Class-IX Sir Tanweer

Chapter-2
FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Q1 Define Operating System?

Ans: An Operating System is software, which performs all the basic tasks like booting
computer, file management, memory management, process management, and
controlling peripheral devices such as hard disk, printer, etc. It manages
computer resource efficiently.
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEM:
Most common operating systems are DOS, Windows, Linux Android, Mac OS
and iOS, etc.

Q2 List the functions of Operating System. Write briefly about any two?

Ans: Operating system manages every activity of a computer. The master control
program provides an interface for a user to communicate with computer. System
software and application software run on operating system. Operating System
performs the following functions.
BOOTING:
Booting is a process of starting the computer operating system. It checks the
computer resources and makes it ready to perform different tasks.
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:
Operating system manages all the hardware and software resources. This
includes allocation and de-allocation of processor, memory, access to shared
cache memory and
access to network resources.
USER INTERFACE OR COMMAND INTERPRETER:
We interact with operating system through user interface. Command interpreter
is one of the parts of operating system, which reads the commands from user,
interprets them and translates them into machine language instructions that the
computer hardware can understand
MEMORY MANAGEMENT:
Memory management module performs the task of allocation and memory space
to programs and data in need of these resources.
 INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O) MANAGEMENT:
An Operating System provides the device driver to facilitate Do functions
involving I/O devices. These device drivers are software that control I/O devices
through their controllers.
FILE MANAGEMENT
It manages all the file-related activities such as organization storage retrieval,
naming, sharing, and protection of files.
PROCESS MANAGEMENT:
A process is a job or activity to be performed by the system Process
management manages creation, deletion, suspension and resumption of
processes the term process refers here to program code that has been loaded
into a computer’s memory for execution the central processing unit (CPU) in a
multiprogramming system there will be a number of computing processes. The
operating system must ensure that each processes a fair share of the CPU's time
The OS decides the order in which processes have access to the processor, and
how much processing time each process should get. This function of OS is called
process is called scheduling.
USER MANAGEMENT:
In modern operating systems, user management describes the ability of
administrators to control user access to various computer resources like
software, Lo devices, storage system, networks, etc

Q3: Differentiate between CLI and GUI ?

Ans: An interface is a program that allows user to interact with the computer or
another computer over a network A User Interface (UI) is the part of operation
system, program or devices that allows a user to enter and receive information
There are many types of User Interfaces. Two most common sidde interfaces are
discussed below.

COMMAND LINE INTERFACE (CLI):

A Command Line Interface (CLD is a screen or text based representation in
which the user types the commands on place called prompt to operate the
computer Command contains string of characters CLI is difficult to use because
the user has to remember the commands and their syntaxes but it is fast in use
because text mode takes less resources t was primarily provided to users by
computer terminals on UNIN, and personal computers including MS-DOS and
Apple DOS than scrolling across GUI tabs and dialogues.

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI):

 A GUI provides a user friendly environment where user can interact with
computer through graphical objects such as menus, icons, buttons and other
graphical objects. It easy to use as users are supposed to just click on a picture
to run commands without memorizing them. GUI is slower than CLI as graphical
mode takes more memory and resources. Windows and IOS are the example of
GUI.

Q4: Name different types of operating system.

Ans: TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM:
The Operating System can be categorized as under:
Single User and Multi-User OS
Time Sharing OS
Real Time Processing OS

Q.5 What is the difference between single users and Multi user operating systems?
Ans: SINGLE USER AND MULTI-USERS OPERATING SYSTEM:
In a Single User Operating System, a single user can access the computer
system-at a time. These types of operating systems are commonly used. DOS
for PCs and Windows 98 for PCs are example of single user operating system. A
Multi-User Operating System allows multiple users to access the computer at
same time. The operating system manages the memory and resources among
the various users according to the requirement. Linux and UNIX are the most
common examples of the multi-user operating system.

BATCH PROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEM:

General term of Batch Processing is used for programs that are executed with
minimum human interaction. This type of operating system does not interact with
the computer directly. Each user prepares his job and submits it to the computer
operator. To speed up processing; jobs with similar needs are batched together
and run as a group by an operator. The main function of a batch processing
system is to automatically keep executing the jobs in a batch. The benefits of
batch processing are:
Multiple users can share batch systems.
The idle time for batch system is very less.
Next job starts just after the current one.

TIME SHARING OPERATING SYSTEM:

Time-sharing is a method that allows multiple users to share resources
simultaneously. Multiple users can use specific computer at the same time in
different places. A time-sharing operating system is that in which from many
tasks each task is given some time to execute so that all processes run smoothly
 without any problem. The CPU executes multiple jobs by switching between
them. As the system switches rapidly from one task or user to the other, a short
time slot is given to each task or user for their executions and all feel that system
is not shared. Thus, the user can receive an immediate response. For example,
in a transaction processing, the processor executes each user program in a short
time. These systems are also known ns Multitasking Systems The task can from
single user or from different users also. The time that each task gets to execute
called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to next task.

REAL TIME PROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEM: (RT OS)

(RT OS) A Real Time Processing Operating System is a time bound operating
system, which has fixed time limit. Processing has to be done within the defined
time limit otherwise, system will be failed. Real Time Process System classified
into two parts:
• Hard Real Time System and Soft Real Time System

Q.6 What is the major difference between Soft Real time and Hard real time
systems?

Ans:. HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM

A Hard Real Time System guarantees that critical tasks complete on time, even
the shortest delay or urgency is not acceptable. Here system should meet the
deadline. Missile systems and Air Traffic Control System are best examples of
Hard Real Time System
SOFT REAL TIME SYSTEM
In this time constraint is less strict. The meeting of deadline is not compulsory for
each task, every time. A critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks until it
completes. It does not guarantee that task will be-completed in defined time but
before a certain time and according to the priority. Online Transaction System,
Airline Ticket Reservation in which. reservation could be delayed but should be
done after checking available seats and completed fore aero plane flight, etc. are
the examples of Soft Real Time System.

Q.7 Write a note on 'Software Installation'?

Ans: SOFTWARE INSTALLATION:
Software installation is the process of making programs ready for execution
Software installation or installer is a computer program that installs files, such as
applications, drivers, or other software, onto a computer. Software is installed
onto a computer by various means. They can be downloaded from the internet.
They can also be installed from an installation CD or DVD or from a USB flash
drive.
Q8: How can we install windows O/S? Write major steps for installing windows O/S.
Ans: INSTALLING WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM:
Operating system is the most essential software and there are many operating
systems available. Windows is the most commonly used operating system that is
developed by Microsoft. Choosing an operating system depends upon the
hardware that we have. To maintain compatibility between hardware and
software, the operating system vendor specifies the minimum hardware
requirement. For installing Windows 10, we will need at least the following
configuration.

MAJOR STEPS FOR INSTALLING WINDOWS O/S:

Insert the Windows Installation DVD/Flash Drive
Restart your computer wait for the first startup screen
Press or hold Del or F2 to enter the BIOS screen
Locate the Boot order/ Boot sequence
Select Boot order/ Boot sequence as per your installation source
a USB Flash/USB Hard Disk b. USB CD/DVD ROM c. Internal CD/DVD ROM
Select any option: a. Upgrade b. Customize Installation (Advance)
Select any drive for installing your operating system
Follow the on screen instructions.

Q9 What is the purpose of Office Automation software? Write the steps to install
MS-Office package?

Ans: INSTALLING OFFICE AUTOMATION SOFTWARE:

Windows is an Operating System, which needs to install other software to make
the hest use of our computer Office Automation software is the most common
software. package that we install on our computers, Office Automation software
is a group of computer programs that help users in their daily work. Generally,
you will find MS Office in school lab, offices and other places, MS Office contains
word processor (MS Word), spreadsheet (MS Excel), multimedia presentation
(MS PowerPoint), database management system (MS Access) and email
application (MS Outlook).

TO INSTALL MS- OFFICE PACKAGE WE NEED TO TAKE FOLLOWING

STEPS:

o Run the MS-Office setup from USB, DVD or Hard Disk backup.
 o Check the box marked accept the terms of this agreement and click on
"Continue"
o Enter Product Key Click on Install Now or Customize procedure.
o Select the package, which you want to install. Click on 'Install Now'.
o Then installation begins.
o MS Office installer will notify automatically after finishing the installation

BEFORE INSTALLING MS-OFFICE:

Before installing MS- Office, make sure that your hardware and software meet
with the minimum requirements for the version of MS Office that you want to
install. The minimum requirements may differ from version to version. (For MS-
Office 2013 the minimum requirements are: 1.6 GHz processor,1GB RAM, 3 GB
hard disk free space, minimum Windows 7 operating system and graphics
driver).

Q10: Why is it important to install an Antivirus?

Ans: INSTALLING ANTIVIRUS:

To keep our computer secure and free from viruses, we need to install an
antivirus software. A number of free antivirus software are available online. AVG,
Avast, Avira are some of the free antivirus software.
These days we need to download installation file from respective antivirus
software and run it but make sure that computer has the access of internet. After
running the installation file, antivirus software will be automatically installed on
our computer. Most important component of antivirus software is the virus
database which antivirus software updates time to time. We must update our
virus database for preventing virus threats.

Q11 : What is the major difference between Soft Real Time and Hard Real Time
systems?

Soft RTS Hard RTS

Soft real time system is a system whose Hard real time is a system whose
operation is degrade if results are not operation is incorrect whose result is not
produce according to the specified timing produce according to time constraint.
requirement.

In soft real time system, the size of data In hard real time system, the size of data
file is large. file is small or medium.
Q12 : Draw a flow diagram of operations of an OS.