PRACTICE QUESTIONS ( SOLUTION )

By Pin2
MTH632
Lecture No. 1

Q1: Find the sum of two complex numbers, z = 2 + i, w = –3 + 9i.

Solution: z + w = ( 2 + i ) + ( –3 + 9i )

= 2 +(–3) + i + 9i

= – 1 + 10 i

Q2: Find the difference of two complex numbers, z1 = – 5 + i, z2 = –3 + 9i.

Solution: z1 – z2 = (– 5 + i) – ( –3 + 9i)

= –5 – (–3) + i – 9i

= –5 + 3 + i – 9i

= – 2 – 8i

Q3: Find the product of two complex numbers, z1 = – 3 + 2i, z2 = –1 + 11i.

Solution: z1 z2 =( – 3 + 2i) (–1 + 11i)

= 3 – 33i – 2 i + 22i2

= 3 – 33i – 2 i + 22(–1)

= –19 – 35i

Q4: Divide of two complex numbers, z1 = – 8 + i, z2 = –3 + 8i.

Solution:
 牋 牋 牋爾 牋 8
z1  � 8 , i 3z 2  i
z1 8 i

z2 3  8i

8 i 3  8i
 
3  8i 3  8i
24  64i  3 i 8 i 2
 2 2
 3   8i 
24  64i  3 i 8  1 

9  6 4  1 

24  64i  3 i 8

9  6 4  1 

3 2  6 1i

73

Q5: Simplify ( 3  i 3)  i (5  3 i )

Solution:

( 3 i 3)  i (5  3i )

 3  3 i  5i  3i
2

 3  2i  3  1 

 3  2i  3

 3  3  2i
 0  2i
  2i

Q6: Find Re(z) and Im(z) complex numbers, z = –3 + 9i.

Solution:

Re(z) = –3 and Im(z)=9

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
By Pin2
MTH632
Lecture No. 2
Modules ( 5 – 7 )

Q1: Verify commutative law with respect to multiplication for complex numbers
z1 = 2 + i, z2 = –3 + 9i.

Solution: The commutative law is z1 + z2 = z2 +z1

Consider z1 + z2 = ( 2 + i ) + ( –3 + 9i )
= 2 – 3 + i +9i
= – 1 + 10 i
Now z2 + z1 = ( –3 + 9i ) +( 2 + i )
= – 3 + 2 + 9i +i
= – 1 + 10 i
Hence z1 + z2 = z2 +z1

Q2: Verify the associative law with respect to multiplication for complex numbers
z1 = 2 + i, z2 = –3 + 9i and z3 = – 8 + i.
Solution: The associative law is ( z1 z2 ) z3= z1( z2 z3 )
Consider z1 z2 = ( 2 + i ) ( –3 + 9i )
= 2 (– 3) +2(9i)+ i(–3) + (i )(9i)
= – 6 + 18 i –3i+9i2
= – 6 + 18 i –3i+9(–1)
= – 6 –9+ 18 i –3i
= – 12 + 15 i
Now ( z1 z2 ) z3 = (– 12 + 15 i) (– 8 + i)
= – 12 (– 8) +(– 12 (i))+ 15i(–8) + (15i )(i)
 = 96 – 12 i –120 i + 15i 2
= 96 – 12 i –120 i + 15(–1)
= 81 – 132 i
Similarly, you can find z1( z2 z3 ).

-1
Q3: Find the multiplicative inverse z of the complex numbers z = – 5 + i.
Solution:
1 1 -5 1
z-1 = = = 2 -i by formula
z – 5 + 1 (– 5) + 1 (– 5)2 + 12
2

-5 1
= -i
25 +1 25+1
-5 1
= -i
26 26
Q4: Write down the Distributive law of multiplication over addition.

Solution: The Distributive law is z1 ( z2 + z3 )= z1z2 +z1 z3

z1
Q5: Let z1 = – 8 + i, z2 = –3 + 8i, then calculate .
z2

Solution:
z1
z2
x y
(
= (x1+iy1) 2 2 2 -i 2 2 2
x2 +y2 x2 +y2 )
= ( x1x +y1y2 y1x2-x1y
2
,
x22+y22 x22+y22
2
)
=( (-8()(-3-3) )++((81))(8) , (1)((-3-3))+-((-88)() 8) )
2 2 2 2

=(
(-3) +(8) (-3) +(8) )
32 61
2 , 2 2 2

Q6: Find the modulus | z | of the complex numbers z = – 7 + 5i.

Solution: | z | = | – 7 + 5i | = 72+52 = 49+25 = 74

Q7: Find the distance of the complex number z1 = 2 + i from z2 = –3 + 9i.

Solution: Distance = (2-(-3))2+(1-9)2 = (5)2+(-8)2

= 25+64 = 89

Q8: Show that z1  z 2  z1  z2

PRACTICE QUESTIONS.
By Pin2
MTH632
Lecture No. 3
Modules ( 8 – 9 )

2
Q1: Verify that z zz for z  3  4i .

Solution:
̅ ̅
z = - 3 + 4i, so z = -3 + 4i = - 3 - 4i
̅
z z = (-3 + 4i)(-3-4i )
= (-3)(-3) + (-3)(-4i) + (4i) (-3) + (4i)(-4i)
= 9 + 12i - 12i - 16 i2
= 9 - 16 (-1)
̅
z z = 25

Now |z| = (-3)2+(4)2 = 25 = 5

|z|2 = 52 = 25
̅
Hence |z|2 = z z

Q2: Verify that z1  z 2  z1  z 2 for z1  2  i , z 2  3  9 i .

Solution:
̅ ̅
z1 + z2 = (2+i) + (-3+9i)

̅
= (2-3) + (i+9i)
̅
= -1 + 10i
= -1 - 10i
 ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
z1 + z2 = (2+i) + (-3+9i)

= 2 - i + (-3-9i)
= -1 - 10i
̅ ̅ ̅
Hence z1 + z2 = z1 + z2

zz zz
Q3: Show that R e  z   an d I m  z   .
2 2i

Solution:
̅
z = x + yi, and z = x - yi
Re(z) = x, Im(z) = y
̅
Now z + z = ( x + yi) + (x-yi)
= ( x + x) + (yi-yi)
= 2x + 0i
̅
z + z = 2x
̅
z+ z
=x
2
̅
z+ z
Re(z) =
2
̅
Now z - z = ( x + yi) - (x-yi)
= ( x- x) + (yi+yi)
= 0 + 2yi
̅
z - z = 2yi
̅
z- z
=y
2i
̅
z- z
Im(z) =
2i
Q4: Show that R e  i z    I m ( z ) an d I m  i z   R e ( z ) .

Solution:
̅
z+ z
Since Re(z) =
2
̅
iz + iz
So Re(iz) =
2
̅
iz -i z
=
2

=i ( )̅
z- z
2

( )
= i.i
̅
z- z
2i
Re(iz) = -Im(z)
̅
z- z
Since Im(z) =
2i
̅
iz- iz
So Im(iz) =
2i
̅
iz +i z
=
2i

=i ( )̅
z+ z
2i

= ( )̅
z+ z
2
Im(iz) = Re(z)

Q5: Verify that the triangle inequality z1  z2  z1  z2 for z1 = – 8 + i, z2 = –3 + 8i.

Solution:
 z1 = – 8 + i, |z | = (-8) +1 = 65 = 8.06
1
2 2

z2 = –3 + 8i, |z | = (-3) +8 = 73 = 8.5

2
2 2

z1 + z2 = (– 8 + i ) + (–3 + 8i) = - 11 + 9i

|z +z | =
1 2
(-11)2+92 = 202 = 14.12

Clearly |z +z | < |z | + |z |
1 2 1 2

14.12 < 8.06+8.5

14.12 < 16.56

Q6: Find the Polar representation of the complex numbers z = – 7 + 5i.

Solution:

We represent z = ( x, y ) in (r, θ)in polar form.

For z = x + i y, r = | z | = (-7)2+52 = 74

θ = tan-1 ( xy ) = tan ( -75 ) = -tan ( 57 )

-1 -1

z = r(cos θ +isin θ)

( ( ( 57 ))+isin (-tan ( 57 )))

z = 74 cos -tan-1 -1

Q7: Find the Polar representation of the complex numbers z = ( 0, 11 ) = 11i.

Solution:

We represent z = ( x, y ) in (r, θ)in polar form.

For z = x + i y, r = | z | = (0)2+112 = 121 = 11

θ = tan-1 ( xy ) = tan ( 110 ) = ∞,

-1
so θ =
π
4

z = r(cos θ +isin θ)
 ( ( π4 )+isin ( π4 ))
z = 11 cos
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
By Pin2
MTH632
Lecture No. 4
Modules ( 10 – 12 )

Q1: Express the complex number 1  i in the exponential form.

Solution:

We represent z = ( x, y ) in (r, θ)in polar form which is further converted to

exponential form z = re-iθ.

For z = x + i y, z = - 1 + i, so x = - 1, y = 1

r = | z | = (-1)2+12 = 2

Since x is –ve and y is +ve, so θ is in 2nd quadrant.

θ = tan-1 ( xy ) = tan ( -11 ) = -tan (1) = - π4 = π - π4 = 3π4

-1 -1

z = re-iθ
3π
-i
z = 2e 4

i
1
Q2: Let z  8 e 2
, then find z .

Solution:
1 1 1 -i π2
z-1 = iθ = π = e
re i 8
8e 2

i

Q3: Let z  7 e 4
, then find z50.

Solution:
 n n
z = r einθ
π
Here n = 50, r = 7, θ =
4

z50 = 750e
i50 ( π4 ) = 750ei( 25π2 )
    
15

Q4: Use De Moivres’ formula to simplify  cos    i si n    .
 3  3 
Solution:
n
By De Moivres’ formula, (cos θ +isin θ) = (cos nθ +isin nθ)

( ) = (cos 15( π3 ) +isin 15( π3 ))

15
π π
So, cos +isin
3 3

5 i i
Q5: Let z1  3 e 3
a n d z2  2 e 3 , then find Arg ( z1 + z2 ).

Solution:
Arg ( z1 + z2 ) =?

Arg(z1) = θ1 , Arg(z2) = θ2

Arg(z1+z2) = θ1 + θ2

Here,

Arg(z1) = Arg 3 e ( i
5π
3 ) = 5π3
Arg(z2) = Arg 2 e 3 = ( i
π
) π
3
So
5π π 6π
Arg(z1+z2) = θ1 + θ2 = + = = 2π
3 3 3
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
By Pin2
MTH632
Lecture No. 5
Modules ( 13 – 14 )

Q1: Find square roots of 2i.

Solution:

Please follow the solved example at page 12 of Module 14.

Q2: Write down the formula of nth roots of complex number z.

Solution:

Please follow the solved example at page 13 of Module 13.

Q3: Find 6th roots of 2i.

Solution:

Please follow the solved example at page 12 of Module 14.

Q4: Find cube roots of 1.

Solution:

Please follow the solved example at page 3 of Module 14.

Q5: Find all values of (3i)1/3 .

Solution:

Please follow the solved example at page 12 of Module 14.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
By Pin2
MTH632
Lecture No. 6
Modules 14-15

Q1: Find 7th roots of z0 = 1.

Solution:

Please follow the solved example at page 10 of Module 14.

Q2: Find all values of (5i)1/3 .

Solution:

Please follow the solved example at page 12 of Module 14.

Q3: Find roots of the following equation

1
z2 - (3 + i)z + =0
4
Solution:

Please follow the solved example at page 14 of Module 14.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
By Pin2
MTH632
Lecture No. 8
Modules 18-19

Q1: Explain domain and range of a complex valued function with the help of an example.
Solution:

Please follow the solved example at pages 6, 11 and 12 of Module 18.

Q2: Express the function f ( z )  z I m ( z )  z R e( z ) in the form f ( z )  u ( x , y )  i v ( x , y ).

Solution:

Please follow the solved example at pages 5-8 of Module 19.

Q3: Express the function f ( z )  8  x  y   i 4 y in the formula, involving z an d z.

2

Solution:

Please follow the solved example at pages 9-12 of Module 19.

Q4: Define polynomial and give reason why

Solution:

Please follow the solved example at pages 28 and 31 of Module 19.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
By Pin2
MTH632
Lecture No. 9
Modules 20

Q1: Show that the function w = f(z) = iz - 3 is one-to-one.

Solution:

Please follow the solved example at pages 18 and 19 of Module 20.

Q2: Show whether the function w = f(z) = z2 is one-to-one or not.

Solution:

Please follow the solved example at pages 21 and 22 of Module 20.

Q3: Show that the function f(z) = -z maps the line y = -x + 1 to the line v = -u - 1.

Solution:

Please follow the solved example at pages 30-36 of Module 20.

 Solved Exercise MTH-632
Complex Analysis & Differential
Geometry
Instructor

Dr. Sohail Iqbal

Midterm’s Syllabus Solved Exercises
Book Name: Brown-Churchill-Complex Variables and Application 8th edition

Chapter 1 Section 2,3,4,8,10,

Chapter 2 Section 12,18,20,23,25,26

Section 2 Basic Algebraic Operations

Question No.1: Verify that

a):
( ) ( )
2 − i − i 1 − 2 = −2i

proof:

L.H .S = ( ) (
2 − i − i 1 − 2i )
= 2 − i − i + 2i 2
= 2 − 2i + 2 ( −1)
= 2 − 2i − 2
= − 2i = R.HS
b):

L.H .S = ( 2, −3)( −2,1)

= ( 2 − 3i )( −2 + i )
= 2 ( −2 + i ) − 3i ( −2 + i )
= -4 + 2i + 6i - 3i 2
= -4 + 8i - 3(−1)
= -4 + 8i + 3
= -1 + 8i = R.HS

c):

1 1 
L.H .S = ( 3,1)( 3, −1)  , 
 5 10 
1 1 
= ( 3 + i )( 3 − i )  + i 
 5 10 
1 1 
= (3(3 − i ) + i (3 − i ))  + i 
 5 10 
1 1 
= ( 9 − 3i + 3i − i 2 )  + i 
 5 10 
1 1 
= ( 9 − (−1) )  + i 
 5 10 
1 1 
= 10  + i 
 5 10 
= 2+i
= (2,1) = R.HS

Question No.2:

a): Show that Re(iz)=-ImgZ;

Proof:

L.H .S = Re(iz )
= Re ( i ( x + iy ) )
= Re ( ix + i 2 y )
= Re(ix − y )
= −y
= − Im( z ) = R.H .S
b): Show that Img(iz)=Re z;

Proof:

L.H .S = Im(iz )
= Im ( i ( x + iy ) )
= Im ( ix + i 2 y )
= Im(ix − y )
= Re( z ) = R.H .S

Show that (1 + z ) = 1 + 2 z + z
2 2
Question No.3:

Ans:

Question No.4: verify that each of the two numbers z = 1  i satisfies the equation
z − 2z + 2 = 0
2

Proof:

a): when z = 1 + i then

L.H .S = z 2 − 2 z + 2
= (1 + i) 2 − 2(1 + i) + 2
= (1)2 + (i)2 + 2(1)(i) − 2 − 2i + 2
= 1 + (−1) + 2i − 2 − 2i + 2
= 0 = R.H .S

b): when z = 1 − i then

L.H .S = z 2 − 2 z + 2
= (1 − i) 2 − 2(1 − i) + 2
= (1)2 + (i)2 − 2(1)(i ) − 2 + 2i + 2
= 1 + (−1) − 2i − 2 + 2i + 2
= 0 = R.H .S
Question No.5: Prove that multiplication of complex numbers is commutative.

Proof:

Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 where
x1 , x2 , y1 , y2 

z1 z2 = ( x1 + iy1 )( x2 + iy2 )
= ( x1 )( x2 + iy2 ) + ( iy1 )( x2 + iy2 )
= ( x1 )( x2 ) + ( x1 )( iy2 ) + ( iy1 )( x2 ) + ( iy1 )( iy2 )
= ( x1 )( x2 ) + i ( x1 )( y2 ) + i ( y1 )( x2 ) + (i )(i ) ( y1 )( y2 )

= ( x2 )( x1 ) + i ( y2 )( x1 ) + i ( x2 )( y1 ) + (i)(i) ( y2 )( y1 )

As real numbers are commutative

= ( x2 )( x1 ) + i ( x2 )( y1 ) + i ( y2 )( x1 ) + (i )(i ) ( y2 )( y1 )
= ( x2 )( x1 + iy1 ) + ( iy2 )( x1 + iy1 )
= ( x2 + iy2 ) . ( x1 + iy1 )
= z2 z1

Hence complex numbers are commutative.

Question No.6: Verify the associative law for addition of complex numbers

Proof:

Let z1 , z 2 and z3 be three complex numbers such that

z1 = x1 + iy1 , z2 = x2 + iy2 and z3 = x3 + iy3 where x1 , x2 , x3 , y1 , y2 , y3 

( z1 + z2 ) + z3 = ( ( x1 + iy1 ) + ( x2 + iy2 ) ) + ( x3 + iy3 )

= ( ( x1 + x2 ) + i ( y1 + y2 ) ) + ( x3 + iy3 )
= ( ( x2 + x1 ) + i ( y2 + y1 ) ) + ( x3 + iy3 )

As real numbers are commutative

 = ( x1 + x2 ) + x3 + i ( y1 + y2 ) + iy3
= x1 + ( x2 + x3 ) + i ( ( y1 + y2 ) + y3 )
= x1 + ( x2 + x3 ) + i ( y1 + ( y2 + y3 ) )
= x1 + ( x2 + x3 ) + iy1 + i ( y2 + y3 )
= x1 + iy1 + ( x2 + x3 ) + i ( y2 + y3 )
= z1 + ( z2 + z3 )

Question No.7:

Ans:

Question No.8:

a): Write ( x, y) + (u, v) = ( x, y) and point out how it follows that the complex number
0=(0,0) is unique as an additive identity.

Ans:

( x, y) + (u, v) = ( x, y)
( x + iy) + (u + iv) = ( x + iy)
( x + u ) + i( y + v) = ( x + iy)

Comparing the real and imaginary numbers on both sides,

x + u = x and y + v = y

x + u = x and y + v = y
 u = x − x and v = y − y
u=0 and v = 0

Hence (u, v) = (0, 0) = 0

Suppose there is another additive (c + id ) identity then

( x, y) + (c, d ) = ( x, y)
( x + iy) + (c + i) = ( x + iy)
( x + c) + i( y + d ) = ( x + iy )

x + c = x and y + d = y
 c = x − x and d = y − y
c=0 and d = 0
Hence (c, d ) = (0,0) = 0 = (u, v) proved that additive identity is a unique number.

Question No.9: use -1=(-1,0) and z=(x,y) to show that (-1)z=-z

Ans:

Given that −1 = (−1,0) = −1 + i0 and z = ( x, y) = x + iy

L.H .S = (−1) z
= (-1, 0)( x, y)
= (-1 + i 0)( x + iy )
= (-1)( x + iy ) + i 0( x + iy )
= - x - iy + i0 − 0
= -( x + iy )
= - z = R.H .S

Question No.10: use i = (0,1) and y = ( y,0) to verify that –(iy)=(-i)y. Thus show that additive
inverse of a complex number z=x+iy can be written –z=-x-iy without ambiguity.

Proof:

i = (0,1) and y = ( y,0)

L.H .S = −(iy )
= - ( (0,1)( y, 0) )
= - ( (0 + i )( y + i 0) )
= - ( (0)( y + i 0) + (i )( y + i 0) )
= - ( 0 + i 0 + iy - 0 )
= - ( (0 - 0) + (i)( y + 0) )
= (-i ) y = R.H .S

Additive inverse gives the zero number in complex numbers

If z = x + iy then let w = u + iv be the additive inverse of the z , so

z + w = 0 + i0
( x + iy ) + (u + iv) = 0 + i 0
( x + u ) + i ( y + v) = 0 + i 0

Comparing real and imaginary parts

 x + u = 0 and y + v = 0
u = − x and v = - y

As

w = u + iv
= - x - iy
= -( x + iy )
= -z

Hence additive inverse of a complex number z=x+iy can be written –z=-x-iy

Question No.11:solve the equation z 2 + z + 1 = 0 for z = ( x, y ) by writing

( x, y)( x, y) + ( x, y) + (1,0) = (0,0)

Ans:

z 2 + z + 1 = ( x, y )( x, y ) + ( x, y) + (1, 0)
= ( x 2 − y 2 , yx + xy ) + ( x, y) + (1, 0)
= ( x 2 − y 2 , yx + xy ) + ( x, y) + (1, 0)
= ( x 2 − y 2 + x + 1, yx + xy + y + 0)

Given z 2 + z + 1 = 0

Comparing real and imaginary parts

( x 2 − y 2 + x + 1, yx + xy + y + 0) = (0, 0)

The real part is x2 − y 2 + x + 1 = 0 …..……..1 and

The imaginary part is yx + xy + y + 0 = 0 ……….…2

Solving equation no. 2

2 xy + y = 0
y (2 x + 1) = 0
y = 0 or 2 x + 1 = 0
−1
x=
2

When y=0 then this equation does not satisfied.

Put this value of x in equation 1

 −1   −1 
2

  − y +   +1 = 0
2

 2   2 
1 1
− y2 − +1 = 0
4 2
1− 2 + 4
− y2 = 0
4
3
− y2 = 0
4
3
y2 =
4
3
y=
4

−1 3
Hence x = and y = 
2 4

 1 3
z = ( x, y ) =  − ,  
 2 4 

When y=0 then this equation does not satisfied.

 Section No. 3
Solved Exercise
1. Reduce each of these quantities to a real number.

1 + 2i 2 − i  1 + 2i   3 + 4i  ( 2 − i ) i
+ =  . +
3 − 4i 5i  3 − 4i   3 + 4i  (5i)i
3 + 4i + 6i − 8 2i − i 2
= +
(3) 2 − (4i) 2 5i 2
−5 + 10i 2i − (−1)
= +
9 − 16(−1) 5(−1)
−5 + 10i 1 + 2i
= −
25 5

=
( −5 + 10i ) − 5(1 + 2i)
25
−5 + 10i − 5 − 10i −10 2
= = =−
25 25 5

b):

5i 5i (1 + i )(2 + i )
=
(1 − i )(2 − i )(3 − i ) ( (1) − (i ) 2 )( (2) 2 − (i) 2 ) (3 − i)
2

5i (2 + i + 2i + i 2 )
=
(1 − (−1) )( 4 − (−1) ) (3 − i)
5i (2 + 3i − 1)
=
(1 + 1)( 4 + 1) (3 − i)
5i (1 + 3i )
=
10(3 − i )
i + 3i 2
=
2(3 − i )
i −3
=
2(3 − i )
−(3 − i ) 1
= =−
2(3 − i ) 2
c): (1 − i ) 4 =?

(1 − i ) 2 = (1) 2 + (i )2 − 2(1)(i )
= 1-1- 2i = 2i
(1 − i ) = (1 − i ) 2 (1 − i ) 2
4

= (2i )(2i )
= 4i 2 = 4(−1) = −4

2. Show that

1 1 1
L.H .S = = −1 = z −1
1 z z
z
1 z 1.z
= −1 . = −1
z z z .z
z
= = z = R.H .S
1

3. use the associative and commutative laws for multiplication to show that

L.H .S = ( z1 z2 )( z3 z4 )
= ( z2 z1 )( z3 z4 ) ( z1 z2 ) = ( z2 z1 ) commutative law
= ( z2 )( z1 z3 )( z4 ) ( z1 )( z3 z4 ) = ( z1 z3 )( z4 ) associative law
= ( z1 z3 )( z2 )( z4 ) ( z2 )( z1 z3 ) = ( z1 z3 )( z2 ) commutative law
= ( z1 z3 )( z2 z4 ) ( z2 )( z4 ) = ( z2 z4 )
= R.H .S

5. Drive expression

z1 x1 x2 − y1 y2 y x −x y
= + i 1 22 12 2 (z 2  0)
z2 x2 + y2
2 2
x2 + y2

Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 where (z 2  0)

 z1
L.H .S =
z2
x1 + iy1 x2 − iy2
= .
x2 + iy2 x2 − iy2
x1 x2 + i 2 y1 y2 + iy1 x2 − ix1 y2
=
( x2 + iy2 )( x2 − iy2 )
x1 x2 + (−1) y1 y2 + i ( y1 x2 − x1 y2 )
=
( x2 ) − ( iy2 )
2 2

x1 x2 − y1 y2 + i ( y1 x2 − x1 y2 )
=
x2 2 − ( −1) y2 2

=
( x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i ( y1 x2 − x1 y2 )
x2 2 + y2 2
x1 x2 − y1 y2 y x −x y
= + i 1 22 12 2 = R.H .S
x2 + y2
2 2
x2 + y2

6. Drive the identity

 z1  z2  z1 z2
   =
 z3   z4  z3 z4

 z  z 
L.H .S =  1   2 
 z3   z4 
1 1  z1  1
= ( z1 )   ( z2 )     = ( z1 )  
 z3   z4   z2   z2 
= ( z1 ) ( z3−1 ) ( z2 ) ( z4−1 ) ( z )( z ) = ( z )( z )
−1
3 2 2
−1
3 commutative law
= ( z1 )( z2 ) ( z3−1 )( z4−1 )

= ( z1 z2 )( z3 ) ( z4 )
−1 −1

= ( z1 z2 )( z3 ) ( z4 )
−1 −1

= ( z1 z2 )( z3 z4 )
−1

z1 z2
= = R.H .S
z3 z4
7. Use the identity to drive the cancellation law,

z1 z z1
=
z2 z z2

z1 z
L.H .S . =
z2 z
z1 z z −1
= . multiplying numerator and denomerator by z −1
z2 z z −1
z1 zz −1
= associative law
z2 zz −1
z1 1
= zz −1 = 1
z2 1
z1
= = R.H .S
z2

Section 8
Exponential form
1. Find the principal argument Arg z when

i
a): z=
−2 − 2i

Answer:

Definition: (principle value of arg of z):-

Let z  0 be a complex number. Then principle value of argument of z, denoted

by Arg z is a unique value of  such that

z = r ( cos + i sin  ) −    

Principle value of argument of z is also referred as “The argument of z”

arg z = Arg z + 2 n  n = 0, +1, +2, +3, − − − − −

 i
z=
−2 − 2i
i (1 − i )
= .
−2(1 + i ) (1 − i )
i − i2
=
−2 ( (1) 2 − (i ) 2 )
i − (−1)
=
−2 (1 − ( −1) )
1+ i
=
−2 (1 + 1)
1+ i 1 1
= = − −i
−4 4 4

1 1
z = x + iy = − − i
4 4
1 1
x=− , y=−
4 4
−1  
 y
 = tan   = tan  4  = tan −1 (1) =
−1 −1

x −1  4
 4


As x and y are negative so angle lies in the 3rd quadrant, so we add  to .
4

 5
Arg z= + =
4 4

this angle in anti-clockwise direction.

For clockwise direction from positive axis the angle is

5 3
Arg z = − 2 = −
4 4

See example z=-1-i on page 23 in handouts of MTH 632 written by Fiddling writer.
Second method.
i
z=
−2 − 2i

Arg z = Arg (i) - Arg (-2 - 2i)

For Arg (i) = (0 + i)

If z  0 and x = 0 , then we use the following rule:


Arg z = If Im z  0
2

Arg z = − If Im z  0
2


So, for Arg (i) = (0 + i) =
2

 −2  
For Arg(-2-2i)=tan −1   = tan (1) =
−1

 −2  4


As x and y are negative so angle lies in the 3rd quadrant, so we add  to .
4

 5
Arg (-2 - 2i) =  + =
4 4

Arg z = Arg (i ) - Arg (-2 - 2i )


5
Arg z = −
2 4
2 − 5 3
Arg z = =−
4 4

b): z = ( 3 − i)6

r = z = x2 + y 2

( 3)
2
= + (−1) 2 = 3 + 1 = 2

 1  
 =tan −1  =
 3 6
 To write in rectangular form.

i
( 3 − i ) = rei = 2e 6

6
 i 6 
z = ( 3 − i ) =  2e 
6

 
 
i 6
=2 e6 6
= 64ei

 =


Check.(For principal angle we subtract angle from  and here we just find the angle so we
6
do not subtract.)

2. show that ei = 1

Solution:

L.H .S = ei = cos  + i sin 

= (cos  )2 + (sin  )2
= cos 2  + sin 2  = 1
= 1 = R.H .S

show that ei = e − i

Solution:

L.H .S = ei = cos  + i sin 

= cos  − i sin  = cos  + (−i ) sin 
= e−i = R.H .S
4. show that ei − 1 = 2

Solution:

L.H .S = ei − 1
= cos  + i sin  − 1 0    2
when  = 
= cos  + i sin  − 1
= −1 + 0 − 1
= −2 = 2 = R.H .S

5. By writing the individual factors on the left in exponential form, performing the needed
operations and changing back to rectangular coordinates, show that

a): i (1 − 3)( 3 + i ) = 2(1 + 3i )

Solution:

Exponential form are


i  
i=e 2
= cos + i sin =i
2 2

  −i
(1 − 3i ) = 2 cos − 2i sin = 2e 3
3 3

  i
( 3 + i ) = 2 cos + 2i sin = 2e 6
6 6

L.H .S = i (1 − 3i )( 3 + i )
 
i 

− i  i 
= e 2  2e 3  2e 6 
  
  
i −i + i
= 4e 2 3 6

3 − 2 +
i
= 4e 6


i
= 4e 3


i
= 2(2e 3 )
= 2(1 + 3i )
= R.H .S
 
i
5i 5e 2
b): L.H .S = =
2+i 3ei

  +    − 
8. Prove: exp  i 1 2  exp  i 1 2  = exp(i1 )
 2   2 

Solution:

  +    − 
L.H .S = exp  i 1 2  exp  i 1 2 
 2   2 
   +    +      −    −  
=  cos  1 2  + i sin  1 2   cos  1 2  + i sin  1 2  
  2   2    2   2 
   +    −    +    −  
=  cos  1 2  cos  1 2  − sin  1 2  sin  1 2  
  2   2   2   2 
   +    −    +    −  
+i  sin  1 2  cos  1 2  + cos  1 2  sin  1 2  
  2   2   2   2 
  +  −    +  − 
= cos  1 2 + 1 2  + i sin  1 2 + 1 2 
 2 2   2 2 
= cos (1 ) + i sin (1 )
= ei1 = exp(i1 ) = R.H .S

  +    − 
b): L.H .S = exp  i 1 2  exp  i 1 2 
 2   2 

   +    +      −    −  
=  cos  1 2  + i sin  1 2   cos  1 2  + i sin  1 2  
  2   2    2   2 
   +    +      −    −  
=  cos  1 2  + i sin  1 2   cos  1 2  − i sin  1 2  
  2   2    2   2 
   +    −    +    −  
=  cos  1 2  cos  1 2  + sin  1 2  sin  1 2  
  2   2   2   2 
   +    −    +    −  
+i  sin  1 2  cos  1 2  − cos  1 2  sin  1 2  
  2   2   2   2 
  +  −    +  − 
= cos  1 2 − 1 2  + i sin  1 2 − 1 2 
 2 2   2 2 
= cos ( 2 ) + i sin ( 2 )
= ei2 = exp(i 2 ) = R.H .S
10. use the de Moivre’s Formula to drive

a): cos3 = cos3  − 3cos  sin 2 

Proof:

L.H .S = cos3  − 3cos  sin 2  = cos3  − 3cos  (1 − cos 2  )

= cos3  − 3cos  + 3cos3 
= 4 cos3  − 3cos  = cos 3 = R.H .S

( cos  + i sin  ) = (cos + isin )(cos + isin )(cos + isin )

3

= ( cos 2 − sin 2 + i sin  cos + i cos  sin ) (cos + isin )

= cos 3 + icos 2 sin  − sin 2 cos − i sin 3  + icos 2 sin  − sin 2 cos  + i cos 2  sin  − sin 2  cos 
= cos 3 − 3sin 2 cos + 3icos 2 sin  − i sin 3 
= cos 3 − 3sin 2 cos + i(3cos 2 sin  − sin 3  )
using de Moivre’s law

cos 3 + i sin 3 = cos 3 − 3cos sin 2 + i(3cos 2 sin  − sin 3 )

Hence

cos3 + i sin 3 = cos3 − 3cos sin2

And

sin 3 = 3cos 2 sin  − sin 3 

 Section 10
Examples:
1. Find the square root of 2i, Topic 12 time 15 mint

Answer:
1
We can write square root of 2i as ( 2i ) 2
     
2i = 2  cos + i sin  = 2 exp i  + 2k   k=0,1
 2 2  2 
 
i  + 2 k 
2 
=2e
Taking square root
1
1  i 2 + 2 k   2  
i  + k 
( 2i ) 2 =  2e 


 =

2e 4 

 
When k=0
   
i  + k  i 
  
2e  4 
= 2e  4  = 2  cos + i sin  = 1 + i
 4 4
When k=1
   5 
i  + (1)  i   5 5 
2e 4 
= 2e  4 
= 2  cos + i sin  = −1 − i = −(1 + i)
 4 4 
So the roots of 2i are (1 + i)
1. Find the square root of 1 − 3i , Topic 12 time 15 mint

Solution:
  
    i  − + 2 k 
1 − 3i = cos  −  + i sin  −  = 2e  6 

 6  6

Taking square root

1
 i − 6 + 2 k   2   

(1 − 3i )
1
i  − + k 
2
=  2e  
 = 2e  12  k=0,1
 
 
When k=0
  

(1 − 3i )
1
i  − + k 
2
= 2e  12 

  
i −        
= 2e  12 
= 2  cos  −  + i sin  −  
  12   12  
       3 −i  3 −i
= 2  cos   − i sin    = − 2   = −
  12   12    2  2

When k=1
  

( )
1
i  − + (1) 
1 − 3i 2
= 2e  12 

 11 
i    11   11 
= 2e  12 
= 2  cos   + i sin  
  12   12 
 3 −i  3 −i
= 2   = +
 2  2

3 −i
So the roots of 1 − 3i are 
2
1 1 1
(−16) 4 = (−116) 4 = ( i 2  24 ) 4 = 2 ( i ) 2 = 2 i
1
2.

We find the square root of i.

Topic 25 examples:
As 1 is not equal to -1 so, limit does not exist.
Example: Show that

lim z = zo
z → zo

Solution:

Let  be any real non-negative number.   0 .

f ( z ) − zo  

 z − zo  

 z − zo  
 z − zo  

If  = 

z − zo   = 
 f ( z ) − zo  

f ( z) − zo   whenever z − zo   s

Topic 26
 2 x3
Example: if u ( x, y ) = then show that.
( x2 + y 2 )

lim u ( x, y) = 0
( x , y ) →(0,0)

Solution:

x = r cos  , y=rsin
2r 3 cos3 
u (r cos  , r sin  ) = = 2r cos 3 
r 2 cos 2  + r 2 sin 2 
In polar form:

u ( x, y ) − 0
2r cos3  = 2r cos3   2r

2r    r
2

To find   0 such that u( x, y) − 0  

u( x, y) − 0  2r   when ever 0  ( x − 0)2 + ( y − 0)2  

Exampe: Show that the function

xy
u ( x, y ) =
x + y2
2

Does not have a limit as (x,y) approaches (0,0).

Solution:
For y=-x

xy − x2
lim = lim 2
( x , y ) → (0,0) x 2 + y 2 x →0 x + y 2

− x2 − x2
= lim 2 = lim 2
x →0 x + (− x) 2 x →0 2 x

−1 1
= lim =−
x →0 2 2
 Topic 29

Example:
Calculate the limit

lim 3xy 2 − y
( x , y ) →(1,2)

Solution:

lim 3xy 2 − y
( x , y ) →(1,2)

= lim 3xy 2 − lim y

( x , y ) →(1,2) ( x , y ) →(1,2)

= ( lim 3x
( x , y ) →(1,2)
)( lim
( x , y ) →(1,2)
y2 − )( lim
( x , y ) →(1,2)
y )
= 3(1)(2) 2 − 2 = 12 − 2 = 10
Example: Compute the limit

lim z 2 + z + 1
z →i

Solution:

f ( z) = z 2 + z + 1
f ( x + iy ) = ( x + iy ) 2 + ( x + iy ) + 1
= ( x 2 − y 2 ) − 2ixy + ( x + iy) + 1
= ( x 2 − y 2 + x + 1) − i(−2 xy + y)

lim x 2 − y + x + 1 = −1 + 1 = 0
( x , y ) →(0,1)

lim − 2 xy + y = 1
( x , y ) →(0,1)

 lim f ( z ) = i
z →i
Example:
Compute the limit

lim z 2 + z + 1
z →i

( )( ) (
= lim z lim z + lim z + lim1
z →i z →i z →i
) ( )
z →i

= (i)(i) + i + 1
= −1 + i + 1 = i

Topic 34
The mean value theorem for complex numbers does not hold.
Hence the function f(z)=Re(z) is differentiable nowhere.
Path 1
The Sum Rule

The product Rule

Using Chain Rule
Hence Cauchy Riemann Equations are satisfied.
C-R equations are not satisfied.
Uy is equal to vy so it satisfied the equation.

The function is not differentiable at the origin.

First C-R equation is satisfied
Exmaples are