CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter will discuss the relevant literatures and other readings for the study. The researchers
made careful selections in dealing with the references as well as sources as well as rewriting the
relevance for the study. The researchers also followed the right sequence of those relevant
readings.

Foreign Literature

One of the readings might consider for this study is the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory Education Programs (undated) which gives guidelines on how the sources of energy
might be conserved at all costs. With the guidelines given then more experiments being
conducted with the students and more inventions will be considered to promote renewable
energy in the said country or school which had the interests in the said inventions.

The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (2023) defined renewable energy
as a great alternative in dealing with the other source(s) of energy. As described in the readings,
the percentage of the US alternative energy coming from wind (9.2%) and Hydropower (6.3%)
and other as follows mentioned below.

Figure 2

The Percentage of the Use of Renewable Energy in United States

 Other readings made by Li et al (2021)1 regarding the survey in the use of renewable
energy. According to the data of the study that- “China’s Belt and Road (B&R) initiative
provides new ideas and opportunities for international cooperation. Renewable energy plays a
crucial role not only in the national sustainable development framework of China and the
Philippines but also in bilateral cooperation between them. However, some obstacles still need
to be addressed because renewable energy cooperation between China and the Philippines has
not been thoroughly and comprehensively studied to date. (vide supra). In the study regarding
two countries then the Philippines and China are secured with the needs on the renewable
sources of energy to augment the problems on electricity as well as to boost the economic
performance of those countries mentioned as one of the top performing economies in the east.

Previous Studies on PVC Pipe Turbines

This paper aims at investigating the impact of the utilized turbine design on the harvested
energy from in-pipe systems. Four turbine designs are involved in this study which includes the
spherical turbine and the Helical (Egg Beater) with three blades, four blades, and five blades.
The proposed turbines are designed, and they have been implemented in a prototype to determine
the performance of each design. The study presents design procedures and the design
requirements of each employed turbine before the implementation phase. The next step is to
collect the produced torque, rotational speed, pressure drop, and output power for each turbine
experimentally. The results have been analyzed and compared to show the design impact on
these parameters. Finally, a case study is carried out on the major water distribution network in
Amman the capital of Jordan to determine the possible locations, which are benefited from the
implementation of the in-pipe system with the examined turbines (Muhsen et al., 2019).

Muhsen, H. et al. (2019) Turbine Design and Its Impact on Energy Harvesting from In-Pipe
Hydro Systems, ResearchGate. Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334964282_Turbine_Design_and_Its_Impact_on
_Energy_Harvesting_from_In-Pipe_Hydro_Systems (Accessed: 01 December 2023).

1
 Independent power plants based on renewable energy is a good solution to solve electricity
crisis in remote areas. Wind is a source of energy that has every country in the world. A study of
the utilization of PVC pipes as a material for Savonius turbine buckets has been carried out to
reduce the investment costs of wind turbines. The feasibility test has been carried out in four
runners: the 2-bucket without and with overlap and the 3-bucket without and with overlap. All
the runners are made using PVC pipes. Based on results, the 2-bucket with overlap is the right
solution for remote areas because it has a higher coefficient of performance of 8.39%, and the
range of tip speed ratio is wider between 0.57-0.65 compared to others. Compared to aluminum
bucket material, PVC pipes are more profitable because they are easy to make, cheap and good
performance. Furthermore, the investment cost of a Savonius turbine bucket made from PVC
pipe (USD 37.34) is cheaper than the pico hydro type Turgo (USD 48). Thus, the PVC pipes as
materials for making Savonius turbine runner are recommended for remote areas application
because the materials are cheap and easy to access widely available in the market ( Adanta &
Sahim, 2021).

Adanta, D., & Sahim, K. (2021). Feasibility Study of PVC Pipes as Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Type Savonius Bucket for Remote Areas Application. International Journal on Energy
Conversion, 9(2), 41-47. doi:10.15866/irecon.v9i2.19270

Research on Hydro Power Generation

The growth of population, rising fossil fuel prices (limited and decreasing day by day),
pollution problems due to use of fossil fuels and increasing electrical demand are important
factors that encourage the use of green and renewable energy technologies. Among the different
renewable energy technologies, hydro power generation (large and small scale) is the prime
choice in terms of contribution to the world's electricity generation by using water current
turbines. Currently, researchers mainly focus on design and development of different kind of
turbines to capture hydropower to generate electricity as clean and reliable energy. This paper is
a review of the status of research on water current turbines carried out to generate electricity
from hydrokinetic energy especially in places where there is no electricity, but there is access to
flowing water (Behrouzi et al., 2014).
Behrouzi, F., Maimun, A., & Nakisa, M. (2014). Review of Various Designs and Development in
Hydropower Turbines. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International
Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering, 8,
293-297. Available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Review-of-Various-Designs-and-
Development-in-Behrouzi-Maimun/079a76dd875a61330145230c3f24211e3785ce59

Hydropower energy is one of the most suitable and efficient sources of renewable energy
which depends on more than century of experience for this issue. The power capacity and facility
are two criteria required for the classification of hydropower plant. The first one consists of five
technologies: dammed reservoir, running of river, pumped storage, in stream technology and new
technology gravitational vortex. The other one is classified according to power scale is Large,
Small, Mini, Micro and Pico Hydropower. Nowadays most rural areas in developed and
developing countries use hydropower plants for producing electricity, it is cheap and effective.
This paper gives a review of hydropower technologies and turbines; it focuses on the categories
and performance of hydro power systems and the most suitable turbines which can be used
(Elbatran et al., 2015).

Elbatran, A.H., Abdel-Hamed, M.W., Yaakob, O., & Ahmed, Y.M. (2015). Hydro Power and
Turbine Systems Reviews. Available at: https://doi.org/10.11113/JT.V74.4646

DC-DC Boost Converters in Renewable Energy

A new multi-input boost dc-dc converter topology is proposed in this paper. The input
current waveforms of all input sources are continuous that makes it suitable for renewable energy
applications. In addition, the output current of the converter is continuous which is desired in
case of connection of the output terminals to the inverter. The steady-state analysis, the small-
signal modelling of the converter and the control-output transfer functions of the system were
calculated for the controller design. The performance of the converter was validated using
simulation results (Gorji et al., 2019).

Gorji, S.A., Sahebi, H.G., Movahed, M., & Ektesabi, M.M. (2019). Multi-Input Boost DC-DC
Converter with Continuous Input-Output Current for Renewable Energy Systems. 2019 IEEE
4th International Future Energy Electronics Conference (IFEEC), 1-5. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1109/IFEEC47410.2019.9014953
 A new three-phase DC-DC PWM boost converter that is suitable for use in renewable
energy applications is proposed in the paper. The number of components in the proposed circuit
is fewer that other previously proposed converters of the same type, resulting in lower cost and
simpler operation. The paper presents the new converter and discusses its operation, features and
design. Experimental results obtained from a converter prototype are presented to confirm the
converter's feasibility (Abosnina & Moschopoulos, 2017).

Abosnina, A.A., & Moschopoulos, G. (2017). Three-phase DC-DC PWM boost converter for
renewable energy applications. 2017 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition
(ECCE), 447-454. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE.2017.8095817

Integration of Boost Converters in Hydro Turbines

A new hybrid step-up converter suitable in applications where large conversion ratios are needed
is presented. The topology is still simple, containing only one transistor and three diodes. A
detailed dc and ac analysis is performed and all design equations are provided. Compared to
other topologies of the same type, the proposed converter exhibits lower or equal current and
voltage stresses. A state space model is provided including the conduction losses and based on it
the audio susceptibility and the control to output function are derived. As the converter is still of
second order with the control to output transfer function exhibiting a right half plane zero,
controller design is practically the same like in a Boost topology. It is shown how the proposed
converter can be used in a photovoltaic system for performing the maximum power point
tracking algorithm using the perturb and observe method. All theoretical considerations are
verified through simulation and finally validated by practical experiments (Calimanu et al.,
2019).

Calimanu, I.-M. et al. (2019) A new hybrid inductor-based boost DC-DC converter suitable for
applications in photovoltaic systems, MDPI. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-
1073/12/2/252 (Accessed: 01 December 2023).

In this work, the integration of renewable hybrid energy (RHE) resources using extendable
multiport DC–DC boost converter is investigated. Three renewable energy sources such as solar
photovoltaic (PV) system, wind energy system and fuel cell (FC) are integrated into the grid via
this converter and grid-tied inverter. The output voltage of the multiport DC–DC boost converter
is controlled using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system-based controller. The overall system
model is developed and tested in the MATLAB simulation software and also implemented in real
time. The overall system is tested for different operating conditions such as change in irradiance
condition of the solar PV panel, change in wind speed condition of the wind turbine, change in
hydrogen pressure conditions of the FC and sudden change in load conditions and corresponding
results are measured and analysed. The efficiency of the proposed system is about 98.21%.
Finally, experimental results of the proposed model are also presented to examine the suitability
of the system (Anish, Agees, & Jerusalin, 2021).

Anish, J.P., Agees, K. and Jerusalin, C. (2021) Investigation on extendable multiport DC–DC
boost converter for hybrid renewable energy systems, Taylor & Francis. Available at:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00051144.2021.1985704 (Accessed: 01
December 2023).

DC Motor

In contemporary industrial applications, while induction motors predominantly serve as the

primary power source due to their robustness and low maintenance requirements, the enduring
relevance of DC motors persists, particularly in scenarios demanding precise control. Despite
their intricate structure and associated maintenance challenges, DC motors continue to find
extensive use as small-sized control motors owing to their exceptional control performance.
Recent advancements, propelled by the development of magnetic materials, have led to the
creation of high-power and high-efficiency DC motors capable of utilizing permanent magnets in
the armature. The simplicity of the controller configuration, in comparison to the inverter-
dependent setups of induction motors, further contributes to the sustained demand for DC
motors. This paper delves into an investigation of the control performance of DC motors through
a comprehensive hardware implementation. The methodology encompasses the modeling of DC
motors through simulation, the generation of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) using an
Electrically Programmable Logic Device (EPLD), and the incorporation of a PI (Proportional-
Integral) control system facilitated by a processor. The study, conducted by Yoon in 2021, sheds
light on the evolving landscape of DC motors in the context of modern control systems,
emphasizing their continued importance in certain niche applications despite the prevalence of
induction motors in industrial settings.

Yoon, Y. (2021). Circuit design and modeling for DC motor speed control. The Journal of The
Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication, 21(2), 131–136.
https://doi.org/10.7236/JIIBC.2021.21.2.131

PVC PIPE HYDRO TURBINE

In this groundbreaking experiment, the potential of harnessing energy from the flow of water in
household pipelines through a 10 Watt Pico hydro turbine has been investigated, marking a
significant stride in small-scale hydropower technology. The study meticulously examined the
turbine's performance by subjecting it to varying water flow discharges, both empirically and
theoretically. The results revealed a direct correlation between the water discharge and the power
generated by the turbine, indicating that higher flow rates resulted in increased electrical output.
With a maximum discharge of 8.9 liters per minute, the turbine produced an actual power of
1.121 Watts, a torque of 0.005 Nm, a rotation speed of 2146.8 rpm, and an efficiency of 12.59%.
Intriguingly, when compared to the ideal values calculated using the Euler turbine equation,
which predicted a power of 4.2 Watts and a torque of 0.016 Nm, the turbine demonstrated a
maximum efficiency of only 26.67% of its theoretical potential. Notably, efficiency exhibited a
diminishing trend with escalating discharge, reaching a peak of 24.89% at 5.8 L/min. This
pioneering research by Marwani et al. (2021) not only underscores the tangible electricity
generation capabilities of Pico hydro turbines but also provides valuable insights into the factors
influencing their efficiency, paving the way for further advancements in sustainable energy
solutions.

Marwani, M., Kadir, M.Z. and Putra, R.E. (2021) Investigation performance of Pico Hydro
Water Pipe Turbine, Indonesian Journal of Engineering and Science. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.51630/ijes.v2i3.27 (Accessed: 27 November 2023).

CHARGE CONTROLLER
The charge controller, also known as a charge regulator or battery regulator, plays a pivotal role
in managing the flow of electric current to and from electric batteries. Its primary functions
include limiting the rate of charge to prevent overcharging, protecting against overvoltage, and
ensuring optimal battery performance and lifespan. The charge controller is a critical component
in safeguarding battery health and, consequently, the overall reliability of electrical systems. This
device, whether stand-alone or integrated into battery packs, battery-powered devices, or battery
chargers, is designed to prevent deep discharging of batteries and can facilitate controlled
discharges based on battery technology. This not only protects the battery but also mitigates
safety risks associated with overcharging or deep discharging. The terminology "charge
controller" or "charge regulator" encompasses a range of applications, from standalone devices to
integrated control circuitry within various electrical components. A comprehensive
understanding of its role and importance is fundamental in maintaining the efficiency and
longevity of batteries in diverse electrical systems. The study conducted by Kumar et al. in 2021
delves into the significance and applications of charge controllers, shedding light on their crucial
role in ensuring the reliability and safety of battery-powered systems.

Kumar, A., Alexander, A. and Rajendran, M. (2021) Chapter 8 - Charge controls and maximum
power point tracking. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822730-5.00008-8
(Accessed: 27 November 2023).