Sociological Research Process
Sociological Research Process
Sociological Research Process
Subject: Sociology
Class: BBA (HONS) Morning
Semester: Second
Session: 2021-25
Submitted to: Mam Saman Naz
Submitted by:
EARLY SOCIOLOGISTS:
Auguste comet
Herbert spencer
Karl Marx
Emile Durkheim
Max weber
August Comte:
The French philosopher Auguste Comte coined the term sociology from the Latin
socius (“social, being with others”) and the Greek logos (“study of”) to describe a
new science that would engage in the study of society. Comte’s philosophy
became known as positivism—a belief that the world can best be understood
through scientific inquiry.
Herbert Spencer:
According to Spencer’s Theory of General Evolution, Society, like a biological
organism, has various interdependent parts (such as the family, the economy, and
the government) that work to ensure
Emile Durkheim:
French sociologist Emile Durkheim stressed that people are the product of their
social environment and that behavior cannot be understood fully in terms of
individual biological and psychological traits. He believed that the limits of human
potential are socially based, not biologically based.
NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY:
Sociology is an independent science
Sociology is social science not a physical science
Sociology is categorical not normative discipline
Sociology is an abstract science not concrete science
Sociology is generalizing not particularizing
Sociology is both rational and empirical science
SOCIOLOGY IS KNOWLEDGE:
The knowledge of sociology exists in the form of theories, principles, and laws.
The function of sociology to the solution of social problems is as same as biology
for medicine and math and physics for engineering.
BRANCHES OF SOCIOLOGY:
Sociology is divided into several fields.
Sociological theories
Historical sociology
Sociology of economic life
Sociology of knowledge
Sociology of terrorism
Political sociology
Sociology of law
Human ecology and demography
Sociology of family
Sociology of community
Sociology of religion
Educational sociology
SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY:
Social science has two angles: humanism as information and social science as a
calling. Human science as information is an end itself. It makes sense of social
states of life and guides generally friendly peculiarities. The rise of social science
helped when the world social orders were dealing with the most recent issues.
Human science made sense of such issues and tackled them
Functionalist
Society is composed of interrelated parts that work together to maintain order
and stability within society
Conflict
Society is characterized by social inequality. Social arrangements benefit some
groups at the expense of others due to scarce resources.
Symbolic Interactionist
Society is the sum of interactions of people and groups.
Post Modern
Social life in modern societies is characterized by post industrialization,
consumerism, and global communications.
SOCIAL INTERACTION:
Social Interaction:
Social interaction is the general process whereby two or more persons
are in a meaningful contact, as a result of which their behaviour is
modified however slightly.
Examples:
• A professor communicating information to their students.
• Two friends arguing over a restaurant.
Elements of Social Interaction:
• Two or more persons.
• Situation.
• Effect.
• Mass Media.
Types of Social Interaction:
• Direct or Physical Interaction:
It involves physical action among the individuals.
Examples:
Beating
• Symbolic Interaction:
Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical perspective in sociology that
addresses the manner in which society is created and maintained
through face-to-face, repeated, meaningful interactions among
individuals.
Examples:
Man uses following instruments to facilitate symbolic interaction:
• Telephone
Forms of Social Interaction:
• Between individual and individual:
The interaction between at least two persons.
Example:
The doctor and the patient.
The mother and the child.
• Between individual and group:
The interaction which operates between one person and more.
Example:
Teacher teaching his class.
Imam leading prayers.
• Between group and group:
The interaction between two groups of people.
Example:
Two teams playing match.
Two delegates discussing an issue.
• Between individual and culture:
This form of interaction is found when the people listen to radio, see
television and read newspaper.
SOCIAL PROCESSES:
Every one of the social cycles are the results of social cooperation. Human
existence is brimming with social cycles like participation, contests, and clashes.
As collaboration design changes the cycles additionally changes all the while.
These cycles are called example of social cycles.
COMPETITION:
Contest is the battle for ownership of remunerations which are restricted in
supply, merchandise, status, power, love anything.
ACCOMMODATION:
The suspension of conflicts between the get-togethers for a brief or very solid
period is comfort. The cycle could occur under conditions which may be standing
up to by and large to the two players and they putting their antagonistic direct to
the side get together to face what is happening.
COOPERATION:
It is the type of human contact and relationship in the public eye. This is the least
complex of all friendly ways of behaving found in the rudimentary types of life. No
general public can foster its social association and social frameworks without
collaboration.
CONFLICT:
Struggle is the social interaction wherein people or gatherings look for their
finishes by straightforwardly testing the main adversaries by savagery or danger
of viciousness.
AMALGAMATION:
It is the adult phase of social dissemination and combination into each other. It is
the intermarriage between the two disparate gatherings.
Social Groups
Social group:
A social category is a collection of people who do not interact but who
share similar characteristics.
A social group is a collection of people who interact with each other
and share similar characteristics and a sense of unity.
Example:
• Families
• Companies
• Circles of friends
Social Mobility
Pakistan is among top three countries with high upward social mobility
across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East region. Social mobility is the
movement of an individual or group from one stratum of society to
another over time.A growing middle class is developing in the country,
which has triggered this upward social mobility in the country.
In Pakistan, the socially mobile people are also better educated and
achieving higher levels of employment and homeownership than their
parents. As many as 89 per cent went to universities, compared to 66
per cent of their fathers and less than half (49 per cent) of their
mothers, while 83 per cent are in a management position or running
their own businesses compared to 65 per cent of their fathers and 28
per cent of their mothers. Similarly, as many as 88 per cent of the
socially mobile people own their own home, compared to 81 per cent of
their parents at the same age.
Kinds of Social Mobility
1) Territorial Mobility:
• "It is the difference in the home starting with one spot then onto the next"
• In Rural Areas individuals less energize this sort of versatility since they are
not able to leave their familial spot of living.
• While in Urban regions this kind of portability is average citizens used to
sell their homes and moved to another spot.
• They additionally Migrate starting with one city and then onto the next
• They empower individuals or gatherings to bring their kids up in a less
cutthroat climate or where amazing open doors are more
Model
• Individuals from Dera Ghazi Khan, Layyah, and Kott Addu relocate towards
Lahore, Karachi, and Islamabad to procure and improve their economic wellbeing.
• Certain individuals additionally move for further developed wellbeing
offices or instructive offices and sporting exercises.
2) Vertical Mobility
"It is characterized as any vertical or descending change in the outright or relate
position of any individual or gathering."
Models:
• Advancement in work
• Change in pay
• Wedding of a lady of high status
3) Horizontal Mobility
"A modification of calling with no huge development up or down in the
arrangement of societal position''
Models
1. A individual dealing with clinical store opens corner shop.
2. A agent from an instructive office at a similar compensation and office.
3) Inter-generational versatility
"Between generational versatility alludes to social portability that happens
between ages.''
Models
1. Plumber's child become the Nazim of their local area.
2. Bus guide's child turns into the main clergyman.
4) Upward Mobility
"The limit or office for ascending to a higher social or financial position"
It is quick in metropolitan regions when contrasted with ghettos or ghetto
regions.
In metropolitan regions advancements are more or formative rate is high.
In rustic regions less advancement is available and formative rate is likewise
low.
5) Downward Mobility
' The development of an individual, gathering, or class to a lower status. ''
The people or gatherings who neglect to keep up with their social, political, and
financial status encounter this sort of versatility
Model:
• Squandering of acquired property
• Betting
• Finance manager put immense cash in business and face misfortune
because of certain reasons.
6) Intra-generational Mobility
"It alludes to change or changes in the societal position of an individual or
gathering of people with in a similar age.''
Model
The abundance and renown experienced by one individual might be very unique
in relation to that of their kin.
Trade of Ranks
The compatibility of positions is one more reason for social portability. The more
society gives the open door to the lower positions to contend with those of the
greater positions, the more will be the social versatility. On the off chance that
individuals of the general public can foster professional or expert capacities in
them then professional or expert social versatility will occur. Coming up next are
the purposes behind the compatibility of positions.
Primary Factors
It has a significant impact on affecting social versatility. Places of higher societal
position can't be procured exclusively by the wish of individuals. For this, the
individual should buckle down towards achieving this objective. With respect to
model individual having a place with center gathering utilized in taxpayer-
supported organizations endeavor to give exorbitant instruction to their
youngsters to advance and make them qualified for higher status occupations.
Simply wishing to give higher status occupation won't work except if there won't
be testing work around there. Climbing and plunging portability turns into a
typical peculiarity and experience because of those underlying elements.
Inspirational Factors
Inspiration and aspiration assume a crucial part for up friendly portability through
compatibility of positions. Each individual attempts to propel themselves vertical
from their current societal position. This desire for increasingly high status and
glory advances more noteworthy social versatility.
Collective Behaviour and Social
Movement
Pakistani society had always showed great unity and collective behavior.
Especially at the moment s of crisis and wars. Huge crowds and gathering s
had been held in Pakistan. Some of the political crowds & fuernals included
more than one carore peoples. However public opinion is not respected
some times & their is less freedom of speech.
Social movements in Pakistan were primarily focused more on the state and its
institutions, nation-building, foreign policy, ideology and security.
Civil-military relations, political and democratic instability, constitutional
breakdown and development have been dominant themes of social
movements .The current interest and work on the movement takes different
lenses to approach the 2007-2009 Lawyers Movement.
The renewed focus on disparate contemporary movements, be it feminism or
land rights movement.Not that the social movements in the country have not
received attention, but the 2007-2009 'Lawyers Movement' constitutes a catalyst
in this regard.
The success of the Lawyers Movement sharpened the focus not only on the
lawyers, but also on civil society,political parties and media whose roles were
prominent in putting an end to the General Musharraf’s authoritarian regime.
The conflict over national language to centralization through One Unit, martial
law and accompanying unrepresentative rule in 70's & 80's created a movement
in East Pakistan which led to formation of Bangladesh. Movements for
Restoration of Democracy had been quite popular especially against Zia ul haq,
Musharraf and Ayub Khan were also very popular
Social Problems of Pakistan
H. A Phelps defined social problems as:
“Social problems are abnormalities in social relationship which manifest
themselves when people live in groups which are considered dangerous
and intolerable and which must be eliminated to safeguard the society”
Major Social Problems of Pakistan :
1. Illiteracy:
According to census of Pakistan 1981 , Illiteracy has been defined as
reading a paragraph of a language with proper understanding. Literacy
rate is about 45% and the rest of the people 55% are illiterate according
to census of Pakistan 1998.
Causes:
There are different causes of illiteracy like:
Culture:
The most common cause of illiteracy is our traditional culture based on
pure agricultural profession in which education is not considered to be
the foundation of life.
Illiterate parents:
Most of the time parents are illiterate so they don't send their children
to schools specially the daughters.
Ancestral Profession:
Sometimes children are forced to follow same profession as parents
e.g. if ancestral profession is farmer, children have to become farmer as
well.
Solutions:
Awareness:
Government should spread awareness about the problem. People
should be provided information through mass media of
communication.
General social contact with educated people:
Educated people should visit rural areas and deliver lectures of impacts
of illiteracy to motivate illiterate people to get educated.
2. Poverty:
Poverty is derived from the word 'paurve' meaning poor. According to
Bargata & Borgata " Material possessions of having little or no more
means to support one self is called poverty"
Who is poor?
According to world bank, “a person earning less than one US dollar a
day is called poor"
Causes:
Unemployment:
It is most important cause of poverty. The young people who are
unable to get jobs can do works of low standards available to them.
They can work in farms, factories and at business centers at low wages
Wastage of economic resources :
It is another cause of poverty. If saving is not protected, the family
faces problems in future.
Lack of hard work:
Such people who avoid hard work or don't get out of their comfort
zone usually face financial crises and lead life of a poor man. They can
get indulge in crimes as well or maybe in drug addiction etc.
Solution:
Elimination of unemployment:
Government should make efforts to eliminate unemployment.
Everyone should earn a living and meet his or her own expenses.
Women Empowerment:
Women are fifty percent of the population but a very little of women in
our society is educated. Women empowerment should be promoted in
society. They should be taught professional skills so that they also play
role in development of the country.
3. Environmental Pollution:
Excessive presence of impurities in the breathing atmosphere is called
pollution.
Causes:
Pollution is a social problem of Pakistan due to:
Expansion of industry, transportation.
Increase in population in urban areas due to migration of people
from rural areas.
Increasing number of automobiles.
Solution:
To reduce pollution, we can't decrease the pace of industries. We will
have to adopt measures to neutralize the unwanted effects of
pollution. Such measures include:
Natural forestry, plants, grass, and planting greenery.
Avoiding congested living areas
Controlling smoke and dust especially CO2 emissions of vehicles.
4. Health Sector:
Health care availability is one of the major social problems of Pakistan.
According to the World Health Organization, Pakistan is ranked 122 out
of 190 countries regarding healthcare. And if we look at infant
mortality, Pakistan stands third-highest ranked country in the world.
Even after decades of Pakistan’s existence, there is no equal
distribution of resources and wealth. Many of us still suffer from
emotional and physical issues, but no proper healthcare system exists.
There are still many children suffering from malnutrition because of
widespread poverty. Many patients with an emergency condition only
visit a physician when they get a violent and nervous breakdown.
Elevate her:
There are women in every country ready and qualified to serve, inform,
and improve their governments. Actively search them out and elevate
them. Do not confine them to their homes.