C3 Slope Stability
C3 Slope Stability
C3 Slope Stability
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Learning Outcome
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Key Contents
factor of safety
Infinite slopes
Finite slopes
method of slices
application of computer software in slope
stability analysis
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Sections
Introduction
Factor of safety of slope
Stability of infinite slope
Stability of slope using mass procedure
Stability of slope using method of slice
Application of computer software in slope analysis
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Introduction
Gravitational and seepage forces tend to cause
instability in natural slopes; excavation; embankments;
earth dams.
The most important types of slope failure are
illustrated in Figure 1.
rotational slips: circular arc or a non-circular curve.
circular slips are associated with homogeneous soil
conditions and non-circular slips are associated with
non-homogeneous conditions.
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Figure 1
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Translational and compound slips occur where the form of the
failure surface is influenced by the presence of an adjacent
stratum of significantly different strength.
Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at
a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope. In this
case the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to
the slope.
Compound slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at
greater depth, the failure surface consisting of curved and plane
sections.
In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis
of slope stability. The problem is normally considered in two
dimensions and plane strain condition is assumed..
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Figure 2 – A shallow slope failure in Hong Kong
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Note the circular deep seated failure surface
http://dutcgeo.ct.tudelft.nl/allersma/hgball.htm
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2 Factor of Safety for Slopes
F= f /m (2)
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The factors of safety for Hong Kong
slopes recommended by the
Geotechnical Engineering Office are
presented in Tables 1 and 2
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Factor
Safety for
New Slopes
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Table 3 (GEO)
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The Stability of Hong Kong Slopes
Both natural slopes and cuttings in Hong Kong are
prone to failure. The reasons for this are:
Topography
Geology
Shear Strength
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3 Stability of Infinite Slopes
Figure 3 shows an infinitely long slope of angle .
c tan
F= +
H cos tan tan
2
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Analysis of infinite slope (without seepage)
Figure 3
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For sands, c = 0, and the F = (tan )/(tan ).
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If the soil possesses cohesion and friction, i.e.,
a c - soil, the depth of the plane along which
critical equilibrium occurs may be determined
by substituting F = 1 and H = Hcr intoEq. 5.3.
(4)
Thus.
c 1
H cr =
cos2 (tan − tan )
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Infinite Slopes With Seepage
Figure 4 shows an infinitely long slope in
saturated soil which is subject to steady state of
downhill seepage, with the groundwater level at
the surface. Similarly it can be shown that
c ' tan
F= +
sat H cos tan sat tan
2
(5)
where ’ = submerged density of the soil
sat = saturated density of the soil
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Analysis of infinite slope (with seepage)
Figure 4
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Learning Activity 1
(a) The factor of safety against sliding along the soil-rock interface
given H = 2.5 m
(b) The height, H, that will give a factor of safety of 2 against sliding
along the soil-rock interface.
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Ans: H = 2.5m
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4 Finite Slopes with Circular Failure Surface
4.1 General Modes of Slope Failure
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Figure 5
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When the failure occurs in such a way (Figure
5b ) that the surface of sliding passes at some
distance below the toe of the slope, it is called a
base failure (Figure 5c). The failure circle in
the case of base failure is called a midpoint
circle.
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Procedure of Stability Analysis
◼ Mass Procedure,
◼ Method of Slices
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• Method of Slices. In this procedure, the soil
above the surface of sliding is divided into a
number of vertical parallel slices. The stability
of each of the slices is calculated separately. It
can consider :
◼ non-homogeneity
◼ porewater pressure
◼ variation of the normal stress
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Location of the Most Critical Circle
The slip circle with the lowest factor of safety for a
given slope will allow the engineer to decide whether
the slope is safe or not.
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Figure 6
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4.2 Mass Procedure of Stability Analysis (Circular Failure Surface)
• The shear strength parameters used are those resulting from the shear
vane test, the unconfined compression test, or the unconsolidated
undrained triaxial compression test on the clay soil. These
parameters are cu and u = 0.
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This total stress analysis covers
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(Smith N.J.)
Figure 7
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m= f /F = c u /F
W d = (c u /F)L a r
and therefore
F = (c u L a r)/(W d) (6)
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The moments of any additional forces must be
taken into account.
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Learning Activity 2
Learning Outcome : To understand the theory of
analysis of finite slopes using mass procedures.
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Learning Activity 2
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Equating Moment about O
W d = (cu/F)Lar
And therefore
F = (cuLar)/W d
W d = (19x70)x4.5 = 5985
Wd = (19x70)x4.5 = 5985
F = CuLr / Wd
= 14858.1 / 5985 = 2.48
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Learning Activity 3
Learning Outcome : To understand the theory of analysis of
finite slopes using mass procedures.
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Equating Moment about O
W d = (cu/F)Lar
And therefore
F = (cuLar)/W d
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5. Method of Slices
the mass procedure, assumes the soil is homogeneous!
However, most slopes are not made of homogeneous
soils. The mass procedure also does not take into
account the effect of porewater pressure and non-
circular failure surfaces. The classical solution to these
problems is the method of slices first devised by W.
Fellenius in Sweden between 1914 and 1922.
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Figure 8
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Figure 9
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The potential failure surface AB is assumed to
be a circular arc, centre 0, radius r. This is
found to be the common shape of failure
surface.
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The third dimension, the distance along the
slope, is unity.
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The static forces on one slice are shown in
Figure 9. In Fellenius' method or the ordinary
method of slices, all the interslice forces (the E
and X forces) are ignored and the slices are
assumed to offer no support to each other to
resist slipping.
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c' l + (W cos − ul ) tan ' (7)
F=
W sin
where c’ and ' are respectively the cohesion and angle of internal.
friction of soil with respect to effective stress along the slip plane of the
slice;
W is bh, the weight of the slice;
is the average angle of the slope of the slip plane in the slice;
l is the span of slice on the slip plane; and
u is the average porewater pressure in the slice on the slip plane.
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Summation of all the slices will give the
factor of safety for the slope:
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Learning Activity 5
Shown below are the details of an existing slope. The soil properties are =
1820 kg/m3; c’ = 7 kN/m2; ’ = 20o and no tension cracks have formed.
Check the stability of the bank along the slip surface shown (1.6; 0.93)
a) when there is no pore water pressure
b) When the height of pore water is as shown
c) When ru = 0.35
hw (m)
0.6
1.8
3
3.7
2
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3
Slice No. α ( deg ) h(m) b(m) γ ( kN/m ) hw
1 -21 1.00 1.80 17.84
2 -4 2.60 1.80 17.84
3 14 3.70 1.80 17.84
4 33 3.70 1.80 17.84
5 58 2.00 1.80 17.84
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a) when there is no pore water pressure
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Slice No. α ( deg ) h(m) b(m) γ ( kN/m ) ru or hw c' ( kN/m2 ) φ' ( deg ) u ( kN/m2 )
1 -21 1.00 1.80 17.84 0 7 20 0
2 -4 2.60 1.80 17.84 0 7 20 0
3 14 3.70 1.80 17.84 0 7 20 0
4 33 3.70 1.80 17.84 0 7 20 0
5 58 2.00 1.80 17.84 0 7 20 0
u = hw w
3 2 2
Slice No. α ( deg ) h(m) b(m) γ ( kN/m ) hw c' ( kN/m ) φ' ( deg ) u ( kN/m )
1 -21 1.00 1.80 17.84 0.6 7 20 5.886
2 -4 2.60 1.80 17.84 1.8 7 20 17.658
3 14 3.70 1.80 17.84 3 7 20 29.43
4 33 3.70 1.80 17.84 3.7 7 20 36.297
5 58 2.00 1.80 17.84 2 7 20 19.62
Simplified Bishop,
Janbu,
Morganstera & Price
Hoek, Sarma
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Simplifying :
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Janbu's Routine Analysis for the Stability of Slopes with Non-
Circular Failure Surface
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Step 1
Keyin
Analysis
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Set
Axes
Step 2
KeyIn
Materials
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Step 3
Draw
Region
Draw
Materials
Step 4
Draw
Pore water pressure
Step 5
Draw
Slip surface
Grid
Step 6
Draw
Slip surface
Radius
Step 7
Solve Manager
successful
unsuccessful
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Define soil profiles
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Define Pore water pressure
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Define - Slip surface
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Define Grid
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Choose a method of analysis
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Disclaimer- the author has tried his best to indicate all references but there
is no guarantee that all materials cited can be included.
Further References
Das, B. M. (2006). Principles of Geotechnical Engineering. 6th Edition.
Cengage Learning.
Craig, R. F. (2004). Soil Mechanics. 7th Ed, E & FN Spon.
Capper, P.L., Cassie, W.F. and Geddes, J.D. (1980). Problems in Engineering
Soil, E & FN Spon.
Whitlow,R.(2000) Basic Soil Mechanics, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall.
Barnes, G.E. (2000) Soil Mechanics Principles and Practices, MacMilan.
Berry, P.L. & Reid, D.(1987) An Introduction to Soil Mechanics, McGraw-Hill
Book Company
Budhu, M. (2000), Soil mechanics & Foundations, 2nd Ed., John Wiley &
Sons
Smith G.N. (1990), Elements of Soil Mechanics, 6th Ed, BSP Professional
Books.
Sutton, B.H.C (1993). Solving Problems in Soil Mechanics, 2nd Ed, Longman.
ELE International. Catalogue in Laboratory Testing.
Geotechnical Engineering Office, (1995), Geoguide 5 - Guide to Slope
Maintenance, CED, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative
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