 33,46℃ ± 0,03℃

c. At temperature 37℃
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑇
x = [(𝑡 − 𝑎) ̅̅̅̅̅̅]= ℃
𝑏−𝑎
99,678
= [(35,7 − 2,342) ]= 34,55℃
98,5−2,342

2
𝑇 2 𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑡−𝑎) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2
(𝑡−𝑎) 2
∆x= √[̅̅̅̅̅̅] [∆𝑡̅]2 + |− ̅̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
| |∆𝑎̅|2 + |−𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2
(𝑏−𝑎
| |∆𝑏̅|
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏−𝑎 )^2
2
99,678 2 99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(35,7−2,342)
∆x=√[̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅] [0,360]2 + |− + 99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)^2
| |0,339|2 +
98,5−2,342 98,5−2,342 (98,5−2,342
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2
(35,7−2,342)
|−99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)^2
| |0,181|2
(98,5−2,342
∆x= 0,04℃

X ± ∆x = 34,55℃ ± 0,04℃

d. At temperature 38℃
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑇
x = [(𝑡 − 𝑎) ̅̅̅̅̅̅]= ℃
𝑏−𝑎
99,678
= [(36,8 − 2,342) ]= 35,69℃
98,5−2,342

2
2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2 2
𝑇 𝑇 (𝑡−𝑎) (𝑡−𝑎)
∆x= √[̅̅̅̅̅̅] [∆𝑡̅]2 + |− ̅̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )^2
| |∆𝑎̅|2 + |−𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2
(𝑏−𝑎
| |∆𝑏̅|
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏−𝑎
 2
99,678 2 99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(36,8−2,342)
∆x=√[̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅] [0,1]2 + |− + 99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)^2
| |0,339|2 +
98,5−2,342 98,5−2,342 (98,5−2,342
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2
(36,8−2,342)
|−99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)^2
| |0,181|2
(98,5−2,342
∆x= 0,04℃

X ± ∆x = 35,69℃ ± 0,04℃

e. At temperature 39℃
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑇
x = [(𝑡 − 𝑎) ̅̅̅̅̅̅]= ℃
𝑏−𝑎
99,678
= [(37,8 − 2,342) ]= 36,73℃
98,5−2,342

2
𝑇 2 𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑡−𝑎) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2
(𝑡−𝑎) 2
∆x= √[̅̅̅̅̅̅] [∆𝑡̅]2 + |− ̅̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
| |∆𝑎̅|2 + |−𝑇 (𝑏−𝑎 )2
̅̅̅̅̅̅
| |∆𝑏̅|
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏−𝑎 )^2
2
99,678 2 99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(37,8−2,342)
∆x=√[̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅] [0,1]2 + |− + 99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)^2
| |0,339|2 +
98,5−2,342 98,5−2,342 (98,5−2,342
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2
(37,8−2,342)
|−99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)^2 | |0,181|2
(98,5−2,342
∆x= 0,05℃

X ± ∆x = 36,73℃ ± 0,05℃

f. At temperature 40℃
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑇
x = [(𝑡 − 𝑎) ̅̅̅̅̅̅]= ℃
𝑏−𝑎
99,678
= [(38,3 − 2,342) ]= 37,25℃
98,5−2,342

2
2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2 2
𝑇 𝑇 (𝑡−𝑎) (𝑡−𝑎)
∆x= √[̅̅̅̅̅̅] [∆𝑡̅]2 + |− ̅̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )^2
| |∆𝑎̅|2 + |−𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2
(𝑏−𝑎
| |∆𝑏̅|
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏−𝑎
2
99,678 2 99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(38,3−2,342)
∆x=√[̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅] [0,1]2 + |− + 99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)^2 | |0,339|2 +
98,5−2,342 98,5−2,342 (98,5−2,342
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2
(38,3−2,342)
|−99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)^2
| |0,181|2
(98,5−2,342
∆x= 0,05℃

X ± ∆x = 37,25℃ ± 0,05℃

g. At temperature 41℃
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑇
x = [(𝑡 − 𝑎) ̅̅̅̅̅̅]= ℃
𝑏−𝑎
99,678
= [(40,1 − 2,342) ]= 39,11℃
98,5−2,342

2
𝑇 2 𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑡−𝑎) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2
(𝑡−𝑎) 2
∆x= √[̅̅̅̅̅̅] [∆𝑡̅]2 + |− ̅̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑇 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ | |∆𝑎̅|2 + |−𝑇 (𝑏−𝑎 )2
̅̅̅̅̅̅
| |∆𝑏̅|
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 (𝑏−𝑎 )^2
2
99,678 2 99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(40,1−2,342)
∆x=√[̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅] [0,2]2 + |− + 99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)^2
| |0,339|2 +
98,5−2,342 98,5−2,342 (98,5−2,342
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 2
(40,1−2,342)
|−99,678 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)^2
| |0,181|2
(98,5−2,342
∆x= 0,07℃

X ± ∆x = 39,11℃ ± 0,07℃
 V. Discussion
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient (the degree to which
an object is hot or cold) A thermometer has two essential elements: (1) a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb
of a mercury thermometer or the pyrometric sensor in an infrared thermometer) in which some change
occurs with changes in temperature; and (2) some way to convert this change into a numerical value (e.g.
a visible scale marked on a mercury thermometer or a digital readout on an infrared model). Thermometers
are widely used in technology and industry to monitor processes, in meteorology, in medicine, and in
scientific research. Thermometers are called primary or secondary based on how the raw physical quantity
being measured is mapped to temperature. As summarized by Kauppinen et al., "For primary
thermometers, the properties of the measured matter are well known so that the temperature can be
calculated without unknown quantities. Examples are thermometers based on the equation of state of a
gas, on the speed of sound in a gas, on the voltage of a thermal noise or the current of an electrical resistor,
and on the angular anisotropy of gamma-ray emission.
of certain radioactive nuclei in a magnetic field." In contrast, "Secondary thermometers are most
widely used because of their convenience. Also, they are often much more sensitive than primary ones.
For secondary thermometers knowledge of the measured properties is not sufficient to allow direct
calculation of temperature. They must be calibrated against the primary thermometer at least at one
temperature or at a fixed number of temperatures. Such fixed points, for example, the triple point and the
superconducting transition, occur repetitively at the same temperature. "Thermometer calibration is a way
to determine the actual scale value of a thermometer by comparing the read temperature with a reference
temperature. In this assessment, the thermometers used are stem thermometers and body thermometers.
The stem thermometer has a scale of -10ºC to 110ºC, while the body thermometer has a scale from 35ºC
to 42ºC so that the body thermometer cannot be tested directly with melting ice or with boiling water.

VI. Conclusion
1. Testing is checking the correctness of the scale on a measuring instrument to find out the number of
errors without changing the scale on the tool, so that the scale reading becomes correct or accurate.
2. 2. Thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient (degree of heat or
coldness of an object)
3. 3. The method used is to determine the freezing point and boiling point based on the use of a stem
thermometer and body thermometer.
4. 4. How to measure the temperature of a substance by dipping part of a tube filled with liquid in a hot
area in the form of a fluid. The heat that hits the tube will make the liquid at the base of the capillary
pipe expand.
 Bibliography
[1] B. J. Frederick, Ph.D, H. Eugene, Ph.D. University Physics Theory and
Problems. Yogyakarta, 2006

[2] D. S. Goris, L. Stephanus, L. E. Cosma, S. B. John. Physics. Jakarta, 2007

[3] Paramartha.A, Guide to Basic Physics II, Bali: Basic Physics Laboratory, 2010.

[4] Giancoly. D, Physics, Jakarta: Erlangga, 2001.