Class XII Study Material - Pol. Science
Class XII Study Material - Pol. Science
Class XII Study Material - Pol. Science
CLASS – XII
Study Material (English)
Our Patron
KV NO. 05
1. (2 Shift)
Jaipur
Mr. Hemant Kumar Bhardwaj
PGT – Pol. Science
(Contractual)
KV
2.
Banswara
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Code No. – 028
Class – XII (2022-23)
PART – A
CONTEMPORARY WORLD POLITICS
S.NO. Contents Marks
1. The End of Bipolarity 8
2. New Centres of Power 12
3. Contemporary South Asia
4. United Nations and its Organizations 10
5. Security in Contemporary World
6. Environment and Natural Resources 10
7. Globalization
Total 40
PART – B
POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE
S.NO. Contents Marks
1. Challenges of Nation-Building 08
2. Planned Development
3. India’s Foreign Policy 08
4. Parties and Party System in India 12
5. Democratic Resurgence
6. Regional Aspirations 12
7. Indian Politics: Recent Trends and Development
Total 40
* 20 Marks (10 marks for Viva and 10 marks for project work)
* See the guidelines given with the document.
Grant Total = Part – A = 40 Marks
Part – B = 40 Marks
Viva+Project = 20 Marks
= 100 Marks
END OF BIPOLARITY
What Was Soviet System
➢ The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) came into being after the socialist revolution in
Russia in 1917.
➢ The revolution was inspired by the ideals of socialism, as opposed to capitalism and the need for
an egalitarian society.
➢ The biggest attempt in human history to abolish the institution of private property and
consciously design a society based on principles of equality.
➢ The Soviet political system centred on the communist party.
➢ No other political party or opposition was allowed.
➢ The economy was planned and controlled by the state.
➢ The east European countries that the Soviet army had liberated from the fascist forces came under
the control of the USSR.
➢ The political and the economic systems of all these (Socialist) countries were modelled after the
USSR.
➢ This group of countries was called the Second World or the ‘Socialist Bloc’.
➢ The Warsaw Pact (1955), a military alliance, held them together. The USSR was the leader of the
Bloc.
➢ The Soviet Union became a great power after the Second World War.
➢ The Soviet economy was then more developed than the rest of the world except for the USA.
➢ It had a complex communications network, vast energy resources including Oil, Iron and Steel,
Machinery Production.
➢ Transport Sector connected its remotest areas with efficiency.
➢ It has a domestic consumer industry that produce everything from Pins to Cars.
➢ Quality of Goods and Services was not good as compare to Western Countries.
➢ Soviet state ensured a minimum standard of living for all citizens.
➢ Government subsidised basic necessities including Health, Education, Child-care and other
Welfare Schemes.
➢ There was no unemployment.
➢ State ownership was the dominant form of ownership.
➢ Land and productive assets were owned and controlled by Soviet State.
➢ Soviet System became very Bureaucratic and Authoritarian making life very difficult for citizens.
Life was difficult for the citizens.
➢ Lack of Democracy and absence of Freedom of Speech for citizens.
➢ People expressed their dissent through Jokes and Cartoons.
➢ Institutions of Soviet State needed Reform.
➢ One Party system represented by Communist Party.
➢ Communist Party was not Accountable to the people.
➢ 15 Republics formed Soviet Union.
➢ Russia was only one of the 15 Republics.
➢ People from other regions felt neglected and often suppressed.
➢ Soviet Union lagged behind in Technology and Infrastructure as compare to the West.
➢ Political and Economic aspirations was not fulfilled.
➢ Soviet invasion in Afghanistan in 1979 weakened the economic conditions.
➢ Shortage of all Consumer Goods.
➢ Food was imported.
➢ Soviet Economy was Faltering and Stagnant.
Shock Therapy
➢ Countries by a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a
democratic capitalist system.
➢ The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and east Europe that was influenced by the World
Bank and the IMF came to be known as ‘Shock Therapy’.
➢ Shock therapy varied in intensity and speed amongst the former second world countries, but its
direction and features were quite similar.
➢ These countries were required to make a total shift to a capitalist economy,
➢ Private ownership was to be the dominant pattern of ownership of property.
➢ Privatisation of state assets and corporate ownership patterns were to be immediately brought in.
➢ Collective farms were to be replaced by private farming and capitalism in agriculture.
➢ Shock therapy also involved a drastic change in the external orientation of economies.
➢ The free trade regime and foreign direct investment (FDI) were to be the main engines of change.
➢ This involved openness to foreign investment, financial opening up or deregulation and currency
convertibility.
EUROPEAN UNION
➢ Member states have their own foreign relations and defence policies.
➢ Britain’s Prime Minister Tony Blair was America’s partner in the Iraq invasion.
➢ EU’s newer members made up the US led ‘coalition of the willing’ whereas Germany and France
opposed American policy.
➢ There is also a deep-seated ‘Euro Skepticism’ in some parts of Europe about the EU’s integrationist
agenda.
➢ Britain’s former Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, kept the UK out of the European Market.
➢ Denmark and Sweden have resisted the Maastricht Treaty and the adoption of the euro, the
common European currency.
ASEAN
➢ During the Second World War, South –East Asian region suffered the economic and political
consequences.
➢ It confronted problems of nation-building, the ravages of poverty and economic backwardness
and the pressure to align with one great power or another during the Cold War.
➢ Efforts at Asian and Third World unity, such as the Bandung Conference and the Non-Aligned
Movement, were ineffective in establishing the conventions for informal cooperation and
interaction.
➢ The Southeast Asian nations sought an alternative by establishing the Association for South East
Asian Nations (ASEAN).
➢ ASEAN was established in 1967 by five countries Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore
and Thailand (Five Founder) — by signing the Bangkok Declaration.
➢ The objectives of ASEAN were primarily to accelerate economic growth and through that ‘social
progress and cultural development.
➢ Secondary objective was to promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and
the principles of the United Nations Charter.
➢ Over the years, Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar (Burma) and Cambodia joined
ASEAN taking its strength to ten.
➢ Unlike the EU there is little desire in ASEAN for supranational structures and institutions.
➢ The ‘ASEAN Way’, a form of interaction that is informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative. The
respect for national sovereignty is critical to the functioning of ASEAN.
➢ The fastest growing economies in the world, ASEAN broadened its objectives beyond the economic
and social spheres.
➢ Three pillars, namely, the ASEAN Security Community, the ASEAN Economic Community and
the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community in 2003.
➢ The ASEAN security community was based on the conviction that outstanding territorial disputes
should not escalate into armed confrontation.
➢ ASEAN had several agreements in place by which member states promised to uphold peace,
neutrality, cooperation, non-interference and respect for national differences and sovereign
rights.
➢ The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), which was established in 1994.
➢ The objectives of ARF is the organisation that carries out coordination of security and foreign
policy.
➢ ASEAN was and still remains principally an economic association.
➢ ASEAN region as a whole is a much smaller economy compared to the US, the EU, and Japan. Its
economy is growing much faster than all these.
➢ The objectives of the ASEAN Economic Community are to create a common market and
production base within ASEAN states and to aid social and economic development in the
region.
➢ The Economic Community like to improve the existing ASEAN Dispute Settlement Mechanism to
resolve economic disputes.
➢ ASEAN has focused on creating a Free Trade Area (FTA) for investment, labour, and services.
➢ The US and China have already moved fast to negotiate FTAs with ASEAN.
➢ ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organisation.
➢ Vision 2020 :- has defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community. This
builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiation over conflicts in the region.
➢ ASEAN has mediated the end of Cambodian conflict and East Timor crisis.
➢ Economic strength of ASEAN relevance as a trading and investment partner.
➢ During the Cold War years Indian foreign policy did not pay adequate attention to ASEAN.
➢ India has tried to make amends in FTA and signed FTAs with three ASEAN members, Singapore,
Malaysia and Thailand. India sign an FTA with ASEAN itself in 2010.
➢ ASEAN’s strength :- policies of interaction and consultation with member states.
➢ ASEAN is the only regional association in Asia that provides a political forum where Asian countries
and the major powers can discuss political and security concerns.
Q.-2- Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow. 1+1+1+1=4
Shown on the world map with a pointer, Israel has emerged as one of the most powerful nations in the 21 st
century world in terms of science and technology, defence, intelligence besides economy. Situated in the
middle of the burning politics of West Asian countries, Israel has reached to the new heights of global
political standing by virtue of its indomitable defence prowess, technological innovations, industrialization
and agricultural development.
I- Israel is located in the World?
(A) West Asia
(B) East Asia
(C) Middle Asia
(D) Central Asia
II- In which other field Israel has emerged as powerful country?
(A) Science
(B) Technology
(C) Defence
(D)All of these
III- How is Israel viewed from the map?
(A) In the form of a dot
(B) In the form of a sea
(C) In the form of a desert
(D) In the form of a bay
IV- Israel has achieved Prominence in which field?
(A) Defence Skill
(B) Technical involves
(C) Industrialisation
(D)All of these
Q.3- Study the cartoon given below and answer the questions that follow? 1+1+2=4
Q.4-In the given map of world, identify the places marked as (A), (B), (C) and (D) write their correct
names, their serial number and related alphabet?
In the given outline political map of India, four states have been marked as (A) (B) (C) and (D). Identify
these states on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book
along with the respective serial numbers of the information used and the concerned alphabets as per the
format that follows: 1+1+1+1=4
(I)
(II)
(III)
(IV)
DEMOCRACY IN BANGLADESH
➢ Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan from 1947 to 1971.It consisted of the partitioned areas of
Bengal and Assam from British India.
➢ The people of this region resented the domination of western Pakistan and the imposition of the
Urdu language.
➢ After the partition, People began protests against the unfair treatment meted out to the Bengali
culture and language
➢ People also demanded fair representation in administration and a fair share in political power.
➢ Sheikh Mujib-Ur-Rehman led the popular struggle against West Pakistan domination.
➢ Sheikh Mujib-Ur-Rehman demanded autonomy for the Eastern Region.
➢ The Awami League led by Sheikh Mujib won all the seats in East Pakistan and secured a majority
in the proposed constituent assembly for the whole of Pakistan in the 1970 elections.
➢ West Pakistan leaders refused to convene the assembly.
➢ Sheikh Mujib was arrested. Under the military rule of General Yahya Khan,
➢ Pakistan’s army tried to suppress the mass movement of the Bengali people.
➢ Thousands were killed by the Pakistan army. This led to a large scale migration and creating a
huge refugee problem for India.
➢ India supported the demand of the people of East Pakistan for their independence and helped them
financially and militarily.
➢ This resulted in a war between India and Pakistan in December 1971 that ended in the surrender
of the Pakistani forces in East Pakistan
➢ This was formation of Bangladesh as an independent country.
➢ Bangladesh drafted its constitution declaring faith in secularism, democracy and socialism.
➢ In 1975 Sheikh Mujib got the constitution amended to shift from the parliamentary to
Presidential form of government.
➢ The military ruler, Zia-Ur-Rahman, formed his own Bangladesh National Party and won elections
in 1979.
➢ Military takeover followed under the leadership of Gen H. M. Ershad.
➢ The people of Bangladesh soon rose in support of the demand for democracy.
➢ Mass public protests made Ershad step down in 1990. Elections were held in 1991.
➢ Since then representative democracy based on Multi-Party Elections has been working in
Bangladesh.
MONARCHY IN NEPAL
➢ Nepal was a Hindu kingdom in the past and then a constitutional monarchy.
➢ Political Parties and common people of Nepal have wanted a more open and responsive system
of government.
➢ The king accepted the demand for a new democratic constitution in 1990, democratic governments
had a short.
➢ The Maoists of Nepal believed in Armed Insurrection against the monarch and the ruling elite.
This led to a violent conflict between the Maoist guerrillas and the armed forces of the king
➢ There was a Triangular Conflict among the Monarchist Forces, Democrats and Maoists.
➢ The king abolished the parliament and dismissed the government in 2002
➢ In April 2006, there were massive, country wide, pro-democracy protests.
➢ The king was forced to restore the House of Representatives
➢ The non-violent movement was led by the Seven Party Alliance (SPA), Maoists and Social
Activists.
➢ The Maoist groups have agreed to suspend armed struggle.
➢ The Maoist want to include the Radical Programmes of social and economic restructuring in the
constitution.
➢ Nepal become a Democratic Republic after abolition of Monarchy in 2008.
➢ Nepal adopted New Constitution from 2015.
INDIA-PAKISTAN CONFLICT
➢ India won a decisive war against Pakistan but the Kashmir issue remained unsettled in 1971.
➢ India’s conflict with Pakistan is strategic issues like the control of the Siachen glacier and
acquisition of arms.
➢ Acquire nuclear weapons and missiles to deliver arms against to each other.
➢ India conducted Nuclear Test at Pokaran May, 1974
➢ Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in the Chagai Hills in 1999.
➢ The Indian government has blamed the Pakistan government for using a strategy of low-key
violence by helping the Kashmiri militants with arms, training, money and protection to carry
out terrorist strikes against India.
➢ Indian government also believes that Pakistan had aided Pro- Khalistani Militants with arms. Its
spy agency Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), is involved in various anti-India campaigns through
Bangladesh and Nepal.
➢ The government of Pakistan, blames the Indian government and its security agencies for fomenting
trouble in the provinces of Sindh and Balochistan.
➢ India and Pakistan have had problems over the sharing of river waters. India and Pakistan signed
the ‘Indus Waters Treaty’ with the help of the World Bank, In 1960.
➢ The two countries are not in agreement over the demarcation line in Sir Creek in the Rann of
Kutch.
CONFLICTS
➢ India and Bangladesh have had differences on several issues including the sharing of the Ganga and
Brahmaputra river waters.
➢ Illegal Immigration to India,
➢ Support for anti-Indian, Islamic fundamentalist groups.
➢ Bangladesh’s refusal to allow Indian troops to move through its territory to North-Eastern India,
➢ Bangladesh did not allow to export Natural Gas through Myanmar.
➢ Encouraging rebellion in the Chittagong Hill Tracts,
COOPERATION
➢ Economic relations have improved considerably.
➢ Bangladesh is a part of India’s Look East policy, Disaster Management and Environmental
Issues.
INDIA + NEPAL
➢ Indian government has often expressed displeasure at the warm relationship between Nepal and
China.
➢ Nepal government’s inaction against anti- Indian elements.
➢ Indian security agencies see Maoist movement in Nepal as a growing security threat to India.
➢ Many leaders and citizens in Nepal think that the Indian government interferes in its internal affairs,
has designs on its river waters and hydro-electricity, and prevents Nepal, a landlocked country,
from getting easier access to the sea through Indian Territory.
➢ Indo-Nepal relations are fairly stable and peaceful.
INDIA + BHUTAN
➢ India has a very special relationship with Bhutan and does not have any major conflict with the
Bhutan.
➢ India is involved in big Hydroelectric Projects in Bhutan
INDIA + MALDIVES
➢ India’s relations with Maldives are cordial.
➢ In November 1988, when some Tamil mercenaries from Sri Lanka attacked the Maldives, On the
request of Maldives Government the Indian air force and Navy reacted quickly and stop the invasion.
Q.4-In the given map of world, identify the places marked as (A), (B), (C) and (D) write their correct
names, their serial number and related alphabet?
In the given outline political map of India, four states have been marked as (A) (B) (C) and (D). Identify
these states on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book
along with the respective serial numbers of the information used and the concerned alphabets as per the
format that follows: 1+1+1+1=4
(I)
(II)
(III)
(IV)
(V) Democracy was restored in this country in 2006? (Nepal)
(VI) The Parliament of this country unanimously approved the implementation of multi-party
system in June 2005? (Maldives)
(VII) This country is a part of India’s ‘Go East Policy’ going through Myanmar?(Bangladesh)
(VIII) There has been both military and civilian rule in this country?(Pakistan)
Objectives of UNO:
1. Maintain peace and security in the world.
2. To stop war and international Disputes.
3. Protection of Human Rights.
4. Economic Development of the world.
5. Promote international Co-operation.
The most powerful part of the united nation is the security council.
It has 15 members, USA, Russia, China, France and Britain.
5 members are permanent members and the rest of the members are non-permanent members.
Permanent members have veto power.
The secretary General of the United Nations is the representative of the United Nations.
The present secretary General of the United Nations is Antonio Guterres from Portugal.
2. UNICEF
The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was established in
1946.
Main task to collect emergency funds for children and to help in their development work all
across the world.
UNICEF helps and encourages the works that promote children's health and better life in all parts
of the world.
Headquarter is in New York, United States.
UNICEF working successfully in almost 193 countries of the world.
3. ILO
The International Labour Organization (ILO), founded in October 1919.
Headquarter is in Geneva, Switzerland.
Promote efficient conditions of social justice and work for workers through international labour
standards at the global level.
There is an incentive for women and male worker to engage in productive work and to create
safety, parity and self-respectful conditions for them at the workplace.
4. WHO
WHO is known as World Health Organisation.
It was founded on 7th April 1948.
Headquarter is in Geneva, Switzerland.
2. Its decisions reflect only western values and interests and are dominated by a few powers.
In view of these growing demands for the restructuring of the UN, on 1st January 1997, the
UN Secretary General Kofi Annan initiated an inquiry into how the UN should be reformed.
Consequently few following criteria were suggested for a new member countries to be included in
UNSC -
1. A major economic power.
2. A major military power.
3. A substantial contributor to the UN budget.
4. A big nation in terms of its population.
5. A democratic nation.
6. Country which represents worlds diversity in terms of geography, economic systems and
Culture.
There are other institutions and non-Government Organisations that are completely dedicated
towards fulfilling the aims of the United Nations.
1. International Monetary Fund
This organization (IMF) promotes the financial balance of States on the international
platform.
It helps countries in getting financial and technological assistance.
IMF has 189 members countries.
2. World Bank (1944)
It provide Loans and Grants to member countries.
It enormous influence on the economic policies of developing countries.
It works for Human Development, Agriculture, Rural Development, Environmental
Protection and Governance.
3. World Trade Organisation (1995)
WTO frame rules for Global Trade.
It was set up in 1995, as the successor to the General Agreement on Trade and Tariff
(GATT).
It has 164 Members as on 29 July, 2016.
4. International Atomic Energy Agency
It was established in 1957.
Promotes the minimal and productive use of Atomic Energy.
To ensure that civilian reactors are not being use for military purposes.
5. Amnesty International
This is Non-Governmental Organisation.
Campaign for the Human Rights
It promote respect for all the Human Rights.
It prepare and publish report on Human Rights.
6. Human Rights Watch
• Involved in Research and advocacy on Human Rights
• It is the largest International Human Rights Organisation in the US.
• It draws global media’s attention to Human Rights abuses
• To stop the use of child soldiers.
Conclusion :-
Although there are certain problems in the United Nations but without this International platform, the
world will be worse. The United Nations, all the economic institutions and NGOs mentioned above have
increased mutual dependence, so that the responsibilities of the institutions are also increasing. There is
a need to find ways to support International Organizations.
1 Mark Questions
Question 1. What is the main objective of the United Nation?
Answer: The main objective of the United Nation is prevention of conflicts and facilitating cooperation
Along states.
Question 2. How many permanent members and non-permanent members does the UN Security Council
have?
Answer: The UN Security Council have five permanent members and ten non-permanent members.
Question 4. Mention the main function of the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
Answer: The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is an international organisation which sets the rules for
global trade.
Question 5. How many founder states signed the United Nations Charter in 1945?
Answer: There were 51 countries who signed the United Nations Charter in 1945.
Question 6. Write the full form of IMF. How many member states does it have?
Answer: The full form of IMF is International Monetary Fund. It has 189 member countries.
2 Marks Questions
Question 1. How many member countries have got veto power in the UN Security Council and why?
Answer: All five permanent members of the UN have got veto power. The UN Charter gave the permanent
members a privileged position to bring about stability in the world after the Second World War.
Question 2. Suggest any two major changes to improve the functioning of the Security Council.
Answer: TWO major changes to improve the functioning of the Security Council are:
Question 3. Write any two functions of the General Assembly of the UN.
Answer: Two functions of the General Assembly of the UN are:
1. To discuss and make recommendation on any issue under the Ambit of the UN charter.
2. To maintain International peace and security.
Question 9. Give any two reasons why veto power of permanent members of Security Council cannot be
abolished.
Answer: Veto power of permanent members of Security Council cannot be abolished because:
Question 10. Give any two arguments in support of India’s permanent membership to the UN Security
Council.
Answer: Arguments in favour of India to be the member of UN Security Council are:
• India is the world’s second largest populated country which gives place to almost 1/5 of the
people of the world.
• India is the world’s largest democracy.
4 Marks Questions
Question 1. What is the full form of WTO? When it was set up? How does it function?
Answer: The full form of WTO is World Trade. Organisation which sets the rules for global trade. It is an
international organisation. WTO replaced GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) in 1995.
Question 2. Why some countries do opposed India’s inclusion as a permanent member of the UN
Security Council? Explain.
Answer: India desires to be a permanent member of the UN Security Council but many countries opposed
India’s inclusion as a permanent member.
Some nations are worried about India’s Nuclear Weapons capabilities.
Some Nations use views that Indo-Pak relations will make India ineffective as a Permanent Member.
Some Nations argue that if India is included, then other emerging powers will have to be accommodated
such as : Brazil, Germany, Japan, South Africa.
Question 3. What is Human Rights Watch? Describe its main contribution to the field of Human Rights.
Answer: The Human Rights Watch is an international NGO involved in research and advocacy on human
rights.
Main contribution in the field of human right is stated in the points below:
Question 2. Describe the two basic reforms of the UN on which everyone agrees that they are necessary
after the cold war.
Answer:
Reform and improvement are fundamental to any organisation. There have been demands for changes in
the UN from different countries.
The nature of reforms that are desired are of two types:
The structural reform’s major area was the functioning of the Security Council.
Different countries demanding to increase the permanent and non-permanent members of UN Security
Council so they can represent the realities of present world politics.
Whereas the proposed increment should be from Asia, Africa and South America.
When the areas of jurisdiction are taken, some countries and experts want that the UN should have more
role in peace and security missions.
Others wish to restrict UN’s role in development and humanitarian work like health, education
environment, population control, human rights, gender and social justice.
Question 3. Describe any six criteria for the new membership of Security Council as suggested after
1997.
Answer:
A resolution was adopted by the UN Secretary General in 1997. The resolution was about following three
main complaints:
1. The security council is not adequately representing the present political realities.
2. Decisions by security council are reflective of Western values and interests and dominance
by a few powers.
3. The representation is not on an equitable basis
Question 4. Describe the composition of the UN Security Council. What is the major difference in the
privileges given to its permanent and non-permanent members?
Answer:
The Security Council is an important organ of the United Nations Organisation (UNO).
It consists of five permanent members (China, USA, Britain , Russia and France) and ten non-permanent
members who are elected for a period of two years.
The selection of the permanent members were on the basis of their being powerful immediately after the
Second World War and they being the victors in the war.
1. US leaders, in spite of their frequent criticism of the UN, do see the organisation as serving a
purpose in bringing together over 193 nations in dealing with conflict and social and
economic development.
2. The UN provides an arena in which it is possible to modify US attitudes and policies.
3. The rest of the world is rarely united against USA and it is virtually impossible to ‘balance’
US power.
4. The UN does provide a space within which argument against specific US attitudes and
policies are heard and compromises and concessions can be shaped.
5. The UN is an imperfect body, but without it the world would be worse off.
6. Given the growing connections and links between societies and issues-what we often call
interdependence-it is hard to imagine how more than seven billion people would live
together without an organisation such as the UN.
7. Technology promises to increase planetary interdependence, and therefore the importance
of the UN will only increase.
8. Peoples and governments also find ways of supporting and using the UN and other
international organisations
in ways that are consistent with their own interests and the interests of the international
community more broadly.
Question 1.
Study the given map of the world and answer the following question in your answer book.
(i) Identify and Name the countries marked A, B, C and D respectively.
(ii) UN Secretary Generals with the alleles of the countries they belonged to:
(a) Dag Hammarskjold
(b) Kurt Waldheim
(c) Boutros Boutros-Ghali
(d) Kofi A. Arman
Answer:
(i)
A – Sweden
B – Ghana
C – Austria
D – Egypt
(ii)
(a) Dag Hammarskjold – Sweden
(b) Kurt Waldheim – Austria
(c) Boutros Boutros-Ghali – Egypt
(d) Kofi A. Annan – Ghana
Question 2.
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions those are following
The lack of genuine international support for democratic rule in Pakistan has further encouraged the
military to continue its dominance. The United States and other Western countries have encouraged the
military’s authoritarian rule in the past, for their own reasons. Given their fear of the threat of what they
call ‘global Islamic terrorism’ and the apprehension that Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal might fall into the
hands of these terrorist groups, the military regime in Pakistan has been seen as the protector of Western
interests in West Asia and South Asia.
(i) What is meant by ‘Global Islamic Terrorism’?
(ii) Why did Pakistan lack genuine international support for a democratic rule?
(iii) Why was the military regime in Pakistan considered as the protector of Western interests in West
Asia and South Asia?
Answer:
(i) Global Islamic Terrorism refers to political violence committed by Islamic fundamentalist to terrorise
civilians world widely deliberately to get accepted their demands.
(ii) Pakistan lacks genuine international support for the democratic rule because the USA and other
Western countries have fear of the threat of global Islamic terrorism and the nuclear weapon may fall
into the hands of terrorist groups under civilian rule.
(iii) The military regime in Pakistan is regarded as the protector of Western interests in West Asia and
South Asia because they strictly deal with Islamic fundamentalist and terrorist groups and act as a
strategic partner in West Asia and South Asia.
Question 3.
No region exists in a vacuum. It is influenced by outside powers and events no matter how much it may
try to insulate itself from non-regional powers. China and the United States remain key players in South
Asian politics. Sino-Indian relations have improved significantly in the last ten years, but China’s strategic
partnership with Pakistan remains a major irritant. The demands of development and globalisation have
brought the two Asian giants closer and their economic ties have multiplied rapidly since 1991. Delhi
2012 Study the paragraph given above carefully and answer the following questions
(i) Which two countries have been referred to as ‘Outside power’?
(ii) Which are the two Asian giants and why have they been called so?
(iii) China’s strategic partnership with Pakistan is a major irritant for which country and why?
Answer:
(i) The two countries referred to outside powers are China and the USA.
(ii) India and China are the two Asian giants. They have been called so because they have emerged as
strong economic and military power rapidly.
(iii) The strategic partnership is a major irritant for India because it is causing problems in the
normalisation of diplomatic relations between the two countries.
Question 4.
In the given outline map of South Asia, five countries have been marked as (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E).
Identify them on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer
book with their respective serial number of the information used and the alphabet concerned as per the
following format. (All India 2016)
Information used
(i) The country has experienced civilian as well as a military rule both.
(ii) Democracy was restored in this country in 2006.
(iii) This country is still a monarchy.
(iv) The Parliament of this country voted unanimously to introduce a multiparty system in June 2005.
(v) This country is a part of India’s ‘Look East Policy via Myanmar’.
Answer:
Alphabet
Sr. No. Information used Name of the Country
Concerned
In responding to the threat of war, a government has three basic choices (Deterrence):
1- To surrender.
2- To defend itself when war actually and to turn back or defeat the attacking forces altogether.
3- Governments may choose to surrender when actually confronted by war, but they will not advertise
this as the policy of the country.
➢ Security Policy is concerned with preventing war, which is called - deterrence, and with limiting or
ending war, which is called - defence.
➢ Countries see that some nations are bigger and stronger.
➢ A neighbouring country may not say it is preparing for attack.
➢ There may be no obvious reason for attack.
➢ Governments are very sensitive to the balance of power between their country and other
countries.
➢ They do work hard to maintain a favourable balance of power with other countries
➢ A good part of maintaining a balance of power is to build up one’s military power, economic and
technological power.
➢ A third component of traditional security policy is Alliance Building.
➢ An alliance is a coalition of states that coordinate their actions to deter or defend against military
attack.
➢ Most alliances are formalised in written treaties and are based on a fairly clear identification of who
constitutes the threat.
➢ Countries form alliances to increase their effective power relative to another country or alliance.
➢ Alliances are based on national interests and can change when national interests change. For
example, the US backed the Islamic militants in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union in the 1980s,
but later attacked them when Al Qaeda—a group of Islamic militants led by Osama Bin Laden—
launched terrorist strikes against America on 11 September 2001.
➢ In traditional view of security, most threats to a country’s security come from outside its borders
because the international system is brutal arena in which there is no central authority capable of
controlling behaviour.
➢ The threat of violence is regulated by an acknowledged central authority of the government in a
country.
➢ There is no acknowledged central authority that stands above everyone else in world politics.
➢ The UN is a creature of its members has authority only to the extent that the membership allows it
to have authority and obeys it.
➢ Every country has to be responsible for its own security.
The idea of global security emerged in the 1990 in response to the global nature of threats such as global
warming, international terrorism and health epidemics.
Terrorism
➢ Terrorism refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.
➢ International terrorism involves the citizens or territory of more than one country.
➢ Civilian targets are usually chosen to terrorise the public and to use the unhappiness of the public
as a weapon against national governments.
➢ The terrorism involve hijacking planes or planting bombs in trains, cafes, markets and other
crowded places.
➢ 11 September 2001 when terrorists attacked the World Trade Centre in USA, other governments
and public have paid more attention to terrorism.
➢ The terror attacks have occurred in the Middle East, Europe, Latin America and South Asia.
Human Rights
➢ Human rights have come to be classified into three types. 1- The first type is political rights such
as freedom of speech and assembly. 2- The second type is economic and social rights. 3- The third
type is the rights of colonised people or ethnic and indigenous minorities.
➢ Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990, the genocide in Rwanda, and the Indonesian military’s
killing of people in East Timor have led to a debate on whether or not the UN should intervene to
stop human rights abuses.
Global Poverty
➢ Global poverty is another source of insecurity.
➢ Half the world’s population growth occurs in just six countries—India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria,
Bangladesh and Indonesia.
➢ Among the world’s poorest countries, population is expected to triple in the next 50 years.
➢ High per capita income and low population growth make rich states or rich social groups get
richer, whereas low incomes and high population growth reinforce each other to make poor
states and poor groups get poorer.
➢ This disparity contributes to the gap between the Northern and Southern countries of the world.
➢ The world’s armed conflicts now take place in sub-Saharan Africa, which is also the poorest region
of the world.
Migrations
➢ Poverty in the South has led to large-scale migration to seek a better life, better economic
opportunities in the North.
➢ International law and norms make a distinction between migrants (those who voluntarily leave
their home countries) and refugees (those who flee from war, natural disaster or political
persecution).
➢ States are generally supposed to accept refugees but they do not have to accept migrants.
➢ While refugees leave their country of origin, people who have fled their homes but remain within
national borders are called ‘internally displaced people’.
➢ Kashmiri Pandits that fled the violence in the Kashmir Valley in the early 1990 are an example
of an internally displaced community.
➢ Individuals, families and whole communities have been forced to migrate because of fear of
violence or destruction of livelihoods, identities and living environments.
Health Epidemic
➢ Health epidemics such as HIV-AIDS, bird flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and
COVID-19 have rapidly spread across countries through migration, business, tourism and
military operations.
➢ One country’s success or failure in limiting the spread of these diseases affects infections in other
countries.
➢ Estimated 4 Crore people were infected with HIV-AIDS worldwide, two-thirds of them in Africa and
half of the rest in South Asia.
➢ But these treatments were too expensive to help poor regions like Africa where it has proved to be
a major factor in driving the region backward into deeper poverty.
➢ Other new and poorly understood diseases such as Ebola virus, Hantavirus, and hepatitis C have
emerged, while old diseases like tuberculosis, malaria, dengue fever and cholera have mutated
into drug resistant forms that are difficult to treat.
➢ Since the late 1990, Britain has lost billions of dollars of income during an outbreak of the mad-
cow disease, and bird flu shut down supplies of poultry exports from several Asian countries.
➢ Such epidemics demonstrate the growing interdependence of states making their borders less
meaningful than in the past and emphasise the need for international cooperation.
➢ Expansion of the concept of security does not mean that we can include any kind of disease or
distress in the ambit of security.
➢ Maldives may feel threatened by global warming because a big part of its territory may be
submerged with the rising sea level,
➢ South Africa HIV-AIDS poses a serious threat as one in six adults has the disease (one in three for
Botswana, the worst case).
➢ In 1994, the Tutsi tribe in Rwanda faced a threat to its existence as nearly five lakh of its people
were killed by the rival Hutu tribe in a matter of weeks.
➢ This shows that non-traditional conceptions of security, like traditional conceptions of security,
vary according to local contexts.
Cooperative Security
➢ Military force may have a role to play in combating terrorism or in enforcing human rights (there is
a limit to what force can achieve) but it is difficult to see what force would do to help alleviate
poverty, manage migration, refugee movements and control epidemics.
➢ Far more effective is to devise strategies that involve international cooperation. Cooperation may
be bilateral (between any two countries), regional, continental or global.
➢ Cooperative security may also involve a variety of other players, both International and National.
➢ International organisations (the UN, the World Health Organisation, the World Bank, the IMF etc.),
Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) - (Amnesty International, the Red Cross, private
foundations and charities, churches and religious organisations, trade unions, associations, social
and development organisations), businesses and corporations and great personalities (Mother
Teresa, Nelson Mandela).
➢ Security Strategy :
➢ The third component of Indian security strategy is geared towards meeting security challenges
within the country.
➢ India has tried to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system, which allows
different communities and groups of people to freely articulate their grievances and share political
power.
Q.12- The question below there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read
the statements and choose the correct option.
Q.15- I- High per capita income and low population growth make rich and richer.
II- Low incomes and high population growth poor and poorer.
Choose the correct statement.
(A) I, II are correct
(B) Only I is correct
(C) Only II is correct
(D) Neither I nor II
Q.-1- Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow. 1+1+1+1=4
Cooperation may be bilateral (i.e. between any two countries), regional, continental, or global. It would all
depend on the nature of the threat and the willingness and ability of countries to respond. Cooperative
security may also involve a variety of other players, both international and national—international
organisations (the UN, the World Health Organisation, the World Bank, the IMF etc.), non-governmental
organisations (Amnesty International, the Red Cross, private foundations and charities, churches and
religious organisations, trade unions, associations, social and development organisations), businesses and
corporations, and great personalities (e.g. Mother Teresa, Nelson Mandela).
V- Bilateral means……………….?
(E) Involving two groups of people.
(F) Involving two countries
(G)A and B
(H) None of these
VI- At what level can there be cooperation?
(E) Bilateral
(F) Regional
(G) Continental or global
(H) All of these
VII- Which are no the international organizations involved in cooperative security?
(E) UN
(F) WHO
(G)Red cross
(H) WTO
VIII- Which is/are the Non-governmental organisation involved in cooperative security?
(E) Amnesty International, Trade Union
(F) UN, WHO, WTO
(G) Red Cross, IMF
(H) Trade Union, UN
Q.-2- Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow. 1+1+1+1=4
The Anti-ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty in 1972 tried to stop the United States and Soviet Union from using
ballistic missiles as a defensive shield to launch a nuclear attack. While it did allow both countries. The US
and Soviet Union signed a number of other arms control treaties including the Strategic Arms Limitations
Treaty II or SALT II and the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). The Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty (NPT) of 1968 was an arms control treaty in the sense that it regulated the acquisition of nuclear
weapons: those countries that had tested and manufactured nuclear weapons before 1967 were allowed
to keep their weapons; and those that had not done so were to give up the right to acquire them.
I- Which countries were singed the ABM?
(A) USA, Britain
(B) USA, USSR
(C) China, USA
(D) USSR, China
II- Name of full form of SALT?
(A) Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty.
(B) Strategic Alliance Limitations Treaty.
(C) Strategic Attack Limitation Treaty
(D) None of these
III- Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed?
(A) 1973
(B) 1978
(C) 1968
(D) 2001
IV- Under whom to regulates the acquisition of weapons?
(A) Arms Control
(B) Force Control
(C) UNO
(D) SAARC
Q.-3- Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow. 1+1+1+1=4
An India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, supported the cause of Asian solidarity, decolonisation,
disarmament, and the UN as a forum in which international conflicts could be settled. India also took
initiatives to bring about a universal and non-discriminatory non-proliferation regime in which all
countries would have the same rights and obligations with respect to weapons of mass destruction
(nuclear, biological, chemical). It argued for an equitable New International Economic Order (NIEO). Most
importantly, it used non-alignment to help carve out an area of peace outside the bloc politics of the two
superpowers. India joined 160 countries that have signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which
provides a roadmap for reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases to check global warming.
I- Jawahar Lal Nerhu was supported the ………….?
(A) Asian Solidarity
(B) Decolonisation
(C) Disarmament
(D) All of these
II- Which International organisation settled the conflicts between countries?
(A) WTO
(B) Amnesty International Organisation.
(C) UNO
(D) Red cross
III- Name the full form of NIEO?
(A) Nuclear International Economic Order
(B) NET International Economic Order
(C) New International Economic Order
(D) New York International Economic Order
IV- When India signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol?
(A) 1997
(B)1998
(C)1990
(D) 2000
Q.4-In the given map of world, identify the places marked as (A), (B), (C) and (D) write their correct
names, their serial number and related alphabet?
In the given outline political map of India, four states have been marked as (A) (B) (C) and (D). Identify
these states on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book
along with the respective serial numbers of the information used and the concerned alphabets as per the
format that follows: 1+1+1+1=4
(I) In 1980, Al-Qaeda led by Osama Bin Laden terrorist attacked. (USA)
(II) An example of an internationally displaced community. (Kashmir, India)
(III) In 2003, 2/3 people were infected with HIV-AIDS. (South Africa)
(IV) 1990 An outbreak of the Mad-Cow disease. (Britain)
Q.5- Study the cartoon given below and answer the questions that follow? 1+1+2=4
Lack of
Cultivable
Ozone layer area
Deplation
Global
warming
Reason for
environmental
Threat of concern in
human contemporary
existence politics
Reduction
in the
amount of
Limited potable
Resources water
Increasing
pollution
➢ Throughout the world Decline in area of cultivable land, Agriculture land is losing fertility.
➢ Quantity of water has also been decreased from water bodies.
➢ Grassland has been decreased.
➢ The population of the world is increasing day by day
➢ Natural forest are very helpful to stabilize the climate, moderate water supplies and
balancing ecosystem.
➢ But Deforestation, Loss of Natural forests,
➢ Loss of biodiversity continues due to destruction of Natural Habitat of different spices.
➢ People are being displaced.
➢ Coastal pollution and coastal water are polluted largely due to land-based activities.
➢ Steady decline in the total amount of Ozone in the Earths Stratosphere Depletion (Ozone hole) poses
a real danger to ecosystems and human health.
➢ According to the human development report 2016 of United Nations Development Programme 663
million people in developing countries have no access to safe water and 2.4 billion have no access
to sanitation. It’s major concern for world politics.
Environmental Programmes
➢ No single country of the world can resolve these problems so these issues are included into
world politics.
➢ The club of Rome, a global think tank, published a book in 1972 entitled ‘Limits to growth’
point out the depletion of the earth’s resources.
➢ United Nations Environment program (UNEP) began international conferences and
promoting detailed studies to get a more coordinate and effective response to environmental
problems.
The Earth Summit – 1992
➢ United Nations conference on environment and development held at Rio-De-Janerio, Brazil
in June 1992
➢ This is known as Earth summit.
➢ The summit was attended by 170 states, thousands of NGO’s and many multinational
corporations.
➢ The Rio summit produced conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity forestry.
➢ Agenda 21 was passed in Rio summit it recommended a list of development practices.
➢ Development should take place without harming the environment it is called sustainable
development
North South
Located in Northern hemisphere of the Located in Southern hemisphere of the
world world
Rich and Developed Countries Poor and developing Countries
The main concern of southern countries
Northern states were concern with ozone is relationship between economic
depletion and global warming development and environment
management.
Referred to as the global North and First Referred to as the global South and Third
world world
.
The Protection of Global Commons
➢ Commons are those resources which are not owned by anyone but rather shared by a community.
➢ Similarly, there are some areas or regions of the world which are located outside thesovereign
jurisdiction of any one state, and therefore require common governance by the international
community. These are known as global commons.
➢ It includes the earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, the ocean floor and outer space.
➢ Some agreements have been signed to protect and conserve global commons.
➢ Antarctic Treaty 1959
➢ Montreal protocol 1987
➢ Antarctic Environment Protocol 1991
Environmental Movements
➢ When people are not satisfied to the political system, they show their agitation through movements.
➢ Environment movements are the most vibrant, diverse and powerful social movements access the
world today.
➢ These movements raise new idea and visions towards environmental issues.
➢ The forest movement of the south in Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia, continental Africa
and India are faced with enormous pressures.
Resource Geopolitics
➢ Resource geopolitics is all about who gets what, when, and how. Resource have provided some of
the key means and motives of global European power expansion.
➢ During the cold war the industrialized countries of north adopted a number of methods to ensure a
steady flow of resources.
➢ They deploy military forces near exploitations sites.
➢ They established friendly government in the resources producing countries.
➢ The global economy relied on oil for much of the 20 th century.
➢ The history of petroleum is also the history of war and struggle.
Examples:
➢ US’s attack on Iraq
➢ Iraq’s attack on Kuwait
➢ The gulf region account for about 30 percent of global oil production but it has about 64% of the
earth resources.
➢ There are several disputes over water sharing in the world.
➢ Dispute between Israel, Syria, and Jordan over water of river Jordan and yarmulke.
➢ Dispute between India and Pakistan over Indus water
14. As per the Kyoto protocol, the major countries had to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases by
________
(A)2012
(B)2008
(C)2018
(D)2010
15.How many nations attended United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 1992?
a.170
b.190
c.180
d.160
VERY SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS 2 MARKS
Q.1. Why should the ‘environmental concerns’ be part of contemporary global politics?
Ans. The environmental concerns should be part of contemporary global politics because no single
government can address the environmental concerns in isolation.
Q.2. Which world summit conference was held at Rio in 1992?
Ans. Earth summit was held at Rio in 1992.
Q.3. Why were India and China exempted from the Kyoto Protocol?
Ans. India, China and other developing countries were exempted from the requirements of Kyoto Protocol
because their per capita emission was comparatively lower than it was in developed countries.
Q.4. What were the recommendations of the Rio Summit Known as?
Ans. The recommendations of the Rio Summit were known as ‘Agenda 21’.
Q.5. What is sustainable development?
Ans.- This is an approach of economic development without harming of environment.
Q.6.- Why history of petroleum is also history of war and struggle?
Ans.- World economy is based on petroleum and immense wealth is associated with oil. It creates political
struggles and war to control over them.
Q.7. What were the causes of worry of South?
Ans. South were anxious to address the relationship between economic development and environment
management.
Q.8. What are the reasons to increase the pollution in Antarctica?
Ans.- Coastal pollution is increasing in the world. Open sea is relatively clean. Coastal water is becoming
increasingly polluted largely.
Q.9. Define Indigenous population?
Ans . Indigenous population are tribal or native people whose interests and rights are imperialised by the
foreign people who migrated from time to time in territories.
Q.10. Between which countries is the dispute over the Yarmuk River?
Ans. Israel, Syria and Jordan.
SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS 4 MARKS
Q.1- What are ‘Global Commons’? Why cooperation is not easy?
Ans.
1- It is difficult to achieve consensus on common environmental agenda.
2- Outer space as global common shows the management of these areas influenced by North-East
inequalities.
3- The crucial issue here is technology and development.
4- Benefit of activities in space are far.
Q.2- Describe the favour of India on Environment Related Issues?
Ans.
1- The government of India is already participating in global efforts.
2- Review of agreements at the Earth Summit in Rio-De-Jenerio was undertaken by India.
3- International negotiation position relies heavily on principles of responsibilities.
4- India signed on Kyoto Protocol in 2002.
Q.3- What are the important outcome of the Rio-Summit?
Ans.
1- Consensus on Sustainable Development.
2- List of development practices called ‘Agenda-21’.
3- Dealing with Climate Change, Biodiversity and Forestry.
Q.4. Describe facts on which environmental concerns are based in the World Politics?
Ans.-
1- Forest will help stabilise the climate, water supply.
2- Human Development Report 2006 of United Nations Development Programme have no access to
sanitation.
3- Grassland have been overgrazed.
4- Cultivable land has lessened.
Q.5. What is meant by Geo-Politics?
Ans. Geopolitics is related to the geographical political affairs which deals with allocation and distribution
of natural resources among the nation states of world. It is all about who gets what, when, where and how.
Q.6. Why do indigenous people need special protection to protect their rights?
Ans. Issues related to the rights of indigenous people have been neglected as people of varied cultures from
various parts of the world overcome them. Also these people have threat to their survival due to loss of
land which is main source of their livelihood. This is the reason they require special protection to protect
their rights.
Q.7. What is meant by the concept of ‘common but differentiated responsibility’?
Ans. Common but differentiated responsibility refers that all nations share common responsibility for
environmental degradation but developed nations have greater responsibility than developing nations
because of their different contribution to environmental degradation.
Q.8. What is meant by ‘common property’?
Ans. Common property represents common property for the group. The underlying norm here is that
members of the group have both rights and duties with respect to the nature, levels of use and maintenance
of a given resource.
Q.9. Describe any four issues relating to environmental degradation?
Ans. Following are the issues relating to environmental degradation:
• The land is not expanding further, grasslands and fisheries have been over-exploited. There is hardly
any food production on the polluted and depleted water bodies.
• Natural forests which help stabilize the climate, moderate water supplies and harbor a majority of
the planet’s biodiversity on land are being cut down and people are being displaced.
• A steady decline in the total amount of ozone in the Earth’s stratosphere poses a real danger to human
health.
• Coastal waters are becoming increasingly polluted largely due to land-based activities, it will increase
deterioration in the quality of marine environment.
Q.10. Why have issues related to global environment protection become the priority concern of
states since the 1990s?
Ans.
1- The issues related to global environmental protection have become the priority concern of states since
the 1990s for the following reasons.
2- The cultivable area is not expanding anymore and substantial portion of existing agricultural land is
losing fertility.
3- About 1.2 billion people in developing countries have no access to safe drinking water and 2.6 billion
have no access to sanitation. This has resulted in the death of more than three million children every year.
4- Natural forest is being cut down and people are being displaced. There is a loss of biodiversity due to
the destruction of habitat in areas that are rich in species
5-The ozone poses a real danger to ecosystems and human health. Coastal pollution too is increasing
globally
• Earth’s atmosphere
• Ocean floor
The international cooperation over the ‘global commons’ is not easy because:
1. It is not easy to do cooperation over the ‘global commons: There have been many significant agreements
such as the Antarctic Treaty (1959), the Montreal Protocol (1987) and the Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol (1991). It is very difficult to achieve consensus on common environmental agendas on the basis
of vague scientific evidence and time frames.
2. In the same way, the history of the outer space as a ‘global commons’ clearly shows that the management
of these regions is completely influenced by North-South inequalities.
Q.2. Describe any three steps taken by the Indian Government to check the environmental
degradation?
Ans. Initiatives undertaken by the Indian Government in global efforts through a number of programmes
to check environmental degradation are :
1. India’s National Auto Fuel Policy mandates cleaner fuels for vehicles. The Energy Conservation Act,
passed in 2001, outlines initiatives to reform energy efficiency.
2. The Electricity Act of 2003, supports the use of renewable energy. Presently,
India is importing natural gas and encouraging the adoption of clean coal technologies. It shows
India’s sincere efforts in this direction.
3. The Indian Government is also sincere to start a ‘National Mission on Biodiesel’. Nearly, 11 million
hectares of land is being used to produce biodiesel.
4. India has also one of the largest renewable energy programmes in the world.
Q.3. Explain the role of environmental movements to meet the challenge of environmental
degradation?
Ans. The role of environmental movements to meet the change of environmental degradation is very
important. It is justified from the points below :
1. Some of the most significant responses to environmental challenges have come not from government
but rather from groups of environmentally conscious volunteers around the world.
2. These environmental movements are amongst the most vibrant, diverse and powerful social
movements all over the world. These movements creates new ideas and long-term visions. There
are some examples to show that diversity is a significant feature of contemporary environmental
movements.
3. The Forest Movements of the South, in Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia, Continental Africa
and India are facing lots of pressure. The process of forest clearing in the Third World Countries is
on at an alarming rate, despite 30 years of environmental activism.
4. In the Philippines, a big network of groups and organisations campaigned against the Western Mining
Corporation. Vehement opposition to the company in its own country, Australia is based on anti-
nuclear sentiments and support for the basic rights of Australian indigenous peoples.
5. Another group of movements are involved in struggles against mega-dams In every country where
mega dams are being built, we find the environmental movements opposing the projects. Basically,
anti-dam movements are pro-river movements for more sustainable and equitable management of
river systems and valleys. “The Narmada Bachao Andolan” is one of the best known of these
movements.
1. India signed and approved the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 in August 2002.
2. India announced in the G-8 meeting that the developing countries emissions are merely a small
fraction of that of the developed nations. On the basis of principle of common but differentiated
responsibilities, India is of the opinion that the developed countries should take the responsibility to
cure this problem as they have accumulated emission over a broad period of time.
3. A review of the implementation of the agreements at the Earth Summit in Rio was undertaken by
India in 1997.
4. India suggested that SAARC countries should adopt a common position on major global environment
issues, so that they have an upper hand.
5. Some of the steps taken by Indian Government for emission control are India’ National Auto-fuel
Policy, the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 and Electricity Act of 2003 which encourages the use of
renewable energy.
6. The initiatives of importing natural gas and adoption of clean coal technologies show that India has
been making real efforts.
7. Indian Government is keen to launch National Mission on Biodiesel using about 11 million hectares
of land to produce biodiesel by 2011-2012.
Q.5. What is the significance of Kyoto Protocol? Is India a signatory to this protocol?
Ans. India is a signatory to Kyoto Protocol. The significance of Kyoto Protocol is stated in the points below:
• Kyoto Protocol frames an action plan so as to reduce emission of greenhouse gases proportionately
for global North and global South countries of the world.
• It had cleared the confusion regarding responsibilities of all countries belonging to global North and
global South.
• United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has set out the principles and
allocated different targets for preserving global common.
• It decided that global North will provide global South with financial and technological resources so
as to meet existing commitments.
• India, China and other developing countries are exempted from the responsibility regarding
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
Q.6. Who are indigenous people? Describe any four problems of the indigenous people?
Ans. Definition of indigenous people There are many definitions given for the indigenous people. But
United Nations provides exact definition of indigenous people.
“Population comprising the descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at the
time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world and
overcame them.”
In the background of world politics, there are some mutual interests of almost 30 crores indigenous people
expanded throughout the globe. Among the 30 crores people, 20 lakhs indigenous people belong to
Cordillera region of Philippines, 10 lakh Mapuche people of Chile, 6 lakh indigenous people belong to
Chittagong Hill in Bangladesh, around 35 lakhs are North American natives, 50000 Kuna living in East of
Panama Canal whereas 10 lakh small people live in Soviet North. Just like other social movements these
people talk about their struggles, their problems and their rights.
2. They have requested the governments to retain the existence of indigenous people as enduring
communities with an identity of their own. These people use the expression ‘since times immemorial’ to
refer to the occupancy of the lands from which they originated.
3. Issues related to the rights of indigenous people have been neglected as people of varied cultures from
various parts of the world overcome them. Also, these people have threat to their survival due to loss of
land which is main source of their livelihood.
4. Despite institutional measures, they have not got much benefits of development. In fact, they have paid
huge cost for development because they are forced to be displaced from their mother land owing to
developmental projects.
(A) UK
(B) Argentina
(C) New Zealand
(D) None of the above
Q.-3- Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow. 1+1+1+1=4
The global economy relied on oil for much of the 20th century as a portable and indispensable fuel.
The immense wealth associated with oil generates political struggles to control it and the history
of petroleum is also the history of war and struggle. Nowhere is this more obviously the case than
in West Asia and Central Asia, West Asia, specifically the Gulf region, accounts for about 30 per cent
of global oil production. But it has about 64 per cent of the planet’s known reserves, and is therefore
the only region able to satisfy any substantial rise in oil demand. Saudi Arabia has a quarter of the
world’s total reserves and is the single largest producer. Iraq’s known reserves are second only to
Saudi Arabia’s. Since substantial portions of Iraqi territory are yet to be fully explored, there is a
fair chance that actual receives might be far that actual receives might be far larger. The United
States, Europe, Japan, and increasingly India and China, which consume this petroleum, are located
at a considerable distance from the region.
Q.1- Which region has potential for oil production?
(A) Desert Region
(B) Cold Region
(C) Gulf Region
(D) All of these
Q.2- Which area is supposed to have fully explored?
(A) India territory
(B) Bangali territory
(C) Singapore territory
(D) Iraqi territory
Q.3- History of war and struggle is called?
(A) Gas
(B) Petroleum
(C) Water
(D) None of these
Q.4- Which country is single largest producer of petroleum?
(A) Saudi Arabia
(B) Sri Lanka
(C) Myanmar
(D) Bangladesh
Q.4-In the given map of world, identify the places marked as (A), (B), (C) and (D) write their correct
names, their serial number and related alphabet?
In the given outline political map of India, four states have been marked as (A) (B) (C) and (D). Identify
these states on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book
along with the respective serial numbers of the information used and the concerned alphabets as per the
format that follows: 1+1+1+1=4
Sr. Number for the Alphabet Concerned Name of the States
information used
(I)
(II)
(III)
(IV)
(A) A country is related to Narmada Movement. India
(B) A nation where Kyoto Protocol was agreed in 1997. Japan
(C) Where UNFCCC was held in 1992. Brazil
(D) A Nation which was exempted from the requirement of the Kyoto Protocol. China
Q.5- Study the cartoon given below and answer the questions that follow? 1+1+1+1 =4
Q.1- What this picture draws the attention of the world?
CAUSES OF GLOBALISATION
➢ Globalization is about the flows of ideas, capital, Goods and Services and people.
➢ Globalization is not caused by any single factor technology remains a critical element.
➢ Globalisation is the result of historical factors, technological innovations, and opening of
multinational companies.
➢ Flows has been made possible largely by technological advances.
➢ The movement of capital and commodities will likely be quicker and wider than the movement of
peoples across different parts of the world.
➢ Through globalization events taking place in one part of the world could have an impact on another
part of the world. Improved communications are the major causes of globalisation.
➢ When major economic events take place, there impact is felt outside their local, national or regional
environment at the global level.
POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES
Positive Political Impect
➢ Globalization does not always reduce state capacity.
➢ State capacity has received a boost as a consequence of globalisation, with enhanced technologies.
➢ All over the world, the old welfare state that perform certain core functions such as maintenance of
law and order and the security of it citizens.
ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
➢ Economic globalization involves greater economic flows among different countries of the world.
➢ It draws attention towards the role of IMF and WTO for the whole world.
➢ It has created an intense division of opinion all over the world.
➢ Suupporters of economic globalization argue that it generates greater economic growth and well-
being for larger sections of the population.
CULTURAL CONSEQUENCES
Negative Cultural effect
➢ Threat to cultures in the world.
➢ Dominant of western culture.
➢ Less powerful society.
➢ Emerge and enlarge modified culture.
➢ cultural HOMOGENISATION
➢ HETEROGENISATION.
RESISTANCE TO GLOBALISATION
➢ Critics of globalization make a variety of arguments.
➢ A particular phase of global capitalism that makes the rich- richer and the poor -poorer.
➢ Critics of globalization fear the weakening of the state.
➢ Economically they want a return to self- reliance and protectionism.
➢ Culturally, they are worried that traditional culture will be harmed and people will lose their age-
old values and ways.
➢ Anti-globalization movements too participate in global networks.
➢ In 1999, at the World Trade organisation (WTO), ministrial meeting were against unfair trading
practices by the economically powerful States.
➢ It was argued that the interests of the developing world were not given sufficient importance.
➢ The world social forum is another global platform, which brings together a wide coalition of peoples.
➢ The First Word Social Forum meeting was organized in Porto Algere, Brazil in 2001.
➢ Fourth WSF meeting was held in Mumbai in India, 2004.
1 marks
1. Which of the following is not a benefit of globalisation?
(a) It generates unemployment in the society.
(b) It provides the exchange of ideas, capital, commodities and people from one place to another.
(c) It provides job opportunities for the youth.
(d) It interconnects the world.
3. ………….... Signifies the relaxation of government rules and regulations relating to activities in
services and industrial sectors.
(a) Globalisation
(b) liberalisation
(c) Privatization
(d) None of these
4. Which of these statements about globalisation is incorrect?
(a) Globalization is increased the state activities in the economic sphere only.
(b) Economic globalisation has created an intense division of opinion all over the world.
(c) Globalisation has led to the flow of ideas across National boundaries.
(d) Greater trade among countries allows each economic do what it does best.
7. Which one of the following organisations is believed to have played a greater role in globalisation?
(a) WTO
(b) UNICEF
(c) WHO
(d) UNESCO
9. AAsserssion : Globalisation need not always be positive, it can have negative consequences for the
people.
Reason : Globalisation is a multidimentional concept. It has political, economic and cultural
manifestation.
(a) A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of the A
(b) A and R are true, R is not correct explanation of the A
(c) A is True but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
14. Asserssion : What is often called economic globalization usually involvs greater economic flows
among different countries of the world.
Reason : Economic Globalisation involves many actors other than the International institutions.
(a) A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of the A
(b) A and R are true, R is not correct explanation of the A
(c) A is True but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true.
PART - B
CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
INTRODUCTION
➢ After independence, India faced many challenges.
➢ National unity and territorial integrity of India was one of the big challenges.
➢ After Independence India was facing large scale violence and displacement.
➢ The integration of the princely states into the Indian union needed urgent resolution.
THREE CHALLENGES
➢ The first challenge was to shape nation.
➢ The second challenge was to establish democracy and develop democratic practices according to
the constitution.
➢ The third challenge was to ensure the economic development and wellbeing of the entire society.
PROCESS OF PARTITION.
➢ Partition of India was the result of creation of India and Pakistan.
➢ Pakistan will comprise East Pakistan and West Pakistan.
➢ There was no single belt of Muslim majority areas in British India.
➢ One belt was in the east and the other in west and both these parts could not be joined.
➢ All Muslim majority area did not want to be a part of Pakistan.
➢ Abdul Gaffar Khan was known as Frontier Gandhi opposed the two-nation theory.
➢ The major problem of India was the issue of' Minorities on both sides of the border.
➢ Lakhs of Hindu and Sikhs on both sides of the border became the easy targets of attacks.
➢ The minorities on both sides of the border were left with no option except to leave their homes.
CONSEQUENCES OF PARTITION
➢ Many women were killed by their own family members to preserve the" family honour".
➢ The employees of the Government and the railways were also divided.
➢ Approximately 80 lakh people were forced to migrate across the new border.
➢ Amritsar, Lahore and Kolkata became divided into communal zones.
➢ Minorities on both sides of the border left their home and secured temporary shelter in 'refugee
camps’.
➢ Writers, poets and film- makers in India and Pakistan have expressed the ruthlessness of the
killings, displacement and the violence in their novels, short- stories, poems and films.
MAHATMA GANDHI
➢ Mahatma Gandhi was sad by the communal violence and because of Ahinsa and Satyagraha that he
had lived and worked for, had failed.
➢ In many states, the communal tensions grew and Mahatma Gandhi resorted to fast to bring peace.
HYDERABAD
➢ Hyderabad, the largest of The Princely States was surrounded by Indian Territory.
➢ Its ruler carried the title, “Nizam” and he was one of the world's richest men.
➢ He signed the Stand Still agreement with India in November 1947.
➢ People of Hyderabad state against the Nizam's rule gathered force.
➢ In the Telangana region people was against the oppressive rule of Nizam.
➢ Para Military Force of Nizam is known as RAZAKARS.
➢ To handle the situation in Hyderabad, the government had to order the army.
➢ In September 1948, Indian army moved in to control the Nizam's forces and Nizam surrendered.
➢ This led to Hyderabad accession to India.
MANIPUR
➢ The Maharaja of Manipur was, Bodh Chandra Singh he signed the ‘Instrument of Accession’ with
the Indian government.
➢ The Maharaja held elections in Manipur in June 1948.
➢ Manipur was the first part of India to hold an election based on "Universal Adult Franchise".
➢ The Government of India succeeded into signing a merger agreement in September 1949.
RE-ORGANISATION OF STATE
➢ Nagpur Session of Congress was held in 1920.
➢ Protest began in Telugu speaking areas of Madras Province.
➢ The Madras province which was included present day, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and
Karnataka.
➢ Potti Sriramulu, a Congress leader went on an indefinite fast and led the movement which is
knonwn as ‘Vishal Andhra Movement’. This caused great violence in Andhra region.
➢ During this movement many people were injured or lost their lives in police firing.
➢ In December 1952 the Prime Minister (Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru) announced for the separate Andhra
state.
➢ Re-organisation commission was formed in 1953 to look into the redrawing of the boundaries
of States.
➢ The state Reorganization act was passed in 1956, which led to the creation of 14 States and 6
Union Territories.
CONCLUSION
➢ The linguistic States is the principle of diversity.
➢ Democracy was related with plurality of ideas and ways of life.
➢ Much of the politics in the latter period was to take place within this framework.
1 Marks
1. The ‘Two-Nation theory was based upon:
a. Expansion of India
b. Bifurcation of the states
c. Partition of India
d. All of these
2. The [undisputed] leader of north western province was known as –
a. Father of Pakistan
b. Frontier Gandhi’
c. Patriot of Pakistan
d. Staunch Muslim
3. Which of these statements about the princely states is incorrect?
a. The British crown over princely states would laps.
b. There were 565 princely states.
c. The Indian government was ready to give autonomy to some regions.
d. The ruler of Junagadh had decided on independence.
4. How were the boundaries of the states decide?
a. On the basis of area
b. On the basis of locality
c. On the basis of linguistic principles
d. On the basis of population
5. The Indian government approach was __________
i. The people of the princely states become part of the Indian union.
ii. The government was flexible in given autonomy to some states.
a. i is correct
b. ii is correct
c. i, ii both are correct
d. i, ii both are incorrect
6. which of these statements about the reorganization of states is correct?
i. The central leadership decided to postpone the basis of language matter
ii. The boundaries had to be drawn in only cultural plurality.
a. i, ii both are correct
b. Only i is correct
c. Only ii is correct
d. None of the above
7. Arrange the following is chronological order
i. Nagaland ii. Mizoram iii. Manipur iv. Jharkhand
a. ii, i, iv, iii
b. i, iii, ii, iv
c. iv, iii, ii, i
d. Iii, i, ii, iv
8. Arrange the following in chronological order
i. Nagpur session ii. Nehru’s speech iii. Reorganization of north-east iv. Election held
in Manipur
a. i, ii, iii, iv
b. i, ii, iv,iii
c. ii, i, iv,iii
d. iv, ii, i, iii
9. Name the original state from which Uttarakhand was carved out
a. Bihar
b. Madhya Pradesh
c. Uttar Pradesh
d. Rajasthan
10. “tryst with Destiny” was a speech delivered by –
a. Sardar Vallabh bhai Patel
b. M.h. ali zinah
c. Pt. Nehru
d. Mahatma Gandhi
11. Mountbatten plan was known as –
a. British partition plan
b. India’s partition plan
c. Pakistan partition plan
d. Constitution making plan
12. The first and the immediate challenge was _________
a. To shape a nation
b. Establish democracy
c. Ensure the development
d. Make many political parties
13. Assertion; - The nizam of Hyderabad never negotiated with sardar Patel
Reason: - The nizam wanted an independent status for Hyderabad.
14. Assertion – the principle of religious majorities for the partition it was decided.
Reason – the process of partition was smooth and none of the violence took place.
15. Assertion – khan Abdul ghaffir khan were not convinced by the two-nation theory
Reason – he wanted a single united India as a home or both Hindu and Muslims.
2 marks question
1. What is meant by two nation’ theory?
Ans – the two-nation theory was based on the hypothesis that India should be divided into two
Pakistan and Hindustan, the Muslim nation to occupy Pakistan and the Hindu nation occupy
Hindustan.
2. Mention the main recommendation of the state reorganization commission of 1953.
Ans – the main recommendation that demands for separate states would endanger the unity of the
country.
3. Why Muslim league was formed?
Ans – the Muslim league was formed to protect the interests of the Muslims in colonial India.
4. There was no way these two parts could be joined’ what is meant to be this sentence.
Ans – this sentence means, there were two areas of concentration, one in the west and one in the
east.
5. Which goals there were everyone agreed.
Ans – there were two goals that everyone agreed:
i. Running the country through a democratic government
ii. The good of all particularly the poor and the socially disadvantaged groups.
6. What challenges dis India faced after independence/
Ans – independent India faced three kinds of challenges:
Two shape a nation, establish democracy and to ensure the development and well being of the
entire society.
7. What difficulties did India face in the process of partition?
Ans – the problem was that no single belt of Muslims majority areas in British India.
All Muslims majority areas no to be want Pakistan.
8. Who was the razakars?
Ans – a para-military force of the nizam known as razakars.
9. What was the stand of Indian government on partition?
Ans – Indian government veiled in communal harmony and equality of religion for all it found in
the constitution of India where declared a secular nation and the fundamental right of ‘right to
relations was given to all citizens of India.
10. Why is sardar Patel called an iron man?
Ans – sardar Patel played a pivotal role in negotiating firmly but politely with the rulers of princely
states and bringing the majority of them into the Indian union.
4 marks
Passage based question
1. The first duty prime minister and home minister of India, sardar Patel emerged as a major leader of the
freedom movement after the Kheda satyagraha (1918) and the bardoli satyagraha (1928). At the time
of independence, the problem of integration of princely states was s big challenge for the national unity
and integrity of India. He was not in favour of any compromise with the territorial integrity of India. By
his political experience, diplomatic prowess and foresightedness, out of India 565 princely states many
had already given their consent to merge with India even before achieving the independence.
i. Who was the first deputy prime minister of India?
a. Pt. Jawahar lal Nehru
b. Sardar Patel
c. C Rajagopalachari
d. Mah. Ali zinah
ii. Which of the following satyagrah was related to sardar Vallabh bhai patel?
a. Kheda satyagrah
b. Bardoli satyagraha
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
iii. At that time of independence, what is the number of princely states in India?
a. 250
b. 500
c. 550
d. 565
iv. Which of the following personality is also known as iron man of India
a. Dr. Rajendra prasad
b. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
c. Sardar patel
d. Subhash Chandra boss
2. The partition was not merely a division of properties. Liabilities and assets or a political division of
the country and the administrative apparatus. What also got divided were the financial assets. And
things like tables, chairs, thwarters, paper clips books and also musical instruments of the notice
band. It was a violent separation of communities who had hitherto live together as neighbours.
Partition forced about 80 lakh people migrate across the new border.
i. What was the number of the people who had to forcefully migrate across new borders?
a. 83 lakhs
b. 81 lakhs
c. 80.5 lakh
d. 80 lakhs
ii. Who did not believe in ‘two nation theory’
a. People of Pakistan
b. Muslim league
c. The leaders of Indian national struggle
d. None of the above
iii. What was the percentage of Muslim population in India in 1951?
a. 13 percent
b. 12 percent
c. 20 percent
d. 14 percent
iv. The partition was based on
a. Religious
b. Linguistic
c. Only a
d. Only b
3. The linguistic states underlined the acceptance of the principle of diversity. When we say that
india adopted democracy, it does not simply mean that india embraced a democratic
constitution. Nor does it merely mean that india adopted the format of elections the coise was
larger than that. It was a choice in favour of recognizing and accepting the existence of
differences which could at times be oppositional. Democracy in other words was associated
with plurality of ideas and ways of life.
i. Which of the following are the forms of diversity in the cultural life of people of india?
a. Linguistic diversity
b. Caste diversity
c. Race diversity
d. Bodh a and b
ii. Which of the following examples show that democracy in india is associated with
plurality of ideas and acceptance of differences?
a. Religious tolerance and language adoption
b. Political instability
c. Separatist movements
d. Protests and mass movements
iii. India adopted
a. Democracy
b. Monarchy
c. Nobility
d. Dictatorship
iv. Which of the following facts is incorrect about Indian democracy?
a. General legal framework and constitutional government
b. Free and fair elections
c. Rule of law
d. All of these
4. Observe the picture given below carefully and answer the following questions –
i. What does this picture depict?
a. A train full of refugees
b. Transfer of population
c. Enjoy the journey
d. Both a and b
ii. What were the consequences of the partition?
a. Communal riots
b. Massacres
c. Division of communities
d. All of these
iii. Which year is being denoted in the picture?
a. 1948
b. 1947
c. 1957
d. 1945
iv. Which cities were divided into communal zones?
a. Lahore, Amritsar, Kolkata
b. Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh
c. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh
d. None of the above
1. Describe briefly any four problems faced in the process of partition of India?
Ans – there was no single belt of Muslim majority areas in British India
Not all Muslim majority areas wanted to be in Pakistan
Two Muslim majority provinces Punjab and Bengal had very large areas where the non-Muslims
were in majority. They were divided on the basis of religious majority their partition caused the
deepest trauma of Pakistan.
The problem of ‘minorities’ on both side
4. Explain the role played by sardar Patel in the unification of princely state India.
Ans – sardar Patel played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers but diplomatically and
bringing most of them into the Indian union
He got document of accession signed from the princely states.
He used force and persuasion with the stats of Hyderabad, Junagarh, Manipur and Kashmir for
their merger.
5. What problems were involved in the integration of princely states during nation building?
Ans –
i. British announced to lapse of British paramountcy over princely states with the end of their rule
over India.
ii. British government took the view that all these states were free to join either India or Pakistan
or remain independent.
iii. Ruler of Travancore declared that states an independent
iv. the nizam of Hyderabad and the nawab of Bhopal were similar announcement.
There was a very real possibility that India would get further divided into a number of small
countries.
6 marks
1. “The accommodation of regional demands and the formation of linguistic states were also seen as
more democratic” justify the statement.
Ans – the state reorganization commission was set up in 1953.
The commission accepted that the boundaries of the states should reflect the boundaries of
different languages. On the basis of report the state reorganisation act was passed in 1956.
This led to the creation of 14 seats and 6 union territories.
In the early phase it was left that linguistic states may faster separatism and create pressures on
the newly founded nation.
But India made a favour linguistic states and hoped that if we accept the regional and linguistic
claims of all regions the threat of division and separatism would be reduced.
The accommodation of regional demands and formation of linguistic states were seen democratic.
Linguistic states and the movements for the formation of states changes the nature of democratic
politics and leadership
2. India was born in very difficult circumstances. In this situation independent India stated on its
journey to achieve several objectives. Explain it.
Ans – in 1947 freedom came with the partition, unprecedented violence and trauma of
displacement in this situation India faced multiple challenges they were –
i. To shape a nation:
India was land of continental size and diversity. Its people spoke different languages,
culture and religions.
It was the imme3diate challenge to shape a nation that, united an accommodative of the
diversity.
ii. Establish democracy: \
India adopted representative democracy based on the parliamentary form of government.
A democratic constitution is necessary but not sufficient for establishing a democracy. The
challenge was to develop; democratic practices in accordance with the constitution.
iii. Development and wellbeing of society:
The challenge was to bring development and wellbeing of the whole society. Our
constitution has granted equality and protection to socially deprived sections directive
principles of state policy is also provided for the development of society. Although the real
challenge is to develop effective policies for economic development and eradication of
poverty.
3. How did the reorganization of states take place in India after its independence? Explain.
Ans – after partition the challenge was to draw the internal boundaries of the Indian states.
The boundaries had to be drawn in away so that the linguistic and cultural plurality of the country
could be affected without affecting g the nitty of the nation.
In the Nagpur session of the congress in 1920 the states would be reorganized on the basis of
language such a decision was taken carving out sates on the basis of language might lead to
disruption and disintegrational and would draw attention away from other social and economic
challenges that the country faced.
The central leadership decided to postpone matters this decision challenged by the local leaders
and people and later this challenge turned into a great movement.
These struggles forced the central government into appointing a state reorganization commission
in 1953 to look redrawing of the boundaries of states.
The commission accepted that the boundaries of the state should reflect the boundaries of
different language.
This led to the creation of 14 states and 6 union territories.
Gujrat was formed out by Bombay, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh was formed by Punjab and
another sate w3as formed after 1956.
IDEAS OF DEVELOPMENT
➢ Prominent development models of the period were the liberal capitalist system and the socialist
system.
➢ A large section of the people and leaders of Indian society were supporters of the socialist model.
➢ India adopted a mixed economy.
➢ Development means the process of living standard and attaining an economic level of industrial
production.
➢ After independence, the Indian government took up the task of removing poverty, social and
economic redistribution and development of agriculture.
➢ Planning is a systematic regulation of purpose to achieve the national goals.
➢ A certain section of big industrialists got together in 1944 and drafted a joint proposal for setting
up a planned economy. This was called the Bombay plan.
➢ The planning commission of India was set up in 15 March 1950.
➢ Planning commission established as an extra constitutional body with the Prime minister as its
chairman.
PLANNING
➢ For development of a Nation planning was designed.
➢ After Independence there was a need of planning for rebuilding economy and for this involvement
of Government was also needed.
➢ Planning was needed for the proper distribution of resources
➢ The first five- year plan, 1951- 56 adopted to take the country’s economy out of poverty.
➢ Mr K.N. Raj played important role in India's planned redevelopment. He drafted the first five a plan.
➢ The focus of First Five Year Plan was on Agriculture.
➢ Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, presented the first five-year plan in the
parliament of India.
➢ The First Five Year plan mainly focused on Agriculture Sector including Investment in Dams and
Irrigation.
Supporters of industry
➢ Industrialization is essential for rapid economic development of the country.
➢ Proper industrial development is helpful to remove rural poverty.
➢ Industrialization generate more employment opportunities in urban and rural areas.
➢ industrialisation helps India to earn more foreign exchange.
➢ Industrial production was essential for eradication of poverty in rural and urban areas.
MAJOR OUTCOMES
➢ Land reforms did not implement effectively in most parts of the country.
➢ Major steps were not taken properly in direction of achieving equal development.
➢ Political Power remaining in the hand of land-owning classes.
FOUNDATIONS
➢ During this period, the foundation of India’s future economic growth was laid down.
➢ During this time some of the largest development Projects in India’s history were undertaken, like
Bhakra Nangal Dam, Hirakund Dam for irrigation and power generation.
➢ Heavy industries in the public sector like a steel plants, oil refineries, manufacturing units, defence
production etc. started in this period.
LAND REFORMS
➢ Abolition of the colonial system of Zamindari.
➢ Reduce the capacity of landlords to dominate in politics.
➢ Consolidation of land started (bringing small piece of land together in a one place) so that the farm
size become large for agriculture.
FOOD CRISIS
➢ The agriculture situations went from bad to worse in the 1960s.
➢ Already in 1940 and 1950s, the rate of growth of food grain production was barely staying above
the rate of population growth.
➢ Severe droughts occurred in several parts of the country.
➢ The two component of land reforms which make these reforms lack successful – A- How much
agriculture land one person could own. (B-) The tenants who works on someone else’s land were
given greater legal security against eviction. Result – But these provisions were rarely
implemented.
Negative
➢ The rich peasant and the landholders were the major benefices of the Green Revolution.
➢ Moderate agriculture growth in Wheat production and raised the availability of the food in the
country but increased polarization between classes and the regions.
➢ Some regions like Punjab Haryana and Western UP become agriculturally prosperous but other
remained backward.
➢ In many parts there was stark contrast between the poor peasantry and landlord.
Positive:
➢ The green revolution resulted in the rise of the middle peasant sections.
➢ The landlords produced conditions favourable for left-wing organization the poor peasants.
THE WHITE REVOLUTION
➢ The White Revolution was started by Varghese Kurian (Milkman of India) in Anand (Gujarat).
➢ Amul products lies a successful history of cooperative dairy farming in India.
➢ Operation Flood was started in 1970 is known as White Revolution.
LETTER DEVELOPMENT
➢ The development in India took a significant turn from the end of the 1960.
➢ Indira Gandhi decided to strengthen the role of state in controlling and directing the economy she
imposed many new restrictions on private industries from 1967 onwards.
➢ 14 private banks were nationalized. The government announced many Pro- poor programmes.
MCQ
Q.1. Which of these statements about the Bombay Plan is incorrect?
(a) It was a blueprint for India’s economic future.
(b) It supported state ownership of industry.
(c) It was made by some leading industrialists.
(d) It supported strongly the idea of planning.
Q.2. Which of the following ideas did not form part of the early phase of India’s development policy?
(a) Planning
(b) Liberalisation
(c) Cooperative Farming
(d) Self-sufficiency
Q.3. The Idea of Planning in India was drawn from:
(a) The Bombay Plan
(b) Experiences of the Soviet bloc countries
(c) Gandhian Vision of Society
(d) Demand by Peasant Organisation
(I) b and d only
(II) d and e only
(III) a and b only
(IV) all the above
Q.4. Match the following.
(a) Charan Singh i) Industrialisation
(b) P.C. Mahala Nobis ii) Zoning
(c) Bihar Famine iii) Farmers
(d) Varghese Kurian iv) Milk Cooperatives
Ans. a) Charan Singh iii) Farmers
b) P.C. Mahala Nobis i) Industrialisation
c) Bihar Famine ii) Zoning
d) Varghese Kurian iv) Milk Cooperatives
Q.5. In India, planning was conceived as the main instrument of:
(a) Political development
(b) Cultural development
(c) Social development
(d) Socio-economic development
Q.6. The Planning Commission in India was set up in:
(a) 1953
(b) 1957
(c) 1960
(d) 1950
Q.7. The Chairman of the National Development Council is:
(a) President of India
(b) Finance Minister of India
(c) Prime Minister of India
(d) Chief Minister of U.P.
Q.8. Which are the two models of development?
(a) Capitalist and Gandhism
(b) Capitalist and Socialist
(c) Capitalist and Marxist
(d) None of the above
Q.9. Socialist model of development was related to
(a). Europe
(b) Pakistan
(c) USSR
(d). USA
Q.11. In which year the First Five Year Plan was started?
a.1950
b.1952
c.1951
d.1953
Q.12. What is the name of the document that the government of India prepares that has a plan for all its
income and expenditure?
a. Statistical abstract
b. Census Report
c. Union Addresses
d. Budget
Q.13. Which sector received more attention in the first five-year plan?
(a) Agricultural
(b) Industry
(c) Milk
(d) None of the above
Q.14. Which sector received more attention in the Second five-year plan?
(a) Agricultural
(b) Industry
(c) Milk
(d) None of the above
Q.15.Green Revolution is related to.
(a) Milk Production
(b) Food Production
(c) Grass Production
(d) None of the above
VERY SHORT ANSWER
Q.16. What is meant by planned development?
Ans. Planned development means to develop a design or plan for development.
Q.17. From where the idea of planning in India was drawn.
Ans. In India, the idea of planning was drawn from the experiences of the Soviet bloc countries.
Q.18. What is the Five-year plan (FYP)?
Ans. FYP is a document that has plan for all its income and expenditure for the next five years.
Q.19. Mention the main objectives of the Second Five Year Plan.
Ans. The main objectives of the Second Five Year Plan were to enhance the growth of Industrial
development.
Q.20. What is meant of “White Revolution”
Ans. White Revolution related to increased milk production in country. The father of the White
Revolution was Varghese Kurian.
Q.21. What is the Decentralised Planning.?
Ans. Decentralized planning is a type of economic system in which decision-making is distributed
amongst various economic agents or localized within production agents.
Q.23. What was the major thrust of the First Five-year Plan? In which ways did the second plan differ
from the first one?
Ans. The First Five-year plan aimed at getting the country out of the cycle of poverty. Its thrust was on
agrarian sector including investment in dams because the agricultural sector was hit hardest by partition
and needed immediate attention.
The Second five-year plan differed from the first plan in the following ways:
The Second Five Year plan stressed on heavy industries in place of agriculture.
If the first five-year plan had preached patience, the second plan wanted to bring about quick
structural transformation by making changes simultaneously in all possible direction.
Questions
1. What message does the cartoon convey?
2. Name the person who is making efforts to balance both the sectors.
3. How were both these sectors balanced?
Answer:
1. Cartoon is trying to make balance between the private and public sector to maintain the growth of an
economy adopted by India.
2. Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India.
3. Pt. Nehru made a balance between both the sectors by adopting the model of mixed economy to co-
exist the private and public sector.
Q.29. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions:
Decentralized Planning: It is not necessary that all planning always has to be centralised; nor is it
that planning is only about big industries and large projects. The ‘Kerala model’ is the name given
to the path of planning and development charted by the State of Kerala. There has been a focus
model on education, health, land reform, effective food distribution, and poverty alleviation.
Despite low per capita incomes,
and a relatively weak industrial base, Kerala achieved nearly total literacy, long life expectancy,
low infant and female mortality, low birth. rates and high access to medical care. Between 1987
and 1991, the government launched the New Democratic Initiative which involved campaigns for
development (including total literacy especially in science and environment) designed to involve
people directly in development activities through voluntary citizens’ organisations. The State has
also taken initiative to involve people in making plans at the Panchayat, block and district level.
Questions.
1. What is meant by Decentralisation?
Ans. Decentralisation shares the powers even among the states and its subordinate units to run the
administration in efficient manner i.e. at the Panchayats, blocs and district level.
Q.30. What was Green Revolution? Mention it’s any two positive and two negative consequences.
Answer: Green Revolution was introduced to bring about revolutionary changes in agriculture
especially in food gains like wheat and rice to increase food production through high yielding varieties of
seeds, fertilisers and scientific irrigation.
Positive Consequences:
(i). In many parts, the stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords produced conditions
favourable for left wing organisations to organise the poor peasants.
(ii).It resulted in the rise of what is called the ‘Middle Peasant Sections’
who were farmers with medium size holdings who benefitted from the changes and soon emerged
politically influential in many parts of country.
Negative Consequences:
(i) This created a stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords.
(ii) It delivered only a moderate agricultural growth i.e. a rise in rice and wheat production by raising
availability of food grains in country. On the other hand, it increased polarisation between the classes and
regions like Northern States i. e. Punjab, Haryana, West-U.P. became agriculturally rich but others
remained backward.
Q.31. Explain the main arguments in the debate that ensued between industrialisation and
agricultural development at the time of second five-year plan.
Answer: At the time of second five-year plan, some controversial issues rose in reference of relevancy of
agriculture over industry:
1. Second five-year plan emphasised on industry in place of agriculture or rural India.
2. J.C. Kumarappa, a Gandhian Economist proposed an alternative blueprint to emphasise on rural
industrialisation.
3. Bhartiya Lok Dal leader, Chaudhary Charan Singh also commented that the planning was leading to
creation of prosperity in Urban and industrial sections at the cost of rural welfare.
Others debated that without an increase in industrial sector poverty could not be alleviated:
1. India planning did not have agrarian strategy to boost the production of food grains.
2. It also proposed programme of community development and spent large sums on irrigation projects
and failure was not that of policy but of its non-implementation because of the politics of land-owning
classes.
3. Besides they also argued that even if the government had spent more money on agriculture, it would
not have solved the massive problems of rural poverty.
Q.32. Describe any three outcomes of early initiatives for planned development in India.
Ans. After independence, India adopted economic planning for the development of the people of India. In
fact, there was a consensus on the planned development.
For planned development, Planning Commission was set up in March 1950 by a simple resolution of the
Government of India. The Planning Commission opted for Five Year Plans. The First Five Year Plan was
started in 1951 with the main emphasis on agriculture including investment in Dam and irrigations. The
Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961) stressed mainly heavy industries. Rapid industrialization was the
main aim of the Second Five Year Plan. Following are the outcomes of planning in India:
1. Through planning the foundations of India is future economic growth were laid.
2. Some of the heavy industries were Started.
3. Planning enhances the economic growth of the country.
4. Land Reforms lake place through planning.
5. Through planning the growth of manufacturing was increasing.
6. India becomes self-sufficient in food.
Nehru’s role
➢ The first Prime-Minister played a role in setting the national agenda.
➢ He exercised in the formulation and implementation of India’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1964.
➢ The three major objective of the Nehru foreign policy were –
1- To preserve the hard-earned sovereignty,
2- Protect territorial integrity
3- Promote rapid economic development.
➢ Nehru wished to achieve these objectives through the strategy of Non- Alignment.
➢ There were parties and groups in the country believed that India should be friendlier with the US
because US claimed to be Pro-democracy. Among those who thought on these lines were leaders
like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Afro-Asian Unity
➢ 1Sensing India size and position and power potential, Nehru dreamed of playing a bigger role for
India in world affairs, especially in Asian affairs.
➢ During Nehru’s time India contacted new lovely independent countries of Asia and Africa
➢ Throughout the 1940 and 1950 Nehru had been an ardent advocate of Asian unity.
➢ India convened the Asian relation conference in March 1947.
➢ The Afro-Asian conference held in the Bandung (Indonesia) in 1955 known as the Bandung
conference,
➢ The first summit of the NAM was held in Belgrade in September 1961.
➢ Nehru was a co-founder of the NAM.
India-China Relations
➢ In 1949 India was the first country to recognize the Communist Government.
➢ Nehru felt that China coming out the shadow of Western domination and helped the New
Government in International Community.
➢ The Joint enunciation of Panchseel (Five Principles) of Peaceful Co-existence by Nehru and Zhou En-
Lai on 29 April, 1954 was a step in the direction of stronger relationship between India and China.
Tibet Issue
1- Tibet is a small country located between India and China.
2- The Plateau of the Central Asian Region called Tibet.
3- Tibet is the major caused and tensions between India and China.
4- Tibet was independent country but China had claimed administrative control over Tibet.
5- Large sections of the Tibetan population opposed China took over the control of Tibet in 1950.
6- India tried to peruse China to recognize Tibet’s claims for independence.
7- The Tibetan Spiritual Leader Dalai Lama accompanied the Chines Premier Zhou En-Lai during
the official visit of China in India in1956.
8- China ensured to India that Tibet will be given greater autonomy than enjoyed by any other
region of China.
9- In 1958-armed uprising in Tibet against China’s occupation.
10- In 1959 the Dalai Lama crossed the Indian Border and sought asylum which was granted by
India.
11- The Chines government strongly protested against asylum of Dalai Lama.
12- A large number of Tibetan has sought refuge in India.
13- Dharamshala in Himachal Pradesh is the largest refuge settlement of Tibetan in India.
14- Dalai Lama has also made Dharamshala (HP) his home.
15- In the 1950s and 1960s many political leaders and parties in India including the Socialist Party
and the Jana Sangh supported the causes of Tibet’s independence.
16- China has created the Tibet autonomous region which is an integral part of China.
17- Tibetan opposes the Chinese claim that Tibet is a part of Chinese territory.
18- Tibetan opposes the policy of bringing Chine settlers in the Tibet.
➢ Russia president Boris Yeltsin in and India signed nine agreement s in respect of scientific-
Equipment, Environment protection and research in to space Russia agreed to deliver to India the
most ultra –modern aircraft (Sukoi-30).
➢ Indo Russian strategic agreement for joint fighting international terrorism
➢ An agreement signed in 2006 enabled India to import space Technology from Russia.
➢ An agreement signed in 2008 construction of Russia designed Nuclear plants in kundankulam.
➢ An inter- government cooperation for long term gas supply
➢ Military and Technical Co-operation always remained an important pillar on strategic partnership
between the two countries.
➢ In April, 2019 Russia conferred its highest civil award on Indian prime minister for his “exceptional
servicer’ in promoting the strategic partnership between the two countries.
➢ India's nuclear policy has always been peace-oriented, whose clear impression is reflected in
the policy of No First Use. But in view of contemporary regional security challenges,
➢ The present government led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has made it clear that the policy
of no first use can be reviewed and changed in consonance with India's regional and national
security.
➢ In addition, India is committed to ensuring its membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group
(NSG) and opposing partisan and unjust nuclear treaties like CTBT and NPT.
Q7. Indo-Pak war of 1971 was fought over the issue of?
(A) Rann of Kutch (B) Bangladesh
(C ) Kashmir (D) Terrorism
Q14. Which was the country to recognize China’s first communist government?
Ans. (A) Nepal (B) USSR
(C) India (D) USA
Q2. Name two determinants (one internal factor and external factor) of India’s foreign policy?
Ans. (i) Ideal that inspired one national leader.
(ii) Cold war between USSR (Eastern Bloc) and USA (Western Bloc).
Q3. What does Co-existence mean in the context of India’s foreign policy?
Ans. Co –existence means that all nations and system of government should exist side by side. In other
words, no nation has a right to impose its system of governance or economic policies on other
nations.
Q6. Israel was created in 1948, but diplomatic relation between India and Israel were
established too late in 1992.Why was it so?
Ans. It was because of Arab hostility towards Israel. Our rulers all these years thought that growing Indo
– Israel relation could have adversely affected India’s relations with countries in the Gulf reason,
especially United Arab Emirates (UAE).Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and others.
Q8. What were the two main consequences of Indo- Pakistan conflict of 1971?
Ans. 1. One lac Pakistan soldiers surrendered and General Niazi signed the document of surrender.
2. Bangladesh emerged as an independent country.
Q9. Why did India not sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)?
Ans. 1. India did not sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty because according to India, this treaty was
discriminatory.
2. India’s two neighboring countries had nuclear weapons therefore it was necessary for India to
have minimum deterrent.
Q4. Explain any two factors responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy?
Ans. 1. The social dominance of the military, clergy and landowning aristocracy are responsible for
overthrowing the democratic government. Wars with India have made military rulers and pro-
military groups very powerful. Democracy has not succeeded in Pakistan, there has been strong
pro-democratic sentiments in the country. America and other western countries have encouraged
military rulers for their own interests.
2. Another factor responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy in fundamentalist
element working in Pakistan.
Q5. Explain the circumstances that forced the Tibetans to leave China. Highlight India role in
helping the Tibetan refugees?
Ans. India’s policy of contentment crossed its limit when India gave its extra-territorial right enjoyed in
Tibet. To china by signing a trade agreement on 29 th April, 1954. Both the countries at the time of
agreement expressed their faith in the principles of Panchsheel. There was an armed uprising in
Tibet protest against china’s infiltration in 1958.Chinese forces suppressed the movement. In 1959,
the Dalai Lama crossed over to Indian border and sought asylum under the Indian government.
Large number of Tibetans had also sought refuge in India. Tibet became an issue of tension between
India and china.
Q.10- What do you understand by Panchsheel? What are its main principles?
Ans. Pt. Nehru formulated five principles of peaceful co-existence among the nation of the world. They
were accepted first by the Chines Prime-Minister Zhou En-Lie .These principles are known as
Panchsheel. They are:-
1. To respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each other.
2. Non-aggression on each other.
3. Non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
4. Peaceful settlement of disputes.
5. To promote world peace
Q.1- Describe the main objectives and principles of Indian foreign affairs?
Main Objectives and Principles of India's Foreign Affairs
➢ Non-Alignment
➢ Vasudhev Kutumbakam (Complete world is family)
➢ Independence and active participation in international affairs
➢ Opposition to expansionism/colonialism
➢ Peaceful resolution of international disputes
➢ Disarmament
➢ Panchsheel Theory :- The Panchsheel Agreement was signed between Prime Minister Nehru and
Chinese Premier Chow Ann Lai on April 29, 1954 between India and China:-
➢ Mutual respect for each other’s sovereignty.
➢ Not to attack each other.
➢ Not interfering in each other's matters.
➢ To respect each other's territorial integrity.
➢ Peaceful co-existence.
Major objectives of India’s foreign policy
➢ Promote rapid Economic Development.
➢ To preserve India’s Self-respect, hard-earned Sovereignty and Independence.
➢ Reducing Cold War conditions for keeping peace in the world.
➢ Support to the United Nations.
➢ Oppose Imperialism.
➢ India's nuclear policy has always been peace-oriented, whose clear impression is reflected in the policy of No First
Use. But in view of contemporary regional security challenges,
➢ The present government led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has made it clear that the policy of no first use can
be reviewed and changed in consonance with India's regional and national security.
➢ In addition, India is committed to ensuring its membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and opposing
partisan and unjust nuclear treaties like CTBT and NPT.
Q.3- Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow. (1+1+1+1=4Marks)
India's nuclear policy has always been peace-oriented, whose clear impression is reflected in the
policy of No First Use. But in view of contemporary regional security challenges, the present
government led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has made it clear that the policy of no first use
can be reviewed and changed in consonance with India's regional and national security. In Addition,
India is committed to ensuring its membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and opposing
partisan and unjust nuclear treaties like CTBT and NPT.
(i) Why was the policy of “NO FIRST USE” reviewed and changed?
(a)India is not a peace- oriented nation any more
(b)India wants to be a permanent member of UNSC.
(C)India regional and national security is permanent
(d)All of these
(ii) India wants to ensure its place in?
(a)United Nation Security Council
(b)International Atomic Energy Agency.
(C)National Security guard
(d)Missile technology control regime
(iii) Which one of the correct option for CTBT?
(a)Compact test ban treaty
(b)Comprehensive Testing Ban Treaty.
(C) Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
(d) Compact Testing Ban Treaty
(iv) India’s nuclear policy reiterates its resolve in:
(a) Establishing its regional supremacy
(b) Establish it as the guardian of SAARC.
(C) Establishing disarmament and regional peace.
(d) Engage in hostilities with others.
Q.4- Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow. (1+1+1+1= 4)
Historical and culture ties between India and Israel have gone back from times immemorial,
diplomatic relations formally developed between the two after the opening of Israeli embassy in
India in 1992.But even after the establishment of formal diplomatic relation, The relations between
the two countries started gaining firmness only after the formation of the BJP-led NDA government
in 1996 and 1998 onwards. Relations between the two democratic nations further intensified with
the visits of the Two Heads of government; Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Israel in 2017 and
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to India in 2018.
(i) When was the embassy of Israel established in India?
(a) 1985 (b) 1990.
(C) 1992 (d) 1993
(ii) When did the relation between India and Israel strengthen?
(a)After the establishment of NDA government in 1996 and 1998
(b) After the establishment of NDA government in 1996 and 1998.
(C) After the establishment of NDA government in 1996 and 1998
(d) None of these
(iii) When did diplomatic relations between India and Israel formally begin?
(a) From1989 (b) From 1992
(C) From 1919 (d) From 2004
PICTURE BASED
Q.1- Study the Newspaper cutting given below and answer the question that fallow:
1+1+1+1=4 marks
(i) Which country’s army officer signed for surrender in the above picture?
(a) Pakistan (b) Nepal
(c) India (d) None of these
(ii)Who was the Prime minister of the India at the time of this event?
(a) Lal Bahadur Shashtri (b) Charan singh
(c) Indira Gandhi (d) Morarji Desai
(iii)When did the event happen?
(a) December 1971 (b) May 1971
(c) March 1971 (d) August1971
(iv) What was the agreement after this event?
(a) Shimla agreement (b) October agreement
(c) May agreement (d) Tashkent
MAP BASED
In the given political outline map of India, five states have been shown as (A),(B),(C),(D) and (E). Identify
them on the basis of the given information. Give their correct names with the respective serial number of
the information and alphabet concerned in the format below:
(i)The State which came into existence due to bifurcation at the time of partition in 1947.
(ii) A Princely State whose ruler resisted its merger with India.
(iii)The State where the Congress party failed to win a majority in the First general Elections of India.
(iv) The 29th State of India
Sr. No. of the information Alphabet concerned Name of the state
used
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
ANSWER
Sr. No. of the information Alphabet concerned Name of the state
used
(i) E West Bengal
(ii) D Jammu and Kashmir
(iii) A Kerala
(iv) B Telangana
CHALLENGES TO AND RESTORATION OF THE CONGRESS SYSTEM
Challenges of Political Succession.
India’s first Prime Minister J.L. Nehru passed away in May 1964
There were two challenges of political succession.
(i). Whether India’s democratic system will survive after Nehru.
(ii) Whether question of political succession will be solved peacefully and democratically.
Because many newly independent countries of Asia and Africa and Latin America could not solve
their political succession after the death of popular leader and couldn’t be maintained democratic
system. Example- Pakistan after Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Indonesia after Sukarno.
But India solved both questions peacefully and democratically and proved the critics wrong.
Lal Bahadur Shastri became the second prime minister of India.
1960s were labeled as the dangerous decade.Beacause there were many unresolved problems like poverty.
Inequality communal and regional divison etc. could lead to a failure of the democratic system or even
disintegration of the country.
From Nehru to Shastri
Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964 to 1966)
There were three major challenges of Shastri.
(i). Economic problems due to the war with china in 1962.
(ii) Serious food crisis due to failure of monsoon and draught in large part of the country.
(iii) War with Pakistan in 1964.
To overcome these challenges Shastriji gave the slogan ‘Jay Jawan Jay Kisan’
10th January1966 Shastriji was suddenly expired in Tanshkent. Then in USSR and currently the
capital of Uzbekistan. He was there to disccuss and sign an agreement with Muhammad Ayub
Khan, the then President of Pakistan, to end the war
(i). Congress won with over 40% vote share, but seats were reduced from 361/494 to 283/520.
(ii) First Elections Congress fought under leadership of Indira Gandhi.
(iii) Parliamentary constituencies went up from 494 to 520
(iv) Swantantrata Party, Formed by anti-Congress sentiments won 44 seat.
Context of electons:
The first time congress was going to contest the election without Pandit Nehru.
There was serious economic crisis in the country.
A large part of the country faced draught due to continues failure of monsoon.
There was a shortage of food grains, Agriculture production was being decreased.
The Industrial production and exports were also decreased.
India had to raise its expenditure on military.
Indian rupee was devaluated in comparison of US dollar.
Non –Congressism
Most of the opposition’s parties realized that the division of their votes kept the congress in power. Thus,
parties that’s were entirely different and disparate in their programs and ideology got together to from
anti-congress fronts in some states.
The socialist leader Ram Manohar Lohiya gave this strategy the name of Non-Congressism. He also
produced a theoretical argument in its defense and said congress rule was undemocratic and opposed to
the interest of ordinary poor people. Therefore the coming together of the non-Congress parties was
necessary for reclaiming democracy for the people.
Electoral verdict –
➢ The fourth general elections to the Lok Sabha and state Assemblies were held in February 1967.
➢ The result jolted the congress at both the national and state level.
➢ Many contemporary political observers described the election as ‘political earthquake’.
➢ The congress did manage to get a majority in the Lok Sabha but with its lowest tally of seats and
share of votes since 1952.
➢ Half the ministers in Indira Gandhi’s cabinet were defeated.
Coalitions –
➢ The election of 1967 brought into picture the phenomenon of coalition.
➢ Since no single party had got majority, various non-congress parties came together to form joint
legislative parties (called Samyukt Vidhayak Dal in Hindi) that supported non-congress
governments.
➢ That is why these government came to be described as SVD governments.
➢ The SVD in Bihar included the two socialist parties SSP and PSP along with CPI on the left and Jana
Sangha on the right. In Punjab it was called popular united front and comprised the two rival Akali
parties at that time – Sant group and the Master group.
Defection –
➢ Defection means an elected representative leaves the party on whose symbol he/she was elected
and joins another party.
➢ In 1967 elections defection played an important role in the making and unmaking of governments
in the states.
➢ After the 1967 general election the breakaway congress legislators played a major role in installing
non-congress governments in three states – Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
➢ The constant realignments and shifting political loyalties in this period gave rise to the expression
‘Aya Ram’ – ‘Gaya Ram’ split in the congress.
➢ After the 1967 elections, the congress retained power at the center but with a reduced majority and
lost power in many states.
➢ The results proved that the congress could be defeated at the elections.
Indira Gandhi vs the syndicate –
➢ The real challenge to Indira Gandhi within her own party, she had to deal with syndicate.
➢ The syndicate, a group of powerful and influential leaders from within the congress.
➢ Gradually Indira Gandhi attempted to assert her position within the government and the party.
➢ She chose her trusted group of advisers from outside the party and carefully sidelined the syndicate.
➢ Indira Gandhi faced two challenges to build her independence and to work towards regaining the
ground that the congress had lost in the 1967 elections.
➢ She adopted a very bold strategy and launched a series of initiatives and got the congress working
committee to adopt ‘Ten-point programme’ in 1967.
➢ This programme included social control of Banks, nationalization of general insurance, ceiling on
urban property and income, public distribution of food grains, land reforms, provision of house sites
to the rural poor.
Presidential election, 1969
➢
The rulers’ families would be allowed to retain certain private property, and given a grant in
heredity or government allowance, measured on the basis of the extent, revenue and potential of
the merging state. This grant was called the Privy
Purse.
➢
Hereditary privileges were not consonant with the principles of equality and social and
economic justice laid down in the Constitution of India.
➢
Following the 1967 elections, Indira Gandhi supported the demand that the government should
abolish privy purses. Morarji Desai called the move morally wrong and amounting to a ‘breach
of faith with the princes’.
➢
The government tried to bring a Constitutional amendment in 1970 but it was not passed in
Rajya Sabha.
➢
It then issued an ordinance which was struck down by the Supreme Court. Indira Gandhi made
this into a major election issue in 1971 and got a lot of public support.
➢
The Constitution was amended to remove legal obstacles for abolition of ‘privy purse’.
The contest
➢
The electoral contest appeared to be loaded against Congress (R). After all, the new Congress was
just one faction of an already weak party.
➢
Everyone believed that the real organisational strength of the Congress party was under the
command of Congress (O).
➢
To make matters worse for Indira Gandhi, all the major non-communist, non- Congress opposition
parties formed an electoral alliance known as the Grand Alliance.
➢
The SSP, PSP, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swatantra Party and the Bharatiya Kranti Dal came
together under this umbrella.
➢
The ruling party had an alliance with the CPI.
➢
The new Congress had something that its big opponents lacked it had an issue, an agenda and a
positive slogan.
➢
Grand Alliance did not have a coherent political programme.
➢
Indira Gandhi said that the opposition alliance had only one common programme- Indira
Hatao (Remove Indira).
➢
Indira Gandhi put forward a positive programme captured in the famous slogan: Garibi Hatao
(Remove Poverty).
➢
Indira Gandhi focused on the growth of the public sector, imposition of ceiling on rural land
holdings and urban property, removal of disparities in income and opportunity, and abolition
of princely privileges.
➢
Through garibi hatao Indira Gandhi tried to generate a support base among the disadvantaged,
especially among the landless labourers, Dalits and Adivasis, minorities, women and the
unemployed youth.
➢
The slogan of garibi hatao and the programmes that followed it were part of Indira Gandhi’s
political strategy of building an independent nationwide political support base.
➢
The crisis in East Pakistan and the Indo- Pak war leading to the establishment of Bangladesh.
These events added to the popularity of Indira Gandhi.
➢
Indira Gandhi was seen not only as the protector of the poor and the underprivileged, but also
a strong nationalist leader.
➢
With two successive election victories, one at the centre and other at the State level, the
dominance of the Congress was restored.
➢
The Congress was now in power in almost all the States. It was also popular across different
social sections.
Restoration?
➢
In many ways she had re-invented the party. The party occupied a similar position in terms of its
popularity as in the past. But it was a different kind of a party.
➢
It relied entirely on the popularity of the supreme leader.
➢
It had a somewhat weak organisational structure.
➢
This Congress party now did not have many factions, thus it could not accommodate all kinds of
opinions and interests.
➢
While it won elections, it depended more on some social groups: the poor, the women, Dalits,
Adivasis and the minorities.
➢
This was a new Congress that had emerged.
➢
Indira Gandhi restored the Congress system by changing the nature of the Congress system
itself.
➢
The new Congress did not have the kind of capacity to absorb all tensions and conflicts that the
Congress system was known for.
➢
The Congress consolidated its position and Indira Gandhi assumed a position of unprecedented
political authority, the spaces for democratic expression of people’s aspirations actually
shrank.
➢
The popular unrest and mobilisation around issues of development and economic deprivation
continued to grow.
(SECTION-A)
(12 Q X 1 Mark = 12)
Q.1- In which magazine wrote that Jawaharlal Nehru “would live to confess the failure of universal
adult franchise in India?
Q.8- The factional rivalry between the syndicate and Indira Gandhi came in the open ____?
(A) Presidential Election, 1969 (B) Parliamentary Election, 1969
(C) State Election, 1969 (D) None of the above (A)
Q.9- The Socialist leader who gave the strategy ‘Non-Congressism’ was?
(A) Giani Zail Singh (B) V.V Giri.
(C) Ram Manohar Lohia (D) V.P. Singh. (C)
Q.11- Privy purse was a grant or allowance given to the families of ______?
Section B (6QX2M=12)
of the society. Socialism as an economic, social and ideological concept opposes rights based on private
property. It also has a fundamental promise that the production and distribution of wealth should be in
Q.18-Mention any two reason for the winning of congress (R) in 1971 elections? 2
Ans - a) Slogan of Garibi hatao
b) Indira’s victory in 1971 Indo Pak war.
Q.20- Name the two countries where one party dominance is prevalent? 2
Ans - South Korea , Taiwan
(SECTION-C)
(5QX4M=20)
Q.22- Examine the factors which helped V.V. Giri to become the President of India? 4
Ans - During 1969 presidential election, a series of events took place which helped Shri VV Giri to become
the President of India. These were
• The factional rivalry between the syndicate and Indira Gandhi, the then PM became public in 1969.
• Despite Indira Gandhi’s reservations, the Syndicate nominated her long time opponent and the then
speaker of the Lok Sabha, N Sanjeeva Reddy, as the official Congress candidate for presidential elections.
Smt. Indira Gandhi reacted by encouraging the then Vice-President, VV Giri to stand for presidential
eletion as an independent candidate.
Q.23- Describe any four features of the ideology of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh? 4
Ans - The Bharatiya Jana Sangha was formed in 1951. Its main features are
• The lineage of Bhartiya Jana Sangh can be traced back to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and
the Hindu Mahasabha before independence.
• It was different from other parties in terms of ideology and programmes. It emphasised the idea of one
country, one culture and one nation. It believed that the country could become modern, progressive and
strong on the basis of Indian culture and traditions.
• The party called for a reunion of India and Pakistan in Akhand Bharat.
• The party was in forefront of the agitation to replace English with Hindi as the official language of India.
It was opposed to the granting of concessions to religious and cultural minorities.
Q.24- Describe any two advantages and two disadvantages of ‘coalition’ government in India? 4
Ans - The advantages of coalition government in India are=
(i) Coalition government provides an alternative to form government, whenever there is a case of hung
Parliament.
(ii) It gives small and regional parties to have opportunities to representation in government.
Q.25- what factors were responsible for the rival of the Congress party in India in 1971?
4
Ans - The main outcomes of the General Elections of 1971 which were responsible for restoration or
revival of Congress were the following:
1. The Congress (R)-CPI alliance won more seats and votes than the Congress had ever won in the first
four general elections.
2. The 1971 elections were followed by the crisis in East Pakistan and Indo-Pak war leading to the
establishment of Bangladesh.
3. Under leadership of Indira Gandhi, her party swept through all the State Assembly elections held in
1972.
4. With two successive election victories, one at the centre and other at the state level, the dominance of
the Congress was restored.
(SECTION-D)
(3QX4M=20)
Q.27- Read the following passage and answer the questions given below? 1+1+1+1 = 4
Ans - India is not the only country to have experienced the dominance of one party. If we look around the
world, we find many other examples of one-party dominance. But there is a crucial difference between
these and the Indian experience. In the rest of the cases the dominance of one party was ensured by
compromising democracy. In some countries like China, Cuba and Syria the Constitution permits only a
single party to rule the country.
➢ Which political party dominated the political scene of India after independence?
➢ Swatantra Party
(ii) In India, One-party dominance of single party was the result of ………… .?
(a) General elections that gave majority to the party
(b) Consensus of people
(c) Democratic set-up of India
(d) All of the above (D)
(iii) For how many years one-party dominance was there in the Independent India?
(a) 10 years
(b) 12 years
(c) 15 years
(d) 17 years (C)
(iv) Which of the following are the drawbacks of a single party rule?
(a) It tries to establish anarchy and tyranny order.
(b) It brings crises of the constitutional
(c) It encourages more opposition parties.
(d) Both (a) and (b) (D)
Q.28- Observe the cartoon given below and answer the following questions?
1+1+1+1 = 4
Q.1- Which event does the picture refer to?
(C)President Elections
(C)Droupadi Murmu
(D) Indira Gandhi (D)
Q.3- Who is the Indira’s supported candidate in presidential election in 1969?
(A) S. Nijlingappa
(B) N.S.Reddy
(C)V.V.Giri
(B) V. V. Giri
(C)Morarji Desai
Q.29- In the given outline political map of India, four states have been marked as (A) (B) (C) and (D).
Identify these states on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your
answer book along with the respective serial numbers of the information used and the concerned
alphabets as per the format that follows: 1+1+1+1=4
Sr. Number for the Alphabet Concerned Name of the States
information used
(I)
(II)
(III)
(IV)
(ii) The State where Nagpur Session of the Congress Party was held in 1959.
(iii) The State to which the Communist leader E.M.S. Namboodiripad belonged.
(iv) The home State of Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, the first Health Minister of independent India.
(SECTION-E)
(4QX6M=24)
Q.30- Analyse the reasons for the dominance of Congress Party in the first three general elections?
Ans - The Congress Party succeed in maintaining its dominance till 1967 due to following reasons=
(i) The roots of this extraordinary success of the Congress Party go back to the legacy of the
freedom struggle. Congress was seen as inheritor of the national movement. Many leaders who were in
forefront of the struggle were now contesting elections as Congress candidates.
(ii) The Congress Party was supported by elites, educated business classes and middle classes
people. It also got support from peasants because of its socialist nature.
(iii) It had many popular faces like Jawaharlal Nehru, C Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, etc.
Moreover, Jawaharlal Nehru was charismatic and very popular leader.
(iv) Congress worked at upper level as well as at grassroot level. Congress was popularised due to
the participation in civil disobedience movement.
(v) During period of Nehruji, Congress attained mass popularity, but the powerful narrow elite of
congress confined to benefit from the low level of political consciousness of the electorate.
(vi) The traditional loyalities made Congress a one-party dominance.
Q.31- Why were the general elections of 1967 called as the political earthquake for Congress? Explain?
Ans - The general elections of 1967 called as the political earthquake for Congress party. The results of
1967 elections jolted the Congress at both the national and state level. Congress managed to get majority
in the Lok Sabha but with its lowest tally of seats and share of votes since 1952. The
reasons behind this were-
(i) The Fourth General Election held in 1967 was the first election to be held without Jawaharlal Nehru.
(ii) Congress was dominant party before 1967, but scenario was likely to change after 1967’s election.
Several non-Congress parties joined together to bring Congress down. They realised that their
disintegration kept Congress in power. So, they joined to form a big alliance called Samyukt Vidhayak Dal.
(iii) Congress still managed to win in Lok Sabha election, but with the poorest performance ever.
Congress lost in many states and influential leaders of Congress lost their positions.
(iv) Many Congress leaders left the party in order to join the other party. Local politics gained
momentum. Defection and coalition played an important role and new elements were in the scene of
electoral politics.
Q.32- Discuss the major issues which led to the formal split of the Congress Party in 1969?
Ans - Three major events that led to the formal split in the Congress Party in 1969 were as follows
(i) The political tension inside the Congress over the unsettled question of relation between its
ministerial and organisation wings became more pronounced. Indira Gandhi had acquired a certain
control over the government but after the blow suffered by the Syndicate in 1967 elections, she had
hardly any organisational base in the party. The veteran leader wanted that Indira should not interfere in
party affairs.
(ii) After retirement of Kamaraj as party President at the end of 1967, the other members of party foiled
Indira Gandhi’s attempt to have her own men elected to succeed him. But Nijalingappa was
elected and none of the Indira Gandhi’s men were elected to the new working committee. She did not
want to harm the unity of the party and the existence of her government by creating a conflict with the
organisational wing, as the party enjoyed only a small majority in Lok Sabha.
(iii) Indira Gandhi adopted a radical ten-point programme which included social control of banks,
nationalisation of 14 private banks and abolition of the privy purse or the special privileges given to
former princes. The Congress divided into two factions, one was right and second was left. Left attacked
on Morarji Desai as the representative of big business houses. The defeat of the Congress formalised the
split in the party. The Congress President expelled the Prime Minister from the party. Indira Gandhi
claimed that her group was the real Congress.
Q.33- Analyse the issue “Indira vs the Syndicate”? What type of challenges did the issue pose before
Indira Gandhi? 6
Ans - Indira vs Syndicate:-
(i) The real challenge to Indira Gandhi came not only from the opposition but from within her own party.
Indira Gandhi had to deal with the ‘syndicate’, a group of powerful and influential leaders from within the
Congress.
(ii) The Syndicate had played a role in the installation of Indira Gandhi as the Prime Minister by ensuring
her election as a leader of the Parliamentary party, but Syndicate wanted to control after they managed to
make her the Prime Minister.
DEMOCRATIC RESURGENCE
Introduction:
The events that took place between 1973 and 1975 posed new challenges to the balance between India’s
democratic politics and the institutional balance by constitution.
These developments led to the imposition of ‘emergency’ in June 1975.
Background of Emergency
➢ Indira Gandhi had emerged as a towering leader with tremendous popularity.
➢ Party competition during this period become bitter and polorised.
➢ The relationship between the government and the judiciary were tensed.
➢ The supreme court found many initiatives of the government to be violative of the constitution.
➢ The congress termed this stand of the court as against the principles of democracy and
parliamentary supremacy.
➢ The opposition left that politics was personalized and that governmental authority was converted
in to personal authority.
Economy context:
➢ In the 1971 elections, the congress gave the slogan of ‘Garibi Hatao’ but there was no significant
improvement in the socio-economic condition of the country.
➢ The Bangladesh crisis had put a heavy strain on India’s economy. It was followed by war with
Pakistan.
➢ The U.S. government stopped all aid to India.
➢ In the international market, oil prices increased manifold during this period.
➢ Industrial growth was low and unemployment was very high, particularly in the rural areas.
➢ The government reduce expenditure and froze the salaries of its employees.
➢ Monsoons was failed in 1972-73. This resulted in a sharp decline in agricultural productivity.
➢ There was an atmosphere of dissatisfaction in the whole country regarding the prevailing economic
condition.
➢ In such a context opposition parties were able to organize popular protests effectively.
➢ Students unrest in this period.
➢ The Marxist group also launched arms struggle to overthrow the capitalist order and established
political system.
Gujrat and Bihar movements:
Protest in Gujrat:
➢ In January 1974 students in Gujrat started an agitation against rising prices of essential
commodities and corruption.
➢ Major opposition parties joined the students protest and became widespread leading to the
imposition of president’s rule in the state.
➢ The opposition parties demands fresh elections.
➢ Morarji Desai, a prominent leader of congress (o), who was the main rival of Indira Gandhi. He was
announcement to go on an indefinite fast if fresh elections were not held in the state.
➢ Under intense pressure from student and opposition parties, assembly elections were held in Gujrat
in June 1975 and congress was defeated in this election.
Protest in Bihar:
➢ In march 1974 students in Bihar to protest against rising prices, food scarcity, unemployment and
corruption.
➢ Students invited Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) to lead their movement.
➢ JP was accepted it on the condition that the movement will remain non-violent and will not limit
itself to Bihar.
➢ The student’s movement assumed a political character and had nation appeal.
➢ JP demanded the dismissal of congress government in Bihar.
➢ He called ‘Total Revolution’ in the social, economic and political spheres for establishing true
democracy.
➢ A series of bandhs, gehraos and strikes were organized in protest against the Bihar government.
➢ Jayprakash wanted to spread the Bihar movement to other parts of the country.
➢ Alongside the agitation led by Jayprakash Narayan, a nationwide strike by all employees’ the
railways was led by the George Fernandes.
➢ In 1975, JP led a people march to the parliament. This was one of the largest political rallies ever
held the capital.
➢ The Gujrat and Bihar agitations were seen as anti-congress.
The Naxalite movement:
➢ In 1967 a peasant uprising took place in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills district
in west Bengal. Under the leadership of the local cadres of the communist party of India [Marxist].
➢ Beginning from the Naxalbari police station, the peasant movement spread to several states of India
and came to be referred broadly as the Naxalite movement.
➢ In 1969, Naxalist broke off from the CPI(M) and a new party, communist party [Marxist-Leninist]
(CPI-ML) was formed under the leadership of Charu Majumdar.
➢ Naxalites argued that democracy in India was a sham mand decided to adopt a strategy of
protracted guerrilla warfare in order to lead to a revolution.
➢ The Naxalite movement has used force to snatch land from rich landowners and give it to the poor
and the landless.
➢ Its supporter advocated the use of violet means to achieve their political goals.
➢ The Naxalite movement split into various parties and organization.
➢ Many districts in nine states are affected by Naxalite violence.
➢ Most of these are very backward areas inhabited by Adivasis.
➢ In these areas the sharecroppers, under tenants and small cultivators were denied their basic right
with regard to security of tenure of their share in produce payment of fair wages.
➢ Forced labour, expropriation of resources by outsiders and exploitation by moneylenders are
common in these areas.
➢ These conditions lead to the growth of the Naxalite movement.
➢ Government have taken stern measures in dealing with the Naxalite movement.
Conflict with judiciary:
Three constitutional issues had emerged in this period –
i. The parliament to abridge fundamental right.
ii. Parliament can abridge the right to property making an amendment.
iii. The parliament abridge fundamental right to give effect to the directive principles.
➢ All these issues were struck down by the supreme court.
➢ This led to a crisis as far as the relations between the government and the judiciary were concerned.
➢ This crisis culminated in the Kesavananda Bharti case.
➢ In this case the court gave a decision that there are some basic features of the constitution and the
parliament cannot amend these features.
➢ Two developments further added to the tension between the judiciary and the executive.
➢ In India, it was a practice to make the senior most judge of the supreme court the chief justice, but
in 1973 the government set aside the seniority of three judges and appointed justice Ajit Nath Ray
as the chief justice of India.
➢ A state’s high court declared Indira Gandhi’s election invalid.
Declaration of Emergency :
➢ On 12th June 1975, the Allahabad high court declared Indira Gandhi’s election invalid.
➢ This petition was filed by Raj Narain, a socialist challenging. Indira Gandhi’s election as invalid as
she has used government machinery for election campaign.
➢ The high court declared her election as invalid so legally she was, no more an MP and therefore, she
could not remain the prime minister unless once again elected as an MP within six months.
➢ On June 24, the supreme court a partial stay on the high court order.
Crisis and response:
➢ The opposition political parties led Jayaprakash Narayan organized a massive demonstration in
Ram Leela grounds on 25th June, 1975 for resignation of Indira Gandhi.
➢ JP announced a nationwide satyagraha for her resignation and asked the army, the police and
government employees not to obey ‘illegal immoral order’
➢ Indira Gandhi’s government respond to this crisis by declaring a state of emergency.
➢ On 25th June, 1975 the government declared that there was threat of internal disturbances and
therefore, she imposed emergency under article 352 of the constitution [During the emergency,
Indian constitution provided its special powers to union government.]
➢ Once on emergency is proclaimed, the federal distribution of power remains practically suspended
and all the powers get concentrated in union government.
➢ Government also gets power to restrict all or any of the fundamental right during the emergency.
➢ Emergency is seen as an extraordinary condition in which normal democratic politics cannot
function.
➢ On the night of 25th June 1975, the prime minister recommended the imposition of emergency to
president Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.
➢ He issued the proclamation immediately.
➢ The electricity was disconnected for all major newspaper offices.
➢ A large number of leaders and worker of the opposition parties were arrested.
Consequences:
➢ With imposition of emergency, agitation and strikes were banned.
➢ Many opposition leaders were put in Jail and political atmosphere become quiet but little tense as
well.
➢ The government suspended the freedom of the press.
➢ ‘Newspapers were asked to get prior approval for all material to be published, this known as press
censorship.
➢ Apprehending social and communal disharmony, the government banned Rashtriya Swayansevak
sangh (RSS) and Jamait-e-Islam.
➢ Protest, trikes and public agitation’s were also disallowed.
➢ Under the provisions of emergency the various fundamental rights of citizens stood suspended
including the right of citizens to move the court for restoring.
➢ The government made extensive use of preventive detention, under this provision people are
arrested and detained not because they have committed any offence, but on the apprehension that
they may commit an offence.
➢ Using this acts government arrested political workers, they could not challenge their arrest through
habeas carpus petitions.
➢ Many cases were brought by and on behalf of arrested individuals in the high courts and supreme
court, but the government contended that it was not even necessary to tell the arrested individuals
of the reason and grounds for their arrest.
➢ Several high courts have ruled that a writ of habeas corpus field by a person challenging his or her
detention can be heard even after the proclamation of emergency.
➢ The constitution bench of the supreme court over ruled the high courts in April 1976 and approved
the government’s plea.
➢ It meant that the government may take away a citizen’s right to life and liberty during the
emergency.
➢ This judgement closed the doors of judiciary for the citizens and is regarded as one of the most
controversial judgements of the supreme court.
➢ Many journalists were arrested for writing against the emergency.
➢ Kannada writer Shivarama karanth, awarded with Padma Bhushan, Hindi writer Fanishwarnath
Renu awarded with Padma Shri, returned their awards in protest against the suspension of
democracy.
➢ In the background of the ruling of the Allahabad high court the parliament brought in many changes
to the constitution.
➢ An amendment was made declaring that election of prime minster, president and vice-present could
not be challenged in the court.
➢ The 42nd amendment was passed during the emergency, in this amendment consisted of a series of
changes in many parts of the constitution.
➢ By this amendment that the duration of the legislature in the country was extended from five to six
years.
➢ This change was not only for emergency period but was intended to be of a permanent nature.
➢ During emergency election can be postpended by one year.
Consequences of Emergency
Many opposition leaders were arrested and sent to jail.
Protest, Strikes and public agitations were also banned.
The political situation in the country became very quiet though tense.
Government imposed censorship on press. Newspaper was asked to get prior approval for all material to
be published.
The Government banned R.S.S. and Jamait -e-Islami .
The various Fundamental right of citizen were also suspended.
The Government made extensive use of preventive detention.
During emergency government passed 42nd Constitution amendment was made declaring that election of
Prime-minister, President and vice president could not be challenged in the court.
Controversies regarding Emergency
Emergency is one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics. The Government declared
emergency on ground of “Internal disturbance”
Was the Emergency necessary ?
The Constitution simply mentioned ‘internal disturbances’ as the reason for declaring Emergency.
Government’s Arguments ( favor of Emergency)
The government argued that in a democracy the opposition must allow the elected ruling party to govern
according to its policies. Frequent agitation, protests and collective action are not good democracy.
Continuous agitations, demonstrations and strikes lead to instability and distract day today
administration and development.
CPI supported emergency and said that there was an international conspiracy against the unity of India.
Supporter of Indira Gandhi said the opposition cannot continuously have extra-parliamentary politics
targeting the government.
Arguments against the government
In a democracy people have right to criticize and protest against the government.
People those were arrested were never tried for any anti-national activities.
The threat was not to the unity and integrity of the country but to the ruling parties and to the prime
minister herself. There was no need to suspend democratic functioning and use draconian measures like
the Emergency.
Shah Commission
In May 1977, the Janata Party government appointed a commission of inquiry
headed by Justice J.C. Shah, retired Chief justice of Supreme Court of India, to
enquiry “into several aspects of allegations of abuse of authority , excesses
and malpractices committed and action taken in the wake of the Emergency
proclaimed on the 25th June 1975.
1 Mark Questions
Question 1. Name the political party which came to power at the centre in 1977.
a) Congress party b) janata party c) Left party d) Socialist party
a ) ii b) I c) iii d) iv
Q.3. Find the odd one out in the context of proclamation of Emergency .
a) The call for ‘Total Revolution’
b) The railway strike of 1974
c) The Naxalite movement
d) The Allahabad High court verdict
e) The findings of the shah Commission Report
Q.4. In which year internal emergency was declared by Smt. Indira Gandhi?
(a) 1965
(b) 1971
(c) 1975
(d) 1980
Q.5. Who became the Prime Minister after 1977 Lok Sabha election result ?
a) Chaudhary Charan singh b) Moraraji Desai c) Indira gandhi d) Jagjivan Ram
Q.6. Which Commission investigate abuse of authority during emergency .
a) Charan aayog b) Shah aayog c) Vajpai aayog d) none of the above
Q.7. The Bihar movement was led by.
a) Jay Prakash Narayan B) JC Shah c) Bindeshwari mandal d) None of the above
Q.8. The congress was defeated Loksabha election of .
a) 1960 b) 1977 c) 1980 d) 1971
Q.9.Through which article of the constitution. Government declared emergency in 1975.
a) 352 b) 356 c) 377 d) 360
Q.10 The railway strike 1974 was called by…………………led by Geogre Fernandes
a) National Coordination committee
b)National Coordination samiti
c) National Coordination Counsil
d) National movement of India
Very short Questions
Question 11. Mention the main reason for the defeat of Congress Party in the election of 1977?
Answer: The main reason for the defeat of Congress party was declaration of emergency by the then
Prime Minister and anti-democratic nature of their government.
Question 12. Who led the Railway Strike in 1974? What was its main demand?
Answer: Railway Strike of 1974 was led by George Fernandes. Its main demand was related to
bonus and service conditions.
Question 13. Students of which two states started agitation against the rising food
prices in 1974?
Answer: The students Gujarat and Bihar started agitation against the rising food
prices in 1974.
Question 14. Why did the magazines like ‘Seminar’ and ‘Mainstream’ choose to close down after the
declaration of emergency in 1975?
Answer: They choose to close down after the declaration of emergency of 1975 due to censorship of
press. Question 15. Who was Charu Majumdar?
Answer: Charu Majumdar was the leader of the Naxalbari uprising. He was the founder of Communist
Party of India (Marxist-Leninist). He adopted guerrilla warfare.
Short type Question
Question 16. Describe any two outcomes of the Naxalite movements,
• Human right activist alleged government for using violence and harsh measures against them
and criticized government for violating the Constitution.
Question 17. How many Lok Sabha seats were won by the Janata Party and its allies in the General
Elections of March 1977?
Answer: Janata Party and its allies won 330 out of 542 seats in the Lok Sabha. Janata Party itself won 295
seats.
Question 18. What was Naxalite movement?
Answer: Marxist-Leninist group of people, believed in violent means to achieve their goals. They
distributed the land to landless peasant after forcefully taking it away from rich landlords. This
movement was known as Naxalite movement.
Question 19.Match the following meaningfully from the names in Column ‘A’ with the information in
Column ‘B’:
Column A Column B
(i) Indira Gandhi (a) A Member of Parliament
from 1952 till his death
(ii) Ram Manohar Lohia (b) Symbol of opposition during
the emergency of 1975
(iii) Jai Prakash Narayan (c) Nationalization of banks
(iv) Jagjiwan Ram (d) Best known for his sharp
Answer:
Column A Column B
Question 20. Match the following in Column ‘A’ with those in Column ‘B’ in a meaningful way :
Column A Column B
Answer
Column A Column B
Question 21. What was ‘Shah Commission of Inquiry’? How did the government react to it?
Answer: Shah Commission was a commission appointed by the Janata Party government in 1977 to
inquire into several aspects of allegations of abuse of authority, excesses and malpractices committed in
the wake of the emergency.
The Government of India accepted the findings, observations and recommendations contained in
the two interim reports.
Question 22. Mention any two reasons due to which Janata Party won the election of 1977?
4 Marks Questions
Question 23. How did Janata Party make the 1977 elections into a referendum on the emergency
imposed in 1975? Explain.
Answer: Janata Party made the election of 1977 into a referendum on the emergency imposed in 1975
in following ways:
i)Janata Party’s campaign was focused on the non-democratic character of the rule and on the
various excesses that took place during this period.
ii)In the backdrop of arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press, the
public opinion was against the Congress.
iii)Jai Prakash Narayan who led the party became the popular symbol of restoration of democracy.
iv)The party ensured that non-Congress votes would not be divided.
Question 24. Explain the reasons for the student's movement of 1974 in Bihar and role played by Jai
Prakash Narayan in this movement.
Answer: Reasons for the student's movement of 1974 in Bihar are following
i)Rising prices of food grains, cooking oil and other essential commodities and corruption in high
places.
ii) There was demand for fresh elections to the State Legislature.
Role played by Jai Prakash Narayan in this movement is stated in the points below:
1. He demanded the dismissal of the Congress Government in Bihar and gave a call for total
revolution in the social, economic and political spheres.
2. In 1975, he led a peoples’ march to the Parliament.
4. Provision of emergency was rectified too internal emerge could only be proclaimed
on the basis of armed rebellion after President’s formal announcement on the advice
of Council of Ministers.
Question 25. What reasons, do you think, were responsible for the declaration of emergency in 1975?
Examine any two reasons.
Answer: The circumstances which led to the proclamation of emergency were (any four):
1.Bihar and Gujarat’s movement created an unrest in the country. Students were protesting against
the price rise and against the established government in these states. Congress as ruling party failed
to handle these protests. Leadership by influential leaders further gave them a momentum against
government.
2.Increases in Naxalite activities against government and violent nature troubled the government.
Naxalite had an anti-government view. Even harsh measures by government could not stop them.
3.George Fernandes gave a call for nationwide strike to all the railway men. Their demands were
suppressed by the government. Shut down of such a big institution created havoc in the country.
4.Declaration of Indira Gandhi’s 1971 election invalid was a last straw. Jai Prakash Narayan
organised a massive demonstration demanding her resignation. The situation was tense and
emergency was declared on 25th June, 1975.
5.Call of complete revolution by Jai Prakash Narayan and unexpected people movement in Delhi.
6.Jai Prakash Narayan announced a nationwide satyagraha for resignation and asked the army,
the police and government employees not to obey ‘illegal and immoral orders.’
Question 26. Why is the ‘emergency’ and the period around it known as the period of constitutional
crisis? Explain.
Answer: The emergency and the period around it can be described as a period of constitutional crisis
because it had its origin in the constitutional battle over the Jurisdiction of the Parliament and the
judiciary.
During emergency government gets extra powers. It gains the power to suspend the Fundamental Rights
of the citizens. Measures like preventive detention could be used by government. Right to move the court
for the restoration of Fundamental Rights were taken away.
It was also a period of political crisis because the party in power had absolute majority and yet, its
leadership decided to suspend the democratic process.
6 Marks Questions
Question 27. Examine the conditions responsible for the growth of Naxalite movement in India. Suggest
ways and means to crush it.
Answer: Naxalite movement is a kind of guerrilla groups in India, mostly associated with the Communist
Party of India (Maoist). The term Naxal derives from the name of the village Naxalbari in West Bengal,
where the movement had its origin.
Naxalite Movement in India In
1967, a peasant uprising took place in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills (West
Bengal).
The Communists argued that democracy in India was a shame and decided to adopt a strategy of
protracted guerrilla warfare in order to lead to a revolution.
12. It brought out some ambiguities regarding the emergency provision in the Constitution that have
been rectified since. Now, ‘Internal’ emergency can be proclaimed only on the grounds of ‘armed
rebellion’ and it is necessary that the advice to the President to proclaim emergency must be given
in writing by the Council of Minister.
13. The emergency made everyone more aware of the value of civil liberties. The Courts too, have
taken an active role after the emergency in protecting the civil liberties of the individuals.
14. The actual implementation of the emergency rule took place through the police and the
administration. These institutions could not function independently. They were turned into
political instruments of the ruling party.
Question 29. What were the major conflicts between the Parliament and the Judiciary during the
leadership of Indira Gandhi?
Answer: This period also witnessed tensions in the relationship between the Parliament and the
Judiciary. The major conflicts between the Parliament and Judiciary during the leadership of Indira
Gandhi were:
i)On the issue of Fundamental Right and right to property, the Supreme Court denied the
amendment to Constitution. While on the issue of Fundamental Right giving effect to Directive
principles, Parliament amended the Constitution, but later Supreme Court rejected it.
ii)Court gave a decision that there are some basic features of the Constitution and the Parliament
cannot amend these basic features. This created tension between parliament and jucidiary.
iii)Tension between judiciary and executive further expanded, when a vacancy arose of the post
of Chief Justice of India. As per the constitutional rule, senior-most judge of the Supreme Court
should be appointed as Chief Justice of India in case of vacancy. But in 1973 government ignored
the seniority of three judges and appointed Ajit Nath Ray as Chief Justice of India.
iv)Appointment became a topic of tension. Government’s decision was questioned by the three
judges who were superseded.
People were talking about the need of a judiciary and bureaucracy which would be committed to
the plan of executive and legislature. Highest point in controversy came when High Court
declared Indira Gandhi’s election invalid.
Picture Based Question
Question 30. Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the following questions
(i) Identify and name the person holding in his hand , the placard ‘Save Democracy’.
(ii) In your opinion, the group of five persons belongs to which political party?
(iii) According to the group of five, what are the intentions of the person sitting on ‘Dharna’?
(iv) Which issues responsible for the downfall of democracy are highlighted in the
cartoon?
Answer:
(i) Jai Prakash Narayan is holding the placard ‘Save Democracy’.
(ii) Congress Party.
(iii) Support democracy, create chaos, grab power.
(iv) The issue responsible for the downfall of democracy highlighted in the cartoon are corruption,
lawlessness, violence, etc.
REGIONAL ASPIRATIONS
Regional Aspirations-
➢ The rising regional aspirations for autonomy often outside the framework of the Indian Union.
➢ These movements frequently involved armed assertions and main aims of these movements was
collapse of the political and electoral processes.
➢ All movements were settled with dialogue between central government and groups leading for
autonomy.
Indian Approach
➢ India adopted a democratic approach in nation building is to balance the principles of unity and
diversity.
➢ The nation would not mean the negation of the region.
➢ The one basic principle of the Indian approach to diversity is, the Indian Nation shall not deny
the rights of different regions and linguistic groups to retain their own culture.
➢ Democratic politics also means that regional issues and problems will receive adequate
attention and accommodation in the policy making process.
➢ India adopted a democratic approach to the question of diversity. Democracy allows the political
expressions of regional aspirations and does not look upon them as anti-national.
➢ After India got Independence many part of India faced mass agitations in Jammu and Kashmir
and some parts of North-East for separation from India.
➢ The mass movement followed the same in many parts for the formation of linguistic states, such
as Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat.
➢ The official language of the country that is Hindi was protested in some parts of Southern India.
➢ Later the state Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttrakhand were created and with the passage of
time the challenge of diversity was met by redrawing the internal boundaries of the country.
➢ The success and failure on these cases are instructive not merely for a study of our past, but also
for an understanding of India’s future.
Secessionist Movements
➢ For autonomy there were secessionist movements in North-East region like Mizoram and
Nagaland etc.
➢ After independence, the Mizo hills area was made an autonomous district within Assam.
➢ Mizo National Front (MNF): It was formed in 1959 by the groups of Mizo under the leadership
of Laldenga for autonomous States of Mizos
➢ Movement for secession gained popular support after the Assam Government ‘failed to respond
adequately to great famine of 1959 in Mizo hills.’ Mizo’s anger led to formation of Mizo National
Front (MNF) under the leadership of Laldenga. MNF fought guerilla war, got support from
Pakistani Government and secured shelter in East Pakistan.
➢ In 1986 a peace agreement was signed between Rajiv Gandhi and Laldenga. This accord granted
Mizoram as full-fledged statehood with special powers, and MNF agreed to give up secessionist
struggle. Thus, the accord turn Mizoram as one of the most peaceful places in the region.
➢ The story of Nagaland is similar to Mizoram except that started much earlier and had not yet
such a happy ending.
➢ After a section of violent insurgency a section of the Nagas signed an agreement with the
Government of India but it was not acceptable to other rebels.
Sikkim’s Merger
➢ At the time of independence Sikkim was a ‘protectorate (A state that is controlled and protected
by other) of India. Chogyal was its monarch. In 1975, Sikkim was merged with India and it
became the 22nd State of the Indian Union.
Goa’s Liberation
➢ Goa was under the Portuguese along with Daman and Diu, which expected freedom in 1947 but
Portuguese refused. Goa wanted to be merged with motherland and suppressed from religious
conversions and civil rights known as ‘Goa Problem’. In 1961, Government of India sent army
under ‘Operation Vijay’ and liberated Goa from Portugal rule. Goa, Daman and Diu was declared
an Union Territories and in 1987, Goa attained the status of ‘State Position’.
Q.7.Which organisation of Assam led the movement against foreign nationals in 1979?
Answer:
Organisation of Assam which led the movement against foreign nationals in 1979 is All Assam
Students’ Union (AASU).
Q. 8. When did liberate Goa from Portugal rule?
(A)1971
(B)1987
(C)1961
(D)1956
Q.9- Arrange the following in chronological order?
(i) Operation Blue Star.
(ii) State formation of Jharkhand.
(iii) Invaded on Goa.
(iv) Rajeev Gandhi Became Prime Minister
(A) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(B) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(C) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
(D) (iv) (ii) (i) (iii)
Q.10. The question below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read
the statements and choose the correct option.
Assertion: -Indian government sent army to merger Goa with India .
Reason: - Indian Government thought it was not completed Indian Union without merger of Goa and other
Portuguese territory.
(A) If both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) If both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
(D) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
Very Short Answer Type Questions.
Q.9- Why and how did Mizo Movement for secession gain popular support?
Ans. A great famine struck in Mizo hills. Assam government failed to respond adequately to the famine.
Que 7.Define the politics and separatist movement in Kashmir after 1989.
Ans.Separatist politics which surfaced in Kashmir from 1989 has taken different forms and is made
up of various strands. There is one strand of separatists who want a separate Kashmiri nation, of
India and Pakistan. Then there are groups that want Kashmir to wants greater autonomy v for the
people of the State within the Indian union. The idea of autonomy attracts the people of Jammu merge
with Pakistan. Besides these, there is a third strand which and Ladakh regions in a different way. They
often neglect and backwardness. Therefore, the demand for intra-State complain of. The initial period
of popular support to militancy has most of the separatists s in dialogue are trying to re-negotiate a
way to the urge for peace. The Centre has with separatist groups. Instead of demanding a separate
has started negotiations various relationship of the State with India. Jammu and Kashmir is one of the
living examples of plural society and politics. Not only are there diversities of all kina (religious, cult
i.al, linguistic, ethnic, and tribal) but there are also divergent political aspirations. However, despite
all these diversities and divergence on the one hand, and the continued situation of conflict on the
other, the plural and secular culture of the State has remained largely intact.
Que 8.What was the role of E V Ramaswamy Naicker in the Dravidian Movement?
Ans. Dravidian movement- The north thrives even as the south decaysl This popular slogan sums up the
dominant sentiments of one of India's most effective regional movements, the Dravidian movement
at one point of time. This was one of the first regional movements in Indian politics. Though some
sections of this movement had ambitions of creating a Dravida nation, the movement did not take to
arms. It used democratic means like public debates and the electoral platform to achieve its ends.
This strategy paid off as the movement acquired political power in the State and also became
influential at the national level.
The Dravidian movement led to the formation of Dravidar Kazhagam [DK] under the leadership
of Tamil social reformer E.V. Ramasami Periyar. The organisation strongly opposed the Brahmins'
dominance and affirmed regional pride against the political, economic and cultural domination of the
North. Initially. The Dravidian movement spoke in terms of the whole of south India .However lack
of support from other States limited the movement to Tamil Nadu. The DK split and the political
legacy of the movement was transferred to Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The DMK made its
entry into politics with a three pronged agitation in 1953-54. First, it demanded the restoration of the
original name of Kallakudi railway station which had been renamed Dalmiapuram,after an industrial
house from the North. This demand brought out its opposition to the North Indian economic and
cultural symbols. The second agitation was for giving Tamil cultural history greater importance in
school curricula. The third agitation was against the craft education scheme of the State government,
which it alleged was linked to the Brahmanical social outlook. It also agitated against making Hindi
the country's official language. The success of the anti-Hindi agitation of 1965 added to the DMK's
popularity.Sustained political agitations brought the DMK to power in the Assembly elections of
1967. Since then, the Dravidian parties have dominated the politics of Tamil Nadu. Though the DMK
split after the death of its leader, C. Annadurai, the influence of Dravidian parties in Tamil politics
actually increased. After the split there were two parties - the DMK and the All India Anna DMK
(AIADMK) - that claimed Dravidian legacy. Both these parties have dominated politics in Tamil Nadu
for the last four decades. Since 1996, one of these parties has been a part of the ruling coalition at the
Centre. In the 1990s, many other parties have emerged. These include Marumalarchchi Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) and Desiya Murpokku vider Kazhagam
(DMDK), All these parties have kept alive the i of regional pride in the politics of Tamil Nadu. Initially
seen as a threat to Indian nationalism, regional politics in Tamil Nadu is a good example of the
compatibility of regionalism and nationalism.
Que 9. What is the status of problems in Nagaland?
Ans.The story of Nagaland is similar to Mizoram, except that it started much earlier and has not yet
had suchahappy ending. Led by Angami Zaphu Phizo, a section of the Nagas declared independence
from India way back in 1951. Phizo turned down many offers of negotiated settlement. The Naga
National Council launched an armed struggle for sovereignty of Nagas. After a period of violent
insurgency a section of the Nagas signed an agreement with the Government of India but this was not
acceptable to other rebels. The problem in Nagaland still await a final resolution.
Q.3- “The accommodation of regional demands and the formation of linguistic states were also seen
as more democratic.” Explain?
Ans.
1- Formation on the basis of language became a uniform basis for the state boundary.
2- It has united country and leading disintegration.
3- Formation of linguistic states has changed the nature of democratic politics in positive way.
Q.4- Regional demands from different parts of India exemplify the principal of unity with diversity.
Justify this statement.
Ans. India's democratic politics allows people and groups to address the people on the basis of their
regional identity, aspiration regional problems.
(i)India's democratic politics given importance on regional issues and problems to receive adequate
making process. That is, regional aspirations attention and accommodation of Punjab, Assam,
Kashmir, etc. in the policy the eighties.
(ii) Mizoram is an example of settlement to resolve the problem of political separation effectively.
(iii) Its examples are in the erupted in Punjab, problems persisted in the North East, students
agitated in Assam and Kashmir valley was on the boil
(iv) The Government of India settled down some negotiations with these regional aspirations to
reduce tensions in many regions.
2. Mandal Issue
• The new ‘National Front’ government in 1990 implemented the recommendation of the Mandal
commission.
• It held that jobs in central government should be reserved for the other backward classes (OBC).
• This led to violent ‘Anti-Mandal’ protests in different parts of the country.
• This dispute between the supporters and opponents of OBC reservations was known as the ‘Mandal
Issue’.
• The Mandal issue helped in shaping Indian politics since 1989.
4. Ayodhya Dispute:
• In December 1992, the demolition of the disputed structure at Ayodhya known as Babri Masjid.
• It symbolized and triggered various changes in the politics of the country.
• It has intensified debates about the nature of Indian Nationalism and Secularism.
• These developments the rise of BJP and politics of ‘Hindutva’.
II Ero of coalitions
• In 1989, the congress defeated election, but did not result in majority for any other party.
• The National Front [An Alliance of Janata Dal and some other regional parties] support from two
opposite political groups: The BJP and the Left Front.
• The National Front formed a coalition government but the BJP and Left Front did not join in this
government.
• The congress was the largest party in the Lok Sabha but it did not have clear majority therefore, it
decided to sit in the opposition.
Decline of congress
• The defeat of the congress party marked end of congress dominance over the India party system.
• The Ero of 1990’s witnessed another challenge to the predominant position of congress as no single
party could replace congress.
• Now, began an era of multi-party system.
• In 1989 several numbers of political parties were emerged but since 1989 till 2014 no sing party
secured a clear majority of seats in any Lok Sabha elections.
• This development initiated an era of coalition government at the center.
• The regional parties played an important role in forming ruling alliances.
Alliance politics
• The 90’s witnessed the emergence of powerful parties and movements that represented the Dalit
and other backward class (OBS’s)
• These parties played an important role in the formation of united front government in 1996.
• The united front was similar to the national front of 1989, included Janata dal and several regional
parties.
• This time the BJP did not support the government, but congress party supported the united front.
• In 1989, both the left and the BJP supported the national front government because the wanted to
keep the congress out of power.
• In 1996 the left continued to support the non-congress government but this time the congress,
supported it because the (congress and left) wanted to keep the BJP out of power.
• They did not succeed for long.
• BJP made a strong party from 1991 to 1996 and emerged as the largest party in the 1996 election
and was invited to from the government.
• But other parties were opposed to its policies, therefore, the BJP government could not secure a
majority in the Lok Sabha.
• It finally came to power by leading a coalition government from may 1998 to June 1999 and was re-
elected in oct 1999 Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the prime minister during both this NDA (National
Democratic Alliance) government.
• Since 1989, there have been II government at the center, all have been coalition governments.
o National Front - 1989
o United Front - 1996 to 1997
o NDA - 1998 to 2004
o UPA (United Progressive Alliance) - 2004 and 2009
• However, this trend of coalition government changed in 2014.
III political rise of other backward classes
• One long term development of this period was the rise of other backward classes as a political force.
• These are communities other than SC and ST who suffer from educational and social backwardness.
• These are referred to as ‘backward castes.
• The support for the congress among many sections of the backward castes had declined.
• This created a space for non-congress parties that got support from these communities.
• The Bhartiya Kranti dal and the samyukta socialist party got more support from these castes.
Manal implemented
• In the 1980’s the Janata dal brought together a similar combination of political groups with strong
support among the OBCs.
• The decision of the national front government to implement the recommendations of the Mandal
commission.
• It helped in shaping the politics of OBCs.
• This intense was to give reservation in jobs.
• This period witnessed the emergence many parties that gave better opportunities for OBCs in
education and employment.
The Mandal commissions
• Southern states have had reservation for the OBCs since the 1960, but this policy did not apply to
the states of North India.
• During the tenure of Janata party govt. in 1977-79 that the demand for reservations for backward
casted in north India.
• Kapoori Thakur, the chief minister of Bihar was introduced a new policy of reservations for OBCs in
Bihar.
• Following this, the central government appointed a commission in 1978 to investigate and
recommended methods to improve the conditions of the poor.
• This commission is known as ‘Mandal commission’, after the name of its chair person, bindeshwari
prasad Mandal.
• The commission gave its recommendation in 1980.
• It recommended reserving 27 percent of seats in the educational institution and government jobs
and also made many other recommendations like land reforms to improve the conditions of OBCs.
• In august 1990 the national front government decided to implement one of the recommendations
of Mandal commission.
• It was related to reservations for OBCs in jobs at the central government level and its undertaking.
• The decision was challenged in the supreme court and came to be known as ‘Indira Sawhney case’
• In Nov 1992 the supreme court gave its decision in the favor of the government.
Political fallouts
• In 1978, the backward and minority communities’ employee’s federation (BAMCEF) was formed.
• BAMCEF was a trade union of government employees.
• It took a strong position in favor of political power to the ‘Bahujan – the SC, ST OBC and minorities.
• It was out of this that the subsequent ‘Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh samiti and leter the Bahujan
samaj party (BSP) emerged under the leadership of Kanshi Ram.
• BSP supported largely by Dalit voters in Punjab, Haryana and up.
• But in 1989 and 1991 elections, it achieved a victory in up.
• Than the BSP has emerged as a major political party and made a government more than once.
• It has expanded its support now to various other social groups.
Communalism, secularism, democracy
• During this period 1990 the politics based on religious identity, debate about secularism and
democracy.
• After emergency, the Bhartiya Jana Sangh had merged in to the Janata party.
• After the tall of Janata party and its break up Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) in 1980.
• It adopted ‘Gandhi a socialism’ as its ideology.
• After 1986 the party began to emphasize the Hindu nationalist elements in its ideology.
• The BJP started the politics of ‘Hindutva’ and adopted strategy of mobilizing the Hindus.
• Two development around 1986 become central to the politics of BJP as ‘Hindutva Party’
• The state government, with the BJP as the ruling party was dismissed by the center and other states
where the BJP was in hower, were but under president’s rule.
• A case of contempt of court was filed against the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh.
• The central government appointed a commission to investigate into the circumstances leading to
the demolition of the mosque.
• Most political parties condemned this demolition and declared It against the principles of
secularism.
Anti-Muslimism riots in Gujarat
• In February-march 2002, large scale violence against Muslims accure in Gujrat.
• This violence was an incident that accure at a station called Godhra.
• A bogey of a train that was returning from Ajodhya, was full of karsevaks was set on fire and 57
people died in that fire.
• Suspecting the hand of the Muslims in setting to the bogey. Large scale violence against Muslims
began in many parts of Gujrat.
• This violence continued for almost a whole month.
• The National Human Right commission critised the Gujrat government role in failing to control
violence.
• The election commission of India ordered the assembly elections to be postponed.
V Emergence of a new consensus
• The period after 1989 as the period of decline of congress and rise of BJP.
• In this period both parties were engaged in a tough competition.
• The votes polled by the two parties congress and BJP do not add upto more than 50 percent.
• The political competition during the 90’s is divided between the coalition led by BJP and congress.
Lok Sabha Election 2004
• In the election of 2004, the congress party entered into coalition with UPA (United Progressive
Alliance) came to power and NDA (National Democratic Alliance) was defeated.
• UPA government received support from the left front parties.
• Congress increase its seats for the first time since 1991.
• In the 2004 elections, there was a negligible difference between the BJP and congress.
• After the 1990’s the emergence of broadly four groups of parties – congress, BJP, left front and other
parties who are not part of these three.
Growing consensus
• After 1990’s a consensus appears to have emerged among most parties which consists of following
element –
1. Agreement of new economic policies: while many groups are opposed to the new economic
policy most parties believe that these policies would lead the country to prosperity.
2. Acceptance of the political and social claims of the backward castes. All political parties now
support reservation of seats for the backward castes in education and employment.
3. Acceptance of the role of state level parties in governance of the country. State level parties are
sharing power at the national level and have played a central role in the country’s politics.
4. Emphasis on work rather than ideological position and political alliance without ideological
agreement.
UNITED PROGRESSIVE ALLIANCE
UPA I AND II
UPA I
• In the general election of 2009, Dr. Manmohan Singh formed another UPA coalition cabinet and was
sworn in for second term becoming the prime minister.
• The government made employment generation and social equity as the important features of its
agenda.
• Under UPA II, women began occupying senior positions in state and union territory governments
notably in highly populated Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and west Bengal.
• It also works upon the issues of revitalizing the agrarian economy.
• Stepping up investment in agriculture.
• Providing access to credit and improving the quality of rural infrastructure.
National democratic alliance
NDA III and IV
• The Bhartiya Janata party led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi got majority in the Lok Sabha
elections held in May 2014.
• After near 30 years in Indian politics, a strong government with an absolute majority was
established at the center.
• The NDA III coalition was no only steed by a national party i.e. BJP it was also dominated by BJP
with an absolute majority of its won in Lok Sabha.
• It was also called a ‘surplus majority coalition.
• In that since a major transformation could be seen in the nature of coalition politics which could be
seen from one party led coalition to one party dominated coalition.
NDA IV
• The 2019 Lok Sabha elections, once again brought back BJP led NDA to the center of power by
wining more than 350 seats out of 543.
• The BJP on its own won 303 seats in Lok Sabha.
• It is the biggest number for any single party since 1984.
Issues of development and governance
• A major change in Indian politics after 2014 is shift from caste and religion-based politics to
development and governance-oriented politics.
• With its predefined goal ‘sabka sath, sabka vikas’ the nda III government started several socio –
economic schemes to make development and governance accessible to the masses such as
o Pradhan matri ujjwala yojna
o Kisan fasal bima yojna
o Swachh bharat abhiyan
o Jana dhan yojna
o Beti padhao, desh bachao
• All these schemes perpose to take administration to the doorstep of the commen man. Try kaning
the rural households. Particularty women, real befeficiaries of the central government schemes. ‘
• The success of these schemes could be seen from the result of 2019 lok sabha elections.
• Where the voters across states – castes, classes, communities, gender and regions brought back the
issues of development and governance to the center stage under the BJP led NDA government
characterzing the current change with ‘sabka sath, sabka vikas and sabka vishwas’.
1 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. BJP led coalition of 2014 was also called as-
a. Majority coalition
b. Clear majority coalition
c. Surplus majority coalition
d. Democratic coalition
2. With its pre-intended goal _________ the NDA III government started several socio-economic
welfare schemes to make development accessible to the masses.
a. Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan
b. Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas
c. Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas
d. Garibi Hatao
3. In ___________ the demolition of the disputed structure at Ayodhya.
a. December 1992
b. December 1991
c. November 1992
d. November 1991
4. Morarji Desai presided over which of the following –
a. The First coalition government
b. The First five years plane
c. The Green revolution
d. Economic reforms
5. What is the full form of BAMCEF?
a. Backward and majority communities’ employee’s federation.
b. Backward and minority community’s employee federation.
c. Backward and most of community’s employee federation.
d. Backward and mass community’s employee federation.
6. Which states in north India had adopted the policy of reservation for OBCs?
a. Uttar Pradesh
b. Madhya Pradesh
c. Bihar
d. Gujrat
7. Which of the following statement regarding Mandal Commission is incorrect?
a. This commission was appointed second time.
b. Its char person was bindeshwari prasad Mandal.
c. The commission gave its recommendations in 1995
d. National front government decided to implement the recommendations.
8. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) emerged under the leadership ……………
a. Kanshi Ram
b. Ram Manohar Lohiya
c. Morarji Desai
d. V.P. Singh
9. Which of the following statement (s)about the general election 1989 is a correct?
i. Congress party got less seats in this election.
ii. The elections of 1989 marked the end of ‘congress system’
iii. In this election congress won any 197 seats
iv. Even during this time, the congress remained an important party.
a. Only i, ii
b. Only ii, iii
c. Only I, ii, iii
d. All of these
10. Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by ___________
a. LTTE
b. LET
c. LIMI
d. LSMI
11. Which groups/parties was supported the national Front Party to form the government in the 1989
elections?
a. Congress and communist party
b. BJP and Left font
c. BJP and BSPA
d. Congress and Left front
12. The united front was included ___________
i. Janata Dal
ii. Several regional parties
iii. Janata Dal and BIJU Dal
iv. BJP and Janata Dal
a. i, ii
b. i, ii, iii
c. ii, iv
d. i, ii, iii, iv
13. Arrange the chronological order
i. National Front government lead by V.P. Singh
ii. United Front government lead by I.K. Gujral
iii. Mandal commission
iv. Indira Sawhney case
a. i, ii, iii, iv
b. iii, i, iv, ii
c. iv, iii, ii, i
d. ii, i, iv, iii
14. assertion -: Political parties are ensuring that the OBC, get adequate share of power.
Reason -: Political parties have recognized that the social and political claims of the OBSs need to
be accepted.
a. Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c. (A) is true, but (B) is false
d. (A) is false, but (R) is true
15. Assertion -: The distention between state level and national level parties is getting smaller now.
Reason -: State level parties are sharing power in the central government and playing an
important role in politics of the country.
a. Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b. Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c. (A) is true, but (R) is false
d. (A) is false, but (R) is true
2 MARKS QUESTINOS
1. Which coalition came to power in 1989? Name its two major supporting parties?
Ans: - The National Front came to power in 1989. BJP and the left front were two major
supporting parties.
2. What are the major changes that took place in our politics in the decade of 90s? describe any
two impact.
Ans: -The two major impact are –
i. End of Congress system –
In this period the congress party was defeated. The elections of 1989 marked the endo
off ‘congress system’.
ii. Mandal Issue –
The national front government in 1990 implemented the recommendation of the
Mandal commission that jobs in central government should be reserved for the OBSs.
3. Describe the Ayodhya Dispute?
Ans: - The Ayodhya dispute arose due tot the demolition of Babri Masjid.
It symbolized and triggered various changes in the politics of the country.
It has intensified debate about the nature of Indian nationalism and secularism.
4. Write a short note on Era of coalition?
Ans: - An Era of coalitions came up with the beginning of third electoral system.
With the defeat of congress party in the 1989 elections, no other party emerged in majority at
the central level.
Congress was the largest party in the Lok Sabha but as it didn’t clear majority so it decided in
the opposition.
The National front formed the government supported by BJP and the left front in this period.
5. What were the effects of Gujrat riots? (any two)
Ans:- in February-march 2002, a bogey of a train that was returning from Ayodhya and was
full of karsevaks was set on fire. 57 people died in that fire. This incident is known as Gujrat
riot or Godhra incident.
Effects
1. The National Human Right Commission criticized the Gujrat government.
2. The Election commission of India ordered the assembly elections to be postponed.
6. Give any two arguments in favor of reservation for the SCs, STs and OBCs in higher education
institution in India –
Ans: - The two arguments are –
i. The Backward classes had very low representation in educational institution.
ii. The employment in public offices also had very low representation of the backward
classes.
7. What does a coalition government mean? Mention any two examples of such a government.
Ans: -When two or more parties join hands together to form a government is known as
coalition government.
i. In 1977, the first coalition government was formed lead by Morarji Desai.
ii. The National front, An Alliance of Janata Dal and some other regional parties.
8. What was the change in the electoral performance of the congress party and BJP from 1984-
2004?
Ans: -The Changes in the electoral performance of the congress and BJP from 1984-2004 is as –
i. The BJP had gained the electoral performance from two seats to 138 seats.
ii. The political competition during the 1990s is divided between the coalition led by BJP
and congress. Congress lost its seats from 415 to 145.
9. Highlight any two recommendations of the Mandal Commission –
Ans: - The two recommendation of the Mandal commission –
i. 27 percent of the posts in public services should be reserved for other backward
classes.
ii. Welfare programmes specially meant for OBSs should be financed by the government of
India.
10. In what way do the coalition government prove to be more democratic that the one-party
governments?
i. Coalition government protect the rights and liberties of the minorities.
ii. In a coalition government, various parties accommodate each other.
iii. It restricts the dictatorship of one-party rule.
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follows –
The BJP continued to consolidate its position in the elections of 1991 and 1996. It
emerged as the largest party in the 1996 elections and was invited to form the
government. But most other parties were opposed to its policies and therefore, the BJP
government could not secure a majority in the Lok Sabha. It finally came to power by
leading a coalition government from May 1998 to June 1999 and was re-elected in
October 1999. Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister during both these NDA
government and is government formed in 1999 composited its full term.
1. Atal Bihar Vajpayee served as the Prime Minister of India from –
a. 1889 to 1990
b. 1998 to 1999
c. 2001 to 2003
d. 2014 to 2019
2. According to the above paragraph is which government is mentioned?
a. UPA
b. National Front
c. NDA
d. United Front
3. In which year NDA government were formed?
a. 1998
b. 2001
c. 1977
d. 1989
4. NDA III Government started _______________________ to the masses.
a. Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan
b. Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan, Jai Vigyan
c. Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas
d. Garibi Hatao
2. The Mandal Commission further helped in shaping the politics of ‘Other Backward Classes’.
The intense national debate for and against reservation in jobs made people from the OBC
communities more aware of this identity. Thus, it helped those who wanted to mobilize these
groups in politics. This period saw the emergence of many parties that sought better
opportunities for OBCs in education and employment and also raised the question of the
share of power enjoyed by the OBCs. These parties claimed that since OBCs constituted a
large segment of Indian Society. It was only democratic that the OBCs should get adequate
representation in administration and have their due share of political power.
1. Which commission was appointed on OBC?
a. Shah Commission
b. Mandal Commission
c. Election Commission
d. State Commission
2. Which government implemented the recommendation of Mandal commission?
a. United Front Government
b. NDA
c. National Front
d. UPA
3. Which recommendation of Mandal commission was implemented by government of
national front?
a. Reservations for OBCs in Jobs
b. Reservation for STs in Jobs
c. Reservation for SCs in Jobs
d. None of the above
4. What is the full form of OBCs?
a. Other Backward Caste
b. Other Backward Classes
c. Other Below Classes
d. None of the above
3. The 1980s also saw the rise of political organization of the Dalits. In 1978 the Backward and
Minority Communities Employees Federation (BAMCEF) was formed. This organization was
not an ordinary trade union of government employees. It took a strong position in favor of
political power to the ‘Bahujan- The SC, ST, OBC and Minorities. It was out of this that the
subsequent Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti and later the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
emerged under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. The BSP began as a small party supported
largely by Dalit voters in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. But in 1989 and the 191
election it achieved a breakthrough in Uttar Pradesh. This was the first time in independent
India that a political party supported mainly by Dalit voters had achieved this kind of political
success.
1. What is the full form of BAMCEF?
a. Backward and majority communities’ employee’s federation.
b. Backward and minority community’s employee federation.
c. Backward and most of community’s employee federation.
d. Backward and mass community’s employee federation.
2. Bahujan refers to
a. The SC, ST, OBC and Minorities
b. Only SCs
c. Only STs
d. Only OBC and Minorities
3. The Bahujan Samaj Party emerged under the leadership of __________
a. Bindeshwari Prasad
b. Jagjivan Ram
c. Kanshi Ram
d. Ram Manohar Lohiya
4. In which years elections BSP achieved a breakthrough
a. 1979 and 1981
b. 1989 and 1991
c. 1969 and 1971
d. 1959 and 1961
MAP
In the given political outline map of India are marked (A), (B), (C), (D).
Identify the states basis of the information given below.
1. The state where introduce a new policy of reservations for OBCs.
2. The state where BSP achieved a breakthrough in 1989 and 1991.
3. The state where election commission of India ordered the assembly elections to be
postponed in 2002.
4. The state related with H.D. Deve Gowda.
Observe the cartoon given below and answer the following question –
1. Who was head of the government formed by the national front in 1989?
a. V.P. Singh
b. H.D. Deve Gowda
c. P.V. Narasimha Rao
d. Chandra Shekhar
2. Identify the puppeteers pulling the string.
a. V.P. Singh and P.V. Narasimha Rao
b. Jyoti Basu and L.K. Adwani
c. Chandra Shekar and A.B. Vajpayee
d. Jagjivan Ram and Kanshi Ram
3. The national front was an alliance of __________
a. Janata Dal and other regional parties
b. Janata Dal and Congress
c. AIDMK and BSP
d. BAMCEF and AIDMK
4. Which party was largest party in the Lok Sabha in 1989 elections?
a. Congress
b. BJP
c. BSP
d. AIDMK
4 marks question
1. “Political parties are no longer aligned on ideological grounds in the new era of coalition politics.” Explain.
Ans – Three feature of coalition government has been given in which we have to understand the not aligning
and re-aligning on the basis of ideologies. These are –
i. Unstable government:
The coalition government has its own interest and they fight for their own self-interest. This leads to
the breakup of not only of various fonts, but of governments as well.
ii. Political opportunism:
Government formed on the basis of coalition becomes selfish, as opportunist, power hungry and
unscrupulous politicians focus on the self-interest only.
iii. Lack of polarization:
The coalition governments are formed not the basis of polarization of political forces. But for the sake
of capturing power and vested interest.
There has been no sincere urge even among the parties of same ideology for political polarization.
2. Assess the impact of coalition government on the politics of India.
Ans – The impact of coalition government on the politics of India are –
i. The parties in the coalition government believe in the same economic policy and think this would
lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world.
ii. All political parties now support reservation of seats for the backward classes in education and
employment.
iii. The distinction between state level and national level parties as fast becoming less important. State
level and have played a central role in the country’s politics.
iv. Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power
sharing arrangements.
3. Examine the impact of political rise of other backward classes in India?
Ans - 1970s onward, caste-based politics began to rise and gave rise to political leaders from OBC
communities.
These leaders further formed social and political parties and started to rise in support from these
communities especially in state politics.
The Mandal agitation gave rise to electoral consolidation of OBC.
The political rise of other backward classes was also connected to the increase in regional aspirations in
states politics.
4. What was Mandal commission? Did it try to solve the problems of other backward classes? State any two
arguments in support of your answer.
Ans – the Mandal commission under the chairmanship of mindshare prasad Mandal set up in 1978.
The commission investigate the extent of education and social backwardness among various sections of
society.
The commission’s recommendations the ‘back classes’ should be understood to mean ‘backward caste’, since
many castes other than the scheduled castes. Were also treated as low in the caste hierarchy.
It recommended reserving 27 percent of seats in educational institutions and government jobs for these
groups.
It recommended land reform to improve the conditions of the OBCs.
The government of India accepted recommendations in 1990.
27 percent reservations have been made in central and state government.
5. Write any two benefits and drawback of coalition government.
Ans – Two benefits –
i. Dominance of one patty is minimized.
ii. More than one ideology come together and gives strength to democracy.
Drawbacks
2. “Towards the end of 1980s, five major changes took place in Indian political system” in the light of this
statement. Examine any three changes.
Ans – The decade of the 80s came to close, the country witnessed five major changes took place in Indian
political system.
i. The End of congress system:
In this period the congress party was defeated in the election held 1989.
The party that had won 415 seats in the Lok Sabha in 1984 was reduced to only 197 in this election.
The elections of 1989 marked the end of the congress system.
ii. Mandal issue:
The new national front government in 1990 implemented the recommendation of the Mandal
commission.
It held that jobs in central government should be reserved for the OBCs
The Mandal issue helped in shaping Indian politics since 1989.
iii. New economic reforms:
This is known as the initiation of the structural adjustment programmed or the new economic
reforms.
It was changed the direction of the Indian economy that was pursued since independence.
iv. Ajodhya dispute:
In December 1992, the demolition of the disputed structure at Ajodhya known as barb masjid.
It symbolized and triggered various changes in the politics of the country.
These developments the rise of BJP and politics of ‘Hindutva’
v. Change in congress leadership:
May 1991, the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi led to change in leadership of the congress party.
The elections of 1991, congress emerged as the single largest party and the party chose Narsimha
Rao as the prime minister.
3. Describe the major developments that have taken place in Indian politics during the NDA III & IV.
Ans – A major change in Indian politics after 2014 is the shift from caste and religion-based politics to
development and governance-oriented politics.
With its pre-intended goal sabkha swath, sabkha Vikas the NDA III government started several socio-
economic welfare schemes to make development and governance accessible to masses such as – Pradhan
mantra Ujjwal yojana
Swachh bhagat Bhuiyan etc.
All these schemes intended to take administration to doorstep of the common man by making the rural
households, particularly the women real beneficiaries of the central government schemes. ‘the success of
those schemes could be seen from the result of 2019 Lok Sabha elections.
The voters across states, castes, classes communities, gender and regions brought back the issues of
development and governance to the center stage.
It was under the BJP led NDA government characterizing the current change with sabkha sat sabkha Vikas
and sabkha Vishwa’s.
4. ‘Coalition government is a bane or boon for democracy in India’ explain any three arguments in support of
your answer.
Ans – coalition government is a boon because
i. State level parties played a crucial role in the country politics for last twenty years. Therefore, the
differences between state level parties and central parties is decreasing.
ii. Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological distinctions to power
sharing accommodation. The government of NDA that most of the parties did not agree with the
ideology of Hindutva of BJP However they allied with Bupa to form a government for a full term.
iii. Various radical parties opposed the new economic policies, but some parties came to support new
economic policies because they believed that these polices would lead the country towards
prosperity and raise its status all over the world.
Coalition government is a bane for democracy in India
i. The coalition government has its own interest and they fight for their own self-interest.
ii. Government which is formed on the basis of coalition becomes selfish as opportunist power and
unscrupulous, politician’s emphasis on their self interest only.
iii. The coalition governments are formed on the basis of polarization of political forces.
iv. These are widely heterogeneous elements like CPI and BJP.
5. Describe the UPA-I and II.
Ans – In the general election of 2009, UPA won 262 seats of which the congress accounted for 206 seats.
Manmohan Singh formed another UPA coalition cabinet and was sworn in for a second term, becoming the
first prime minister since Nehru to do so after having served a full-face year fist term.
The government made employment generation and social equity as the important features of its agenda.
Under UPA-II, women began occupying senior positions in state and union territory governments.
Notably in highly populated Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and west Bengal.
This government also worked upon the issues of revitalizing the agrarian economy, stepping up investment
in agriculture, providing access to credit
It improving the quality of rural infrastructure.