Biology Project (Edited)
Biology Project (Edited)
Biology Project (Edited)
CERTIFICATE
Internal Examiner:
Date:
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INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY OF ANTIBIOTICS
4. WORKING OF AN ANTIBIOTIC
7. CASE STUDY
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION
You've most likely taken an antibiotic at least once in your
lifetime. From treatments for painful strep throat or ear
infections as a child, to burning urinary tract infections or
itchy skin infections as an adult, antibiotics are one of the
most highly utilized and important medication classes we
have in medicine.
Understanding the vast world of antibiotics and anti-infective
is no easy task. Anti-infective are a large class of drugs that
cover a broad range of infections, including fungal, viral,
bacterial, and even protozoal infections. Athlete's foot? That's
a common fungal infection. HIV? Antiviral medications are
always needed. Bladder infection? Yes, that may need a
common antibiotic. And head lice? A topical anti-parasitic can
alleviate the itching. There is no one type of antibiotic that
cures every infection. Antibiotics specifically treat infections
caused by bacteria, such as Staph., Strep., or E. coli., and
either kill the bacteria (bactericidal) or keep it from
reproducing and growing (bacteriostatic). Antibiotics do not
work against any viral infection.
(i)In 3500 BC the Sumerian doctors would give patients beer
soup mixed with snakeskins and turtle shells. (ii)Babylonian
doctors would heal the eyes by using an ointment made of
frog bile and sour milk. (iii)The Greeks used many herbs to
heal ailments. (iv)All of these "natural" treatments contained
some sort of antibiotic.
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History of Antibiotics
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6. In 1953, during a Shigella outbreak in Japan, a certain
strain of dysentery bacillus was found to be resistant to
chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, and the
sulfanilamides.
7. By the 1950's it was apparent that tuberculosis bacteria
was rapidly developing resistance to streptomycin, which
had commonly been used to treat it.
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Penicillin-THE FIRST MIRACLE
ANTIBIOTIC
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discovery in the field of medicine. Penicillin is acquired
from a mould called Penicillium notatum (also known as
Penicillium chrysogenum).
Types of Penicillin
There are different types of penicillin, which are grouped based
on their effectiveness.
Penicillin VK and Penicillin G are natural Penicillin
Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillium chrysogenum
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Types of Antibiotics and it’s
causes
1. Synthetic Antibiotics
2. Natural Antibiotics
3. Semi Synthetic Antibiotics
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any of natural origin (from any type of cell) which has
the effect to kill or inhibit the growth of other types
cells. Since
most clinically-useful antibiotics are produced by
microorganisms and are used to kill or inhibit
infectious Bacteria, we will follow the classic
definition. Note also (above), pharmacologists refer to
any antimicrobial chemical used in the treatment of
infectious disease as antibiotic.
Semisynthetic antibiotics :are molecules produced my
a microbe that are subsequently modified by an
organic chemist to enhance their antimicrobial
properties or to render them unique for a
pharmaceutical patent.
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Working of an Antibiotic
Although there are a number of different types of antibiotic,
they all work in one of two ways:
A bactericidal antibiotic (penicillin, for instance) kills
the bacteria; these drugs usually interfere with either
the formation of the cell wall of bacteria or its cell
contents.
A bacteriostatic stops bacteria from multiplying, i.e.
retards its growth.
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Side effects and Allergies
If you are experiencing a bothersome or serious antibiotic
side effect, you should contact
your health care provider to discuss your symptoms. The
outcomes may include:
Antibiotic Allergies:
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Recent research on Antibiotics
About the study
Study findings
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CASE STUDY
A 25-year-old woman reporting an allergy to penicillin
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patient with reported penicillin allergy, the clinician must obtain
a detailed history. Important questions to be asked are listed
in Box 1. Commonly, as in this patient, the history of allergic
reactions is remote and difficult to recall. Features of
hypersensitivity reactions mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE)
(i.e., type 1 reactions) include urticaria, angioedema,
gastrointestinal symptoms and bronchospasm. These reactions
usually occur within one hour of exposure and can lead to
anaphylaxis. Some IgE-mediated reactions may occur 1–72
hours after administration. Delayed (non–IgE-mediated)
reactions occur hours to days after exposure.
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who tolerate this graded challenge, penicillin can be
prescribed. Skin testing or graded challenges should not be
performed in patients with a history suggestive of severe
delayed hypersensitivity reactions such as Stevens–Johnson
syndrome. Skin testing can be safely performed in pregnancy.
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CONCLUSION
In conclusion, antibiotics stand as indispensable agents in
modern medicine, revolutionizing the treatment of bacterial
infections and significantly improving overall public health.
Their discovery marked a transformative milestone, rendering
once-fatal diseases treatable and surgery safer. However, the
escalating concern lies in the emergence of antibiotic-
resistant strains, a consequence of overuse, misuse, and
inadequate regulatory measures. This resistance jeopardizes
the effectiveness of antibiotics, creating a pressing global
health crisis.
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saving drugs. The future hinges on our ability to implement
multifaceted strategies, ensuring the continued efficacy of
antibiotics and preserving the foundation of modern
medicine for generations to come.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4592298/
https://byjus.com/biology/antibiotics/
https://www.slideshare.net/guest08f61f/project-
antibioticsbyharkiran-presentation
https://www.slideshare.net/riyarc/antibiotics-84457188
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFVyvlQH-oc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic
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