ME 472 - Engineering Metrology and Quality Control: Linear and Angular Measurements
ME 472 - Engineering Metrology and Quality Control: Linear and Angular Measurements
ME 472 - Engineering Metrology and Quality Control: Linear and Angular Measurements
Graduated (either linear or angular graduations incorporated into measuring system of the tool)
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Metric steel rules with various lengths having graduations on each side
resolution?
How to read a rule: A = 22 mm (22nd graduation) B = 12 mm (12th graduation) C = 31.5 mm (between 31st and 32nd) D = 40.5 mm (between 40th and 41st)
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How to read a vernier caliper: First, read the graduation on main scale just before vernier scale starts (i.e. 19th graduation which gives 19 mm) Next, read the graduation on vernier scale where two graduation lines on main and vernier scales perfectly match (i.e. 32nd graduation which gives 32 * 1/50 = 0.64 mm) Then, add fine reading into main reading (i.e. 19 + 0.64 = 19.64 mm)
Direct reading of an internal length by digital vernier caliper Direct reading of an external length by digital vernier caliper
Metric Micrometer
SLEEVE (BARREL) READING
How to read a vernier metric micrometer: Sleeve div. = 1 mm Thimble div. = 1/50th of sleeve sub-div. = 1/100 mm
Thimble Division
Vernier Division D
Vernier div. = 1/10th of thimble div. = 1/1000 mm A. The highest figure: 5 * (sleeve div.) = 5 mm
C
B. The half-figures: 1 * (sleeve sub-div.) = 0.5 mm C. The highest figure: 28 * (thimble div.) = 0.28 mm D. The matching figure: 3 * (vernier div.) = 0.003 mm
Sleeve Division
Dial-indicating Micrometer
V-anvil Micrometer (measuring odd-fluted taps, milling cutters, reamers, and also checking out of roundness)
Direct-reading Micrometer
(a)
(b)
How to read an angle on a bevel protractor: Main div. = 1 = 60 Vernier div. = 1/12th of main div. 0.0833 = 5 The highest figure: 50 * (main div.) = 50 The matching figure: 4 * (vernier div.) 0.333 = 20 The final reading is: 50.333 or 50 20
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Combination set (consisting of a 90 square, a level, a depth/height gauge and a bevel protractor with a centring head)
Dial test indicator mounted on a magnetic stand (used as an accessory with machine tools for accurate and delicate measurements)
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Telescopic Gauges (consist of a handle with two plunger-contacts at right angles to the handle which both lock simultaneously)
Small Hole Gauges (consist of an expanding ball head adjusted to size by a knurled knob to provide an accurate feel for obtaining measurements in a hole or slot)
Surface Gauge (consists of a ground rectangular base with a round upright rod and a fine adjustment feature in the base. It can be used in a layout work for scribing lines on vertical or horizontal surfaces as well as in inspection work as height or depth gauge)
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Screw Pitch Gauges (consist of a metal case containing many separate leaves. Each leaf has teeth corresponding to a definite pitch. By matching the teeth with the thread on work, the correct pitch can be read directly from the leaf)
Tap and Drill Gauges (consist of a flat rectangular steel plate with holes accurately drilled and identified according to their size)
Radius Gauges (are available as individual leaves and each leaf is marked with its raius. They are designed to check both convex and concave radii)
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(a)
(b)
(c)
Linear Gauge Blocks: (a) rectangular, (b) square, (c) square with center hole
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True Square
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How to use Sine Bar: We want to set an angle of 14 12 using a 10 mm sine bar. This means: l = 10 mm and = 14.2 So: h = l * sin = 2.453 mm Therefore, a combination of gauge blocks having this height must be used. Limitations of Sine Bar: When using a sine bar, the height setting is limited by the gauge block divisions available. This results in an error that may be negligible or in some cases quite significant. Due to the nature trigonometry; at larger angles, the sine bar is susceptible to errors in the length of the sine bar as well as in the height of the gauge blocks.
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