Technical Seminar Documentation

TITLE
REPORT
Seminar Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of B.Tech. in Vignan Institute of Technology & Science
affiliated to
JNTU Hyderabad
By
NAME
ROLL NUMBER
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
SCIENCE
1
DECEMBER- 2024.
2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar entitled TITLE OF THE SEMINAR

presented by NAME OF THE STUDENT bearing Registration No. Roll
Number of Vignan Institute of Technology & Science in JNTUH has been
completed successfully.
This in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Bachelor degree in

Electronics & Communication Engineering, Vignan Institute of Technology &
Science under Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad,
Telangana.
COORDINATORS NAMES NAME OF HOD

Technical Seminar Coordinators Head of the Department
2
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my technical seminar

Coordinators,NAME OF THE COORDINATORS , Professors in ECE Department, Vignan
institute of Technology & science engineering for their unflagging support and continuous
encouragement throughout the seminar work. Without their guidance and persistent help this
report would not have been possible.
I would like to thank our Head of the Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, NAME OF HOD, a distinguished and eminent personality, whose strong
recommendation, immense support and constant encouragement has been great help to me.
I convey my sincere thanks to Dr. G Durga Sukumar, Principal of our institution for
providing me with the required infrastructure and a very vibrant and supportive staff.
I thank our beloved Chairman, Dr. L Rathaiah, who gave us great encouragement to
work.
I thank our beloved CEO, Mr. Boyapati Shravan, we remember him for his valuable
ideas and facilities available in college during the development of this technical seminar
report.
NAME OF THE STUDENT

ROLL NUMBER
ECE Department
3
Abstract
In recent years, Information Technology is being implemented in every sector of the developing
nations like India, China whose primary source of income is Agriculture. Use of Cloud
computing technology in agricultural sector has greater opportunity in the overall development
of India. In this paper we discuss possibilities of cloud computing technology in agricultural
activities of the state of Andhra Pradesh. In agricultural sector, the suggested one can be
considered as a pilot project. An effective implementation of this will encourage other sectors
also, which will lead to optimal benefit of shifting towards better advancement in the agricultural
sector. The cloud computing environment is an offshoot of the traditional common computing
environment with a mission.
Cloud computing is driven by factors such as aging of the current IT infrastructure and changes
in IT landscape. Refreshing the infrastructure is restricted due to limited capital investments.
Virtualisation and cloud computing have transformed how the IT services are delivered at a
lower cost by migrating the services to cloud computing. IT-enabled agricultural farming, such as
precision farming, is information intensive, which can impact the rural economy. Therefore, the
future growth of agriculture depends how the new technologies such as cloud computing are
adopted with a focus on farmer needs. The use of appropriate technologies should help a farmer
in terms of accessibility and affordability. Cloud computing in agriculture provides an enabling
environment for innovation and services with a flexible regulatory environment.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO.
I. CERTIFICATE
II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. THE RELATIONSHIP 8
3. HISTORY 15
4. TECHNIQUES/METHODS 17
5. EXAMPLES 19
6. MOTIVES 22
7. ILLUSTRATIONS 23
8. HOW IT WORKS 26
9. ADVANTAGES 30
10. APPLICATIONS 31
11. LIMITATIONS 37
12. CONCLUSION 39
13. FUTURE SCOPE 40
14. REFERENCES 42
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, new ICT technologies are being implemented in every sector
basically focused on the agricultural sector within which new application domain is
of Cloud Computing. It allows users to make use of services such as real -time
computation, data access, and storage without the need to know the physical
location and configuration of the system that delivers the services.
Developing nations based on agriculture can improve the economic condition by
using ICT applications in agricultural sectors. One of the possible way by which
this can be achieved is the successful implementation of the new ICT tool like
Cloud Computing:
Cloud Computing: Storing and securing huge amounts of data that is accessible
only by authorized users, having ability to use applications on the Internet that
store and protect data while providing a service. Used in Web services to integrate
photos, maps, and GPS information to create a mashup in customer Web
browsers.
Cloud Computing:
browsers.
Cloud Computing:
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browsers.
Cloud Computing:
browsers.
Cloud Computing:
browsers.
2
Cloud Computing:
browsers.
Cloud Computing:
browsers.
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4
5
6
7
8
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10
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Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services such as servers, storage, databases,
networking, software, analytics, intelligence, and more, over the Cloud (Internet).
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Fig a: https://www.javatpoint.com/introduction-to-cloud-computing
Cloud Computing provides an alternative to the on-premises datacentre. With an on-premises

datacentre, we have to manage everything, such as purchasing and installing hardware,
virtualization, installing the operating system, and any other required applications, setting up the
network, configuring the firewall, and setting up storage for data. After doing all the set-up, we
become responsible for maintaining it through its entire lifecycle.
But if we choose Cloud Computing, a cloud vendor is responsible for the hardware purchase and
maintenance. They also provide a wide variety of software and platform as a service. We can
take any required services on rent. The cloud computing services will be charged based on usage.
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Fig b: https://www.javatpoint.com/introduction-to-cloud-computing
The cloud environment provides an easily accessible online portal that makes handy for the user
to manage the compute, storage, network, and application resources. Some cloud service
providers are in the following figure.
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Fig c: https://www.javatpoint.com/introduction-to-cloud-computing
Advantages of cloud computing

o Cost: It reduces the huge capital costs of buying hardware and software.
o Speed: Resources can be accessed in minutes, typically within a few clicks.
o Scalability: We can increase or decrease the requirement of resources according to the

business requirements.
o Productivity: While using cloud computing, we put less operational effort. We do not
need to apply patching, as well as no need to maintain hardware and software. So, in this
way, the IT team can be more productive and focus on achieving business goals.
o Reliability: Backup and recovery of data are less expensive and very fast for business
continuity.
o Security: Many cloud vendors offer a broad set of policies, technologies, and controls
that strengthen our data security.
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Types of Cloud Computing:
Fig d: https://www.javatpoint.com/introduction-to-cloud-computing
o Public Cloud: The cloud resources that are owned and operated by a third-party cloud
service provider are termed as public clouds. It delivers computing resources such as
servers, software, and storage over the internet
o Private Cloud: The cloud computing resources that are exclusively used inside a single
business or organization are termed as a private cloud. A private cloud may physically be
located on the company’s on-site datacentre or hosted by a third-party service provider.
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o Hybrid Cloud: It is the combination of public and private clouds, which is bounded
together by technology that allows data applications to be shared between them. Hybrid
cloud provides flexibility and more deployment options to the business.
Types of Cloud Services:
Fig e: https://www.javatpoint.com/introduction-to-cloud-computing
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): In IaaS, we can rent IT infrastructures like servers

and virtual machines (VMs), storage, networks, operating systems from a cloud service
vendor. We can create VM running Windows or Linux and install anything we want on it.
Using IaaS, we don’t need to care about the hardware or virtualization software, but other
than that, we do have to manage everything else. Using IaaS, we get maximum flexibility,
but still, we need to put more effort into maintenance.
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS): This service provides an on-demand environment for
developing, testing, delivering, and managing software applications. The developer is
responsible for the application, and the PaaS vendor provides the ability to deploy and
run it. Using PaaS, the flexibility gets reduce, but the management of the environment is
taken care of by the cloud vendors.
3. Software as a Service (SaaS): It provides a centrally hosted and managed software
services to the end-users. It delivers software over the internet, on-demand, and typically
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on a subscription basis. E.g., Microsoft One Drive, Dropbox, WordPress, Office 365, and
Amazon Kindle. SaaS is used to minimize the operational cost to the maximum extent.
Fig g: https://www.javatpoint.com/introduction-to-cloud-computing
Cloud computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the
Internet. The name cloud computing was inspired by the cloud symbol that's often used to
represent the Internet in flowcharts and diagrams. These services are broadly divided into three
categories: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). IaaS delivers computer infrastructure as a utility service, typically
in a virtualized environment and provides enormous potential for extensibility and scale. PaaS
delivers a platform or solution stack on a cloud infrastructure. Sits on a top of the IaaS
architecture and integrates with development and middleware capabilities as well as database,
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messaging and queuing functions. SaaS delivers the application over the Internet or Intranet via a
cloud Infrastructure which was built on underlying IaaS and PaaS Layer.
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2. THE RELATIONSHIP
The relationship between Cloud computing and agricultural development
The applications of cloud computing technology in agriculture can solve the bottleneck
problem of agricultural modernization and agricultural information, and can also break
agricultural producers’ limitations in knowledge or technology, reduce duplication, improve
utilization of existing resources to make up for dispersed, small-scale, regional differences
agricultural production and the strong dependence on the natural climate vulnerability of
agricultural production. Modernizations of agriculture include three aspects:
1) Widely use modern agriculture production equipment, agricultural machinery.
2) Extensively use modern agricultural planting and breeding technology, weather

observation and forecasting.
3) Use modern forms of production organization and management methods, etc.
Seen from the development of agriculture, the agricultural mechanization goal has been
basically achieved, but there are still many outstanding issues in technology and
management, such as fewer agricultural technology service organizations and personnel, less
necessary technical guidance, especially in the breeding, pollution-free crop cultivation and
livestock breeding, soil testing, fertilizer, irrigation and soil improvement, meteorological
observations and weather forecast were not enough technical support, most of farmers are in
a state of blind conformity. Organizational form of production in agriculture is relatively
simple, backward, and a low degree of specialization of agricultural production areas, it is
difficult to achieve Integrating Agriculture. In addition, due to the limitations of the farmers
at market forecasting, business decision-making, information gathering and logistics
management capacity is more lacking; it often leads to a mismatch between the supply and
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demand, not only damages the farmers' own interests, have also hindered the healthy
development of the market supply and demand.
Although China has achieved fruitful results in crop cultivation, animal and plant breeding,
agricultural production is still decentralized operation, low level information technology,
coupled with farmers limitations constraints, the speed of agricultural modernization
resulting is slow. Therefore, it is often the obvious contradiction between supply and demand
in agricultural products; it not only hurt the enthusiasm of farmers engaged in agricultural
production, reducing farmers' income, but also hindered the rapid socio-economic
development. The applications of cloud computing technology in agriculture can solve the
bottleneck problem of agricultural modernization and agricultural information, and can also
break agricultural producers’ limitations in knowledge or technology, reduce duplication,
improve utilization of existing resources to make up for dispersed, small-scale, regional
differences agricultural production and the strong dependence on the natural climate
vulnerability of agricultural production.
Agriculture modernization needs cloud computing Modernization of agriculture

include three aspects:
1. Widely use modern agriculture production equipment, agricultural machinery.

2. Extensively use modern agricultural planting and breeding technology, Dohi technology,
weather observation and forecasting.
3. Use modern forms of production organization and management methods, etc.
Europe, the United States or other developed countries have been the basic realization of
agricultural modernization as early as the middle of the last century, but the level of
agricultural development in China is still relatively backward, and still in the stage to forward
the agricultural modernization. Seen from the development of agriculture, the agricultural
mechanization goal has been basically achieved, but there are still many outstanding issues in
technology and management, such as fewer agricultural technology service organizations and
personnel, less necessary technical guidance, especially in the breeding, pollution-free crop
cultivation and livestock breeding, soil testing, fertilizer, irrigation and soil improvement,
meteorological observations and weather forecast were not enough technical support, most of
farmers are in a state of blind conformity. Organizational form of production in agriculture is
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relatively simple, backward, and a low degree of specialization of agricultural production
areas, it is difficult to achieve Integrating Agriculture. In addition, due to the limitations of
the farmers at market forecasting, business decision-making, information gathering and
logistics management capacity is more lacking; it often leads to a mismatch between the
supply and demand, not only damages the farmers' own interests, have also hindered the
healthy development of the market supply and demand. Therefore, to resolve these
outstanding issues cannot be separated from the IT technology application in the field of
agriculture, especially cloud computing technologies play in the integration of resources,
information sharing, online services differentiated advantages, will provide strong support for
the realization of agricultural modernization.
Cloud computing role in promoting agricultural development Cloud computing applications

in agriculture makes agricultural producers do not need too much hardware and software
investment, do not need to master advanced knowledge of computer and network technology;
they can enjoy a more professional and more comprehensive services. The client just need to
send the request to the cloud, then resources dispatch center will analysis and handle
dynamically, and finally the corresponding processing results will be passed back to the
client. For this calculation, the user does not need to know the calculation principle and
process, simply according to the amount to pay. Agricultural producers can get planting and
breeding techniques, pest control knowledge, and can also track and monitor the whole
process of animals and plants from production, circulation to consumption, to achieve the
scientific method in market forecasting, business decision-making, information collection
and logistics. Cloud computing application and implementation will play the following role:
(1) Agricultural Informatization Agricultural information construction in China is relatively

weak, compared with developed countries is still lagging behind. Some local
government investment in the information construction is very inadequate, and
producers can’t pay enough attention to the information, so low degree of information
sharing hampered the process of the construction of agricultural information seriously
(Qian, 2012). At present, import cloud computing technologies into agricultural industry,
establish information network services platform, the level of Agricultural
informatization will be a qualitative upgrading.
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(2) Efficient use of agricultural resources Decentralized management of agricultural
production leads to low utilization of agricultural resources. However, cloud computing
can integrate isolated production facilities, technical equipment, information services
and other resources effectively; this form of paid services like as easy to buy
hydropower (Cui, 2011).
(3) Promote the circulation of agricultural products Currently, agricultural producers’ facing
a prominent difficulty is the problem of sales of agricultural products. In China, farmers
and consumers at both ends of the supply chain are difficult to derive much benefit
because of small proportion direct sales, long distribution chain and complex link. Cloud
computing will establish a bridge of communication between farmers and consumers; it
is not only beneficial to the farmers to produce marketable products, as well as
conducive to the realization of the value-added of the agricultural products.
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Cloud Computing in Agriculture:
Many people have pondered the ultimate purpose of technology. Yet it took us almost 200 years
to realize that technology must help people sustain their lives. Is there a better way to live up to
this mission than by ensuring efficient, sustainable, and (almost) zero-waste farming? There is
not, and cloud computing in agriculture has already been working on this task for years. Cloud
software development services are booming. Nonetheless, it seems like edge computing is
stepping on cloud farming’s throat with the real-time connectivity boot. Cloud computing in
agriculture has been a breakthrough and a game-changer for the industry. Still, its limitations,
especially the lack of real-time connectivity, have led to the introduction of edge computing,
allowing for a faster and fiercer reaction to perils imposed on agribusinesses by weather, soil,
poorly automated machinery, etc. Let’s figure out whether edge computing in agriculture will
become a substitute for or a partner to cloud farming in the future. In this article, you’ll find out:
● Still a second to none cloud farming offering
● Cloud farming in agriculture: Practical output
● Challenges on the cloud computing for agriculture agenda
● Edge computing saving cloud farming?
● Edge computing farming: It really works
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● So, is it cloud farming or edge computing in agriculture?
Still a second-to-none cloud farming offering
John Deere’s Operations Center, Farmers Business Network, Bayer’s Climate FieldView, and
many startups and established products have already proven that cloud computing in agriculture
is worth our trust. The present and future of global farming are in the clouds. Only the clouds of
the future are free of precipitation and full of valuable data. Besides copious projects, there are
also numbers backing up the relevance of cloud farming.
According to O’s Grady, Langton, and O’Hare, publishing in Artificial Intelligence in

Agriculture, the digital farming market, estimated at $6.34 billion in 2017, is currently
skyrocketing through the capitalization charts and is projected to reach $13.50 billion in 2023.
This amounts to a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.39%, which is a fascinating
result. Furthermore, Microsoft and Amazon are developing their own digital farming platforms,
proving that cloud computing in the agriculture industry is an established yet unplowed field of
benefits and opportunities.
Indeed, the use of data is rising exponentially in the agriculture industry as AI-powered
systems change the rules of the game with intelligent automation. Data has become ubiquitous,
as it not only makes farmers’ lives easier but helps them make predictions and react in time.
Cloud computing can help farmers with real-time computation, data access, and storage to users
without them knowing or worrying about the physical location and configuration of the system
that delivers the services.
Cloud farming in agriculture: Practical output
Now that we’ve established the propriety and relevance of cloud technology in farming, let’s
discuss the practical results it can provide. In short, cloud computing in agriculture can be used
to aggregate data from tools like soil sensors, satellite images, and weather stations to help
farmers make better decisions about managing their crops. The cloud’s analytical capabilities
also aid farmers in understanding their production environment. For example, interpreting drone
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data for improved crop management decisions is another benefit that cloud computing in farming
delivers. In general, there are seven major deliverables:
1. Crop-related information. Data processing can help farmers gather and analyse
information on crops grown in the past and present, aiding future decision-making.
2. Weather information. Edge computing can provide real-time region-specific weather
information, which is crucial for farming, especially given the opportunity for receiving
forecasts for specific seasons.
3. Soil information. Agricultural decision-making is heavily dependent on soil information,
as apart from a soil’s profile, a farmer needs to know the soil’s past behavior and predict
future trends. Knowing, for example, whether soil has a tendency to turn acidic or
alkaline might be crucial for further farming actions.
4. Growth monitoring. Controlling the growth of various crops in different regions at
regular intervals gives farmers a lot of information on growth intervals, which is essential
for sustainable and lucrative farming, Expert consultation. Edge computing creates an
opportunity for a real-time solutions hub where farmers can discuss their real-time
problems.
5. Farmers’ data. Data from farmers can be captured across a whole region, representing a
great opportunity for stepwise agricultural policymaking and strategizing.
6. eCommerce. Farming businesses from rural areas can find direct paths to the market,
avoiding exploitation. An agricultural management information system based on cloud
computing can help farmers sell their products directly.
The benefits are obvious. What’s more, according to SourceTrace, 73% of cloud and edge
computing users from non-agricultural industries believe that the cloud and edge computing have
reduced infrastructure costs, while 74% claim that they have alleviated internal resource
pressure. Still, when it comes to agriculture, there are challenges that cloud technology farming
cannot deal with on its own.
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3.HISTORY
* Many aspects of cloud computing can be traced as far back as the 1950s when universities and
companies rented out computation time on mainframe computers.
* At the time, renting was one of the only ways to access computing resources as computing
technology was too large and expensive to be owned or managed by individuals.
* By the 1960s, computer scientists like John McCarthy of Stanford University and J.C.R
Licklider of The U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
began proposing ideas that anticipated some of the major features of cloud computing today,
such as the conceptualization of computing as a public utility and the possibility of a network of
computers that would allow people to access data and programs from anywhere in the world.
* Cloud computing, however, didn’t become a mainstream reality and a popular term until the
first decade of the 21st century. This decade saw the launch of cloud services like Amazon’s
Elastic Compute (EC2) and Simple Storage Service (S3) in 2006, Heroku in 2007, Google Cloud
Platform in 2008, Alibaba Cloud in 2009, Windows Azure (now Microsoft Azure) in 2010,
IBM’s SmartCloud in 2011, and DigitalOcean in 2011.
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* These services allowed existing businesses to optimize costs by migrating their in-house IT
infrastructure to cloud-based resources and provided independent developers and small
developer teams resources for creating and deploying apps.
* Cloud-based applications, known as Software as a Service (SasS) — which we’ll discuss in

greater detail in the cloud delivery models section — also became popular during this period.
*, Unlike on-premise software or software that users need to physically install and maintain on
their machines, SaaS increased the availability of applications by allowing users to access them
from a variety of devices on demand.
* Some of these cloud-based applications — such as Google’s productivity apps (Gmail, Drive,
and Docs) and Microsoft 365 (a cloud-based version of the Microsoft Office Suite) — were
offered by the same companies that launched cloud infrastructure services, while other
pre-existing software products, such as Adobe Creative Cloud, were launched as cloud-based
applications using the services of cloud providers.
* New SaaS products and businesses also emerged based on the novel opportunities of these
cloud providers, such as Netflix’s streaming services in 2007, the music platform Spotify in
2008, the file-hosting service Dropbox in 2009, the video conferencing service Zoom in 2012,
and the communication tool Slack in 2013. Today, cloud-based IT infrastructure and cloud-based
applications have become popular choices for both businesses and individual users and their
market share is expected to grow.
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4. TECHNIQUES/METHODS
4.1 TECHNIQUES
* Today's agriculture routinely uses sophisticated technologies such as robots, temperature and
moisture sensors, aerial images, and GPS technology.
* These advanced devices and precision agriculture and robotic systems allow businesses to be
more profitable, efficient, safer, and more environmentally friendly.
4.2 METHODS
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Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
* IaaS is the on-demand delivery of computing infrastructure, including operating systems,

networking, storage, and other infrastructural components. Acting much like a virtual equivalent
to physical servers, IaaS relieves cloud users of the need to buy and maintain physical servers
while also providing the flexibility to scale and pay for resources as needed. IaaS is a popular
option for businesses that wish to leverage the advantages of the cloud and have system
administrators who can oversee the installation, configuration, and management of operating
systems, development tools, and other underlying infrastructures that they wish to use.
* However, IaaS is also used by developers, researchers, and others who wish to customize the
underlying infrastructure of their computing environment. Given its flexibility, IaaS can support
everything from a company’s computing infrastructure to web hosting to big data analysis.
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
* PaaS provides a computing platform where the underlying infrastructure (such as the operating
system and other software) is installed, configured, and maintained by the provider, allowing
users to focus their efforts on developing and deploying apps in a tested and standardized
environment.
* PaaS is commonly used by software developers and developer teams as it cuts down on the
complexity of setting up and maintaining computer infrastructure, while also supporting
collaboration among distributed teams. PaaS can be a good choice for developers who don’t have
the need to customize their underlying infrastructure or those who want to focus their attention
on development rather than DevOps and system administration.
Software as a Service (SaaS)
* SaaS providers are cloud-based applications that users access on demand from the internet
without needing to install or maintain the software. Examples include GitHub, Google Docs,
Slack, and Adobe Creative Cloud. SaaS applications are popular among businesses and general
users are given that they’re often easy to adopt, accessible from any device, and have free,
premium, and enterprise versions of their applications.
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* Like PaaS, SaaS abstracts away the underlying infrastructure of the software application so that
users are only exposed to the interface they interact with.
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5. EXAMPLES
* In the modern era of cloud computing technology very helpful for centralizing the
all-agricultural-related data bank (Soil-related, weather, Research, Crop, Farmers, Agriculture
marketing, fertilizers, and pesticide information) in the cloud.
* Crop Management:
* Soil Information:
* Growth Tracking:
* Farmers' Information:
* Expert Consultation:
* E-Commerce.
* Practical Information Sharing
CROP MANAGEMENT
* It can capture information related to all crops grown in the recent past, and thus can help
farmers make decisions on what to grow next. Weather information:
* The cloud can store region-specific weather information as well as the weather forecast for
specific durations. Again, these help farmers make crop-related decisions.
SOIL INFORMATION
Crop-related decision-making depends largely on soil information too. Apart from the soil
profile, it can also provide a trend of soil in the past, which will help in predicting the trend in the
future. For example, is the soil turning acidic/alkaline, or, what other changes in nature and
composition of soil can be seen?
GROWTH TRACKING
The growth of various crops can be monitored in different regions; and at regular intervals. This
enables growth patterns to be compared with past growth patterns.
FARMERS INFORMATION
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Region-wise farmer data can be captured, and monitored, and study the involvement of local
farmers. This can help in the identification of core agricultural areas, which are helpful for
policymakers while framing their strategies.
EXPERT CONSULTATION
Here, solutions are available for commonplace problems that farmers frequently face.
Alongside, experts provide solutions to specific problems too, with a rather short response time.
E-COMMERCE
People from rural areas are unable to sell their products directly to the market. Many middlemen
pop up between the retail and production ends, which ultimately leads exploitation of the
farmers. Through the agricultural management information system of cloud computing, farmers
can sell their produce directly to the end users/retailers.
A web-based Agriculture management information system can be useful in the agriculture sector,
as it brings the latest bulletins on weather, prices, fertilizer, sowing of crops, etc., to farmers in
rural areas.
PRACTICAL INFORMATION
Scientists working at agriculture research stations can share their discoveries and suggestions
regarding modern techniques for the cultivation, and usage of fertilizers in the cloud.
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6.MOTIVES
The applications of cloud computing technology in agriculture can solve the bottleneck problem
of agricultural modernization and agricultural information, and can also break agricultural
producers’ limitations in knowledge or technology, reduce duplication, improve utilization of
existing resources to make up for dispersed, small-scale, regional differences agricultural
production and the strong dependence on the natural climate vulnerability of agricultural
production. Modernizations of agriculture include three aspects.
1) Widely use modern agriculture production equipment and agricultural machinery
2) Extensively use modern agricultural planting and breeding technology, weather observation,
and forecasting
3) Use modern forms of production organization and management methods, etc. Seen from the
development of agriculture, the agricultural mechanization goal has been basically achieved, but
there are still many outstanding issues in technology and management, such as fewer agricultural
technology service organizations and personnel, less necessary technical guidance, especially in
the breeding, pollution-free crop cultivation and livestock breeding, soil testing, fertilizer,
irrigation and soil improvement, meteorological observations and weather forecast were not
enough technical support, most of the farmers are in a state of blind conformity. The
organizational form of production in agriculture is relatively simple and backward, and with a
low degree of specialization in agricultural production areas, it is difficult to achieve Integrating
Agriculture.
In addition, due to the limitations of the farmers at market forecasting, business decision-making,
information gathering, and logistics management capacity is more lacking; it often leads to a
mismatch between the supply and demand, not only damages the farmers' interests but also
hindered the healthy development of the market supply and demand.
36
7. ILLUSTRATIONS
7.1 Challenges
Despite a long list of useful applications, cloud computing uptake can hit bottlenecks due to
certain reasons. For one, because this industry is practically free of political borders, the
differential cyber laws in various countries could pose a problem. As a solution to tackle this, the
service provider Business Software Alliance (BSA) has come up with a 7-point policy blueprint.
Another challenge lies in the security of data and services. The way around this is to opt for the
most reputed service provider for the service required.
A major prerequisite for the effective functioning of cloud computing is a high-speed internet
connection. If the cloud servers happen to be backed up at that moment, or if the Internet is
running slow, we might not get the instant access we expect from desktop applications.
7.2 ICT in Agriculture
* Indian agriculture gained momentum due to ICT projects.
* Lack of internet, infrastructure, poor knowledge, and awareness affects the output of these
projects.
* Hence, due to the above causes, the potential of these projects is yet to be achieved.
7.3 Current Challenges in Indian agriculture
Instability: Agriculture in India largely depends on monsoons. As a result, the production of

food grains fluctuates year after year. A year of abundant output of cereals is often followed by a
year of acute shortage.
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Cropping Pattern: The crops that are grown in India are divided into two broad categories: food
crops and non-food crops. While the former food grains, sugarcane, and other beverages, the
latter includes different kinds of fibers and oilseeds.
Land Ownership: Although the ownership of agricultural land in India is fairly widely
distributed, there is some degree of concentration of land holding. Inequality in land distribution
is also because there are frequent changes in land ownership in India. It is believed that large
parcels of land in India are owned by a relatively small section of rich farmers, landlords, and
money lenders, while the vast majority of farmers own very little amount of land or no land at
all.
Sub-Division and Fragmentation of Holding: Due to the growth of population and breakdown
of the joint family system, there has occurred continuous sub-division of agricultural land into
smaller and smaller plots. At times small farmers are forced to sell a portion of their land to
repay their debt. This creates further sub-division of land.
Land Tenure: The land tenure system of India is also far from perfect. In the pre-independence
period, most tenants suffered from insecurity of tenancy. They could be evicted at any time.
However, various steps have been taken after Independence to provide security of tenancy.
Conditions of Agricultural Labourers: The conditions of most agricultural laborers in India

are far from satisfactory. There is also the problem of surplus labor or disguised unemployment.
This pushes the wage rates below the subsistence levels.
Manures, Fertilizers, and Biocides: Indian soils have been used for growing crops for
thousands of years without caring much for replenishing. This has led to the depletion and
exhaustion of soils resulting in their low productivity. The average yields of almost all the crops
are among t e lowest in the world. This is a serious problem that can be solved by using more
manures and fertilizers.
Irrigation: Although India is the second largest irrigated country in the world after China, only
one-third of the cropped area is under irrigation. Irrigation is the most important agricultural
input in a tropical monsoon country like India where rainfall is uncertain, unreliable, and erratic
38
India cannot achieve sustained progress in agriculture unless and until more than half of the
cropped area is brought under assured irrigation.
Lack of mechanization: Despite the large-scale mechanization of agriculture in some parts

of the country, most of the agricultural operations in larger parts are carried on by the human
hand using simple and conventional tools and implements like a wooden plow, sickle, etc.
Little or no use of machines is made in plowing, sowing, irrigating, thinning and pruning,
weeding, harvesting threshing, and transporting the crops.
Agricultural Marketing: Agricultural marketing continues to be in a bad shape in rural

India. In the absence of sound marketing facilities, the farmers have to depend upon local traders
and middlemen for the disposal of their farm produce which is sold at a throw-away price
39
8. HOW IT WORKS
8.1 CLOUD ENVIRONMENT
Cloud services are available as public or private resources, each of which serves different needs.
Public Cloud
* The public cloud refers to cloud services (such as virtual machines, storage, or applications)
offered publicly by a commercial provider to businesses and individuals. Public cloud resources
are hosted on the commercial provider’s hardware, which users access through the internet.
* They are not always suitable for organizations in highly-regulated industries, such as
healthcare or finance, as public cloud environments may not comply with industry regulations
regarding customer data.
Private Cloud
The private cloud refers to cloud services that are owned and managed by the organization that
uses them and are available only to the organization’s employees and customers. Private clouds
allow organizations to exert greater control over their computing environment and their stored
data, which can be necessary for organizations in highly-regulated industries. Private clouds are
sometimes seen as more secure than public clouds as they are accessed through private networks
and enable the organization to directly oversee their cloud security. * Public cloud providers
sometimes provide their services as applications that can be installed on private clouds, allowing
organizations to keep their infrastructure and data on-premises while taking advantage of the
public cloud’s latest innovations.
40
Hybrid Cloud and Multicloud
Many organizations use a hybrid cloud environment that combines public and private cloud
resources to support the organization’s computing needs while maintaining compliance with
industry regulations. Multicloud environments are also common, which entail the use of more
than one public cloud provider (for example, combining Amazon Web Services and
DigitalOcean).
In short, cloud computing in agriculture can be used to aggregate data from tools like soil
sensors, satellite images, and weather stations to help farmers make better decisions about
managing their crops. The cloud's analytical capabilities also aid farmers in understanding their
production environment.
8.2 ROLE OF CLOUD COMPUTING IN SOLVING THESE CHALLENGES

*Using the applications of the cloud the farmers have nothing to worry about hardware and
software investment and also the technical knowledge required to learn them. The farmers will
send the request for the specific cloud service using a user-friendly device, and the cloud service
provider will analyze and handle the request dynamically.
* And finally the results will be passed back to the client. They can get the most up-to-date
farming and propagation techniques, and pest control knowledge, and can also track the whole
process from production, and distribution to consumption. They can also provide systematic
information collection like Supply chain management, Market forecasting, and Business
decision-making information.
8.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING:

The special publication includes the five essential characteristics of cloud computing: 1.
On-demand
*Self-Service:
41
A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network
storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.
*Broad network access:
Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that
promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets,
laptops, and workstations).
* Resource pooling: The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers
using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned
and reassigned according to consumer demand. There is a sense of location independence in that
the customer generally has no control or knowledge over the
exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of
abstraction (e.g., country, state, or data center). Examples of resources include storage,
processing, memory, and network bandwidth.
* Rapid elasticity:
Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale
rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities
available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at
any time.
* Measured service:
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering
capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,
processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled,
and reported, providing transparency for the provider and consumer.
42
43
. 9. ADVANTAGES
* Data Readiness any time & anywhere
* Local and global communication
* Improve the economic condition of the Nation
* Enhanced the GDP of the nation
* Ensure food security leve
* Motivation of farmers and researchers
* Reduction of technical issue
* Rural-Urban movement
* Data availability at any time and any location without delay
* Improve the market price of Food, seeds, and other product
* The cost of system upgrades, new hardware, and software may be included in your contract.
* You no longer need to pay wages for expert staff.
* Your energy consumption costs may be reduced.
* There are fewer time delays.
44
10. APPLICATIONS
10.1 CLOUD COMPUTING APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE
High integration and sharing of agriculture information
* Cloud computing offers a new management mechanism, which can integrate information
resources in different regions and departments, build information-sharing space and share
infrastructure.
In the Agriculture Information Resources Cloud (AIRC) users can get agricultural information
through a variety of terminals, not just the computer, which promotes information sharing
significantly.
Real-time monitoring and guidance in agricultural production
Currently, cloud computing technology already achieves real-time visual monitoring of crop
growth, not only able to quickly get the surface information but also be able to detect the water
and fertilizer content in the soil.
Construction and improvement of the agricultural products supply chain
The cloud platform facilitates the information exchange and communication between farmers
and agricultural enterprises, it has very important significance for constructing and improving
agricultural products supply chain, ameliorating agricultural products sales, and increasing
farmers' profits.
Tracking and monitoring the quality of the agricultural products
In the cloud computing platform, the animal can take advantage of advanced computer imaging
technology to evaluate
The animal meat, 2. Select and cultivate varieties, 3. Establish the database and animal nutrition
demand model, and meet several animal nutritional needs indicators and allow the maximum
production of livestock and poultry.
45
10.2 APPLICATIONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Art Applications
Cloud computing offers various art applications for quickly and easily designing attractive
cards, booklets, and images. Some most commonly used cloud art applications are given below:
i. I MOO:
Moo is one of the best cloud art applications. It is used for designing and printing business cards,
postcards, and mini-cards.
ii. Vistaprint
Vistaprint allows us to easily design various printed marketing products such as business cards,
Postcards, Booklets, and wedding invitation cards.
iii. Adobe Creative Cloud
Adobe creative cloud is made for designers, artists, filmmakers, and other creative professionals.
It is a suite of apps that includes PhotoShop image editing programming, Illustrator, InDesign,
TypeKit, Dreamweaver, XD, and Audition.
46
Business Applications
Business applications are based on cloud service providers. Today, every organization requires
cloud business application to grow their business. It also ensures that business applications are
24*7 available to users.
There are the following business applications of cloud computing:
i. MailChimp
MailChimp is an email publishing platform that provides various options to design,

send, and save templates for emails.
ii. Salesforce
The Salesforce platform provides tools for sales, service, marketing, e-commerce, and more. It
also provides a cloud development platform.
iii. Chatter
Chatter helps us to share important information about the organization in real-time.
iv. Paypal
Paypal offers the simplest and easiest online payment mode using a secure internet account.
Paypal accepts payment through debit cards, credit cards, and also from Paypal account holders.
v. Slack
Slack stands for Searchable Log of all Conversation and Knowledge. It provides
a user-friendly interface that helps us to create public and private channels for communication.
vi. Quickbooks
47
Quickbooks works on the terminology "Run Enterprise anytime, anywhere, on any device." It
provides online accounting solutions for the business. It allows more than 20 users to work
simultaneously on the same system.
Data Storage and Backup Applications
Cloud computing allows us to store information (data, files, images, audio, and videos) on the
cloud and access this information using an internet connection. As the cloud provider is
responsible for providing security, so they offer various backup recovery applications for
retrieving the lost data.
A list of data storage and backup applications in the cloud is given below -
i. Box.com
Box provides an online environment for secure content management,

workflow, and collaboration. It allows us to store different files such as Excel, Word, PDF, and
images on the cloud. The main advantage of using box is that it provides drag & drop service for
files and easily integrates with Office 365, G Suite, Salesforce, and more than 1400 tools.
ii. Mozy
Mozy provides powerful online backup solutions for our personal and business data. It
schedules automatically back up for each day at a specific time.
iii. Joukuu
Joukuu provides the simplest way to share and track cloud-based backup files. Many users use
jouks to search files and folders, and collaborate on documents.
Education Applications
48
Cloud computing in the education sector becomes very popular. It offers various online
distance learning platforms and student information portals to the students. The
advantage of using the cloud in the field of education is that it offers strong virtual classroom
environments, Ease of accessibility, secure data storage, scalability, greater reach for the
students, and minimal hardware requirements for the applications.
There are the following education applications offered by the cloud -
i. Google Apps for Education
Google Apps for Education is the most widely used platform for free web-based email, calendar,
documents, and collaborative study.
ii. Chromebooks for Education
Chromebook for Education is one of the most important Google projects. It is designed for the
purpose that it enhances education innovation.
iii. Tablets with Google Play for Education
It allows educators to quickly implement the latest technology solutions into the classroom and
make them available to their students.
iv. AWS in Education
AWS cloud provides an education-friendly environment to universities, community colleges, and

schools.
49
Entertainment Applications
Entertainment industries use a multi-cloud strategy to interact with the target audience. Cloud
computing offers various entertainment applications such as online games and video
conferencing.
i. Online games
Today, cloud gaming becomes one of the most important entertainment media. It offers various
online games that run remotely from the cloud. The best cloud gaming services are Shadow,
GeForce Now, Vortex, Project xCloud, and PlayStation Now.
ii. Video Conferencing Apps
Video conferencing apps provide a simple and instant connected experience. It allows us to
communicate with our business partners, friends, and relatives using cloud-based video
conferencing. The benefits of using video conferencing are that it reduces cost, increases
efficiency, and removes interoperability.
6. Management Applications
Cloud computing offers various cloud management tools which help admins to manage all types
of cloud activities, such as resource deployment, data integration, and disaster recovery. These
management tools also provide administrative control over the platforms, applications, and
infrastructure.
Some important management applications are -
i. Toggl
Toggl helps users to track the allocated period for a particular project.
50
ii. Evernote
Evernote allows you to sync and save your recorded notes, typed notes, and other notes in one
convenient place. It is available in both free as well as paid versions.
It uses platforms like Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Browser, and Unix.
11. LIMITATIONS
* Although the implementation of cloud computing in agriculture indicates overall growth of the
agricultural sector in India and also Andhra Pradesh, there are a few concerns as well. One of the
main concerns of cloud computing is the conflict in different country’s laws.
* It demands a careful selection of the provider and may also require negotiation in drawing an
effective agreement between the service providers and State. Another concern is security and
privacy. The nation may not be willing to hand over sensitive data to a third party.
51
* This can be taken care of by careful selection of reliable and reputed cloud service providers.
One more important constraint is, cloud computing demands high bandwidth internet
connectivity.
* The current international bandwidth of Andhra Pradesh is 325Mbps, which is just sufficient to
cater to the basic needs in the state only, for entire India more than 1200Mbps is needed.
* To optimally use the cloud services India needs much higher bandwidth than the current
capacity. One possible solution to this problem could be to incorporate certain services through
mobile, especially text-related services.
Security:
• no control over the business assets (data!). The main assets in every company are its data files
with valuable customer information.
A proper security model for cloud computing is not yet developed. Security, privacy, and
compliance are still difficult for cloud solutions. Especially for public cloud services.
• Physical location of hardware and software is unknown. Site inspections and audits are hard.
Availability. Constant connectivity is required.
• Failure to comply. Eg HIPAA, SOX, PCI, SAS 70, and audits.
Risk of data loss due to improper backups or system failures
Flexibility:
• Special customization is not possible.
• Possible lower rate of business IT innovation. The technological innovation pace is dictated by
CSP.
52
Cost:
• Hidden cost (e.g. compliance regulations, backup, restore, disaster recovery, and
problem-solving.)
• Opaque cost structure due to highly flexible usage of cloud services;
• Cost advantages are as hard to get when using outsourcing for
IT services in a traditional way.
The risk of higher future charges is real.
Knowledge:
• More and deeper knowledge is required for implementing and managing SLA contracts with
CSPs
Since all knowledge about the working of the cloud (e.g. hardware, software, virtualization,
deployment) is concentrated at the CSP, it is hard to get grip on the CSP.
Integration:
• Integration with equipment hosted in other data centers is difficult to achieve.
" Peripherals integration. (Bulk)Printers and local security IT equipment (e.g. access systems) are
difficult to integrate. But also (personal) USB devices or smartphones or groupware and email
systems are difficult to integrate.
12. CONCLUSIONS
53
Cloud computing is a newly introduced concept and most developing nations are not to acquire it
and have a well-established information base for the nation. This will return to a well-connected
world.
Cloud computing has benefits for the entire economy, but substantial challenges stand in the
way. Cloud computing will support the farmers’ access to application services at any wherever
using various terminals.
They request their resources from the cloud, not from a fixed physical entity. The applications
are run in the cloud, the farmers don't need to know and worry about the specific location of the
application.
They only need a laptop or a cell phone and they can achieve what they want. In the next three
years, cloud computing in India will be more and more used by enterprises. India will benefit if
the proposed model is implemented effectively in the agricultural sector. Effective
implementation of this model will encourage other sectors also, which will lead to optimal
benefits of shifting towards the cloud.
This will bridge the gap between technology, information, and the farmers of India. This will
have a positive and tremendous impact on other fields also that will lead the nation toward
technological development. Therefore, promotion and awareness of Cloud computing technology
and its use, and implementation will bring out a new zenith in economic development in India.
54
13. FUTURE SCOPE
Cloud computing helps the agriculture industry grow
To see precision agriculture in action, consider the example of John Mitchell, a farmer near
Manchester, Iowa, who’s testing precision agriculture solutions on behalf of John Deere. When
he drives his John Deere tractor through his cornfields, he’s only pondering one type of cloud:
rain clouds. But when he stops to readjust the pipes that constitute his irrigation system, he’s
tapping into an entirely different type of cloud: cloud computing farm-management software.
As he drives along, Mitchell can assess the moisture levels in the soil below by consulting a
dashboard in his tractor. If soil in one part of the field is already saturated, he can turn the water
off. If it’s bone-dry in another part of the field, he can turn the water up.
Store and maintain a database for the information generated in daily farming activities.
> Weather forecasting and related information.
> Database for crop-specific information with different parameters.
> Database for market-related information like Price, Season, market surplus, etc
55
> Database for production-related data.
> Database for various agricultural tools-related information
56
14.REFERENCES
https://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1872349.pdf
https://www.slideshare.net/maikelm/disadvantages-of-cloud-computing
https://www.javatpoint.com/cloud-computing-applications
https://www.nutanix.com/theforecastbynutanix/industry/cloud-computing-applications-for-
agriculture
https://www.sourcetrace.com/blog/cloud-computing-agriculture/
57

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TITLE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &

This is to certify that the Seminar entitled TITLE OF THE SEMINAR

This in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Bachelor degree in

COORDINATORS NAMES NAME OF HOD

I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my technical seminar

NAME OF THE STUDENT

13. FUTURE SCOPE 40

Cloud Computing provides an alternative to the on-premises datacentre. With an on-premises

Advantages of cloud computing

o Speed: Resources can be accessed in minutes, typically within a few clicks.

o Scalability: We can increase or decrease the requirement of resources according to the

Types of Cloud Services:

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): In IaaS, we can rent IT infrastructures like servers

The relationship between Cloud computing and agricultural development

1) Widely use modern agriculture production equipment, agricultural machinery.

2) Extensively use modern agricultural planting and breeding technology, weather

3) Use modern forms of production organization and management methods, etc.

Agriculture modernization needs cloud computing Modernization of agriculture

1. Widely use modern agriculture production equipment, agricultural machinery.

Cloud computing role in promoting agricultural development Cloud computing applications

(1) Agricultural Informatization Agricultural information construction in China is relatively

● Still a second to none cloud farming offering

● Cloud farming in agriculture: Practical output

● Challenges on the cloud computing for agriculture agenda

● Edge computing saving cloud farming?

● Edge computing farming: It really works

Still a second-to-none cloud farming offering

According to O’s Grady, Langton, and O’Hare, publishing in Artificial Intelligence in

Cloud farming in agriculture: Practical output

* Cloud-based applications, known as Software as a Service (SasS) — which we’ll discuss in

* IaaS is the on-demand delivery of computing infrastructure, including operating systems,

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Software as a Service (SaaS)

1) Widely use modern agriculture production equipment and agricultural machinery

7.2 ICT in Agriculture

* Indian agriculture gained momentum due to ICT projects.

7.3 Current Challenges in Indian agriculture

Instability: Agriculture in India largely depends on monsoons. As a result, the production of

Conditions of Agricultural Labourers: The conditions of most agricultural laborers in India

Lack of mechanization: Despite the large-scale mechanization of agriculture in some parts

Agricultural Marketing: Agricultural marketing continues to be in a bad shape in rural

8.1 CLOUD ENVIRONMENT

8.2 ROLE OF CLOUD COMPUTING IN SOLVING THESE CHALLENGES

8.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING:

* Data Readiness any time & anywhere

* Local and global communication

* Improve the economic condition of the Nation

* Enhanced the GDP of the nation

* Ensure food security leve

* Motivation of farmers and researchers

* Reduction of technical issue

* Data availability at any time and any location without delay

* Improve the market price of Food, seeds, and other product

* You no longer need to pay wages for expert staff.

* Your energy consumption costs may be reduced.

* There are fewer time delays.

10.1 CLOUD COMPUTING APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE