The Humanities Culture Continuity and Change Volume 1 3rd Edition Sayre Test Bank

The Humanities Culture Continuity and

Change Volume 1 3rd Edition Sayre
Test Bank
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Answer: b page 4 LO: 1.1

1. Why did the Chauvet painters utilize perspectival drawing?

1. to convey a sense of three-dimensional space
2. to demonstrate allegiance to the Mother Goddess
3. to foster a sense of communal history
4. to increase contrasts in values and color
Answer: a page 5 LO: 1.1

1. Which of the following statements reflects the changed thinking regarding

prehistoric art due to the discovery of Chauvet Cave?
1. Art progressed from awkward beginnings to increased sophistication.
2. The Paleolithic art in each cave probably was created by a single person.
3. Art did not necessarily evolve in a linear progression from its early days in
prehistory.
4. Paleolithic cave art was a form of graffiti created by young people.
Answer: c page 5 LO: 1.1

1. Among prehistoric paintings, what is distinctive about the painting of a

bird-headed man, a bison, and a rhinoceros in Lascaux Cave?
1. It includes a representation of a large animal.
2. It is one of the few cave paintings to depict a human.
3. It is painted on limestone.
4. It demonstrates a rejection of naturalistic representation.
Answer: b page 5 LO: 1.1
 1. Why do Paleolithic female figurines vastly outnumber those representing
males?
1. Males were likely the carvers.
2. Males probably outnumbered females.
3. Females played a central role in the culture.
4. All prehistoric gods were female.
Answer: c page 6 LO: 1.1

1. Venus of Willendorf’s original red color is suggestive of

Answer: b page 6 LO: 1.1

8. Implying a community’s sense of historical continuity, what was buried

beneath some of the Neolithic Çatalhöyük houses?
9. human bodies and skulls
10.fertility goddess statuettes
11.boar tusks, vulture skulls, and weasel teeth
12.large terracotta heads of leaders
Answer: a page 8 LO: 1.2

1. Why did the Neolithic era witness increased pottery creation?

1. More permanent settlements could support artists.
2. Tending crops provided more free time for art than hunting did.
3. Neolithic people had learned to control fire for use in kilns.
4. Fragile pottery was impractical for Paleolithic hunter-gatherers.
Answer: d page 11 LO: 1.2

10.Why can the potter’s wheel be considered one of the first mechanical and
technological breakthroughs in history?
11.It allowed artisans to produce uniformly shaped vessels in short periods of
time.
12.It provided an alternative to creating vessels by casting metal.
13.It enabled clay to be fired to a hot enough temperature to be hardened.
14.It created an adequately smooth surface for pots to be painted.
Answer: a page 12 LO: 1.2

1. Neolithic Nok heads have an artistry based upon

1. animal imagery.
2. burial masks.
3. woven patterns.
4. abstract geometrical shapes.
Answer: d page 13 LO: 1.2

1. According to the most recent discoveries, Stonehenge was constructed as a

1. sacrificial altar.
2. royal residence.
3. burial ground.
4.
Answer: c page 16 LO: 1.2
 1. What is the most basic architectural technique for spanning space?
1. post-and-lintel
2. corbel
3. cromlech
4. menhir
Answer: a page 18 LO: 1.2

1. What can myths tell about their cultures?

1. place of origin
2. views and beliefs
3. social hierarchy
4. form of government
Answer: b page 18 LO: 1.3

1. The Anasazi built their kivas with a small, round hole in the floor to
1. represent a belief that their ancestors emerged from the depths of the
Earth.
2. collect what little rain fell in the parched desert.
3. demonstrate a belief that evil spirits could be flushed into the depths of the
Earth.
4. dispose of human waste and other refuse.
Answer: a page 21 LO: 1.3

16.In the Zuni emergence tale, the Pueblo people originated in

17.clay mounds formed by Himura, the potter goddess.
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reassembling the delegation from Georgia, making the eighth State,
also withdrew.
In the mean time the Virginia delegation had consulted among
themselves, and had conferred with the delegation of the other
Southern States which still remained in the Convention, as to the
best mode of restoring harmony. In consequence Mr. Howard, of
Tennessee, stated to the Convention that “he had a proposition to
present in behalf of the delegation from Tennessee, whenever, under
parliamentary rules, it would be proper to present it.” In this
Tennessee was joined by Kentucky and Virginia. He should propose
the following resolution whenever it would be in order: ‘Resolved,
That the citizens of the United States have an equal right to settle
with their property in the Territories of the United States; and that,
under the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, which
we recognize as the correct exposition of the Constitution of the
United States, neither the rights of person nor property can be
destroyed or impaired by Congressional or Territorial legislation.’
On a subsequent day (May 3d), Mr. Russell informed the
Convention that this resolution had, “he believed, received the
approbation of all the delegations from the Southern States which
remained in the Convention, and also received the approbation of the
delegation from New York. He was informed there was strength
enough to pass it when in order.”
Mr. Howard, however, in vain attempted to obtain a vote on his
resolution. When he moved to take it up on the evening of the day it
had been offered, he was met by cries of “Not in order,” “Not in
order.” The manifest purpose was to postpone its consideration until
the hour should arrive which had been fixed by a previous order of
the Convention, in opposition to its first order on the same subject,
for the balloting to commence for a Presidential candidate, when it
would be too late. This the friends of Mr. Douglas accomplished, and
no vote was ever taken upon it either at Charleston or Baltimore.
Before the balloting commenced Mr. Howard succeeded, in the
face of strong opposition, with the aid of the thirty-five votes from
New York, in obtaining a vote of the Convention in re-affirmance of
the two-thirds rule. On his motion they resolved, by 141, to 112 votes,
“that the President of the Convention be and he is hereby directed
not to declare any person nominated for the office of President or
Vice-President, unless he shall have received a number of votes equal
to two-thirds of the votes of all the electoral colleges.” It was well
known at the time that this resolution rendered the regular
nomination of Mr. Douglas impossible.
The balloting then commenced (Tuesday evening, May 1st), on the
eighth day of the session. Necessary to a nomination, under the two-
thirds rule, 202 votes. On the first ballot Mr. Douglas received 145½
votes; Mr. Hunter, of Virginia, 42; Mr. Guthrie, of Kentucky, 35½;
Mr. Johnson, of Tennessee, 12; Mr. Dickinson, of New York, 7; Mr.
Lane, of Oregon, 6; Mr. Toucey, of Connecticut, 2½; Mr. Davis, of
Mississippi, 1½; and Mr. Pearce, of Maryland, 1 vote.
The voting continued until May 3d, during which there were fifty-
four additional ballotings. Mr. Douglas never rose to more than
152½, and ended in 151½ votes, 202 votes being necessary to a
nomination.
Until 1824 nominations had been made by Congressional caucus.
In these none participated except Senators and Democratic States,
and Representatives from Democratic Congressional districts. The
simple majority rule governed in these caucuses, because it was
morally certain that, composed as they were, no candidate could be
selected against the will of the Democratic States on whom his
election depended. But when a change was made to National
Conventions, it was at once perceived that if a mere majority could
nominate, then the delegates from Anti-Democratic States might be
mainly instrumental in nominating a candidate for whom they could
not give a single electoral vote. Whilst it would have been harsh and
inexpedient to exclude these States from the Convention altogether,
it would have been unjust to confer on them a controlling power over
the nomination. To compromise this difficulty, the two-thirds rule
was adopted. Under its operation it would be almost impossible that
a candidate could be selected, without the votes of a simple majority
of delegates from the Democratic States. This was the argument of its
friends.
It had now become manifest that it was impossible to make a
nomination at Charleston. The friends of Mr. Douglas adhered to
him and would vote for him and him alone, whilst his opponents,
apprehending the effect of his principles should he be elected
President, were equally determined to vote against his nomination.
 In the hope that some compromise might yet be effected, the
Convention, on the motion of Mr. Russell, of Virginia, resolved to
adjourn to meet at Baltimore on Monday, the 18th June; and it was
“respectfully recommended to the Democratic party of the several
States, to make provision for supplying all vacancies in their
respective delegations to this Convention when it shall reassemble.”
The Convention reassembled at Baltimore on the 18th June, 1860,
according to its adjournment, and Mr. Cushing, the President, took
the chair.
Immediately after the reorganization of the Convention, Mr.
Howard, of Tennessee, offered a resolution, “that the President of
this Convention direct the sergeant-at-arms to issue tickets of
admission to the delegates of the Convention, as originally
constituted and organized at Charleston.” Thus the vitally important
question was distinctly presented. It soon, however, became manifest
that no such resolution could prevail. In the absence of the delegates
who had withdrawn at Charleston, the friends of Mr. Douglas
constituted a controlling majority. At the threshold they resisted the
admission of the original delegates, and contended that by
withdrawing they had irrevocably resigned their seats. In support of
this position, they relied upon the language of the resolution
adjourning the Convention to Baltimore, which, as we have seen,
“recommended to the Democratic party of the several States to make
provision for supplying all vacancies in their respective delegations
to this Convention, when it shall reassemble.” On the other hand, the
advocates of their readmission contended that a simple withdrawal
of the delegates was not a final renunciation of their seats, but they
were still entitled to reoccupy them, whenever, in their judgment,
this course would be best calculated to restore the harmony and
promote the success of the Democratic party; that the Convention
had no right to interpose between them and the Democracy of their
respective States; that being directly responsible to this Democracy,
it alone could accept their resignation; that no such resignation had
ever been made, and their authority therefore continued in full force,
and this, too, with the approbation of their constituents.
In the mean time, after the adjournment from Charleston to
Baltimore, the friends of Mr. Douglas, in several of these States, had
proceeded to elect delegates to take the place of those who had
withdrawn from the Convention. Indeed, it was manifest at the time,
and has since been clearly proved by the event, that these delegates
represented but a small minority of the party in their respective
States. These new delegates, nevertheless, appeared and demanded
seats.[7]
After a long and ardent debate, the Convention adopted a
resolution, offered by Mr. Church, of New York, and modified on
motion of Mr. Gilmore, of Pennsylvania, as a substitute for that of
Mr. Howard, to refer “the credentials of all persons claiming seats in
this Convention, made vacant by the secession of delegates at
Charleston, to the Committee on Credentials.” They thus prejudged
the question, by deciding that the seats of these delegates had been
made and were still vacant. The Committee on Credentials had been
originally composed of one delegate from each of the thirty-three
States, but the number was now reduced to twenty-five, in
consequence of the exclusion of eight of its members from the States
of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, Louisiana,
Arkansas, and Florida. The committee, therefore, now stood 16 to 9
in favor of the nomination of Mr. Douglas, instead of 17 to 16 against
it, according to its original organization.
The committee, through their chairman, Mr. Krum, of Missouri,
made their report on the 21st June, and Governor Stevens, of
Oregon, at the same time presented a minority report, signed by
himself and eight other members.
It is unnecessary to give in detail these conflicting reports. It is
sufficient to state that whilst the report of the majority maintained
that the delegates, by withdrawing at Charleston, had resigned their
seats, and these were still vacant; that of the minority, on the
contrary, asserted the right of these delegates to resume their seats in
the Convention, by virtue of their original appointment.
On the next day (June 22), the important decision was made
between the conflicting reports. Mr. Stevens moved to substitute the
minority report for that of the majority, and his motion was rejected
by a vote of 100½ to 150. Of course no vote was given from any of
the excluded States, except one-half vote from each of the parties in
Arkansas.
The resolutions of the majority were then adopted in succession.
Among other motions of similar character, a motion had been made
by a delegate in the majority to reconsider the vote by which the
Convention had adopted the minority report, as a substitute for that
of the majority, and to lay his own motion on the table. This is a
common mode resorted to, according to parliamentary tactics, of
defeating every hope of a reconsideration of the pending question,
and rendering the first decision final.
Mr. Cessna with this view called for a vote on laying the motion to
reconsider on the table. Should this be negatived, then the question
of reconsideration would be open. The President stated the question
to be first “on laying on the table the motion to reconsider the vote by
which the Convention refused to amend the majority report of the
Committee on Credentials by substituting the report of the
minority.” On this question New York, for the first time since the
meeting at Baltimore, voted with the minority and changed it into a
majority. “When New York was called,” says the report of the
proceedings, “and responded thirty-five votes” (in the negative) “the
response was greeted with loud cheers and applause.” The result of
the vote was 113½ to 138½—“so the Convention refused to lay on
the table the motion to reconsider the minority report.” The
Convention then adjourned until evening, on motion of Mr.
Cochrane, of New York, amidst great excitement and confusion.
This vote of New York, appearing to indicate a purpose to
harmonize the party by admitting the original delegates from the
eight absent States, was not altogether unexpected. Although voting
as a unit, it was known that her delegation were greatly divided
among themselves. The exact strength of the minority was
afterwards stated by Mr. Bartlett, one of its members, in the
Breckinridge Convention. He said: “Upon all questions and
especially upon the adoption of the majority report on credentials, in
which we had a long contest, the line was strictly drawn, and there
were thirty on one side and forty on the other.”
The position of New York casting an undivided vote of thirty-five,
with Dean Richmond at their head, had been a controlling power
from the commencement.
Strong expectations were, therefore, now entertained that after the
New York delegation had recorded their vote against a motion which
would have killed the minority report beyond hope of revival, they
would now follow this up by taking the next step in advance and
voting for its reconsideration and adoption. On the evening of the
very same day, however, they reversed their course and voted against
its reconsideration. They were then cheered by the opposite party
from that which had cheered them in the morning. Thus the action of
the Convention in favor of the majority report became final and
conclusive.
Mr. Cessna, of Pennsylvania, at once moved “that the Convention
do now proceed to nominate candidates for President and Vice-
President of the United States.”
Mr. Russell rose and stated, “It has become my duty now, by
direction of a large majority of the delegation from Virginia,
respectfully to inform you and this body, that it is not consistent with
their convictions of duty to participate longer in its deliberations.”
Mr. Lander next stated “that it became his duty, as one of the
delegates from North Carolina, to say that a very large majority of the
delegation from that State were compelled to retire permanently
from this Convention, on account, as he conceived, of the unjust
course that had been pursued toward some of their fellow-citizens of
the South. The South had heretofore relied upon the Northern
Democracy to give them the rights which were justly due them; but
the vote to-day had satisfied the majority of the North Carolina
delegation that these rights were now refused them, and, this being
the case, they could no longer remain in the Convention.”
Then followed in succession the withdrawal of the delegations
from Tennessee, Kentucky, Maryland, California, Oregon, and
Arkansas. The Convention now adjourned at half-past-ten o’clock
until the next morning at ten.
Soon after the assembling of the Convention, the President, Mr.
Cushing, whilst tendering his thanks to its members for their candid
and honorable support in the performance of his duties, stated that
notwithstanding the retirement of the delegations of several of the
States at Charleston, in his solicitude to maintain the harmony and
union of the Democratic party, he had continued in his post of labor.
“To that end and in that sense,” said he, “I had the honor to meet
you, gentlemen, here at Baltimore. But circumstances have since
transpired which compel me to pause. The delegations of a majority
of the States have, either in whole or in part, in one form or another,
ceased to participate in the deliberations of the Convention. * * * In
the present circumstances, I deem it a duty of self-respect, and I
deem it still more a duty to this Convention, as at present
organized, * * * to resign my seat as President of this Convention, in
order to take my place on the floor as a member of the delegation
from Massachusetts. * * * I deem this above all a duty which I owe to
the members of this Convention, as to whom no longer would my
action represent the will of a majority of the Convention.”
Governor Tod, of Ohio, one of the Vice-Presidents, then took the
vacant chair, and was greeted with hearty and long-continued cheers
and applause from members of the Convention.
Mr. Butler, of Massachusetts, now announced that a portion of the
Massachusetts delegation desired to retire, but was interrupted by
cries of “No,” “No,” “Call the roll.” Mr. Cessna called for the original
question, to wit, that the Convention now proceed to a nomination
for President and Vice-President.
The President here ordered the Secretary to call the States. Maine,
New Hampshire, and Vermont were called, and they gave an
unbroken vote for Stephen A. Douglas. When Massachusetts was
called, Mr. Butler rose and said he had a respectful paper in his hand
which he would desire the President to have read. A scene of great
confusion thereupon ensued, cries of “I object” being heard upon all
sides. Mr. Butler, not to be baffled, contended for his right at this
stage to make remarks pertinent to the matter, and cited in his
support the practice of the Conventions at Baltimore in 1848 and
1852, and at Cincinnati in 1856. He finally prevailed, and was
permitted to proceed. He then said he “would now withdraw from
the Convention, upon the ground that there had been a withdrawal,
in whole or in part, of a majority of the States; and further, which
was a matter more personal to himself, he could not sit in a
convention where the African slave trade, which was piracy
according to the laws of his country, was openly advocated.”
Mr. Butler then retired, followed by General Cushing and four
others of the Massachusetts delegation. All of these had voted with
the South and against Douglas.
The balloting now proceeded. Mr. Douglas received 173½ votes;
Mr. Guthrie 9; Mr. Breckinridge 6½; Mr. Bocock and Mr. Seymour
each 1; and Mr. Dickerson and Mr. Wise each half a vote. On the next
and last ballot Mr. Douglas received 181½ votes, eight of those in the
minority having changed their votes in his favor.
To account for this number, it is proper to state that a few
delegates from five of the eight States which had withdrawn still
remained in the Convention. On the last ballot Mr. Douglas received
all of their votes, to wit: 3 of the 15 votes of Virginia, 1 of the 10 votes
of North Carolina, 1½ of the 3 votes of Arkansas, 3 of the 12 votes of
Tennessee, 3 of the 12 votes of Kentucky, and 2½ of the 8 votes of
Maryland, making in the aggregate 14 votes. To this number may be
added the 9 votes of the new delegates from Alabama and the 6 from
Louisiana, which had been admitted to the exclusion of the original
delegates.
Mr. Douglas was accordingly declared to be the regular nominee of
the Democratic party of the Union, upon the motion of Mr. Church,
of New York, when, according to the report of the proceedings, “The
whole body rose to its feet, hats were waved in the air, and many
tossed aloft; shouts, screams, and yells, and every boisterous mode of
expressing approbation and unanimity, were resorted to.”
Senator Fitzpatrick, of Alabama, was then unanimously nominated
as the candidate for Vice-President; and the Convention adjourned
sine die on the 23d June, the sixth and last day of its session. On the
same day, but after the adjournment, Mr. Fitzpatrick declined the
nomination, and it was immediately conferred on Mr. Herschel V.
Johnson, of Georgia, by the Executive Committee. Thus ended the
Douglas Convention.
But another Convention assembled at Baltimore on the same 23d
June, styling itself the “National Democratic Convention.” It was
composed chiefly of the delegates who had just withdrawn from the
Douglas Convention, and the original delegates from Alabama and
Louisiana. One of their first acts was to abrogate the two-third rule,
as had been done by the Douglas Convention. Both acted under the
same necessity, because the preservation of this rule would have
prevented a nomination by either.
Mr. Cushing was elected and took the chair as President. In his
opening address he said: “Gentlemen of the Convention, we
assemble here, delegates to the National Democratic Convention,
duly accredited thereto from more than twenty States of the Union,
for the purpose of nominating candidates of the Democratic party for
the offices of President and Vice-President of the United States, for
the purpose of announcing the principles of the party, and for the
purpose of continuing and re-establishing that party upon the firm
foundations of the Constitution, the Union, and the co-equal rights
of the several States.”
Mr. Avery, of North Carolina, who had reported the majority
resolutions at Charleston, now reported the same from the
committee of this body, and they “were adopted unanimously, amid
great applause.”
The Convention then proceeded to select their candidates. Mr.
Loring, on behalf of the delegates from Massachusetts, who with Mr.
Butler had retired from the Douglas Convention, nominated John C.
Breckinridge, of Kentucky, which Mr. Dent, representing the
Pennsylvania delegation present, “most heartily seconded.” Mr.
Ward, from the Alabama delegation, nominated R. M. T. Hunter, of
Virginia; Mr. Ewing, from that of Tennessee, nominated Mr.
Dickinson, of New York; and Mr. Stevens, from Oregon, nominated
General Joseph Lane. Eventually all these names were withdrawn
except that of Mr. Breckinridge, and he received the nomination by a
unanimous vote. The whole number of votes cast in his favor from
twenty States was 103½.
General Lane was unanimously nominated as the candidate for
Vice-President. Thus terminated the Breckinridge Convention.
 The Chicago Republican Convention.

The Republicans had named May 16th, 1860, as the date and
Chicago as the place for holding their second National Convention.
They had been greatly encouraged by the vote for Fremont and
Dayton, and, what had now become apparent as an irreconcilable
division of the Democracy, encouraged them in the belief that they
could elect their candidates. Those of the great West were especially
enthusiastic, and had contributed freely to the erection of an
immense “Wigwam,” capable of holding ten thousand people, at
Chicago. All the Northern States were fully represented, and there
were besides partial delegations from Delaware, Maryland,
Kentucky, Missouri and Virginia, with occasional delegates from
other Slave States, there being none, however, from the Gulf States.
David Wilmot, of Penna., author of the Wilmot proviso, was made
temporary chairman, and George Ashmun, of Mass., permanent
President. No differences were excited by the report of the committee
on platform, and the proceedings throughout were characterized by
great harmony, though there was a somewhat sharp contest for the
Presidential nomination. The prominent candidates were Wm. H.
Seward, of New York; Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois; Salmon P. Chase,
of Ohio; Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania, and Edward Bates, of
Missouri. There were three ballots, Mr. Lincoln receiving in the last
354 out of 446 votes. Mr. Seward led the vote at the beginning, but
he was strongly opposed by gentlemen in his own State as prominent
as Horace Greeley and Thurlow Weed, and his nomination was
thought to be inexpedient. Lincoln’s successful debate with Douglas
was still fresh in the minds of the delegates, and every addition to his
vote so heightened the enthusiasm that the convention was finally
carried “off its feet,” the delegations rapidly changing on the last
ballot. Lincoln had been a known candidate but a month or two
before, while Seward’s name had been everywhere canvassed, and
where opposed in the Eastern and Middle States, it was mainly
because of the belief that his views on slavery were too radical. He
was more strongly favored by the Abolition branch of the party than
any other candidate. When the news of his success was first conveyed
to Mr. Lincoln he was siting in the office of the State Journal, at
Springfield, which was connected by a telegraph wire with the
Wigwam. On the close of the third ballot a despatch was handed Mr.
Lincoln. He read it in silence, and then announcing the result said:
“There is a little woman down at our house would like to hear this—
I’ll go down and tell her,” and he started amid the shouts of personal
admirers. Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, was nominated for Vice-
President with much unanimity, and the Chicago Convention closed
its work in a single day.
 The American Convention.

A “Constitutional Union,” really an American Convention, had met

at Baltimore on the 9th of May. Twenty States were represented, and
John Bell, of Tennessee, and Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, were
named for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency. Their friends, though
known to be less in number than either those of Douglas, Lincoln or
Breckinridge, yet made a vigorous canvass in the hope that the
election would be thrown into the House, and that there a
compromise in the vote by States would naturally turn toward their
candidates. The result of the great contest is elsewhere given in our
Tabulated History of Politics.

THE PRINCIPLES INVOLVED.

Lincoln received large majorities in nearly all of the free States, his
popular vote being 1,866,452; electoral vote, 180. Douglas was next
in the popular estimate, receiving 1,375,157 votes, with but 12
electors. Breckinridge had 847,953 votes, with 76 electors; Bell, with
570,631 votes, had 39 electors.
The principles involved in the controversy are given at length in
the Book of Platforms, and were briefly these: The Republican party
asserted that slavery should not be extended to the territories; that it
could exist only by virtue of local and positive law; that freedom was
national; that slavery was morally wrong, and the nation should at
least anticipate its gradual extinction. The Douglas wing of the
Democratic party adhered to the doctrine of popular sovereignty, and
claimed that in its exercise in the territories they were indifferent
whether slavery was voted up or down. The Breckinridge wing of the
Democratic party asserted both the moral and legal right to hold
slaves, and to carry them to the territories, and that no power save
the national constitution could prohibit or interfere with it outside of
State lines. The Americans supporting Bell, adhered to their peculiar
doctrines touching emigration and naturalization, but had
abandoned, in most of the States, the secrecy and oaths of the Know-
Nothing order. They were evasive and non-committal on the slavery
question.
 Preparing for Secession.

Secession, up to this time, had not been regarded as treasonable in

all sections and at all times. As shown in many previous pages, it had
been threatened by the Hartford Convention; certainly by some of
the people of New England who opposed the war of 1812. Some of
the more extreme Abolitionists had favored a division of the sections.
The South, particularly the Gulf States, had encouraged a secret
organization, known as the “Order of the Lone Star,” previous to and
at the time of the annexation of Texas. One of its objects was to
acquire Cuba, so as to extend slave territory. The Gulf States needed
more slaves, and though the law made participancy in the slave trade
piracy, many cargoes had been landed in parts of the Gulf without
protest or prosecution, just prior to the election of 1860. Calhoun
had threatened, thirty years before, nullification, and before that
again, secession in the event of the passage of the Public Land Bill.
Jefferson and Madison had indicated that doctrine of State Rights on
which secession was based in the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions
of 1798, facts which were daily discussed by the people of the South
during this most exciting of all Presidential campaigns.
The leaders in the South had anticipated defeat at the election, and
many of them made early preparations for the withdrawal of their
States from the Union. Some of the more extreme anti-slavery men
of the North, noting these preparations, for a time favored a plan of
letting the South go in peace. South Carolina was the first to adopt a
secession ordinance, and before it did so, Horace Greeley said in the
New York Tribune:
“If the Declaration of Independence justified the secession from
the British Empire of three millions of colonists in 1776, we can not
see why it would not justify the secession of five millions of
Southrons from the Federal Union in 1861.”
 These views, however, soon fell into disfavor throughout the
North, and the period of indecision on either side ceased when Fort
Sumter was fired upon. The Gulf States openly made their
preparations as soon as the result of the Presidential election was
known, as a rule pursuant to a previous understanding. The
following, condensed from Hon. Edward McPherson’s “Political
History of the United States of America during the Great Rebellion,”
is a correct statement of the movements which followed, in the
several Southern States:

SOUTH CAROLINA.

November 5th, 1860. Legislature met to choose Presidential

electors, who voted for Breckinridge and Lane for President and
Vice-President. Gov. William H. Gist recommended in his message
that in the event of Abraham Lincoln’s election to the Presidency, a
convention of the people of the State be immediately called to
consider and determine for themselves the mode and measure of
redress. He expressed the opinion that the only alternative left is the
“secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union.”
7th. United States officials resigned at Charleston.
10th. U. S. Senators James H. Hammond and James Chestnut, Jr.,
resigned their seats in the Senate. Convention called to meet Dec.
17th. Delegates to be elected Dec. 6th.
13th. Collection of debts due to citizens of non-slaveholding States
stayed. Francis W. Pickens elected Governor.
17th. Ordinance of Secession adopted unanimously.
21st. Commissioners appointed (Barnwell, Adams, and Orr) to
proceed to Washington to treat for the possession of U. S.
Government property within the limits of South Carolina.
Commissioners appointed to the other slaveholding States. Southern
Congress proposed.
24th. Representatives in Congress withdrew.
Gov. Pickens issued a proclamation “announcing the repeal, Dec.
20th, 1860, by the good people of South Carolina,” of the Ordinance
of May 23d, 1788, and “the dissolution of the union between the
State of South Carolina and other States under the name of the
United States of America,” and proclaiming to the world “that the
State of South Carolina is, as she has a right to be, a separate,
sovereign, free and independent State, and, as such, has a right to
levy war, conclude peace, negotiate treaties, leagues, or covenants,
and to do all acts whatsoever that rightfully appertain to a free and
independent State.
“Done in the eighty-fifth year of the sovereignty and independence
of South Carolina.”
Jan. 3d, 1861. South Carolina Commissioners left Washington.
4th. Convention appointed T. J. Withers, L. M. Keitt, W. W. Boyce,
Jas. Chestnut, Jr., R. B. Rhett, Jr., R. W. Barnwell, and C. G.
Memminger, delegates to Southern Congress.
5th. Convention adjourned, subject to the call of the Governor.
14th. Legislature declared that any attempt to reinforce Fort
Sumter would be considered an open act of hostility and a
declaration of war. Approved the Governor’s action in firing on the
Star of the West. Accepted the services of the Catawba Indians.
27th. Received Judge Robertson, Commissioner from Virginia, but
rejected the proposition for a conference and co-operative action.
March 26th. Convention met in Charleston.
April 3d. Ratified “Confederate” Constitution—yeas 114, nays 16.
8th. Transferred forts, etc., to “Confederate” government.

GEORGIA.

November 8th, 1860. Legislature met pursuant to previous

arrangement.
18th. Convention called. Legislature appropriated $1,000,000 to
arm the State.
Dec. 3d. Resolutions adopted in the Legislature proposing a
conference of the Southern States at Atlanta, Feb. 20th.
January 17th, 1861. Convention met. Received Commissioners
from South Carolina and Alabama.
 18th. Resolutions declaring it the right and duty of Georgia to
secede, adopted—yeas 165, nays 130.
19th. Ordinance of Secession passed—yeas 208, nays 89.
21st. Senators and Representatives in Congress withdrew.
24th. Elected Delegates to Southern Congress at Montgomery,
Alabama.
28th. Elected Commissioners to other Slaveholding States.
29th. Adopted an address “to the South and the world.”
March 7th. Convention reassembled.
16th. Ratified the “Confederate” Constitution—yeas 96, nays 5.
20th. Ordinance passed authorizing the “Confederate” government
to occupy, use and possess the forts, navy yards, arsenals, and
custom-houses within the limits of said State.
April 26th. Governor Brown issued a proclamation ordering the
repudiation by the citizens of Georgia of all debts due Northern men.

MISSISSIPPI.

November 26th, 1860. Legislature met Nov. 26th, and adjourned

Nov. 30th. Election for Convention fixed for Dec. 20th. Convention
to meet Jan. 7th. Convention bills and secession resolutions passed
unanimously. Commissioners appointed to other Slaveholding States
to secure “their co-operation in effecting measures for their common
defence and safety.”
Jan. 7th, 1861. Convention assembled.
9th. Ordinance of Secession passed—yeas 84, nays 15.
In the ordinance the people of the State of Mississippi express
their consent to form a federal union with such of the States as have
seceded or may secede from the Union of the United States of
America, upon the basis of the present Constitution of the United
States, except such parts thereof as embrace other portions than such
seceding States.
10th. Commissioners from other States received. Resolutions
adopted, recognizing South Carolina as sovereign and independent.
Jan. 12th. Representatives in Congress withdrew.
 19th. The committee on the Confederacy in the Legislature
reported resolutions to provide for a Southern Confederacy, and to
establish a provisional government for seceding States and States
hereafter seceding.
21st. Senators in Congress withdrew.
March 30th. Ratified “Confederate” Constitution—yeas 78, nays 7.

FLORIDA.

November 26th, 1860. Legislature met. Governor M. S. Perry

recommended immediate secession.
Dec. 1st. Convention bill passed.
Jan. 3d, 1861. Convention met.
7th. Commissioners from South Carolina and Alabama received
and heard.
10th. Ordinance of Secession passed—yeas 62, nays 7.
18th. Delegates appointed to Southern Congress at Montgomery.
21st. Senators and Representatives in Congress withdrew.
Feb. 14th. Act passed by the Legislature declaring that after any
actual collision between Federal troops and those in the employ of
Florida, the act of holding office under the Federal government shall
be declared treason, and the person convicted shall suffer death.
Transferred control of government property captured, to the
“Confederate” government.

LOUISIANA.

December 10th, 1860. Legislature met.

11th. Convention called for Jan. 23d. Military bill passed.
12th. Commissioners from Mississippi received and heard.
Governor instructed to communicate with Governors of other
southern States.
Jan. 23d, 1861. Convention met and organized. Received and
heard Commissioners from South Carolina and Alabama.
 25th. Ordinance of Secession passed—yeas 113, nays 17.
Convention refused to submit the ordinance to the people by a vote
of 84 to 45. This was subsequently reconsidered, and the ordinance
was submitted. The vote upon it as declared was 20,448 in favor, and
17,296 against.
Feb. 5th. Senators withdrew from Congress, also the
Representatives, except John E. Bouligny. State flag adopted. Pilots
at the Balize prohibited from bringing over the bar any United States
vessels of war.
March 7th. Ordinance adopted in secret session transferring to
“Confederate” States government $536,000, being the amount of
bullion in the U. S. mint and customs seized by the State.
16th. An ordinance voted down, submitting the “Confederate”
Constitution to the people—yeas 26, nays 74.
21st. Ratified the “Confederate” Constitution—yeas 101, nays 7.
Governor authorized to transfer the arms and property captured
from the United States to the “Confederate” Government.
27th. Convention adjourned sine die.

ALABAMA.

January 7th, 1861. Convention met.

8th. Received and heard the Commissioner from South Carolina.
11th. Ordinance of Secession passed in secret session—yeas 61,
nays 39. Proposition to submit ordinance to the people lost—yeas 47,
nays 53.
14th. Legislature met pursuant to previous action.
19th. Delegates elected to the Southern Congress.
21st. Representatives and Senators in Congress withdrew.
26th. Commissioners appointed to treat with the United States
Government relative to the United States forts, arsenals, etc., within
the State.
The Convention requested the people of the States of Delaware,
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida,
Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee,
Kentucky and Missouri to meet the people of Alabama by their
delegates in Convention, February 4th, 1861, at Montgomery, for the
purpose of consulting as to the most effectual mode of securing
concerted or harmonious action in whatever measures may be
deemed most desirable for their common peace and security.
Military bill passed. Commissioners appointed to other Slaveholding
States.
March 4th. Convention reassembled.
13th. Ratified “Confederate” Constitution, yeas 87, nays 6.
Transferred control forts, of arsenals, etc., to “Confederate”
Government.

ARKANSAS.

January 16th, 1861. Legislature passed Convention bill. Vote of the

people on the Convention was 27,412 for it, and 15,826 against it.
February 18th. Delegates elected.
March 4th. Convention met.
18th. The Ordinance of Secession defeated—yeas 35, nays 39. The
convention effected a compromise by agreeing to submit the
question of co-operation or secession to the people on the 1st
Monday in August.
May 6th. Passed Secession Ordinance—yeas 69, nays 1. Authorized
her delegates to the Provisional Congress, to transfer the arsenal at
Little Rock and hospital at Napoleon to the “Confederate”
Government.

TEXAS.

January 21st, 1861. Legislature met.

28th. People’s State Convention met.
29th. Legislature passed a resolution declaring that the Federal
Government has no power to coerce a Sovereign State after she has
pronounced her separation from the Federal Union.
 February 1st. Ordinance of Secession passed in Convention—yeas
166, nays 7. Military bill passed.
7th. Ordinance passed, forming the foundation of a Southern
Confederacy. Delegates to the Southern Congress elected. Also an act
passed submitting the Ordinance of Secession to a vote of the people.
23d. Secession Ordinance voted on by the people; adopted by a
vote of 34,794 in favor, and 11,235 against it.
March 4th. Convention declared the State out of the Union. Gov.
Houston issued a proclamation to that effect.
16th. Convention by a vote of 127 to 4 deposed Gov. Houston,
declaring his seat vacant. Gov. Houston issued a proclamation to the
people protesting against this action of the Convention.
20th. Legislature confirmed the action of the Convention in
deposing Gov. Houston by a vote of 53 to 11. Transferred forts, etc.,
to “Confederate” Government.
23d. Ratified the “Confederate” Constitution—yeas 68, nays 2.

NORTH CAROLINA.

November 20th, 1860. Legislature met. Gov. Ellis recommended

that the Legislature invite a conference of the Southern States, or
failing in that, send one or more delegates to the neighboring States
so as to secure concert of action. He recommended a thorough
reorganization of the militia, and the enrollment of all persons
between 18 and 45 years, and the organization of a corps of ten
thousand men; also, a Convention, to assemble immediately after the
proposed consultation with other Southern States shall have
terminated.
December 9th, Joint Committee on Federal Relations agreed to
report a Convention Bill.
17th. Bill appropriating $300,000 to arm the State, debated.
18th. Senate passed above bill—yeas, 41, nays, 3.
20th. Commissioners from Alabama and Mississippi received and
heard—the latter, J. Thompson, by letter.
22d. Senate bill to arm the State failed to pass the House.
 22d. Adjourned till January 7th.
January 8th, 1861. Senate Bill arming the State passed the House,
yeas, 73, nays, 26.
30th. Passed Convention Bill—election to take place February
28th. No Secession Ordinance to be valid without being ratified by a
majority of the qualified voters of the State.
31st. Elected Thos. L. Clingman United States Senator.
February 13th. Commissioners from Georgia publicly received.
20th. Mr. Hoke elected Adjutant General of the State. Military Bill
passed.
28th. Election of Delegates to Convention took place.
28th. The vote for a Convention was 46,671; against 47,333—
majority against a Convention 661.
May 1st. Extra session of the Legislature met at the call of Gov.
Ellis. The same day they passed a Convention Bill, ordering the
election of delegates on the 15th.
2d. Legislature adjourned.
13th. Election of delegates to the Convention took place.
20th. Convention met at Raleigh.
21st. Ordinance of Secession passed; also the “Confederate”
Constitution ratified.
June 5th. Ordinance passed, ceded the arsenal at Fayetteville, and
transferred magazines, etc., to the “Confederate” Government.
 TENNESSEE.

January 6th, 1861. Legislature met.

12th. Passed Convention Bill.
30th. Commissioners to Washington appointed.
February 8th. People voted no Convention: 67,360 to 54,156.
May 1st. Legislature passed a joint resolution authorizing the
Governor to appoint Commissioners to enter into a military league
with the authorities of the “Confederate” States.
7th. Legislature in secret session ratified the league entered into by
A. O. W. Totten, Gustavus A. Henry, Washington Barrow,
Commissioners for Tennessee, and Henry W. Hilliard, Commissioner
for “Confederate” States, stipulating that Tennessee until she became
a member of the Confederacy placed the whole military force of the
State under the control of the President of the “Confederate” States,
and turned over to the “Confederate” States all the public property,
naval stores and munitions of war. Passed the Senate, yeas 14, nays
6, absent and not voting 5; the House, yeas 42, nays 15, absent and
not voting, 18. Also a Declaration of Independence and Ordinance
dissolving the Federal relations between Tennessee and the United
States, and an ordinance adopting and ratifying the Confederate
Constitution, these two latter to be voted on by the people on June
8th were passed.
June 24th. Gov. Isham G. Harris declared Tennessee out of the
Union, the vote for Separation being 104,019 against 47,238.

VIRGINIA.

January 7th, 1861. Legislature convened.

8th. Anti-coercion resolution passed.
9th. Resolution passed, asking that the status quo be maintained.
10th. The Governor transmitted a despatch from the Mississippi
Convention, announcing its unconditional secession from the Union,
and desiring on the basis of the old Constitution to form a new union
with the seceding States. The House adopted—yeas 77, nays 61,—an
amendment submitting to a vote of the people the question of
referring for their decision any action of the Convention dissolving
Virginia’s connection with the Union, or changing its organic law.
The Richmond Enquirer denounced “the emasculation of the
Convention Bill as imperilling all that Virginians held most sacred
and dear.”
16th. Commissioners Hopkins and Gilmer of Alabama received in
the Legislature.
17th. Resolutions passed proposing the Crittenden resolutions as a
basis for adjustment, and requesting General Government to avoid
collision with Southern States. Gov. Letcher communicated the
Resolutions of the Legislature of New York, expressing the utmost
disdain, and saying that “the threat conveyed can inspire no terror in
freemen.” The resolutions were directed to be returned to the
Governor of New York.
18th. $1,000,000 appropriated for the defence of the State.
19th. Passed resolve that if all efforts to reconcile the differences of
the country fail, every consideration of honor and interest demands
that Virginia shall unite her destinies with her sister slaveholding
States. Also that no reconstruction of the Union can be permanent or
satisfactory, which will not secure to each section self-protecting
power against any invasion of the Federal Union upon the reserved
rights of either. (See Hunter’s proposition for adjustment.)
21st. Replied to Commissioners Hopkins and Gilmer, expressing
inability to make a definite response until after the meeting of the
State Convention.
22d. The Governor transmitted the resolutions of the Legislature
of Ohio, with unfavorable comment. His message was tabled by a
small majority.
30th. The House of Delegates to-day tabled the resolutions of the
Pennsylvania Legislature, but referred those of Tennessee to the
Committee on Federal Relations.
February 20th. The resolutions of the Legislature of Michigan were
returned without comment.
28th. Ex-President Tyler and James A. Seddon, Commissioners to
the Peace Congress, presented their report, and denounced the
recommendation of that body as a delusion and a sham, and as an
insult and an offense to the South.
 Proceedings of Virginia Convention.

February 4th. Election of delegates to the Convention.

13th. Convention met.
14th. Credentials of John S. Preston, Commissioner from South
Carolina, Fulton Anderson from Mississippi, and Henry L. Benning
from Georgia, were received.
18th. Commissioners from Mississippi and Georgia heard; both
pictured the danger of Virginia remaining with the North; neither
contemplated such an event as reunion.
19th. The Commissioner from South Carolina was heard. He said
his people believed the Union unnatural and monstrous, and
declared that there was no human force—no sanctity of human
touch,—that could re-unite the people of the North with the people of
the South—that it could never be done unless the economy of God
were changed.
20th. A committee reported that in all but sixteen counties, the
majority for submitting the action of the Convention to a vote of the
people was 52,857. Numerous resolutions on Federal Relations
introduced, generally expressing attachment to the Union, but
denouncing coercion.
26th. Mr. Goggin of Bedford, in his speech, denied the right of
secession, but admitted a revolutionary remedy for wrongs
committed upon a State or section, and said wherever Virginia went
he was with her.
March 2d. Mr. Goode of Bedford offered a resolution that, as the
powers delegated to the General Government by Virginia had been
perverted to her injury, and as the Crittenden propositions as a basis
of adjustment had been rejected by their Northern confederates,
therefore every consideration of duty, interest, honor and patriotism
requires that Virginia should declare her connection with the
Government to be dissolved.
5th. The thanks of the State were voted to Hon. John J. Crittenden,
by yeas 107, nays 16, for his efforts to bring about an honorable
adjustment of the national difficulties. Mr. Harvie of Amelia offered
a resolution, requesting Legislature to make needful appropriations
to resist any attempt of the Federal authorities to hold, occupy or
possess the property and places claimed by the United States in any
of the seceded States, or those that may withdraw or collect duties or
imposts in the same.
9th. Three reports were made from the Committee on Federal
Relations. The majority proposed to submit to the other States
certain amendments to the Constitution, awaiting the response of
non-slaveholding States before determining whether “she will
resume the powers granted by her under the Constitution of the
United States, and throw herself upon her reserved rights;
meanwhile insisting that no coercion be attempted, the Federal forts
in seceded States be not reinforced, duties be not collected, etc.,” and
proposing a Convention at Frankfort, Kentucky, the last Monday in
May, of the States of Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina,
Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri and Arkansas. Henry A. Wise
differed in details, and went further in the same direction. Messrs.
Lewis E. Harvie, Robert L. Montague and Samuel C. Williams
recommended the immediate passage of an Ordinance of Secession.
Mr. Barbour of Culpeper insisted upon the immediate adoption by
the non-slaveholding States of needed guarantees of safety, and
provided for the appointment of three Commissioners to confer with
the Confederate authorities at Montgomery.
19th. Committee on Federal Relations reported proposed
amendments to the Constitution, which were the substitute of Mr.
Franklin of Pa., in “Peace Conference,” changed by using the
expression “involuntary servitude” in place of “persons held to
service.” The right of owners of slaves is not to be impaired by
congressional or territorial law, or any pre-existing law in territory
hereafter acquired.
Involuntary servitude, except for crime, to be prohibited north of
36°30′, but shall not be prohibited by Congress or any Territorial
legislature south of that line. The third section has some verbal
alterations, providing somewhat better security for property in
transit. The fifth section prohibits the importation of slaves from
places beyond the limits of the United States. The sixth makes some
verbal changes in relation to remuneration for fugitives by Congress,
and erases the clause relative to the securing of privileges and
immunities. The seventh forbids the granting of the elective
franchise and right to hold office to persons of the African race. The
eighth provides that none of these amendments, nor the third
paragraph of the second section of the first article of the
Constitution, nor the third paragraph of the second section of the
fourth article thereof, shall be amended or abolished without the
consent of all the States.
25th. The Committee of the Whole refused (yeas 4, nays 116) to
strike out the majority report and insert Mr. Carlile’s “Peace
Conference” substitute.
26th. The Constitution of the “Confederate” States, proposed by
Mr. Hall as a substitute for the report of the committee, rejected—
yeas 9, nays 78.
28th. The first and second resolutions reported by the committee
adopted.
April 6th. The ninth resolution of the majority report came up. Mr.
Bouldin offered an amendment striking out the whole, and inserting
a substitute declaring that the independence of the seceded States
should be acknowledged without delay, which was lost—yeas 68,
nays 71.
9th. Mr. Wise’s substitute for the tenth resolution, to the effect that
Virginia recognizes the independence of the seceding States was
adopted—yeas 128, nays 20.
April 17. Ordinance of Secession passed in secret session—yeas 88,
nays 55, one excused, and eight not voting.
Same day the Commissioners adopted and ratified the
Constitution of the Provisional Government of the “Confederate”
States of America, this ordinance to cease to have legal effect if the
people of Virginia voting upon the Ordinance of Secession should
reject it.
25th. A Convention was made between Commissioners of Virginia,
chosen by the Convention, and A. H. Stephens, Commissioner for
“Confederates,” stipulating that Virginia until she became a member
of the Confederacy should place her military force under the
direction of the President of the “Confederate” States; also turn over
to “Confederate” States all her public property, naval stores, and
munitions of war. Signed by J. Tyler, W. B. Preston, S. McD. Moore,
James P. Holcombe, Jas. C. Bruce, Lewis E. Harvie—for Virginia;
and A. H. Stephens for “Confederate” States.
June 25th. Secession vote announced as 128,884 for, and 32,134
against.
July. The Convention passed an ordinance to the effect that any
citizen of Virginia holding office under the Government of the United
States after the 31st of July, 1861, should be forever banished from
the State, and be declared an alien enemy. Also that any citizen of
Virginia, hereafter undertaking to represent the State of Virginia in
the Congress of the United States, should, in addition to the above
penalties, be considered guilty of treason, and his property be liable
to confiscation. A provision was inserted exempting from the
penalties of the act all officers of the United States outside of the
United States, or of the Confederate States, until after July 1st, 1862.

KENTUCKY.

December 12th, 1860. Indiana militia offer their services to quell

servile insurrection. Gov. Magoffin declines accepting them.
January 17th, 1861. Legislature convened.
22d. The House by a vote of 87 to 6 resolved to resist the invasion
of the South at all hazards.
27th. Legislature adopted the Virginia resolutions requiring the
Federal Government to protect Slavery in the Territories and to
guarantee the right of transit of slaves through the Free States.
February 2d. The Senate passed by a vote of 25 to 11, resolutions
appealing to the Southern States to stop the revolution, protesting
against Federal coercion and providing that the Legislature
reassemble on the 24th of April to hear the responses from sister
States, also in favor of making an application to call a National
Convention for proposing amendments to the Constitution of the
United States, also by a vote of 25 to 14 declared it inexpedient at this
time to call a State Convention.
5th. The House by a vote of 54 to 40 passed the above resolutions.
March 22d. State Rights Convention assembled. Adopted
resolutions denouncing any attempt on the part of the Government
to collect revenue as coercion; and affirming that, in case of any such
attempt, the border States should make common cause with the
Southern Confederacy. They also recommended a border State
Convention.
April 24th. Gov. Magoffin called an extra session of the
Legislature.
May 20th. Gov. Magoffin issued a neutrality proclamation.
September 11th. The House of Representatives by a vote of 71 to
26, adopted a resolution directing the Governor to issue a
proclamation ordering the Confederate troops to evacuate Kentucky
soil. The Governor vetoed the resolution, which was afterwards
passed over his veto, and accordingly he issued the required
proclamation.
October 29th. Southern Conference met at Russellville. H. C.
Burnett elected Chairman, R. McKee Secretary, T. S. Bryan Assistant
Secretary. Remained in secret session two days and then adjourned
sine die. A series of resolutions reported by G. W. Johnson were
adopted. They recite the unconstitutional and oppressive acts of the
Legislature, proclaim revolution, provide for a Sovereignty
Convention at Russellville, on the 18th of November, recommend the
organization of county guards, to be placed in the service of and paid
by the Confederate States Government; pledge resistance to all
Federal and State taxes, for the prosecution of the war on the part of
the United States; and appoint Robert McKee, John C. Breckinridge,
Humphrey Marshall, Geo. W. Ewing, H. W. Bruce, Geo. B. Hodge,
William Preston, Geo. W. Johnson, Blanton Duncan, and P. B.
Thompson to carry out the resolutions.
November 18th. Convention met and remained in session three
days.
20th. It passed a Declaration of Independence and an Ordinance
of Secession. A Provisional Government consisting of a Governor,
Legislative Council of ten, a Treasurer, and an Auditor were agreed