TUT3
TUT3
TUT3
1) Random variables
Definition:
A discrete random variable is a random variable for which there exists a discrete set (i.e. countable number)
of numeric values.
A continuous random variable is a random variable which can take a continuous range (i.e. over an interval)
of values.
1) Probability such that the random variable X takes a value smaller than or equal to x.
2) Denoted by F(x) or Pr(X≤x), which is increasing and the graph for F(x) against x should be a step
function increases from 0 to 1.
3) There are empty circles in the graph of cdf. And please note their positions.
3) Expected Value and Variance
Expected Value:
Variance:
1) Denoted by Var(X) or 𝜎 2 , = ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇)2 𝑃𝑟(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 ), called population variance sometimes.
3) Alternative formula: 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝐸(𝑋 2 ) − [𝐸(𝑋)]2 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖2 Pr(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 ) − [∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 Pr(𝑋 = 𝑥𝑖 )]2
Factorial:
Permutations:
Denoted as 𝑃𝑘𝑛 , number of permutations of n objects taken k at a time. (Order is important.) ({1,2} ≠{2,1})
𝑛!
𝑃𝑘𝑛 = (𝑛−𝑘)!
Combinations:
number of combinations of n objects taken k at a time. Ordering does not matter when the objects are
𝑛!
selected, ({1,2} = {2,1}). Denoted as 𝐶𝑘𝑛 𝑜𝑟 (nk), and 𝐶𝑘𝑛 = 𝑘!(𝑛−𝑘)! .
5) Binomial Distribution
Definition:
If we perform a fixed number of experiments n, and probability of successes for each experiment is p. Let X
is the total number of successes, then X follows Binomial Distribution with parameters n and p. is denoted as
X ~ Binomial (n, p).
Properties:
6) Exercises
1. Suppose that in a particular sheet of 100 postage stamps, 3 are defective. The inspection policy is to look
at 5 randomly chosen stamps on a sheet and to release the sheet into circulation if none of those five is
defective. Determine the probability that the sheet described here will be allowed to go into circulations
when
i) The stamps are chosen with replacement
ii) The stamps are chosen without replacement
2. A committee of 4 is to be selected from a group consisting of 5 men and 5 women. Let X be the random
variable that represents the number of women in the committee. Find the pmf of X.
3. Assuming in a deck of 52 cards, you are randomly picking up 5 out of the 52 cards, what is the probability
that you obtain a full house? A full house is a poker hand containing three cards of one rank and two cards
of another rank, such as 3♣ 3♠ 3♦ 6♣ 6♥.
4. Assume Tom gets a fair coin, he repeats the following 2n times,
1) Toss a coin;
2) If the coin shows “head”, he moves forward by 1 step, otherwise he moves backward by 1 step.
Find the probability that after the 2n repeated trials, he stays in the original position. (The starting position
before he tossed the coin).
STAT 1012 Statistics for Life Sciences
1.
i) X~ Binomial (5,3/100)
3 0 3 5
Pr(X=0) = (50) (100) (1 − 100) = 0.858734
(97 3
5 )(0)
ii) Pr(X=0) = = 0.855999
(100
5 )
(𝑥5)(4−𝑥
5
)
2. Pr(X=x) = for x=0,1,2,3,4.
(10
4)
3.
Pr(full house) = Pr(full house with AAA) + Pr(full house with 222)… + Pr(full house with KKK)
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 3 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 4 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 '2' from 4 '2' (43)(42)
Pr(AAA22) = =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 5 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 52 (52
5)
(43)(42) 13(12)(4)(6)
By (1),(2), Pr(full house) = 13(12)Pr(AAA22) = 13(12) = = 0.001440576
(52
5) 2598960
4.
1 2𝑛
=(2𝑛
𝑛
) (2)