Annexure-113. B.sc. (Hons) Geology (CBCS) 2019

UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
Bachelor of Science (Hons.) Geology
(Effective from Academic Year 2019-20)
Revised Syllabus approved by
Date: Academic Council No.

Date: Executive Council No.
Applicable for students registered with

Regular Colleges
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List of Contents Page No.
Preamble 4
1. Introduction to Programme B.Sc.(Hons) Geology 5
2. Learning Outcome-based Curriculum Framework in Programme 5
B.Sc.(Hons) Geology
2.1. Nature and Extent of the Programme in B.Sc. (Hons) Geology
2.2. Aims of Bachelor Degree Programme in B.Sc. (Hons) Geology
3. Graduate Attributes in B.Sc. (Hons) Geology 6
4. Qualification Descriptors for Graduates B.Sc. (Hons) Geology 7
5. Programme Learning Outcomes for in B.Sc. (Hons) Geology 8
6. Structure of in B.Sc. (Hons) Geology. 9
6.1. Credit Distribution for B.Sc. (Hons) Geology 9
6.2. Semester-wise Distribution of Courses. 10
7. Courses for Programme B.Sc. (Hons) Geology 12
Earth System Science (CC1) 12
Mineral Science (CC2) 15
Sedimentary Petrology (CC3) 19
Structural Geology (CC4) 22
Elements of Geochemistry (CC5) 26
Igneous Petrology (CC6) 29
Stratigraphic Principles and Indian Stratigraphy (CC7) 32
Metamorphic Petrology (CC8) 35
Palaeontology (CC9) 37
Geomorphology (CC10) 40
Economic Geology (CC11) 43
Remote Sensing and GIS (CC12) 46
Engineering Geology (CC13) 48
Hydrogeology (CC14) 51
Exploration Geology (DSE1) 55
Earth and Climate (DSE2) 57
Fuel Geology (DSE3) 61
Urban Geology (DSE4) 64
Evolution of Life through Time (DSE5) 67
River Science (DSE6) 70
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Introduction to Geophysics (DSE7) 73
Basic Field Training (SEC1) 76
Geological Mapping (SEC2) 77
Economic Geology (Field) (SEC3) 77
Himalayan Geology (Field) (SEC4) 78
Precambrian Geology (Field) (SEC5) 79
Visit to Engineering Project Sites (SEC6) 80
Stratigraphy and Palaeontology (Field) (SEC7) 81
Essentials of Geology (GE1) 82
Rocks and Minerals (GE2) 84
Physics and Chemistry of Earth (GE3) 87
Earth Resources and Economics (GE4) 90
Natural Hazards and Disaster Management (GE5) 93
Earth Surface Processes (GE6) 96
Fossils and their Applications (GE7) 99
Introduction to Sustainability (GE8) 102
Groundwater Management and Water Quality (GE9) 104
History of Earth (GE10) 108
Planetary Geology (GE11) 111
Soils – Past and Present (GE12) 113
Geotourism (GE13) 117
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PREAMBLE
The objective of any programme at Higher Education Institute is to prepare their students for the
society at large. The University of Delhi envisions all its programmes in the best interest of their
students and in this endeavour it offers a new vision to all its Under-Graduate courses. It imbibes a
Learning Outcome-based Curriculum Framework (LOCF) for all its Under Graduate programmes.
The LOCF approach is envisioned to provide a focused, outcome-based syllabus at the
undergraduate level with an agenda to structure the teaching-learning experiences in a more student-
centric manner. The LOCF approach has been adopted to strengthen students’ experiences as they
engage themselves in the programme of their choice. The Under-Graduate Programmes will prepare
the students for both, academia and employability.
Each programme vividly elaborates its nature and promises the outcomes that are to be
accomplished by studying the courses. The programmes also state the attributes that it offers to
inculcate at the graduation level. The graduate attributes encompass values related to well-being,
emotional stability, critical thinking, social justice and also skills for employability. In short, each
programme prepares students for sustainability and life-long learning.
The new curriculum of B.Sc.(Hons) Geology offers through innovative classroom teaching
with ICT tools, models and demonstrations, a conceptual background to the geological processes
which generally operate at time scales ranging from days to billions of years and their products.
Intensive field training exposes the students to the geological processes that operate in nature and
their relevance to natural resource exploration, understanding natural hazards and environmental
changes. The programme addresses current environmental issues of societal televance, such as
climate change providing a deep time understanding of climate change in the geological past.
Sustainable development of natural resources keeping a balance between economics and
environment is what a geology graduate student is expected to learn. The programme also provides
a basic understanding of geo-heritage sites and their protection and preservation for posterity. As a
whole, the students are expected to understand the nature of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere,
and biosphere interactions and their final products from a deep time perspective.
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The University of Delhi hopes the LOCF approach of the programme B.Sc. (Hons) Geology
will help students in making an informed decision regarding the goals that they wish to pursue in
further education and life, at large.
1. INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMME
The objective of any programme at Higher Education Institute is to prepare students for the society
at large. Keeping this in view a Learning Outcome-based Curriculum Framework (LOCF) is adopted
in B.Sc. (Hons.) Geology course. The LOCF has been adopted to strengthen student’s experiences
as they engage themselves in the programme of their choice.
Being a fast economically developing country with increasing population, the nation is faced
with innumerable problems related to depleting natural resources, acute shortage of energy, natural
disasters and many types of environmental hazards. Two-third of Indian subcontinent lies in the
seismic zones of moderate to severe intensity. Solution and management of many of these problems
can be met by understanding the earth more intensively and extensively, which could be achieved
by pursuing the course in Geology. It is an exciting course related to natural science and has both
fundamental as well as applied utility especially in the large ticket infrastructure projects.
The course aims at inculcation of values and knowledge within students that will make them well-
being responsible citizen and encourage in critical thinking with skills of employability.
2. LEARNING OUTCOME-BASED CURRICULUM
FRAMEWORK IN PROGRAMME B.SC. (HONS.) GEOLOGY
2.1NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE PROGRAMME IN B.SC. (HONS)
GEOLOGY
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After the successful completion of B.Sc. (Honours) course pupil are eligible for admission to courses
M. Sc./ M. Tech /M. Sc. Tech. in Geology, Applied Geology, Remote Sensing, Geo-informatics,
Environmental science, Petroleum geology and Mining Engineering at various universities of India
and abroad. They are also eligible for admission to B. Ed. at various universities. Geology is one of
the optional subjects for civil services, Forest Services and similar examinations.
PG degree in Geology, make them eligible for UPSC examination to enter Geological Survey
of India (GSI) and the Central Ground water Board (CGWB). Para-military forces are also in
constant need of Geologists. Experienced and well educated Geologists can also apply for top
positions in the government, industry and education sector.
2.2 AIMS OF BACHELOR DEGREE PROGRAMME IN B.SC. (HONS)
GEOLOGY
Through innovative classroom teaching with through ICT tools models and demonstrations, students
develop an ability of perceiving the geological processes which generally operate at time scales
ranging from days to billions of years with the fundamental premise that the present is the key to
past. It prepares students to develop their logical thinking and communication skills with the science
based imaginative perception. Ethical societal context of applied geology in economic as well as
environmental context is the fundamental balance which a geology graduate student is expected to
acquire. Propagating their thoughts through presentations and participation in various related
societies enhance their cultural- social-national centric thought.
3. GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES IN B.SC. (HONS) GEOLOGY
Geology is everywhere in our daily lives and finds its potential application in various fundamental
spheres of life including exploration and management of mineral and energy resources, ground water
and surface water, land use and environment hazards viz. floods, landslides and seismicity,
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volcanoes and tsunamis, environmental protection by monitoring waste disposal sites including
nuclear waste etc. Understanding our Earth has never been more important. Because Earth science
is so intertwined with our daily lives, our discipline evolves as the years go by; responding to the
needs of what society compels us to understand.
These diverse needs require a strong understanding of the basic concepts and principles of Earth
science. Although the times change and the applications vary, understanding the basic composition
of geologic materials, their origins, and how the planet acts as a physical and chemical system is
imperative in understanding Earth. Everything from climate change, to the abundance of
groundwater, to the frequency of large storms and earthquakes, to the location and cost of extracting
rare elements from Earth is relevant. It is a simple fact that as the complexity of these challenges
increases, the need for well-educated geologists to provide scientific data and advice in extracting,
conserving and managing earth’s natural resources will assume more and more importance.
4. QUALIFICATION DESCRIPTORS FOR GRADUATES B.SC.
(HONS) GEOLOGY
Bachelor’s degree in Geology with Honours will be awarded to students who will have
1. Systematic understanding of key aspects of the subject, including acquisition of coherent and
detailed knowledge
2. Ability to employ the established techniques of analysis in the discipline in order to resolve
problems
3. Devise arguments and ideas to solve problems, which are in the forefront of the subject
4. Describe and comment on recent topics of research and advancement in the subject
5. Apply the methods and techniques to extend their knowledge to initiate and carry out
projects, to address questions to achieve a solution
6. Communicate information, ideas, problems and solutions to both professionals and non-
professionals.
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5. PROGRAMME LEARNING OUTCOMES IN B.SC. (HONS)
GEOLOGY
Through innovative classroom teaching with through ICT tools models and demonstrations, students
develop an ability of perceiving the geological processes which generally operate at time scales
ranging from days to billions of years with the fundamental premise that the present is the key to
past. It prepares students to develop their logical thinking and communication skills with the science
based imaginative perception. Ethical societal context of applied geology in economic as well as
environmental context is the fundamental balance which a geology graduate student is expected to
acquire. Propagating their thoughts through presentations and participation in various related
societies enhance their cultural- social-national centric thought.
PSO1. To understand the nature and origin of various component of earth system including planetary
objects, its origin, its components and operative processes in past and present
PSO2. To acquire theoretical framework for understanding the nature of geological material
including rocks, minerals and fossils
PSO3. To integrate observations and theory for describing natural geological process in past and
present as well to understand the time scales of geological processes
PSO4. To apply the knowledge of the material and processes in mineral and energy exploration,
oceanography, soil and water resource
PSO5. To apply the knowledge gained through field work for greater understanding of earth and
related phenomena.
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6. STRUCTURE OF B.SC. (HONS) GEOLOGY
6.1 CREDIT DISTRIBUTOR FOR B.SC. (HONS) GEOLOGY
Details of courses under B.Sc. (Honours)
Course *Credits
Theory+ Practical
I. Core Course
(14 Papers) 14X4 = 56
Core Course Practical/Tutorial*
(14 Papers) 14X2 = 28
II. Elective Course
(8 Papers)
A.1. Discipline Specific Elective 4X4 = 16
(4 Papers)
A.2. Discipline Specific Elective
Practical/Tutorial 4X2 = 8
(4 Papers)
B.1. Generic Elective/
Interdisciplinary 4X4 = 16
(4 Papers)
B.2. Generic Elective
Practical/Tutorial 4X2 = 8
(4 Papers)
III. Ability Enhancement Courses
1. Ability Enhancement Compulsory
(2 Papers of 2 credit each) 2X2 = 4
Environmental Science
English/MIL Communication
2. Ability Enhancement Elective (Skill Based) 2x2 = 4
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6.2 SEMESTER-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF COURSES
SEMESTER COURSE OPTED COURSE NAME CREDIT

Ability Enhancement: Communicative
compulsory course – English 2
I
Core Course - I Earth System Science 4
Core Course – I
(Practical) 2
I
Core Course - II Mineral Science 4
Core Course – II
(Practical) 2
Generic Elective – I
GE – I 4
Generic Elective – I
(Practical) GE – I 2
Total Credit 20

Ability Enhancement:
compulsory course – Environmental 2
II Science
II Core Course – III Elements of 4

Geochemistry
Core Course – III
(Practical) 2
Structural Geology
Core Course – IV 4
Core Course – IV 2
(Practical)
Generic Elective – II GE – II 4
Generic Elective –II 2

(Pactical)
Total Credit 20
Core Course – V Igneous Petrology 4
Core Course – V 2
(Practical)
Core Course – VI Sedimentary Petrology 4
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Core Course – VI 2
(Practical)
III Core Course – VII Palaeontology 4
Core Course – VII 2

(Practical)
Generic Elective – III 4
Generic Elective – III 2

(Practical)
Skill Enhancement Field Work-I 2
Total Credit 26

Core Course – VIII Metamorphic 4
Petrology
Core Course – VIII 2
(Practical)
Core Course – IX Stratigraphic 4

Principles and Indian
Stratigraphy
Core Course – IX 2
Practical
IV Core Course – X Hydrogeology 4
Core Course – X 2
(Practical)
Skill Enhancement Field Work – II 2

Course – II
Generic Elective – IV GE – 4 4
Generic Elective – IV 2
(Practical)
Total Credit 26
Core Course – XI Economic Geology 4
Core Course – XI 2
(Practical)
Core Course – XII Geomorphology 4
Core Course – XII 2

(Practical)
Discipline Specific DSE – I 4
Elective – I
Discipline Specific 2
V Elective – I
(Practical)
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Discipline Specific DSE – II 4
Elective – II
Elective – II
(Practical)
Total Credit 24

Core Course – XIII Engineering Geology 4
Core Course – XIII 2

(Practical)
Core Course – XIV Remote Sensing & 4
GIS
Core Course – XIV 2
(Practical)
Discipline Specific DSE – III 4
Elective – III
VI Discipline Specific 2
Elective (Practical –
III)
Discipline Specific DSE – IV 4
Elective – IV
Elective (Practical –
IV)
Total Credit 24
Grand Total of Credits in Six Semesters 140
7. COURSES FOR PROGRAMME B.SC. (HONS) GEOLOGY
EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE

(GEOL CC1)
Core Course – (CC) Credit: Theory (4) Practical (2)
Course Objective (2-3)
Introduction to the Earth and other planets in the solar system in terms of surface features and
Processes; Principles of earth system studies.
Interactions between lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere
Course Learning Outcomes
After completion of this course students will be able to understand and comprehend the
connectivity and dynamics of atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere of the Earth. A thorough
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understanding of Geology, its various branches and overall scope of Earth Science will be possible
through this course.
Unit 1
Holistic understanding of dynamic planet 'Earth' through Astronomy, Geology, Meteorology and
Oceanography; Introduction to various branches of Earth Sciences.
General characteristics and origin of the Universe, Solar System and its planets. The terrestrial
and Jovian planets. Interior of the earth. Meteorites and Asteroids
Earth in the solar system - origin, size, shape, mass, density, rotational and revolution
parameters and its age. E Earth’s Magnetic Field and its origin. Palaeomagnetism.
Suggested Readings:
Duff, P. M. D., & Duff, D. (Eds.). (1993). Holmes' principles of physical geology. Taylor &
Francis.
Gross, M. G. (1977). Oceanography: A view of the earth.
Emiliano, C. (1992). Planet earth: cosmology, geology, and the evolution of life and
environment. Cambridge University Press.
Unit 2
Plate Tectonics: Concept of plate tectonics, sea-floor spreading and continental drift
Earthquake and earthquake belts; Volcanoes- types, products and their distribution.
Suggested Readings:
Francis.
Emiliani, C. (1992). Planet earth: cosmology, geology, and the evolution of life and
Unit 3
Hydrosphere and Atmosphere: Oceanic current systems. Warm and cold ocean currents and their
distribution. Impact of ocean currents on climate; Wave erosion and beach processes; Atmospheric
circulation; Weather and climatic changes; Earth's heat budget.
Soils - processes of formation, soil profile and soil types.
Suggested Readings:
Unit 4
Understanding the past from geologic records; Nature of geologic records;

Standard Geological time scale and introduction to the concept of time in geological studies;
Introduction to geochronological methods and their application in geological studies. History of
development in concepts of uniformitarianism, catastrophism and Neptunism
Principals of stratigraphy; Physiographic divisions of India
Suggested Readings:
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Francis.
Krishnan, M. S. (1982) Geology of India and Burma, CBS Publishers, Delhi.
Practicals
Study of major geomorphic features and their relationships with outcrops through
physiographic models. Detailed study of topographic sheets and preparation of
physiographic description of an area
Study of distribution of major dams on map of India and their impact on river systems
Study of major ocean currents of the World
References
1. Duff, P. M. D., & Duff, D. (Eds.). (1993). Holmes' principles of physical geology. Taylor &
Francis.
2. Gross, M. G. (1977). Oceanography: A view of the earth.
Additional Resources:
3. Emiliani, C. (1992). Planet earth: cosmology, geology, and the evolution of life and
4. Krishnan, M. S. (1982) Geology of India and Burma, CBS Publishers, Delhi.
Weekly Teaching Plan
Week 1
Holistic understanding of dynamic planet 'Earth' through Astronomy, Geology, Meteorology
and Oceanography.
Week 2
Introduction to various branches of Earth Sciences.
Week 3
General characteristics and origin of the Universe, Solar System and its planets. The terrestrial
and Jovian planets. Interior of the earth. Meteorites and Asteroids
Week 4
Earth in the solar system - origin, size, shape, mass, density, rotational and revolution
parameters and its age. E Earth’s Magnetic Field and its origin. Palaeomagnetism.
Week 5
Plate Tectonics, Concept of plate tectonics, sea-floor spreading and continental drift
Week 6
Earthquake and earthquake belts and Volcanoes- types, products and their distribution.
Week 7
Hydrosphere and Atmosphere, Oceanic current systems. Warm and cold ocean currents and
their distribution. Impact of ocean currents on climate.
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Week 8
Wave erosion and beach processes, Atmospheric circulation, Weather and climatic changes.
Week 9
Earth's heat budget. Soils- processes of formation, soil profile and soil types.
Week 10
Nature of geologic records. Understanding the past from geologic records.
Week 11
Standard Geological time scale and introduction to the concept of time in geological studies.
Introduction to geochronological methods and their application in geological studies
Week 12
History of development in concepts of uniformitarianism, Catastrophism and Neptunism.
Week 13
Principals of stratigraphy.
Week 14
Physiographic divisions of India
Teaching Learning Process

Lectures, Practicals, Seminars, Tutorials, Assignments
Assessment Methods
Tests, Quiz, Debates and presentations
Keywords
Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Planets
MINERAL SCIENCE
(GEOL CC2)

To develop an understanding of minerals as pure and impure phases
Minerals as the building block of earth and planetary mass Basic
understanding of crystallography and crystal chemistry
1) Identify common rock-forming minerals in hand specimen and in thin section using
diagnostic physical, optical, and chemical properties
(2) Learning about crystallography and to infer the environment of formation of minerals
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(3) Minerals as a tool to understand Earth processes, Earth’s Interior and Earth history
Unit 1
Rock forming minerals
Minerals-definition and classification, physical and chemical properties
Suggested Readings:
Cornelis Klein and Barbara Dutrow, The manual of Mineral Science, Wiley Publication 2007
Unit 2
Crystal symmetry
Elements of crystal chemistry and aspects of crystal structures
Silicate and non-silicate structures; CCP and HCP structures
Composition of common rock-forming minerals
Suggested Readings:
Deer W. A., Howie.R. A. and Zussman, J., An introduction to the rock forming minerals 1992
Unit 3
Crystallography
Elementary ideas about crystal morphology in relation to internal structures Crystal
parameters and indices
Crystal symmetry and classification of crystals in to six systems and 32 point groups
Stereographic projections of symmetry elements and forms
Suggested Readings:
Unit 4
Properties of light and optical microscopy

Nature of light and principles of optical mineralogy
Introduction to the petrological microscope and identification of common rock-forming
minerals
Suggested Readings:
Nesse W. D., Introduction to Optical mineralogy.2008, Oxford University Press.
Practicals
Study of physical properties of minerals in hand specimen
Silicates: Olivine, Garnet, Kyanite, Staurolite, Tourmaline, Serpentine, Talc, Muscovite, Biotite,
Quartz, Orthoclase, Plagioclase, Microcline, Nepheline, Sodalite.
Quartz varieties: Chert, Flint, Chalcedony, Agate, Jasper, Amethyst, Rose quartz, Smoky
quartz, Rock crystal.
Native Metals/non-metals, Sulfides, Oxides-Copper, Sulfur, Graphite, Pyrite, Corundum,
Magnetite, Hydroxides, Halides, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates: Psilomelane, Fluorite, Calcite,
Malachite, Gypsum, Apatite.
Study of some key silicate minerals under optical microscope and their characteristic
properties
References
1. Putnis A. Introduction to mineral Sciences, Cambridge publication, 1992
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2. Cornelis Klein and Barbara Dutrow, The manual of Mineral Science, Wiley Publication 2007
3. Kerr P. F. Optical Mineralogy, 1959. McGraw-Hill.
4. Verma P. K., Optical mineralogy, CRC press 2009
5. Nesse W. D., Introduction to Optical mineralogy.2008, Oxford University Press.
6. Deer W. A., Howie.R. A. and Zussman, J., An introduction to the rock forming
minerals 1992
Additional Resources: Dana's Manual of Mineralogy
Weekly Teaching plan
Week 1
Introduction to common Rock forming minerals.
Practical: Basic exercise to show different rock types comprises of different minerals.
Week 2
Introduction of Crystal symmetry concept. Elements of crystal chemistry.
Practical: Study of physical properties of minerals in hand specimen.
Quartz varieties: Chert, Flint, Chalcedony, Agate, Jasper, Amethyst, Rose quartz, Smoky quartz,
Rock crystal.
Week 3
Aspects of crystal structures. Silicate and non-silicate structures; CCP and HCP structures
Quartz,Orthoclase, Plagioclase, Microcline, Nepheline, Sodalite.
Week 4
Composition of common rock-forming minerals. Understanding of Crystallography.
Elementary ideas about crystal morphology in relation to internal structures
Quartz, Orthoclase, Plagioclase, Microcline, Nepheline, Sodalite.
Week 5
Crystal morphology in relation to internal structures. Crystal parameters and
indices
Native Metals/non-metals, Sulfides, Oxides-Copper, Sulfur, Graphite, Pyrite, Corundum,
Magnetite
Week 6
Practical: Study of physical properties of minerals in hand specimen. Native
Metals/non-metals, Sulfides, Oxides-Copper, Sulfur, Graphite, Pyrite, Corundum,
Magnetite
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Week 7
Practical: Study of hand specimen:
Hydroxides, Halides, Carbonates, Sulphates, Phosphates: Psilomelane, Fluorite, Calcite,
Week 8
Stereographic projections of symmetry elements and forms.
Practical: Study of hand specimen:
Hydroxides, Halides, Carbonates, Sulphates, Phosphates: Psilomelane, Fluorite, Calcite,
Week 9
Stereographic projections of symmetry elements and forms.
Practical: Study of some key silicate minerals under optical microscope and their
characteristic properties
Week 10
Week 11
Week 12
Week 13
minerals
Practical: Study of some wooden crystal model to understand crystal symmetry.
Week 14
minerals
Practical: Study of some wooden crystal model to understand crystal symmetry.

Lectures, Practicals, Seminar, Tutorials, Assignments
Assessment Methods
Tests, Quiz, Debates and Presentations
Keywords
Pure and impure phases, crystals, lattice, silicates, coordination number
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SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY
(GEOL CC3)
Core Course – (CC) Credits: Theory (4) Practical (2)

To develop an understanding of s near-surface processes of the planet ‘Earth
Learning to decode signatures of exogenic processes including climate and tectonics.
Sedimentary rocks host all fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), which is the driving force of modern
civilization. Understanding basic processes of sedimentation (physical and chemical) including
behaviour of fluids, fluid-grain interaction, structures formed thereof and processes control
chemical sedimentation viz. carbonates, BIF, Phosphorite etc. is the goal of this course. The
course will also aim for exposing students to different kinds of sedimentary rocks, their
structures, textures and variability. Attempt will be made to provide students a holistic
understanding of sedimentation process from deposition to diagenesis.
Unit 1
Origin of sediments
Weathering and sedimentary flux: Physical and chemical weathering, Role of climate and
Tectonics. Soils and Palaeosols.
Suggested Readings
Prothero, D. R.,& Schwab, F. (2004).Sedimentary geology. Macmillan.
Sengupta, S. (1995) Sedimentary Geology, Elsevier
Unit 2
Sediment granulometry
Grain size scales Udden-Wentworth and Krumbein (phi) scale, particle size distribution; mean,
median, mode. Environmental connotation; particle shape and fabric (Grain roundness and
sphericity)
Suggested Readings:
Prothero, D. R.,& Schwab, F. (2004).Sedimentary geology. Macmillan.
Sengupta, S. (1995) Sedimentary Geology, Elsevier
Unit 3
Sedimentary textures, structures and environment
Fluid flow, sediment transport and sedimentary structures: Types of fluids, Laminar vs.
turbulent flow, Particle entrainment, transport (bedload, saltation and suspension) and
deposition. Inter- and Intra-bed sedimentary structures, Penecontemporaneous Deformation
Structures (PCD) and Trace fossils.
Palaeocurrent analysis-Scalar and Vector attributes; Paleocurrents for different

sedimentary environments
Suggested Readings:
Nichols,G. (2009) Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Second Edition. Wiley Blackwell
Sengupta, S. ( 1995) Sedimentary Geology, Elsevier
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Collinson, J. D. &Thompson, D. B. (1988) Sedimentary structures, Unwin-Hyman,
London.
Unit 4
Varieties of sedimentary rocks

Siliciclastic rocks: Conglomerates, sandstones, mudrocks.
Carbonate rocks, controls of carbonate deposition, components and classification of
limestone, dolomite and dolomitisation
Suggested Readings:
Tucker, M. E. (2006) Sedimentary Petrology, Blackwell Publishing.
Unit 5
Diagenesis
Concepts of diagenesis, Concept of pressure and thermal gradient,
Stages of diagenesis, Compaction and cementation. Siliciclastic and carbonate
Suggested Readings:
Prothero, D. R.,& Schwab, F. (2004).Sedimentary geology. Macmillan
Practicals
Exercises on sedimentary structures
Particle size distribution and statistical treatment
Palaeocurrent analysis
Petrography of selected clastic and non-clastic rocks through hand specimens and thin sections
References
1. Prothero, D. R.,& Schwab, F. (2004).Sedimentary geology. Macmillan.
2. Tucker, M. E. (2006) Sedimentary Petrology, Blackwell Publishing.
3. Collinson, J. D. &Thompson, D. B. (1988) Sedimentary structures, Unwin-Hyman,

London.
4. Nichols,G. (2009) Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Second Edition. Wiley Blackwell
5. Lewis, D.W. and McConchie, D., (1984) Practical sedimentology Wiley Blackwell
Week 1
Introduction of subject: sediment; soil; Origin of sediments. Weathering and sedimentary flux:
Physical and chemical weathering, Role of climate and Tectonics.
Practical: Intoduction to sedimentary rocks in hand specimen, Exercises on sedimentary structures
Week 2
Soils and Palaeosols. Sediment granulometry. Grain size scales Udden-Wentworth and
Krumbein (phi) scale, particle size distribution; mean, median, mode.
Practical: Exercises on sedimentary structures, Primary, penecontemporaneous deformation and
trace fossil sedimentary
Week 3
Environmental connotation; particle shape and fabric (Grain roundness and Sphericity)
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Fluid flow, sediment transport and sedimentary structures: Types of fluids, Laminar vs.
turbulent flow, Particle entrainment, transport (bedload, saltation and suspension) and
deposition
Practical: Exercises on sedimentary structures
Week 4
Inter- and Intra-bed sedimentary structures, Penecontemporaneous Deformation Structures
(PCD) and Trace fossils.
Quartz, Orthoclase, Plagioclase, Microcline, Nepheline, Sodality.
Week 5
Practical: Particle size distribution and statistical treatment
Week 6
Week 7
Palaeocurrent analysis-Scalar and Vector attributes; Palaeocurrents for different
sedimentary environments
Week 8: Varieties of sedimentary rocks: Siliciclastic rocks: Conglomerates, sandstones, mudrocks.

Practical: Palaeocurrent analysis
Week 9: Varieties of sedimentary rocks: Siliciclastic rocks: Conglomerates, sandstones,

mudrocks.
Practical: Paleocurrent analysis
Week 10
Carbonate rocks, controls of carbonate deposition, components and classification of limestone,
dolomite and dolomitisation
Practical: Petrography of selected clastic and non-clastic rocks through hand specimens and
thin sections
Week 11
Carbonate rocks, controls of carbonate deposition, components and classification of
limestone, dolomite and dolomitisation.
thin sections
Week 12
Concepts of diagenesis, Concept of pressure and thermal gradient,
thin sections
Week 13
Stages of diagenesis, Compaction and cementation. Siliciclastic and carbonate
thin sections
21
Week 14
Stages of diagenesis, Compaction and cementation. Siliciclastic and carbonate.
thin sections

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Near surface process, sedimentation, clastic, non-clastic, environment, structure, facies
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
(GEOL CC4)

To have an understanding of the geometry of deformation of earth material
To identify these features in natural occurrence
To measure attributes of such features and to relate these to regional deformational context
Structural geology essentially deals with the geometry, kinematics and dynamics of
deformation of rocks. In response to the instability of the lithosphere produced by complex
plate tectonic movements, continuous and discontinuous deformation takes place within the
rocks in solid or semi-solid state, at different scales and at different depths, which manifests in
a variety of complex structures in these rocks. The undergraduate CBCS course of structural
geology will teach the students the different geometric features of deformation, different types
of deformation-induced structures, basic techniques of measurement of different parameters in
deformed rocks, and will also give them a glimpse of the underlying deformation processes and
mechanisms.
Unit 1
Introduction to Structure and Topography
Understanding a topographic map; Effects of topography on structural features: Rule of V; Planar
and linear structures; Concept of dip and strike, trend and plunge.
Suggested Readings:
Billings, M. P. (1987). Structural Geology, 4th edition, Prentice-Hall.
Park, R. G. (2004). Foundations of Structural Geology. Chapman & Hall.
Pollard, D. D. (2005). Fundamental of Structural Geology. Cambridge University Press.
22
Unit 2
Stress and strain in rocks
Concept of rock deformation: Definition of Stress and Strain, Stress tensor in 3D; Strain ellipses
of different types and their geological significance.
Suggested Readings:
Davis, G. R. (1984). Structural Geology of Rocks and Region. John Wiley
Pollard, D. D. (2005) Fundamental of Structural Geology. Cambridge University Press.
Unit 3
Folds
Fold morphology; Geometric and genetic classification of folds; Introduction to the mechanics of
folding: Buckling, Bending, Flexural slip and flow folding; Outcrop patterns of different fold
structures.
Suggested Readings:
Davis, G. R. (1984) Structural Geology of Rocks and Region. John Wiley
Park, R. G. (2004) Foundations of Structural Geology. Chapman & Hall.
Unit 4
Foliation and lineation
Description and origin of foliations: axial plane cleavage and its tectonic significance;
different types of foliations: crenulation cleavage, disjunctive cleavage, salty cleavage,
schistosity, gneissosity etc.
Description and origin of lineation and relationship with major structures; stretching
lineation and its relationship with strain.
Suggested Readings:
Park, R. G. (2004) Foundations of Structural Geology.Chapman & Hall.
Unit 5
Fractures and faults
Geometric and genetic classification of fractures and faults; Effects of faulting on the outcrops;
Geologic/geomorphic criteria for recognition of faults and fault plane solutions.
Joints – different types of joints and their geological significance – columnar joint,
pinnate joint, plumose structure.
Suggested Readings:
Park, R. G. (2004) Foundations of Structural Geology. Chapman & Hall.
Practicals
Basic idea of topographic contours, Topographic sheets of various scales.
Structural contouring and 3-point problems of dip and strike
Introduction to Geological maps: Drawing profile sections and interpretation of geological
maps of different complexities
23
Exercises of stereographic projections of mesoscopic structural data (planar, linear, folded
etc.)
Week 1
Introduction to Structure and Topography. Understanding a topographic map; Effects of
topography on structural features:
Practical: Exercises on Basic idea of topographic contours, Topographic sheets of various scales.
Week 2
Understanding a topographic map; Effects of topography on structural features: Rule of V; Planar
and linear structures; Concept of dip and strike, trend and plunge.
Week 3
Stress and strain in rocks. Concept of rock deformation
Week 4
Concept of rock deformation: Definition of Stress and Strain, Stress tensor in 3D; Strain ellipses
of different types and their geological significance.
Practical: Exercise based on Structural contouring and 3-point problems of dip and strike
Week 5
Folds
Fold morphology; Geometric and genetic classification of folds;
Week 6
Introduction to the mechanics of folding: Buckling, Bending, Flexural slip and flow folding;
Outcrop patterns of different fold structures.
Week 7
Introduction to the mechanics of folding: Buckling, Bending, Flexural slip and flow
folding; Outcrop patterns of different fold structures.
Week 8
Foliation and lineation
Description and origin of foliations: axial plane cleavage and its tectonic significance;
Practical: Introduction to Geological maps: Drawing profile sections and interpretation of
geological maps of different complexities
Week 9
Different types of foliations: crenulation cleavage, disjunctive cleavage, slaty cleavage,
schistosity, gneissosity etc
Week 10
24
Week 11
Week 12
Fractures and faults; Geometric and genetic classification of fractures and faults;
Practical: Exercises of stereographic projections of mesoscopic structural data (planar,
linear, folded etc.)
Week 13
Effects of faulting on the outcrops; Geologic/geomorphic criteria for recognition of faults and
fault plane solutions.
Week 14
Joints – different types of joints and their geological significance – columnar joint,
pinnate joint, plumose structure.
References
1. Davis, G. R. (1984) Structural Geology of Rocks and Region. John Wiley
2. Billings, M. P. (1987) Structural Geology, 4th edition, Prentice-Hall.
3. Park, R. G. (2004) Foundations of Structural Geology. Chapman & Hall.
4. Pollard, D. D. (2005) Fundamental of Structural Geology. Cambridge University Press.
5. Ragan, D. M. (2009) Structural Geology: an introduction to geometrical techniques (4th

Ed). Cambridge University Press (For Practical)
6. Laree F. H. (1962) Field Geology. McGraw

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Fold, fault, lineations, cleavage, stress, strain, orogeny
25
ELEMENTS OF GEOCHEMISTRY
(GEOL CC5)

Develop an understanding of the chemical nature of earth and other planetary material.
To relate mineralogy, geochemistry and bulk chemistry.

By attending this course student will be able
1. To understand evolution of the early Earth from proto-planetary material and its
differentiation to present day state.
2. To describe the composition of the Earth´s main geochemical reservoirs.
3. To understand how chemical weathering of minerals and rocks control the
composition of sediments/soil and natural water.
Unit 1
Origin of chemical elements and stellar evolution. Abundance of elements in cosmos, solar
system and earth. Meteorites, distribution of elements in core, mantle, crust.
Suggested Reading:
Mason, B (1986). Principles of Geochemistry. 3 rd Edition, Wiley New York.2. Rollinson H.
(2007). Using geochemical data-evaluation. Presentation and interpretation. 2nd
Edition. Publisher Longman Scientific & Technical.
Unit 2
Introduction to properties of elements: The periodic table Chemical bonding, states of matter
and atomic environment of elements, geochemical classification of elements.
Suggested Reading:
Henderson, P., 1982. Inorganic Geochemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Unit 3
Geochemistry of igneous rocks: geochemical variability of magma and its products. Near
surface geochemical environment: Eh-pH diagram; Chemical weathering of minerals and rocks.
Suggested Reading:
Krauskopf, K. B., 1979 Introduction to Geochemistry. McGraw Hill.
26
Unit 4
Concept of radiogenic isotopes in Geochronlogy.
Suggested Readings:
Faure, G., 1986. Principle of Isotope Geology, J. Wiley & Sons.
Practicals
Geochemical data analysis and interpretation of common geochemical plots.
References
1. Mason, B (1986). Principles of Geochemistry. 3 rd Edition, Wiley New York.2. Rollinson H.
2. Walther John, V., 2009 Essentials of geochemistry, student edition. Jones and Bartlett
Publishers
3. Albarede, F, 2003. An introduction to geochemistry. Cambridge University Press.
4. Dickin' A. P., 1995,Rdiogenic Isotope Geology, Cambridgy UniversityPress
5. Faure, G., 1986. Principle of Isotope Geology, J. Wiley & Sons.
6. Henderson, P., 1982. Inorganic Geochemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
4. Krauskopf, K. B., 1979 Introduction to Geochemistry. McGraw Hill.
8. Mason, B. 1982 Principles of Isotope Geology, J. Willey &Sons.

9. Geochemistry by William M White, Wiley-Blackwell (2103).
Week 1
Origin of chemical elements and stellar evolution.
Abundance of elements in cosmos, solar system and earth.
Practical: Exercises on periodic properties of elements w.r.t. earth’s reservoirs.
Week 2
Origin of chemical elements and stellar evolution.
Abundance of elements in cosmos, solar system and earth.
Practical: Exercises on chemical variation of elements w.r.t earth’s interior
Week 3
Meteorites, Distribution of elements in core, mantle, crust.
Practical: Geochemical data analysis
Week 4
Introduction to properties of elements:
Week 5
The periodic table Chemical bonding, states of matter and atomic environment of elements,
Geochemical classification of elements
27
Week 6
Geochemistry of igneous rocks: geochemical variability of magma and its products.
Week 7
Geochemistry of igneous rocks: geochemical variability of magma and its products.
Practical: Exercise based on Interpretation of common geochemical plots.
Week 8
Near surface geochemical environment: Eh-pH diagram; Chemical weathering of minerals and
rocks.
Week 9
rocks.
Week 9
rocks.
Week 10
Use of geochemical variation diagram
Week 11
Trace element fractionation concept
Week 12
Trace element fractionation concept w.r.t. understanding of geological processes
Week 13
Concepts of isotopes: Stable and isotopic
Week 14
Concept of radiogenic isotopes in Geochronology.

Lectures, Practicals, Seminar, Tutorials, Assignments.
Assessment Methods
Tests, Quiz, Debates and Presentations.
Keywords
Crystal chemistry, geochemical differentiation, geochemical cycles, crustal abundances,
28
IGNEOUS PETROLOGY
(GEOL CC6)
To develop an understanding of the types of magma as well as types of igneous rocks.

Magma generation in relation to the geodynamic setting and its relation with the size and
fabric of igneous rocks
On completion of the course, the student should be able to:
a) Determine the evolution of igneous rocks using petrographical, mineralogical and

geochemical indices
b) Describe magmatic rocks from a plate tectonic point of view.
Unit 1
Introduction to Igneous Petrology: Scope of Igneous petrology, classification of Igneous
rocks, igneous textures, igneous structures.
Suggested Reading:
Winter, J. D. (2014). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology. Pearson.
Unit 2
Introduction to silicate melts and magmas
Physical properties of magma, the ascent of magmas, magmatic differentiation.
Suggested Reading:
Sen, G. (2014) Petrology Principles and Practice, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Unit 3
Introduction to Igneous Phase diagrams
The phase rule, the lever rule, Two Component systems involving melt: Binary system with a
Eutectic, Binary system with a peritectic, Binary system thermal barrier, Binary system with solid
solution, Binary system with partial solid solution.
Suggested Reading:
Frost, B. R. and Frost, C. D., (2013) Essentials of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology Cambridge
University Press
Unit 4
29
The chemistry of igneous rocks
Modal mineralogy, normative mineralogy, variation diagrams based on major elements, major
element indices of differentiation, identification of differentiation processes using trace elements,
application of radioactive isotopes in igneous petrology.
Suggested Reading:
Philpotts, A., & Ague, J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology. Cambridge
University Press.
Wilson, M. (1989) Igneous Petrogenesis, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Rollinson, H. R. (2014). Using geochemical data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation.
Routledge.
Unit 5
Introduction to igneous environments.
Basalts and mantle structure, Oceanic magmatism, Igneous Rocks of Convergent Margins and
Igneous Rocks of the Continental Lithosphere.
Suggested Reading:
Philpotts, A., & Ague, J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology. Cambridge
University Press.
Practicals
Study of important igneous rocks in hand specimens and thin sections- granite, granodiorite,
diorite, gabbro, anorthosites, ultramafic rocks, basalts, andesites, trachyte, rhyolite.
Calculation of Norm & Classification of Igneous Rocks.
Plotting and interpretation of variation diagrams.
Igneous rock occurrences in Indian context.
References
1. Frost, B. R. and Frost, C. D., (2013)Essentials of Igneous and Metamorphic

Petrology Cambridge University Press.
2. Philpotts, A., & Ague, J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology.
Cambridge University Press.
3. Winter, J. D. (2014). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology. Pearson.
4. Rollinson, H. R. (2014). Using geochemical data: evaluation, presentation,

interpretation. Routledge.
5. Sen, G. (2014) Petrology Principles and Practice, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
6. Bose M.K. (1997). Igneous Petrology.
7. Wilson, M. (1989) Igneous Petrogenesis, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
8. Janoušek, V., Moyen, J.-F., Martin, H., Erban, V., Farrow, C. (2016) Geochemical
Modelling of Igneous Processes – Principles and Recipes in R Language Bringing the
30
Power of R to a Geochemical Community, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Week 1
Scope of Igneous petrology, classification of igneous rocks
Week 2
Igneous textures, igneous structures.
Week 3
Introduction to silicate melts and magmas, Physical properties of magma.
Week 4
The ascent of magmas, magmatic differentiation.
Week 5
Introduction to Igneous Phase diagrams, the phase rule, the lever rule,
Week 6
Two Component systems involving melt, Binary system with a Eutectic
Week 7
Binary system with a paratactic, Binary system thermal barrier
Week 8
Binary system with solid solution, Binary system with partial solid solution.
Week 9
The chemistry of igneous rocks, Modal mineralogy, normative mineralogy, variation diagrams
Based on major elements
Week 10
Major element indices of differentiation, identification of differentiation processes using
trace elements
Week 11
Application of radioactive isotopes in igneous petrology
Week 12
Introduction to igneous environments, Basalts and mantle structure
Week 13
Oceanic magmatism, Igneous Rocks of Convergent Margins
Week 14
Igneous Rocks of the Continental Lithosphere.

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Magma and lava, granite, basalt, batholith, large igneous province, plate tectonics
31
STRATIGRAPHIC PRINCIPLES AND INDIAN STRATIGRAPHY
(GEOL CC7)

To understand rock superposition through time and relative age of rocks.
To deciper the paleogeographic changes (distribution of land and sea) at broader scale and
incremental shift of environment, energy conditions, tectonics, climate etc. at finer scale within
basin or formation level.

Comprehensive understanding of fundamentals of stratigraphic principles and various methods of
stratigraphic analysis will be provided. The stratigraphic classification from craton, mobile belt,
Proterozoic to Phanerozoic succession from India is the goal of this course. Time concept in
stratigraphic and major stratigraphic boundaries and their causative factors will be discussed in
detail. Geological factors controlling the hydrocarbon accumulation and their future prospective
will be discussed.
Unit 1
Principle of stratigraphy: Definition and scope of stratigraphy, principle of superposition, original
horizontality and uniformitarianism. Fundamentals of litho-, bio- and chrono-stratigraphy. Facies
concept in stratigraphy, Walther’s Law of facies succession. Concept of paleogeographic
reconstruction. Introduction to concepts of dynamic stratigraphy (chemostratigraphy, seismic
stratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy and their subdivisions with Indian
examples.
Suggested Readings:
Doyle, P. & Bennett, M. R. (1996) Unlocking the Stratigraphic Record. John Wiley.
Boggs, S. (2001): Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Prentice Hall.
Unit 2
Code of stratigraphic nomenclature: International Stratigraphic Code – development of a
standardized stratigraphic nomenclature, Concept of Stratotypes. Global Stratotype Section and
Point (GSSP).
Suggested Reading:
Boggs, S. (2001): Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Prentice Hall.
Unit 3
Precambrian Stratigraphy: Brief introduction to the physiographic and tectonic subdivisions of
India. Introduction to Indian Shield (ctraton and mobile belts of India). Introduction to Proterozoic
sedimentary basins of India. Geology of Vindhyan and Cudappah basins.
Suggested Reading:
32
Unit 4
Phanerozoic Stratigraphy
Paleozoic stratigraphy of India:Palaeozoic Succession of Kashmir and its correlatives from
Spiti and Zanskar Stratigraphy. Geology and hydrocarbon potential of Gondwana basins.
Mesozoic stratigraphy of India:Triassic successions of Spiti; Jurassic of Kutch; Cretaceous
succession of Cauvery Basin
Cenozoic stratigraphy of India: Kutch basin; Siwalik succession; Assam, Andaman and Arakan
basins; Stratigraphy and structure of Krishna-Godavari basin, Cauvery basin, Bombay offshore
basin, Kutch and Saurashtra basins and their potential for hydrocarbons.
Suggested Readings:
Ramakrishnan, M. & Vaidyanadhan, R. (2008) Geology of India Volumes 1 & 2, Geological
Society of India, Bangalore.
Valdiya, K. S. (2010) The making of India, Macmillan India Pvt. Ltd.
Unit 5
Volcanic provinces of India: Deccan Traps; Rajmahal Traps; Sylhet Trap.
Suggested Readings:
Unit 6
Major stratigraphic boundaries: Precambrian-Cambrian boundary; Permian-Triassic boundary;
Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary.
Suggested Reading:
Practicals
1. Study of geological map of India and identification of major stratigraphic units
2. Study of rocks in hand specimens from known Indian stratigraphic horizons
3. Drawing various palaeogeographic maps.
4. Study of different Proterozoic supercontinent reconstructions.
5. Interpretation of various stratigraphic logs and their correlation.
References
1. Krishnan, M. S. (1982) Geology of India and Burma, CBS Publishers, Delhi
2. Doyle, P. & Bennett, M. R. (1996) Unlocking the Stratigraphic Record. John Wiley
3. Ramakrishnan, M. & Vaidyanadhan, R. (2008) Geology of India Volumes 1 &
2, Geological society of India, Bangalore.
4. Valdiya, K. S. (2010). The making of India, Macmillan India Pvt. Ltd.
5. Boggs, S. (2001): Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Prentice Hall.
Teaching Plan
Week 1
Introduction to stratigraphy, stratigraphic principles, correlation, facies concept;

33
palaeogeographic reconstructions
Week 2
Stratigraphic units - litho-, bio-, chrono- magneto-stratigraphic units; Sequence stratigraphy,
seismic stratigraphy, chemostratigraphy.
Week 3
International Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature , Stratotypes, Global Stratotypes Section
and Point (GSSP)
Week 4
Physiographic and tectonic subdivisions of India
Week 5
Introduction to craton and mobile belts of India
Week 6
Proterozoic sedimentary basins of India
Week 7
Stratigraphy of Vindhyan and Cuddapah basins
Week 8
Phanerozoic successions of Kashmir, Spiti and Zanskar basins.
Week 9
Gondwana basins of India and their economical potential
Week 10
Triassic sequence of Spiti, Jurassic stratigraphy of Kutch; Cretaceous succession of Cauvery
Basin
Week 11
Palaeogene and Neogene strata of Kutch, Siwalik stratigraphy; Hydorcarbon potential of
Assam, Andaman and Arakan.
Week 12
Hydrocarbon potential of K-G, Cauvery, Bombay offshore, and Kutch Saurashtra basins
Week 13
Deccan volcanics, Rajmahal and Sylhet volcanics
Week 14
Pc-C boundary, P-T boundary, K-Pg boundary

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Stratigraphic nomenclature, superposition, chronostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy,
biostratigraphy, Phanerozoic.
34
METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY
(GEOL CC8)

Learn to consider metamorphic rocks as chemical system as well as major variables affecting the
system
To be able to appreciate the deduction of P-T from metamorphic mineral assemblages
To understand significance of mineral assemblages and fabric in relation to the geodynamic
setting
1. Understanding nature of metamorphic rocks in contrast to igneous and sedimentary rocks
2. Applying phase rule as a basic tools in study of these rocks and through learning control
of bulk composition on assemblage development
3. Identifying equilibrium mineral assemblages through textural and mineralogical

observations
4. Plotting the quantitative as well as qualitative mineral and mineral assemblage data to interpret
the discontinuous reactions and to infer the nature of continuous reactions
5. Relate and understand mineral assemblages and texture for tectonic and geodynamic
interpretations especially in mountain building.
Unit 1
Metamorphism: Phase rule and Goldschmidt mineralogical phase rule, pure and impure phases.
Definition of metamorphism. Factors controlling metamorphism, Types of metamorphism.
Suggested Reading:
Yardley, B. W., & Yardley, B. W. D. (1989). An introduction to metamorphic petrology. Longman
Earth Science Series.
Unit 2
Chemographic projections, concept of compatible and incompatible assemblages and discontinuous
reactions, bulk composition influence on metamorphic assemblages
Structure and textures of metamorphic rocks, Relationship between metamorphism and
deformation.
Suggested Reading:
Winter, J. D. (2014).Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology. Pearson.
Unit 3
Metamorphic zones and isogrades.
Metamorphic mineral reactions (prograde and retrograde)- exchange vectors and continuous
reactions, Metamorphism series- Low P, Intermediate P and high P series
Suggested Reading:
Yardley, B. W., & Yardley, B. W. D. (1989). An introduction to metamorphic petrology, Longman
Unit 4
Concept of metamorphic facies and grade, Migmatites and their origin
Metasomatism and role of fluids in metamorphism , basics of geothermobarometry.
35
Suggested Reading:
Winter, J. D. (2014).Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology, Pearson.
Unit 5
Metamorphic rock associations-schists, gneisses, khondalites, charnockites, blueschists and
eclogites, tectonic setting of metamorphic rocks, paired metamorphic belts.
Suggested Reading:
Yardley, B. W., & Yardley, B. W. D. (1989). An introduction to metamorphic petrology. Longman
References
1. Philpotts, A., & Ague, J. (2009).Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
. Cambridge University Press.
2. Winter, J. D. (2014).Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology, Pearson.
3. Raymond, L.A. (2002). Petrology: the study of igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic rocks. McGraw-Hill Science Engineering.
4. Yardley, B. W., & Yardley, B. W. D. (1989). An introduction to
metamorphic petrology, Longman Earth Science Series.
Week 1
Metamorphism: Phase rule and Goldschmidt mineralogical phase rule, pure and impure phases.
Week 2
Definition of metamorphism. Factors controlling metamorphism,
Week 3
Types of metamorphism.
Week 4
Chemographic projections
Week 5
Concept of compatible and incompatible assemblages
Week 6
Bulk composition influence on metamorphic assemblages
Week 7
Structure and textures of metamorphic rocks, Relationship between metamorphism and
deformation.
Week 8
Metamorphic zones and isogrades. Metamorphism series- Low P, Intermediate P and high P
series.
Week 9
Metamorphic mineral reactions (prograde and retrograde).
Week 10
Exchange vectors and continuous reactions
Week 11
Concept of metamorphic facies and grade
36
Week 12
Migmatites and their origin
Week 13
Metasomatism and role of fluids in metamorphism
Week 14
Metamorphic rock associations-schists, gneisses, khondalites, charnockites, blueschists and
eclogites, tectonic setting of metamorphic rocks, paired metamorphic belts.

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Mineral assemblages, facies, phase rule, continuous and discontinuous reactions, metamorphic
facies
PALAEONTOLOGY
(GEOL CC9)

To learn about the life forms of the geological past.
To understand the diversity and evolution of past life.
To know the evolutionary transitions and functional adaptations in different groups of animals
and plants.

On successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
- Appreciate how fossils get preserved in rocks, the nature of fossil record and how fossils
are named in a taxonomic framework
- Get to know different invertebrate fossil groups, their palaeobiology, and how they can be
used in relative dating of rocks.
- Learn how vertebrates originated and their evolution through time.
- Understand important floral changes over time and the flora of the Indian coal-bearing
sedimentary basins.
- Analyse the indirect evidences preserved in the rocks for the past existence of life.
- Critically analyse the role of fossils in relative dating of rocks, in interpreting past
environments, past distribution of land and sea, and changes in ecosystems over time.
Unit 1
37
Fossilization and fossil record; Fossilization processes and modes of preservation; nature and
importance of fossil record
Taxonomy and Species concept; Species concept with special reference to palaeontology,
taxonomic hierarchy, Theory of organic evolution interpreted from fossil record.
Suggested Readings:
Raup, D. M. & Stanley, S.M. (1985). Principles of Paleontology, W.H.Freeman & Company
Clarkson, E. N.K. (2012) Invertebrate Paleontology and evolution 4th Edition by Blackwell
Publishing.
Foote, M. & Miller, A. I. (2006). Principles of Paleontology, third edition.
Unit 2
Brief introduction to important invertebrate groups (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Brachiopoda,
Graptolites, Trilobites) and their biostratigraphic significance
Significance of ammonites in Mesozoic biostratigraphy and their palaeobiogeographic

implications
Functional adaptation in trilobites and ammonoids.

Suggested Reading:
Clarkson, E. N.K. (2012) Invertebrate Paleontology and evolution 4th Edition by Blackwell
Publishing.
Unit 3
Vertebrates: Origin of vertebrates and major steps in vertebrate evolution; Vertebrate evolution
in the Palaeozoic Era; Mesozoic reptiles with special reference to origin diversity and extinction
of dinosaurs
Vertebrate Transitions
Evolution of horse and intercontinental migrations; Human evolution.
Suggested Reading:
Benton, M. (2014). Vertebrate Palaeontology, fourth edition.
Unit 4
Introduction to Palaeobotany; fossil record of plants through time; Gondwana Flora.
Suggested Reading:
Shukla, A. C. & Mishra, S.P. (1982).Essentials of Palaeobotany.
Unit 5
Introduction to Ichnology; utility of ichnofossils in interpreting sedimentary environments.
Application of fossils in Stratigraphy; Biozones, index fossils, correlation; Role of fossils in
sequence stratigraphy; Fossils and palaeoenvironmental analysis; Fossils and paleobiogeography,
biogeographic provinces, dispersals and barriers; Paleoecology – fossils as a window to the
evolution of ecosystems.
Suggested Readings:
Clarkson, E. N.K. (2012) Invertebrate Paleontology and evolution 4th
Edition by Blackwell Publishing.
Benton, M.J. & Harper, D.A.T. (2016). Introduction to Palaeobiology and the fossil record.
Wiley
38
Jones, R.W. (2011). Applications of Palaeontology - Techniques and Case Studies
Practicals
Study of fossils showing various modes of preservation.
Study of diagnostic morphological characters, systematic position, stratigraphic position and age
of various invertebrate, vertebrate and plant fossils.
References
1. Raup, D. M., Stanley, S.M., Freeman, W. H. (1971). Principles of Paleontology
2. Clarkson, E. N.K.(2012)Invertebrate Paleontology and evolution 4th
Edition by Blackwell Publishing.
3. Benton, M. (2014). Vertebrate Palaeontology, fourth edition
4. Shukla, A. C., & Misra, S.P. (1982).Essentials of Palaeobotany.
5. Stewart, W.N. & Rothwell, G.W. (2018). Palaeobotany and the Evolution of Plants
6. Armstrong, H.A., & Brasier, M.D. (2005) Microfossils. Blackwell Publishing.
7. Jones, R.W. (2011). Applications of Palaeontology - Techniques and Case Studies
8. Briggs, D.E.G. & Crowther, P.R. (2003). Palaeobiology II.
9. Foote, M. & Miller, A. I. (2006). Principles of Paleontology, third edition.
Teaching Plan
Week 1
Fossilization and fossil record, fossilization processes and modes of preservation; Nature and
importance of fossil record.
Week 2
Taxonomy and Species concept; Species concept with special reference to palaeontology,
taxonomic hierarchy,
Week 3
Theory of organic evolution interpreted from fossil record.
Week 4
Brief introduction to important invertebrate groups (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Brachiopoda) and their
biostratigraphic significance.
Week 5
Week 6
Significance of ammonites in Mesozoic biostratigraphy and their palaeobiogeographic

implications.
Week 7
Week 8
39
Origin of vertebrates and major steps in vertebrate evolution; Vertebrate evolution in the
Palaeozoic Era.
Week 9
Mesozoic reptiles with special reference to origin diversity and extinction of dinosaurs; Evolution
of horse and intercontinental migrations; Vertebrate transitions
Week 10
Human evolution; Introduction to Palaeobotany; fossil record of plants through time; Gondwana
Flora
Week 11
Introduction to Ichnology; utility of ichnofossils in interpreting sedimentary environments.
Week 12
Application of fossils in Stratigraphy; Biozones, index fossils, correlation; Role of fossils in
sequence stratigraphy
Week 13
Fossils and paleobiogeography, biogeographic provinces, dispersals and barriers

Week 14
Fossils and palaeoenvironmental analysis; Paleoecology– fossils as a window to the evolution of

ecosystems.

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Fossils, vertebrates, invertebrates, palaeobotany, palaeobiology
GEOMORPHOLOGY
(GEOL CC10)- (CC)

The main aim of this course is to 1) learn about the fundamentals of Geomorphology, 2) learn
40
In this course a student will learn about 1) the advantages to study geomorphology, 2)
fundamentals of working of earth surface processes, and 3) various geomorphic techniques, 4)
geomorphology of India, and 5) extra-terrestrial landforms.
Unit 1
Introduction to Geomorphology: Geosphere-Hydrosphere-Biosphere; unifying concepts
Suggested Reading:
M.A. Summerfield (1991) Global Geomorphology. Wiley & Sons.
Unit 2
Geoid, Topography, Hypsometry, Global Hypsometry, Major Morphological features
Large Scale Topography - Ocean basins, Plate tectonics overview, Large scale mountain
ranges (with emphasis on Himalaya)
Suggested reading:
Robert S. Anderson and Suzzane P. Anderson (2010): Geomorphology - The Mechanics and
Chemistry of Landscapes. Cambridge University Press.
Unit 3
Surficial Processes and geomorphology; Weathering and associated landforms, Hill slopes Glacial,
Periglacial processes and landforms, Fluvial processes and landforms, Aeolian Processes and
landforms, Coastal Processes and landforms, Landforms associated with igneous activities
Suggested Readings:
Paul R. Bierman and D.R. Montgomery (2014): Key Concepts in Geomorphology. W.H. Freeman
and Company Publishers.
Unit 4
Dating Methods, measuring rates; Rates of uplift and denudation, Tectonics and drainage
development, Sea-level change, Long-term landscape development
Suggested Readings:
Paul R. Bierman and D.R. Montgomery (2014): Key Concepts in Geomorphology. W.H. Freeman
and Company Publishers.
Unit 5
Overview of Indian Geomorphology; Introduction to Extra-terrestrial landforms
Suggested Reading:
M.A. Summerfield (1991) Global Geomorphology. Wiley & Sons.
Practicals
• Reading topographic maps

• Concept of scale
• Preparation of a topographic profile
• Preparation of longitudinal profile of a river
• Preparing Hack Profile and Calculating Stream length gradient index
• Morphometry of a drainage basin - Calculating different morphometric parameters
41
• Preparation of geomorphic map
References
1. Robert S. Anderson and Suzzane P. Anderson (2010): Geomorphology - The Mechanics and
2. Paul R. Bierman and D.R. Montgomery (2014): Key Concepts in
Geomorphology. W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers.
3. M.A. Summerfield (1991) Global Geomorphology. Wiley & Sons.
Week 1
Introduction to Geomorphology; Geosphere-Hydrosphere-Biosphere
Week 2
Unifying concepts
Week 3
Geoid, Topography, Hypsometry, Global Hypsometry, Major Morphological features
Week 4
Large Scale Topography - Ocean basins, Plate tectonics overview
Week 5
Large scale mountain ranges (with emphasis on Himalaya); Surficial Processes and
geomorphology,
Week 6
Weathering and associated landforms, Hill slopes
Week 7
Glacial, Periglacial processes and landforms,
Week 8
Fluvial processes and landforms,
Week 9
Aeolian Processes and landforms, Coastal Processes and landforms
Week 10
Landforms associated with igneous activities; Dating Methods
Week 11
Measuring rates; Rates of uplift and denudation,
Week 12
Tectonics and drainage development, Sea-level change, Long-term landscape development
Week 13
Overview of Indian Geomorphology
Week 14
Introduction to Extra-terrestrial landforms

42
Assessment Methods
Keywords
Landforms, tectonics. Geoid, Surface processes
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
(GEOL CC11)

To introduce and acquaint the student to the natural occurrences of economic mineral deposits
linking theory of mineral deposit formation to field-based interpretations

Demonstration of field occurrence of mineral deposits- over ground as well as
underground.
Identification and recording of evidence of mineralization such as alteration zones etc.
Learning the role of geology in mining of the mineral deposits.
Unit 1
Ores and gangues
Ores, gangue minerals, tenor, grade and lodes
Resources and reserves-Economic and Academic definitions
Metallic, industrial and strategic minerals
Suggested Reading:
Bateman, A.M. and Jensen, M.L. (1990) Economic Mineral Deposits. John Wiley.
Unit 2
Mineral deposits and classical concepts of ore formation
Mineral occurrence, Mineral deposit and Ore deposit
Historical concepts of ore genesis: Man’s earliest vocation-Mining
Plutonist and Neptunist concepts of ore genesis
Suggested Reading:
Bateman, A.M. and Jensen, M.L. (1990) Economic Mineral Deposits. John Wiley.
Unit 3
Mineral economics
Methods of economic evaluation of resources and reserves, characterization curve, order of
magnitude and other economic evaluations, pre-feasibility and feasibility studies, cash flow,
mineral conservation, United Nations Framework classification (UNFC), National mineral policy.
Suggested Reading:
Chatterjee, K. K.: An Introduction to Mineral Economics
43
Unit 4
Structure and texture of ore deposits
Concordant and discordant ore bodies
Endogenous processes: Magmatic concentration, skarns, greisens, and hydrothermal deposits
Exogenous processes: weathering products and residual deposits, oxidation and supergene
Enrichment, placer deposits.
Suggested Reading:
Laurence Robb. (2005) Introduction to ore forming processes. Wiley.
Unit 5
Ore grade and Reserve, assessment of grade, reserve estimation
Suggested Reading:
Sinha, R K. and Sharma. N. L.: Mineral Economics
Unit 6
Distribution of ores and minerals
Metallogenic provinces and epochs
Important deposits of India including atomic minerals Non-
metallic and industrial rocks and minerals, in India.
Introduction to gemstones.
Suggested Reading:
Gokhale, K.V.G.K.and Rao, T.C. (1978) Ore deposits of India their distribution and processing,
Tata-McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Week 1
Ores, gangue minerals, tenor, grade and lodes
Week 2
Resources and reserves-Economic – definitions; Metallic, industrial and strategic minerals
Week 3
Mineral occurrence, Mineral deposit and Ore deposit
Week 4
Historical concepts of ore genesis
Week 5
Plutonist and Neptunist concepts of ore genesis
Week 6
Methods of economic evaluation of resources and reserves,
Week 7
Characterization curve, order of magnitude and other economic evaluations, pre-feasibility and
feasibility studies, cash flow.
Week 8
44
United Nations Framework classification (UNFC) National mineral policy and mineral
conservation.
Week 9
Endogenous processes: Magmatic concentration, skarns, greisens, and hydrothermal deposits
Week 10
Exogenous processes: weathering products and residual deposits, oxidation and supergene
enrichment, placer deposits
Week 11
Ore grade and Reserve, assessment of grade, reserve estimation
Week 12
Important deposits of India including atomic minerals
Week 13
Non-metallic and industrial rocks and minerals, in India.
Week 14
Introduction to gemstones.

Demonstration and measurements
Assessment Methods
Field report and viva-voce
Keywords
Mineral deposit, ore, gangue, mine, exploration, beneficiation, smelting
REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

(GEOL CC12)

The main aim of this course is to 1) learn about the fundamentals of remote sensing,
photogeology, GIS, and GPS, 2) learn basics remote sensing and GIS techniques, and 3) learn
use of remote sensing and GIS in different fields.
In this course a student will learn about 1) the basic concepts of remote sensing, 2) Basic
concepts of Photogeology and Photogrammetry, 3) the basic concepts of GIS, 4) GIS softwares
viz., QGIS, Basic concepts and functioning of Global Positioning System (GPS).
Unit 1
45
Photogeology: Types and acquisition of aerial photographs; Scale and resolution; Principles of
Stereoscopy, relief displacement, vertical exaggeration and distortion, Elements of aerial photo
interpretation, Identification of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Suggested Reading:
Bhatta, B. Remote Sensing and GIS. Oxford Publications.
Unit 2
Remote Sensing
History of Remote Sensing and Indian Space Program, Basic concepts of Remote Sensing,
Satellites and their characteristics, Data formats- Raster and Vector.
Suggested Reading:
Lillesand, Kiefer and Chipman. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Wiley Publications
Unit 3
Digital Image Processing
Various processes of Digital Image Processing – Pre-processing, Image Enhancement,
Transformation. Filtering, Image Rationing, Image classification, and accuracy assessment
(Errors calculation).
Suggested Reading:
Unit 4
GIS: Datum, Coordinate systems and Projection systems, spatial data models and data editing, Introduction
to DEM analysis, GIS integration and Case studies-Indian Examples.
Suggested Reading:
PA Longley, MF Goodchild, DJ Maguire and DW Rhind. Geographic Information System
and Science. Wiley Publications
MN Demers. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems. Wiley Publications.
Unit 5
GPS: Basic concepts of GPS, Integrating GPS data with GIS Applications in earth system
Sciences.
Suggested Reading:
Practicals
• Aerial Photo interpretation, identification landforms
• Digital Image Processing exercises including analysis of satellite data in different bands
and interpretation of various objects on the basis of their spectral signatures.
• Creating a FCC from raw data
• Geo-referencing of satellite data with a toposheet of the area
• Introduction to QGIS software
• DEM analysis: generating slope map, aspect map and drainage network map
References
PA Longley, MF Goodchild, DJ Maguire and DW Rhind. Geographic Information System
and Science. Wiley Publications
MN Demers. Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems. Wiley Publications.

46
Week 1
Photogeology; Types and acquisition of aerial photographs; Scale and resolution;
Week 2
Principles of stereoscopy, relief displacement, vertical exaggeration and distortion, Elements of
aerial photo interpretation
Week 3
Identification of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks
Week 4
History of Remote Sensing and Indian Space Program
Week 5
Basic concepts of Remote Sensing, Satellites and their characteristics, Data formats- Raster
and Vector
Week 6
Various processes of Digital Image Processing – Pre-processing
Week 7
Image Enhancement, Transformation
Week 8
Filtering, Image Rationing
Week 9
Image classification, and accuracy assessment (Errors calculation).
Week 10
Datum, Coordinate systems and Projection systems,
Week 11
Spatial data models and data editing,
Week 12
Introduction to DEM analysis, GIS integration
Week 13
Basic concepts of GPS
Week 14
Integrating GPS data with GIS Applications in earth system sciences

Assessment Methods
Keywords
GIS, GPS, Photogeology, Digital Image Processing, DEM
47
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
(GEOL CC13)

Develop an understanding of significance of geology in major engineering projects.
Necessity of geological input in designing of dams, tunnels, roads etc.
1. Significance of geology in major engineering projects
2. Method of assessing geological perspective of major infrastructure projects
3. Rock properties related to the strength and bearing capacities of rocks and soils
4. Learning major techniques for ameliorating engineering properties of earth material
5. Understanding the effect and relationship of natural hazards on engineering projects
Unit 1
Geology vs. Engineering, Role of Engineering geologists in planning, design and

construction of major man-made structural features.
Suggested Reading:
Krynin, D.P.and Judd, W.R. (1957). Principles of Engineering Geology and
Geotechnique, McGraw Hill (CBS Publ).
Johnson, R.B. and De Graf,J.V. (1988). Principles of Engineering Geology, John Wiley.
Unit 2
Site investigation and characterization
Suggested Reading:
Johnson, R.B. and De Graf,J.V. (1988). Principles of Engineering Geology, John Wiley.
Goodman, R.E. (1993). Engineering Geology:Rock in Engineering constructions. John Wiley &
Sons, N.Y.
Unit 3
Foundation treatment; Grouting, Rock Bolting and other support mechanisms
Suggested Reading:
Johnson, R.B. and De Graf, J.V. (1988). Principles of Engineering Geology, John Wiley.
Goodman, R.E. (1993). Engineering Geology:Rock in Engineering constructions. John Wiley &
Sons, N.Y.
Waltham, T. (2009). Foundations of Engineering Geology(3rd Edn.)Taylor & Francis.
Unit 4
Intact Rock and Rock Mass properties
Rock aggregates; Significance as Construction Material
Suggested Reading:
48
Goodman, R.E. (1993). Engineering Geology: Rock in Engineering constructions. John Wiley &
Sons, N.Y.
Waltham, T. (2009). Foundations of Engineering Geology (3rd Edn.)Taylor & Francis.
Unit 5
Concept, Mechanism and Significance of Rock Quality Designation (RQD) Concept,
Mechanism and Significance of:
a. Rock Structure Rating (RSR)
b. Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
c. Tunnelling Quality Index (Q)
Geological, Geotechnical and Environmental considerations for Dams and Reservoirs
Suggested Reading:
Bell, F.G. (2006).Basic Environmental and Engineering Geology Whittles Publishing
Unit 6
Tunnels and Tunnelling Methods
Suggested Reading:
Practicals
1. Computation of reservoir area, catchment area, reservoir capacity and reservoir life.
2. Merits, demerits & remedial measures based upon geological cross sections of project
sites.
3. Computation of Index properties of rocks.
4. Computation of RQD, RSR, RMR and ‘Q
References
1. Krynin, D.P.and Judd, W.R. (1957). Principles of Engineering Geology and

Geotechnique, McGraw Hill (CBS Publ).
2. Johnson, R.B. and De Graf, J.V. (1988). Principles of Engineering Geology, John Wiley.
3. Goodman, R.E. (1993). Engineering Geology: Rock in engineering constructions. John

Wiley& Sons, N.Y.
4. Waltham, T. (2009). Foundations of Engineering Geology (3rd Edn.)Taylor & Francis.
5. Bell, F.G. (2006).Basic Environmental and Engineering Geology Whittles Publishing.
6. Bell, F.G (2007).Engineering Geology, Butterworth-Heinema.
Week 1
Geology vs. Engineering
Week 2
49
Role of engineering geologists in planning, design and construction of major man-made
structural features.
Week 3
Site investigation and characterization
Week 4
Foundation treatment; Grouting
Week 5
Rock Bolting and other support mechanisms
Week 6
Intact Rock and Rock Mass properties
Week 7
Rock aggregates; Significance as Construction Material
Week 8
Concept, Mechanism and Significance of Rock Quality Designation (RQD) Concept,
Mechanism and Significance of Rock Structure Rating (RSR)
Week 9
Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
Tunnelling Quality Index (Q)
Week 10
Week 11
Week 12
Week 13
Week 14
Engineering projects in geological and societal perspective

Lectures, Practical’s, Seminar, Tutorials, Assignments.
Assessment Methods
Keywords
Regional and detailed mapping, Rock mass rating and rock quality designation, foundation,
grouting.
50
HYDROGEOLOGY
(GEOL CC14)
Course Objective
To understand about the nature, occurrence and movement of groundwater in geological context.
To develop basic understanding about ground water exploration and management.
Learning outcome
The course will introduce students to the fundamental concepts of hydrogeology. They will learn
about occurrence and movement of groundwater, aquifers and their parameters, groundwater
exploration methods, aspects of groundwater chemistry and groundwater management.
Unit 1
Introduction and basic concepts: Scope of hydrogeology and its societal relevance; Hydrologic cycle:
precipitation, evapo-transpiration, run-off, infiltration and subsurface movement of water; Rock
properties affecting groundwater, Vertical distribution of subsurface water; Types of aquifer, aquifer
parameters, anisotropy and heterogeneity of aquifers.
Suggested Reading:
Todd, D. K. 2006. Groundwater hydrology, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.
Unit 2:
Groundwater flow: Darcy's law and its validity; Intrinsic permeability and hydraulic conductivity;
Groundwater flow rates and flow direction; Laminar and turbulent groundwater flow.
Suggested Reading:
Unit 3
Well hydraulics and Groundwater exploration: Basic Concepts of well hydraulics (drawdown; specific
capacity etc.); Elementary concepts related to eequilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions for water flow
to a well in confined and unconfined aquifers; Surface-based groundwater exploration methods.
Suggested Readings:
Karanth, K.R., 1987, Groundwater: Assessment, Development and management, Tata McGraw-Hill Pub.
Co. Ltd.
Raghunath, H.M. 2007. Groundwater, Third Edition, New Age International Publishers.
Unit 4
Groundwater chemistry: Physical and chemical properties of water and water quality; Introduction to
methods of interpreting groundwater quality data using standard graphical plots; Sea water intrusion in
coastal aquifers.
Suggested Readings:
Karanth, K.R., 1987, Groundwater: Assessment, Development and management, Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co.
51
Unit 5:
Groundwater management: Basic concepts of water balance studies, issues related to groundwater
resources development and management; Groundwater level fluctuations; Rainwater harvesting and
artificial recharge of groundwater.
Suggested Readings:
Karanth, K.R., 1987, Groundwater: Assessment, Development and management, Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co.
Practicals:
Preparation and interpretation of water level contour maps and depth to water level maps,
preparation and analysis of hydrographs for differing groundwater conditions.
Graphical representation of chemical quality data and water classification (C-S and Trilinear diagrams)
Simple numerical problems related to: determination of permeability in field and laboratory, Groundwater
flow, Well hydraulics etc.
Suggested Readings:
1. Todd, D. K. 2006. Groundwater hydrology, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.
2. Karanth, K.R., 1987, Groundwater: Assessment, Development and management, Tata McGraw-Hill
Pub. Co. Ltd.
1. Davis, S. N. and De Weist, R.J.M. 1966. Hydrogeology, John Wiley & Sons Inc., N.Y.
2. Raghunath, H.M. 2007. Groundwater, Third Edition, New Age International Publishers.
3. Shekhar Shashank, 2017a. Aquifer Properties. E-PG Pathshala, UGC, MHRD, Govt. of India.
Available on: https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/ahl.php?csrno=448
4. Shekhar Shashank, 2017b. Darcy’s law. E-PG Pathshala, UGC, MHRD, Govt. of India.
5. Shekhar Shashank. 2017c. Assessment of groundwater quality. E-PG Pathshala, UGC, MHRD,
Govt. of India. Available on: https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/ahl.php?csrno=448
6. Syed Tajdarul Hassan, 2017a. Introduction to Hydrology. E-PG Pathshala, UGC, MHRD, Govt. of
India. Available on: https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/ahl.php?csrno=448
7. Syed Tajdarul Hassan. 2017b. Hydraulic Head, Fluid Potential, Reynolds number and Pumping
Tests-I. E-PG Pathshala, UGC, MHRD, Govt. of India. Available on:
https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/ahl.php?csrno=448
8. Syed Tajdarul Hassan, 2017c. Hydraulic Head, Fluid Potential, Reynolds number and Pumping
Tests-II. E-PG Pathshala, UGC, MHRD, Govt. of India. Available on:
https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/ahl.php?csrno=448
Week 1
Scope of hydrogeology and its societal relevance, Hydrologic cycle: precipitation, evapo-
transpiration, run-off, infiltration and subsurface movement of water.
Practical: Basic exercise based on depth to water level maps.

52
Week 2
Rock properties affecting groundwater, Vertical distribution of subsurface water.
Practical: Exercise based on depth to water level map.
Week 3
Types of aquifer and introduction to aquifer parameters.
Project/assignment based presentation by the students, evaluation and discussions on the same.
Practical: Basic exercise based on water table contour map.
Week 4
Detailed discussions on the aquifer parameters, anisotropy and heterogeneity of aquifers.
Class Test/quiz - 1
Practical: Exercise based on water table contour map.
Week 5
Darcy's law and its validity, intrinsic permeability and hydraulic conductivity.
Week 6
Groundwater flow rates and flow direction, Laminar and turbulent groundwater flow.
Week 7
Basic Concepts of well hydraulics (drawdown; specific capacity etc.)
Week 8
Elementary concepts related to eequilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions for water flow to a well in
confined and unconfined aquifers.
Class Test/quiz - 2
Practical: Practical exercise based on preparation and analysis of hydrographs for differing
groundwater conditions.
Week 9
53
Surface-based groundwater exploration methods
Practical: Practical exercise based on preparation and analysis of hydrographs for differing
groundwater conditions.
Week 10
Physical and chemical properties of water and water quality and Introduction to methods of
interpreting groundwater quality data using standard graphical plots.
Practical: Practical exercise based on graphical representation of chemical quality data and water
classification (C-S and Trilinear diagrams).
Week 11
Discussions on the standard graphical plots for interpreting groundwater quality continued and Sea
water intrusion in coastal aquifers.
Project/assignment based presentation by the students, evaluation and discussions on the same
Week 12
Basic concepts of water balance studies, issues related to groundwater resources development and
management.
Class Test/quiz - 3
Week 13
Groundwater level fluctuations.
Week 14
Rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge of groundwater.
Practical: Simple numerical problems related to: determination of permeability in field and
laboratory, Groundwater flow, Well hydraulics etc.
Class Test/quiz - 4
54
Assessment Methods
Tests, Quiz, Debates, Project assignment and Presentations.
Keywords
Hydrogeology; aquifer parameters; Darcy’s law; well hydraulics; groundwater exploration; groundwater
quality; sea water intrusion; water balance.
EXPLORATION GEOLOGY
(GEOLDSE1)
Discipline Specific Elective – (DSE)
Credits: Theory (4), Practical (2)
Exploration geology is concerned with the location of ore and other materials found within the
Earth. Their work is essential to energy and production industries as it acts as a starting point
for extraction.
1. Understanding of industrial and non-industrial resources and distinction between reserve

and resource
2. Natural resource consumption patterns through historical times
3. Principles of prospecting of exploration
3. Techniques of mineral exploration
4. Reserve estimation methods
Unit 1
Mineral Resources: Resource reserve definitions, Industrial and non-industrial economic
Minerals; Mineral resources in industries – historical perspective and present; A brief
overview of classification of mineral deposits with respect to processes of formation in
relation to exploration strategies.
Suggested Readings:
Arogyaswami, R.P.N. (1996). Courses in Mining Geology. 4th Ed. Oxford-IBH.
Moon, C.J., Whateley, M.K.G. & Evans, A.M. (2006), Introduction to Mineral
Exploration, Blackwell Publishing.
Unit 2
Prospecting and Exploration: Principles of mineral exploration, Prospecting and exploration-
conceptualization, methodology and stages, Sampling, subsurface sampling including pitting,
trenching and drilling, geochemical exploration.
Suggested Readings:
55
Unit 3
Geophysical methods of exploration
Evaluation of data; Evaluation of sampling data; Mean, mode, median, standard deviation and
variance.
Suggested Readings:
Unit 4
Drilling and Logging: Core and non-core drilling. Basic parts of a drilling machine; Planning
of bore holes and location of boreholes on ground; Core-logging.
Suggested Readings:
Clark, G.B. (1967). Elements of Mining. 3rd Ed. John Wiley & Sons.
Unit 5
Reserve estimations and Errors; Density and bulk density; Principles of reserve estimation,
Critical Geological data to be considered Factors affecting reliability of reserve estimation;
Reserve estimation based on geometrical models (square, rectangular, triangular and polygon
blocks) Regular and irregular grid patterns, statistics and error estimation.
Suggested Readings:
Clark, G.B. (1967). Elements of Mining. 3rd Ed. John Wiley & Sons.
Practicals
1. Identification of anomaly
2. Concept of weighted average in anomaly detection
3. Geological cross-section
4. Models of reserve estimation
References
1. Clark, G.B. (1967). Elements of Mining. 3rd Ed. John Wiley & Sons.
2. Arogyaswami, R.P.N. (1996). Courses in Mining Geology. 4th Ed. Oxford-IBH.
3. Moon, C.J., Whateley, M.K.G. & Evans, A.M. (2006), Introduction to Mineral
56
Assessment Methods
Keywords
Reserve, resource, drilling, reserve estimation, exploration
EARTH AND CLIMATE

(GEOLDSE2)
Unit 1
Climate system: Forcing and Responses
Components of the climate system
Climate forcing, Climate controlling factors
Climate system response, response rates and interactions within the climate system Feedbacks
in climate system
Suggested Reading:
Rudiman, W.F. (2001). Earth's climate: past and future. Edition 2, Freeman Publisher.
Rohli, R.V., and Vega, A.J. (2007). Climatology. Jones and Barlatt.
Unit 2
Heat budget of Earth
Incoming solar radiation, receipt and storage of heat
Heat transformation
Earth’s heat budget. Interactions amongst various sources of earth’s heat
Suggested Reading:
Rohli, R.V., and Vega, A.J. (2007). Climatology, Jones and Barlatt.
Lutgens, F., Tarbuck, E., and Tasa, D. (2009). The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology.
Pearson Publisher.
Aguado, E., and Burt, J. (2009). Understanding Weather.
57
Unit 3
Atmosphere - Hydrosphere
Layering of atmosphere and atmospheric Circulation Atmosphere and ocean interaction and its
effect on climate Heat transfer in ocean
Global oceanic conveyor belt and its control on earth’s climate
Surface and deep circulation
Sea ice and glacial ice
Suggested Reading:
Pearson Publisher.
Unit 4
Response of biosphere to Earth’s climate Climate Change: natural vs. anthropogenic effects
Humans and climate change
Future perspectives
Brief introduction to archives of climate change
Archive based climate change data from the Indian continent
Suggested Reading:
Rohli, R.V., and Vega, A.J. (2007).Climatology. Jones and Barlatt.
Pearson Publisher.
Unit 5
Orbital cyclicity and climate
Milankovitch cycles and variability in the climate
Glacial-interglacial stages
The Last Glacial maximum (LGM) Pleistocene Glacial-Interglacial cycles Younger Dryas
Marine isotope stages
Suggested Reading:
58
Pearson Publisher.
Unit 6
Monsoon Mechanism of monsoon Monsoonal variation through time
Factors associated with monsoonal intensity
Effects of monsoon
Suggested Reading:
Lutgens, F., Tarbuck, E., and Tasa, D.(2009). The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology.
Pearson Publisher.
Practicals
1. Study of distribution of major climatic regimes of India on map
2. Distribution of major wind patterns on World map
3. Preparation of palaeogeographic maps (distribution of land and sea) of India during

specific geological time intervals
4. Numerical exercises on interpretation of proxy records for paleoclimate
References
1. Rudiman, W.F. (2001). Earth's climate: past and future. Edition 2, Freeman Publisher.
2. Rohli, R.V., and Vega, A.J. (2007). Climatology. Jones and Barlatt.
3. Lutgens, F., Tarbuck, E., and Tasa, D. (2009). The Atmosphere: An Introduction to
Meteorology. Pearson Publisher.
4. Aguado, E., and Burt, J. (2009). Understanding Weather.
Week 1
Climate system: Forcing and Responses. Components of the climate system. Climate forcing,
Climate controlling factors.
Week 2
Climate system response, response rates and interactions within the climate system. Feedbacks
in climate system.
Week 3
Heat budget of Earth Incoming solar radiation, receipt and storage of heat transformation.
59
Earth’s heat budget. Interactions amongst various sources of earth’s heat.
Week 4
Atmosphere – Hydrosphere. Layering of atmosphere. Atmospheric Circulation.
Week 5
Atmosphere and ocean interaction and its effect on climate Heat transfer in ocean.
Week 6
Global oceanic conveyor belt and its control on earth’s climate. Surface and deep circulation
Sea ice and glacial ice.
Week 7
Response of biosphere to Earth’s climate; Climate change: natural vs. anthropogenic effects
Humans and climate change. Future perspectives.
Week 8
Brief introduction to archives of climate change.
Archive based climate change data from the Indian continent.
Week 9
Orbital cyclicity and climate. Milankovitch cycles and variability in the climate.
Week 10
Glacial-interglacial stages
The Last Glacial maximum (LGM) Younger Dryas
Week 11
Pleistocene Glacial-Interglacial cycles. Marine isotope stages.
Week 12
Monsoon. Mechanism of monsoon.
Week 13
Monsoonal variation through time.
Week 14
Factors associated with monsoonal intensity.
Effects of monsoon
Practicals
Study of distribution of major climatic regimes of India on map
Distribution of major wind patterns on World map
Preparation of palaeogeographic maps (distribution of land and sea) of India during specific
geological time intervals
Numerical exercises on interpretation of proxy records for paleoclimate

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Orbital cyclicity, monsoon, LGM, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere
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FUEL GEOLOGY
(GEOLDSE3)

There is no doubt that petroleum use and exploration of oil is one of the most powerful driving
forces in shaping our modern world. Petroleum Geologists are the men and women who know
how to understand the earth beneath our feet in order to find oil and natural gas, which are vital
resources in our lives. Our r country is big importer of fuel and needs a balanced attention
towards this course.

1. Types of conventional and non-conventional fuels and consumption trends through time
2. Coal- origin, types and resources
3. Petroleum- origin, traps, occurrence in specific geological domains
4. Non-conventional hydrocarbons
5. Nuclear fuels
Unit 1
Coal: Definition and origin of Coal; Basic classification of coal;
Fundamentals of Coal Petrology - Introduction to lithotypes, microlithotypes and
macerals in coal, Proximate and Ultimate analysis.
Suggested Reading;
Chandra D. (2007). Chandra’s Textbook on applied coal petrology. Jijnasa Publishing House.
Unit 2
Coal as a fuel: Coal Bed Methane (CBM): global and Indian scenario; Underground coal
Gasification; Coal liquefaction
Suggested Reading:
Chandra D. (2007). Chandra’s Textbook on applied coal petrology. Jijnasa Publishing House.
Unit 3
Petroleum: Chemical composition and physical properties of crudes in nature;
Origin of petroleum; Maturation of kerogen; Biogenic and Thermal effect.
Suggested Reading:
Shelly R. C. (2014). Elements of Petroleum geology: Third Edition, Academic Press.
Bjorlykke, K. (1989). Sedimentology and petroleum geology. Springer-Verlag.
Unit 4
Petroleum Reservoirs and Traps

Reservoir rocks: general attributes and petrophysical properties. Classification of
reservoir rocks - clastic and chemical. Hydrocarbon traps: definition, anticlinal theory and
61
trap theory; Classification of hydrocarbon traps - structural, stratigraphic and combination;
Time of trap formation and time of hydrocarbon accumulation. Cap rocks - definition and
general properties.Plate tectonics and global distribution of hydrocarbon reservoir.
Suggested Reading:
Unit 5
Other fuels: Gas Hydrate; Nuclear Fuel.
Suggested Reading:
Practicals
1. Study of hand specimens of coal
2. Reserve estimation of coal
3. Section correlation and identification of hydrocarbon prospect
4. Panel and Fence diagrams
References
1. Chandra D. (2007). Chandra’s Textbook on applied coal petrology. Jijnasa
Publishing House.
2. Shelly R. C. (2014). Elements of Petroleum geology: Third Edition, Academic Press
3. Bjorlykke, K. (1989). Sedimentology and petroleum geology. Springer-Verlag.
4. Bastia, R., & Radhakrishna, M. (2012). Basin evolution and petroleum

prospectivity of the continental margins of India (Vol. 59). Newnes.
Week 1
Coal: Definition and origin of Coal; Basic classification of coal
Week 2
Fundamentals of Coal Petrology - Introduction to lithotypes, microlithotypes and
macerals in coal
Week 3
Proximate and Ultimate analysis
Week 4
Coal as a fuel; Coal Bed Methane (CBM): global and Indian scenario
Week 5
Underground coal gasification; Coal liquefaction
Week 6
Petroleum; Chemical composition and physical properties of crudes in nature
62
Week 7
Origin of petroleum; Organic and Inorganic theories
Week 8
Maturation of kerogen; Biogenic and Thermal effect
Week 9
Petroleum Reservoirs and Traps; Reservoir rocks: general attributes and petrophysical
properties. Classification of reservoir rocks - clastic and chemical. Hydrocarbon traps:
Definition, anticlinal theory and trap theory.
Week 10
Classification of hydrocarbon traps - structural, stratigraphic and combination;
Time of trap formation and time of hydrocarbon accumulation.
Week 11
Cap rocks - definition and general properties. Plate tectonics and global distribution of
hydrocarbon reservoir.
Week 12
Plate tectonics and global distribution of hydrocarbon reservoir; Gas Hydrate
Week 13
Nuclear Fuel
Week 14
Major Indian coal and hydrocarbon reserves

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Natural energy sources, coal, petroleum, traps, nuclear fuel.
URBAN GEOLOGY
(GEOLDSE4)

It is an emerging discipline in an increasingly urbanized world, particularly fast developing
nation like India. In the broadest terms, urban geology is the application of the earth sciences
to problems arising at the nexus of the geosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere within urban and
urbanizing areas.

63
Urban geology draws on the all branches of the earth sciences, from stratigraphy to
geochemistry and hydrogeology to geophysical exploration techniques; and it often makes
linkages to the biological and environmental sciences.
1. Linking geology to the infrastructure developments
2. Linking geology to upkeep and optimization of natural resources like water and soil
3. Identifying possible domains of natural hazard in the context of town planning
Unit 1
Geology and Society: Necessity of Geology in Urban life. Geology in Urban Constructions
Geotechnical feature and mapping for subsurface in Metropolitan areas
Building materials, Excavation and cutting in urban areas.
Suggested Readings:
Huggenberger, P. & Eptin, J. (2011). Urban Geology: Process-Oriented Concepts for Adaptive
and Integrated Resource Management, Springer.
Lollino, G. et al. (Ed.), Engineering Geology for Society and Territory. Springer
Unit 2
Geology and Urban Agriculture

Soil studies, Chemistry and geochemistry of soil in relation to ground water and fertilizer
Effect of pollutants on vegetable contamination
Suggested Readings:
Unit 3
Urban land use; Geotechnical site characterization, Geotechnical and land use mapping, Decision
making in urban land use, Geological problems in construction of underground structures in urban
areas.
Urban Tunnelling: Tunnelling for road and rail in urban areas; Methods, Equipments,
Importance of Geology
Suggested Readings:
Unit 4
Urban water: Water lagging in built-up areas, Source of water, Standards for various uses of
Water; Sources of contamination; Waste waters: Sources and its disinfection and treatment,
Ground water surveys and resource development.
Suggested Readings:
64
Unit 5
Urban wastes and Treatment, Geotechnical characterization for waste sites, Domestic waste,
Industrial waste, Mine drainage, Power production waste, radioactive waste, Need for special
purpose mapping for selection of waste disposal sites.
Suggested Readings:
Unit 6
GIS in Urban Geology: GIS-An introduction, Application in Urban development, Application
in land use, Application in GW Exploration.
Precaution from seismic hazard in urban planning
Seismic Hazards: Micro-zonations of hazard based on engineering geological features.
Urban- subservice network.
Suggested Readings:
Practicals
1. Map Reading
2. Ground water flow direction estimation
3. Case studies of Urban flood; Flood hydrographs
4. Case studies of urban planning
References
1. Huggenberger, P. & Eptin, J. (2011). Urban Geology: Process-Oriented Concepts for
Adaptive and Integrated Resource Management, Springer.
2. Lollino, G. et al. (Ed.), Engineering Geology for Society and Territory. Springer
Week 1
Geology and Society: Necessity of Geology in Urban life. Geology in Urban
Constructions
Week 2
Geotechnical feature and mapping for subsurface in Metropolitan areas
Building materials, Excavation and cutting in urban areas.
Week 3
Geology and Urban Agriculture
Soil studies, Chemistry and geochemistry of soil in relation to ground water and fertilizer
Week 4
Effect of pollutants on vegetable contamination
65
Week 5
Urban land use: Geotechnical site characterization, Geotechnical and land use mapping, Decision
making in urban land use.
Week 6
Geological problems in construction of underground structures in urban areas.
Week 7
Urban Tunnelling: Tunnelling for road and rail in urban areas, Method, Equipments,
Importance of Geology
Week 8
Urban water: Water lagging in built-up areas, Source of water, Standards for various uses of
Water; Sources of contamination.
Week 9
Waste waters: Sources and its disinfection and treatment; Ground water surveys and resource
development.
Week 10
Urban wastes and Treatment: Geotechnical characterization for waste sites, Domestic waste,
Industrial waste.
Week 11
Mine drainage, Power production waste, radioactive waste, Need for special purpose mapping
for selection of waste disposal sites.
Week 12
GIS in Urban Geology: GIS-An introduction, Application in Urban development, Application
in land use, Application in GW Exploration.
Week 13
Precaution from seismic hazard in urban planning
Seismic Hazards: Micro-zonations of hazard based on engineering geological features.
Week 14
Urban- subservice network.

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Urban planning, GIS, natural hazard, pollution, engineering geology, earthquake
EVOLUTION OF LIFE THROUGH TIME

(GEOLDSE 5)
66

To understand the evolution of life through geological time
To understand the role of geological processes in the evolution of life
To learn about major biological events of the geological past

Students will be able:
To understand how life originated and evolved through time.
To learn how fossilization processes operate in nature.
To interpret how organisms had responded to changes in environment and climate in the
geological past.
To learn about major mass extinction events in the Phanerozoic history of life
Unit 1
Life through ages; Fossils and chemical remains of ancient life; Geological Time Scale with
emphasis on major bio-events; Fossilization processes and modes of fossil preservation;
Exceptional preservation sites.
Suggested Reading:
Benton, M.J. & Harper, D.A.T. (2016). Introduction to Paleobiology and the fossil record. Wiley
Unit 2
Geobiology: Biosphere as a system, processes and products; Biogeochemical cycles; Abundance
and diversity of microbes, extremophiles; Microbes-mineral interactions, microbial mats.
Suggested Reading:
Canfield, D.E. & Konhauser, K.O. (2012). Fundamentals of Geobiology, Blackwell.
Unit 3
Origin of life; possible life sustaining sites in the solar system, life sustaining elements and
isotope records.
Archean life: Earth’s oldest life, Transition from Archean to Proterozoic, the oxygen
revolution and radiation of life
Precambrian macrofossils – The garden Ediacara; Snow Ball Earth Hypothesis
Suggested Reading:
Wiley.
Stanley, S.M. & Luczaj, J.A. (2014). Earth System History (4th Edition). W.H.Freeman
(Macmillan)
67
Cowen, R. (2000). History of Life. Wiley-Blackwell.
Lumine, J.I. (1999). Earth-Evolution of a Habitable World, Cambridge University Press.
Unit 4
Paleozoic Life: The Cambrian Explosion. Biomineralization and skeletalization; Origin of
vertebrates and radiation of fishes; Origin of tetrapods - Life out of water
Suggested Reading:
Lieberman, B.S. & Kaesler, R. (2010). Prehitoric Life-Evolution and the Fossil Record, Wiley-
Blackwell.
Cowen, R. (2000). History of Life. Wiley-Blackwell
Unit 5
Mesozoic Life: Life after the largest (P/T) mass extinction, life in the Jurassic seas; Origin of
mammals; Rise and fall of dinosaurs; Origin of birds; and spread of flowering plants.
Suggested Reading:
Lieberman, B.S. & Kaesler, R. (2010). Prehitoric Life-Evolution and the Fossil Record. Wiley-
Blackwell.
Cowen, R. (2000). History of Life. Wiley-Blackwell
Unit 6
Cenozoic Life: Aftermath of end Cretaceous mass extinction – radiation of placental mammals
Evolution of modern grasslands and co-evolution of hoofed grazers; Rise of modern plants and
vegetation; Back to water – Evolution of Whales; The age of humans; Hominid dispersals and
climate setting
Suggested Reading:
Stanley, S.M. & Luczaj, J.A. (2014). Earth System History (4th Edition), W.H.Freeman
(Macmillan)
Practicals
1. Study of modes of fossil preservation
2. Study of fossils from different stratigraphic levels
3. Exercises related to major evolutionary trends in important groups of animals and
plants
References
Wiley.
Stanley, S.M. & Luczaj, J.A. (2014). Earth System History (4th Edition), W.H.Freeman
(Macmillan)
Lumine, J.I. (1999). Earth-Evolution of a Habitable World, Cambridge University Press.
Canfield, D.E. & Konhauser, K.O., 2012 Fundamentals of Geobiology, Blackwell.
Cockell, C., Corfield, R., Edwards, N. & Harris, N. (2007). An Introduction to the Earth-Life System

68
Week 1
Fossils and chemical remains of ancient life, Fossilization processes and modes of fossil
preservation.
Week 2
Geological Time Scale with emphasis on major bio-events; Life through ages.
Week 3
Exceptional preservation sites- age and fauna.
Week 4
Geobiology: Biosphere as a system, processes and products; Biogeochemical cycles; Abundance
and diversity of microbes, extremophiles; Microbes-mineral interactions, microbial mats
Week 5
Origin of life; Possible life sustaining sites in the solar system, life sustaining elements and
isotope records
Archean life: Earth’s oldest life, Transition from Archean to Proterozoic, the oxygen
revolution and radiation of life
Week 6
Precambrian macrofossils – The garden Ediacara; Snow Ball Earth Hypothesis
Week 7
The Cambrian Explosion; Biomineralization and skeletalization
Week 8
Origin of vertebrates and radiation of fishes; Origin of tetrapods - Life out of water
Week 9
Life after the largest (P/T) mass extinction, life in the Jurassic seas
Week 10
Origin of mammals; Rise and fall of dinosaurs
Week 11
Origin of birds; and spread of flowering plants
Week 12
Aftermath of end Cretaceous mass extinction – radiation of placental mammals;
Evolution of modern grasslands and co-evolution of hoofed grazers
Week 13
Rise of modern plants and vegetation; Back to water – Evolution of Whales
Week 14
The age of humans; Hominid dispersals and climate setting

Assessment Methods
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Keywords
GOE, Ediacaran fauna, Snow Ball Earth, Cambrian Explosion of life, Mass Extinctions
RIVER SCIENCE
(GEOLDSE 6)
To understand the life cycle of a river especially in relation to societal development. To

understand the process of erosion and transportation of sediments and its connection with the
landforms
1. Rivers through geological time

2. Fluvial degradational and aggradational processes
3. Landforms associated with the rivers
Unit 1
Stream hydrology: Basic stream hydrology
Physical properties of water, sediment and channel flow
River discharge, River hydrographs (UH, IUH, SUH, GIUH) and its application in
hydrological analysis; Flood frequency analysis
Suggested Reading:
Fryirs and Brierly (2013) Geomorphology and river management, Wiley-Blackwell Pub.
Unit 2
River basin: Sediment source and catchment erosion processes; Sediment load and sediment
Yield; Sediment transport processes in rivers; Erosion and sedimentation processes in channel.
Suggested Readings:
Julien, P.Y. (2002) River Mechanics. Cambridge University Press.
Unit 3
Drainage: Drainage network; Quantitative analysis of network organization - morphometry
Random Topology (RT) model and fractal analysis; Role of drainage network in flux transfer
Evolution of drainage network in geological time scale.
Suggested Reading:
Unit 4
70
Rivers in time and space: River diversity in space, Patterns of alluvial rivers - braided,
meandering and anabranching channels, Dynamics of alluvial rivers; Channel patterns in
stratigraphic sequences;
Different classification approaches in fluvial geomorphology and its applications.
Suggested Reading:
Unit 5
Channels and Landscapes: Bedrock channels, Bedrock incision process; River response to
climate, tectonics and human disturbance; Bedrock channel processes and evolution of fluvial
landscapes.
Suggested Reading:
Unit 6
Fluvial hazards: Integrated approach to stream management.
Introduction to river ecology.
Suggested Reading:
Fryirs and Brierly (2013) Geomorphology and river management. Wiley-Blackwell Pub.
Practicals
Stream power calculation
Longitudinal profile analysis
Hydrograph analysis and other related problems
References
1. Fryirs and Brierly (2013) Geomorphology and river management, Wiley-Blackwell Pub.
2. Julien, P.Y. (2002) River Mechanics, Cambridge University Press.

Week 1
Stream hydrology: Basic stream hydrology
Physical properties of water, sediment and channel flow
Week 2
River discharge, River hydrographs (UH, IUH, SUH, GIUH) and its application in
hydrological analysis; Flood frequency analysis
Week 3
River basin: Sediment source and catchment erosion processes
Week 4
Sediment load and sediment Yield; Sediment transport processes in rivers
Week 5
71
Erosion and sedimentation processes in channel.
Week 6
Drainage: Drainage network; Quantitative analysis of network organization - morphometry
Random Topology (RT) model and fractal analysis
Week 7
Role of drainage network in flux transfer; Evolution of drainage network in geological time
scale.
Week 8
Rivers in time and space: River diversity in space, Patterns of alluvial rivers - braided,
meandering and anabranching channels, Dynamics of alluvial rivers.
Week 9
Channel patterns in stratigraphic sequences; Different classification approaches in fluvial
geomorphology and its applications.
Week 10
Channels and Landscapes: Bedrock channels, Bedrock incision process; Bedrock channel
processes and evolution of fluvial landscapes.
Week 11
River response to climate, tectonics and human disturbance.
Week 12
Fluvial hazards: Integrated approach to stream management.
Week 13
Week 14

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Hydrology, stream power, river basin, fluvial hazards, aggradation, erosion
72
INTRODUCTION TO GEOPHYSICS
(GEOLDSE 7)
To develop an understanding of solid earth and interior of earth and to learn about the basic
geophysical exploration techniques.

1. Physical properties of the natural material
2. Earth's interior through indirect methods
3. Geophysical exploration methods
Unit 1
Geology and Geophysics: Interrelationship between geology and geophysics, Role of geological
and geophysical data in explaining geodynamical features of the earth.
Suggested Reading:
Ramachandra Rao, M.B. (1975). Outlines of Geophysical Prospecting - A manual for
geologists. Prasaranga, University of Mysore, Mysore.
Bhimasankaram V.L.S. (1990). Exploration Geophysics - An Outline by Association of
Exploration Geophysicists, Osmania University, Hyderabad.
Dobrin, M.B. (1984). An introduction to Geophysical Prospecting. McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
Unit 2
General and Exploration geophysics: Different types of geophysical methods - gravity, magnetic,
electrical and seismic; their principles and applications; Concepts and Usage of corrections in
geophysical data
Suggested Reading:
Dobrin, M.B. (1984). An introduction to Geophysical Prospecting. McGraw-Hill, New Delhi
Unit 3
Geophysical field operations: Different types of surveys, grid and route surveys, profiling and
sounding techniques; Scales of survey, Presentation of geophysical data
Suggeted Reading:
Unit 4
Application of Geophysical methods
Regional geophysics, oil and gas geophysics, ore geophysics, groundwater geophysics,
engineering geophysics.
Suggested Reading:
Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P. & Sheriff, R. E. (1990). Applied geophysics (Vol. 1). Cambridge
University Press.
Unit 5
Geophysical anomalies: Correction to measured quantities, geophysical, anomaly, regional
73
and residual (local) anomalies, factors controlling anomaly, and depth of exploration
Suggested Reading:
Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P., & Sheriff, R. E. (1990). Applied geophysics (Vol. 1). Cambridge
university press.
Unit 6
Integrated geophysical methods: Ambiguities in geophysical interpretation, planning and

execution of geophysical surveys
Suggested Reading:
Lowrie, W. (2007). Fundamentals of geophysics. Cambridge University Press.
Practicals
Anomaly and background- Graphical method

Study and interpretation of seismic reflector geometry
Problems on gravity anomaly
References
1. Outlines of Geophysical Prospecting - A manual for geologists by Ramachandra Rao,

M.B., Prasaranga, University of Mysore, Mysore, 1975.
2. Bhimasankaram, V.L.S. (1990). Exploration Geophysics - An Outline by, Association of

Exploration Geophysicists, Osmania University, Hyderabad.
3. Dobrin, M.B. (1984) An introduction to Geophysical Prospecting, McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
4. Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P., & Sheriff, R. E. (1990). Applied geophysics (Vol. 1),
Cambridge University press.
5. Lowrie, W. (2007). Fundamentals of geophysics. Cambridge University Press.
Week 1
Geology and Geophysics: Interrelationship between geology and geophysics, Role of geological
And geophysical data in explaining geodynamical features of the earth.
Week 2
General and Exploration geophysics
Week 3
Different types of geophysical methods - gravity, magnetic, electrical and seismic; their
principles and applications.
Week 4
principles and applications.
Week 5
Different types of geophysical methods - gravity, magnetic, electrical and seismic;
their principles and applications.
74
Week 6
principles and applications
Week 7
principles and applications
Week 8
Concepts and Usage of corrections in geophysical data
Week 9
Geophysical field operations: Different types of surveys, grid and route surveys, profiling and
sounding techniques; Scales of survey, Presentation of geophysical data
Week 10
Application of Geophysical methods
Regional geophysics, oil and gas geophysics, ore geophysics, groundwater geophysics,
engineering geophysics
Week 11
Application of Geophysical methods; Regional geophysics, oil and gas geophysics, ore
geophysics, groundwater geophysics, engineering geophysics
Week 12
Geophysical anomalies; Correction to measured quantities, geophysical, anomaly, regional
and residual (local) anomalies.
Week 13
Factors controlling anomaly, and depth of exploration
Week 14
Integrated geophysical methods
Ambiguities in geophysical interpretation, planning and execution of geophysical surveys.

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Physical properties, solid earth, density, passive and active sources, geophysical logging
75
BASIC FIELD TRAINING
(GEOLSE 1)
Skill-Enhancement Course - (SEC) Credits: 2

To introduce students to the natural occurrence of rocks and minerals
1. teaching attitudes of linear and planar structures
2. Introduction to front and back bearing and marking location on map
3. Map reading
Unit 1
Identification of rocks and minerals
Unit 2
Orientation of Topographic sheet in field, marking location in toposheet; Bearing (Front and
back). Concepts of map reading, Distance, height and pace approximation
Unit 3
Identification of rock types in field; structures and texture of rocks; Use of hand lens
Unit 4
Basic field measurement techniques: Bedding dip and strike, litholog measurement
Reading contours and topography.

Demonstration and measurement
Assessment Methods
Field report and viva voce
Keywords
Clinometer, Brunton compass, hand lens, toposheet, thematic maps
76
GEOLOGICAL MAPPING
(GEOLSE 2)
Skill-Enhancement Course - (SEC) Credits: 2

Preparing thematic mappers
1. Accurate location matching on ground and map
2. Accurate measurements of geological features
3. Preparation of thematic maps
Unit 1
Geological mapping, stratigraphic correlation
Unit 2
Primary (scalars and vectors) and secondary structures (linear and planar)
Unit 3
Trend, plunge, Rake/Pitch
Unit 4
Stereoplots of linear and planar structures, Orientation analyses
Assessment Methods
Report and viva voce
Keywords
Fold axis, azimuth, plunge, axial plane cleavage, throw, hade
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY (FIELD)

(GEOLSE 3)
Skill Enhancement Course – (SEC) Credits: 2

To introduce and acquaint the student to the natural occurrences of economic mineral deposits
linking theory of mineral deposit formation to field-based interpretations
1. Demonstration of field occurrence of mineral deposits- over ground as well as

Underground
77
2. Identification and recording of evidence of mineralization such as alteration zones etc.
3. Learning the role of geology in mining of the mineral deposits
Unit 1
Visit to mineral deposits (one metallic and one industrial mineral deposit) and study of
ore mineralogy as well as relation with the host.
Unit 2
Ore formation process; Basic techniques of surveying, concept of outcrop map.
Unit 3
Visit to underground or open cast mine.
Practical experience of mining methods.
Unit 4
Underground mapping/Bench mapping
Isopach and Isochore maps.

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Mineral deposit, ore, gangue, mine, exploration, beneficiation, smelting
HIMALAYAN GEOLOGY (FIELD)

(GEOLSE 4)

To observe, identify and map the lithologic, structural and geomorphic elements of an evolving
ororgen.
1. To recognize imprints of major tectonic processes in orogens
2. To relate the structural and lithological elements to the structural level of an orogenic
mountain
3. To identify longitudinal boundaries of the Himalayas and to distinguish the transverse

elements
Unit 1
78
Identification and characterization of major structural boundaries in Himalaya viz. MBT, MFT
etc.
Unit 2
Field work along any suitable transect of Himalayan foreland
Unit 3
Field transect in the Siwalik Hills
Unit 4
Identification of Himalayan and pre-Himalayan elements

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Orogen, Lesser Himalayas, Higher Himalayas, Central Crystallines, Trans-Himalayas, thrust,
Tertiary metamorphism and magmatism
PRECAMBRIAN GEOLOGY (FIELD)

(GEOLSE 5)

The aim of the course is to acquaint students to the craton, mobile belts and within craton
sedimentary basins of the shield areas.
1. To distinguish elements of mobile belts or older orogens in areas of low relief
2. To understand basic elements of a stabilized cratons
3. To understand role of extensional tectonics in such regions and
4. To observe features of intracratonic sedimentary basins
Unit 1
Field transect in any Precambrian terrain and mapping of structural patterns
Unit 2
Study of craton ensemble including basic intrusive suites
Unit 3
Precambrian sedimentary basin
79
Unit 4
Basement-Cover relation in: a. fold belts, b. sedimentary successions

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Shield, craton, mobile belt, sedimentary basin, basement-cover relationship, extensional
tectonics
VISIT TO ENGINEERING PROJECT SITE

(GEOLSE 6)

To understand necessity of geological inputs in major engineering projects
1. Site selection parameters for major infrastructure projects such as dams, tunnels, roads,
railways and power projects
2. Foundation mapping
3. Reservoir mapping
4. Treatment methods for weak material
Unit 1
Geological mapping of a project site (Dam sites, Tunnel alignments etc.)
Unit 2
On site visit & to study various geotechnical aspects related to the project site.
Unit 3
Identification of geotechnical problems of a project site and remedial measures to be taken.
Unit 4
Identification of environmental problems of a project site and remedial measures to be taken.
Unit 5
Computation of rock mass Properties (RQD, RSR, RMR &Q) in the field.
Unit 6
80
Identification of potential suspected/probable sites of Natural Disaster and suggestions about
corrective/preventive measures.

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Dams, tunnels, reservoir, grouting, large-scale mapping, RQR
STRATIGRAPHY AND PALAEONTOLOGY (FIELD)

(GEOLSE 7)

Following the stratigraphic principles, this field based skill enhancement course will train
students in establishing succession of geological units and events observed in nature.
1. Application of the Principle of Uniformitarianism in field

2. Basement cover relationships - identifications and interpretations
3. Establishing order of superposition of geological units especially with the help of
fossils
Unit 1
Field training in Phanerozoic sedimentary basins of India
Unit 2
Documentation of stratigraphic details in the field
Unit 3
Collection of sedimentological, stratigraphic and paleontological details and their
representation and interpretation
Unit 4
Facies concept and its spatio-temporal relation (Walther’s Law) and concept of facies
distribution at basinal-scale
Unit 5
Fossils sampling techniques and their descriptions

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Order of superposition, sedimentation, fossils, biostratigraphy, Walther's law
81
ESSENTIALS OF GEOLOGY
(GEOLGE1)
Generic Elective – (GE)
Credits: 6, Theory (4), Practical (2)
1. Interactive and interdisciplinary nature of geology
2. Interplanetary scope of geology
3. Introduction to atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere
1. Earth, its origin and concept of geological time
2. Formation of planets and solar system
3. Composition of inner as well as surficial components of planet earth
4. Major geomorphic features, and compositions of various parts of earth and major earth
processes
Unit 1
Introduction to geology, scope, sub-disciplines and relationship with other branches of sciences
Suggested Reading:
Holmes, A. (1992). Principles of Physical Geology, 1992, Chapman and Hall.
Unit 2
Earth in the solar system, origin; Earth’s size, shape, mass, density, rotational and evolutional
parameters Solar System- Introduction to Various planets - Terrestrial Planets Solar System-
Introduction to Various planets - Jovian Planets Internal constitution of the earth - core, mantle
and crust.
Suggested Reading:
Unit 3
Convections in the earth’s core and production of magnetic field; Composition of earth in
comparison to other bodies in the solar system
Suggested Reading:
Emiliani, C. (1992). Planet Earth, Cosmology, Geology and the Evolution of Life and
82
Environment, Cambridge University Press.
Unit 4
Origin and composition of hydrosphere and atmosphere; Origin of biosphere;
Origin of oceans, continents and mountains.
Suggested Reading:
Gross, M.G. (1977).Oceanography: A view of the Earth, Prentice Hall.
Unit 5
Age of the earth; Radioactivity and its application in determining the age of the Earth, rocks,
minerals and fossils.
Suggested Reading:
Practicals
1. Study of major geomorphic features and their relationships with outcrops through
physiographic models.
2. Detailed study of topographic sheets and preparation of physiographic description of an area
3. Study of soil profile of any specific area
4. Study of distribution of major lithostratigraphic units on the map of India
5. Study of distribution of major dams on map of India and their impact on river systems
6. Study of major ocean currents of the World
7. Study of seismic profile of a specific area and its interpretation
References
1. Holmes, A. (1992). Principles of Physical Geology, 1992, Chapman and Hall.
2. Emiliani, C. (1992). Planet Earth, Cosmology, Geology and the Evolution of Life and
Environment, Cambridge University Press.
3. Gross, M.G. (1977). Oceanography: A view of the Earth, Prentice Hall.
Week 1
Introduction to geology: scope, sub-disciplines
Relationship with other branches of sciences
Week 2
Earth in the solar system, origin; Earth’s size, shape, mass, density, rotational and evolutional
Parameters.
Week 3
Solar System- Introduction to Various planets - Terrestrial Planets
Week 4
Solar System- Introduction to Various planets - Jovian Planets
Internal Constitution of the Earth - core, mantle and crust
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Week 5
Convections in the Earth’s core and production of magnetic field
Composition of Earth in comparison to other bodies in the solar system
Week 6
Origin and composition of hydrosphere and atmosphere
Week 7
Oxygenation of atmosphere and hydrosphere, Origin of biosphere
Week 8
Origin of oceans, continents and mountains
Week 9
Age of the Earth; Geological Time Scale; Irreversible changes through geological history
Week 10
Radioactivity and its application in determining the age of the Earth, rocks, minerals and
fossils.
Week 11
Introduction to different types of rocks in geological record; Rocks as time archive
Week 12
Introduction to the concept of stratigraphy; Major time divisions in the Earth history
Week 13
Geomorphology and Physiography; Broad physiographic subdivisions of India
Week 14
Introduction to the concept of ‘Earth System Science’.

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Planetary earth, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, geochronology
ROCKS AND MINERALS

(GEOLGE2)
1. Introduction of different types of rocks and Minerals

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2. General idea on processes involved in formation of minerals and rocks
3. Structure of Earth and distribution of rocks
1. Students will be acquainted with different types of rocks and minerals
2. Students will come to know veracity of geological processes and formation of different rock
types.
3. Students will know structure of the Earth and distribution of rocks
Unit 1
Minerals-Definitions, Physical properties of minerals Mineralogical structure of earth,

planetary minerals and native elements
Suggested Reading:
Klein, C. & Philpotts, A. (2013). Earth Materials- Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology,
Unit 2
Mineral structures; Mineralogy of the Earth's crust, mantle and core.
Suggested Reading:
Unit 3
Nature of light and principles of optical mineralogy; Optical classification of minerals.

Suggested Reading:
Unit 4
An overview of environmental and radiation mineralogy, biomineralisation and gemmology.
Suggested Reading:
Unit 5
Rocks- Definitions and types, Basics of rock formation. Igneous rock- magma generation and
differentiation
Suggested Reading:
Unit 6
Sedimentary rocks- surface processes and sedimentary environments
Metamorphic rocks- chemical system and types of metamorphism
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Rock cycle-interactions between plate tectonics and climate systems
Suggested Reading:
Practicals
1. Study of physical properties of minerals

2. Introduction to optical microscopy
3. Study of optical properties of minerals
4. Study of physical properties of rocks
5. Study of optical properties of rock under thin sections
6. Understanding crystal symmetry via wooden models
7. Stereographic projection of mineral faces
8. Mineral formula calculation
9. Crystal chemical calculation
10. Introduction to analytical techniques for rock and mineral study.
Week 1
Minerals-Definitions, Physical properties of minerals
Week 2
Mineralogical structure of earth
Week 3
Planetary minerals and native elements
Week 4
Mineral structures
Week 5
Mineralogy of the Earth's crust, mantle and core
Week 6
Week 7
Optical classification of minerals.
Week 8
An overview of environmental and radiation mineralogy
Week 9
Biomineralisation and gemmology.
Week 10
Rocks- Definitions and types, Basics of rock formation.
Week 11
Igneous rock- magma generation and differentiation
Week 12
Sedimentary rocks- surface processes and sedimentary environments
Week 13
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Metamorphic rocks- chemical system and types of metamorphism
Week 14
Rock cycle-interactions between plate tectonics and climate systems

Regular class lectures, Seminar, Hand specimen study of different rocks and minerals,
Assignment
Assessment Methods
Internal Assessment, Seminar, Interactive Discussion, Examination
Keywords
Rock, Mineral, Igneous, sedimentary, Metamorphic, silicate, carbonate, Oxide
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF EARTH

(GEOLGE3)
1. Students will come to know the dynamism in Earth processes

2. Students will be provided an idea about nucleosynthesis and elemental distribution in
the Earth
3. Students will be appraised of concepts of Earth's magnetism
4. An idea of chemical character of the Earth

Students will be able to understand different physical and chemical processes of the Earth
Unit 1
Earth: Surface features; Continents, continental margins, oceans.
Suggested Readings:
Condie, K.C. (1989). Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution, Pargamon Press.
Unit 2
Earth’s interior - variation of physical quantities and seismic wave velocity inside the earth,
major sub divisions and discontinuities.
Concepts of Isostasy; Airy and Pratt Model
Suggested Readings:
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Unit 3
Core: Seismological and other geophysical constraints
The geodynamo - Convection in the mantle
Elements of Earth’s magnetism. Secular variation and westward drift
Solar activity and magnetic disturbance
Suggested Readings:
Unit 4
Elements: Origin of elements/nucleosynthesis. Abundance of the elements in the solar

system / planet Earth.
Geochemical classification of elements.
Earth accretion and early differentiation
Isotopes and their applications in understanding Earth processes. Stable isotopes: Stable isotope
fractionation. Oxygen isotopes; Sublithospheric Mantle (mineralogy/phase transition).
Suggested Readings:
Krauskopf, K. B. & Bird, D.K. (1995). Introduction to Geochemistry. McGraw-Hill.
Faure, G. (1998). Principles and Applications of Geochemistry, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall.
Anderson, G. M. (1996). Thermodynamics of natural systems. John Wiley
Unit 5
Environmental geochemistry
Geological disposal of nuclear waste
Lead in environment and effect of lead on human health
Suggested Reading:
Krauskopf, K. B., & Bird, D.K. (1995). Introduction to Geochemistry. McGraw-Hill.
Practicals
1. Projection of major elements on binary and triangular diagrams for rock classification.
2. Projection of major element data on Harker’s diagram to characterize magmatic

Differentiation.
3. Study of trace elements through a) Projection of chondrite/primitive normalized trace

elements to characterize sources b) Projection of trace elements on tectonic discrimination
diagrams.
4. Understanding Earth structure through behavior of seismic wave propagation
5. Problems on isostasy
References
1. Holmes, A. (1992). Principles of Physical Geology, 1992, Chapman and Hall.
2. Condie, K.C. Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution, Pargamon Press, 1989.
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3. Krauskopf, K. B. & Bird, D.K. (1995). Introduction to Geochemistry. McGraw-Hill
4. Faure, G. (1998). Principles and Applications of Geochemistry, 2edition, Prentice Hall.
1. Anderson, G. M. (1996). Thermodynamics of natural systems, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
2. Steiner, E. (2008). The chemistry maths book, Oxford University Press.
3. Yates, P. (2007) Chemical calculations. 2nd Ed., CRC Press.
Week 1
Earth: surface features
Week 2
Continents, continental margins, oceans
Week 3
Earth’s interior - variation of physical quantities and seismic wave velocity inside the earth,
major sub divisions and discontinuities.
Week 4
Concepts of Isostasy; Airy and Pratt Model
Week 5
Core: Seismological and other geophysical constraints
The geodynamo - Convection in the mantle
Week 6
Elements of earth’s magnetism. Secular variation and westward drift
Week 7
Solar activity and magnetic disturbance
Week 8
Elements: Origin of elements/nucleosynthesis.
Week 9
Abundance of the elements in the solar system / planet earth Geochemical classification
of elements.
Earth accretion and early differentiation
Week 10
Isotopes and their applications in understanding Earth processes. Stable isotopes.
Week 11:
Stable isotope fractionation. Oxygen isotopes Sublithospheric Mantle (Mineralogy/phase
transitions)
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Week 12
Environmental geochemistry
Week 13
Geological disposal of nuclear waste
Week 14:
Lead in environment and effect of lead on human health

Regular class, Assignment, Seminar, Interactive discussion, Quiz
Assessment Methods
Seminar, Exam, Internal Assessment, Assignment
Keywords
Isostasy, Magnetism, Geodynamo, nucleosynthesis, Isotope.
EARTH RESOURCES AND ECONOMICS

(GEOLGE4)
To develop an understanding of earth's natural resources and its utilization as a global economic
activity.
To understand the need and methods of conservation of finite natural resources
1. Distinction between resource and reserves. Introduction to natural processes leading to earth
resources
2. Energy- main conventional resources and their distribution
3. Energy- economic implications of asymmetric distribution of natural resources
4. Mineral conservation- principles and techniques
Unit 1
Earth Resources
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Resource reserve definitions; mineral, energy and water resources in industries; Economic
considerations; Historical perspective and present
A brief overview of classification of mineral deposits with respect to processes of
formation in relation to exploration strategies.
Suggested Reading:
Fowler, J.M. (1984). Energy and the Environment, McGraw-Hill
Nebojsa Nakicenovic (1998). Global Energy Perspectives, Cambridge University Press.
Unit 2
Definition of Energy: Primary and Secondary Energy; Difference between Energy, Power and
Electricity Renewable and Non-Renewable Sources of Energy
The concept and significance of Renewability: Social, Economic, Political and
Environmental Dimension of Energy; Development and energy consumption trends
Suggested Reading:
Ghosh, T.K. & Prelas, M.A. (2009). Energy Resources and Systems: Fundamentals and Non-
Renewable Resources, Springer.
Wagner, H.J. & Mathur, J. (2009). Introduction to Wind Energy Systems, Springer.
Unit 3
Major Types and Sources of Energy; Resources of Natural Oil and Gas; Coal and Nuclear
Minerals
Potential of Hydroelectric Power, Solar Energy, Wind, Wave and Biomass Based power and
Energy
Economics of conventional and non-conventional energy resources
Suggested Reading:
Unit 4
Energy Sources and Power Generation: Nuclear, Hydroelectric, Solar, Wind and Wave-
General principles.
Ground water resources and its role in economic development of a country
Current Scenario and Future Prospects of Solar Power, Hydrogen Power and Fuel Cells.
Suggested Reading:
Unit 5
Global metal markets and projections; National mineral policy; Mineral conservation
UNFC classification; Legal, social and environmental aspects affecting the mine cycles.
Suggested Reading:
Practicals
1. Plotting of major Indian oil fields on map of India
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2. Problems related to hydroelectric power generation
3. Problems related to assessment of possible oil exploration site from geological maps
4. Problems related to energy demand projection of India and possible mitigation

pathways
5. Problems related to biofuel
References
1. Fowler, J.M. (1984). Energy and the Environment, McGraw-Hill
2. Nebojsa Nakicenovic (1998). Global Energy Perspectives, Cambridge University Press.
3. Energy Resources and Systems: Fundamentals and Non-Renewable Resources, Springer
4. Ghosh, T.K. & Prelas, M.A.(2009). Energy Resources and Systems: Fundamentals and
Non-Renewable Resources, Springer.
5. Wagner, H.J. & Mathur, J. (2009). Introduction to Wind Energy Systems, Springer.
6. Sorensen, B (2007).Renewable Energy Conversion, Transmission and Storage, Springer.
7. Chatterjee, K.K. (2004). An Introduction to Mineral Economics, New Age Publishers.
Week 1
Earth Resources
Resource reserve definitions; mineral, energy and water resources in industries
Week 2
Economic considerations
Historical perspective and present
Week 3
Classification of mineral deposits with respect to processes of formation in relation to
exploration strategies
Week 4
Definition of Energy: Primary and Secondary Energy Difference between Energy, Power and
Electricity.
Week 5
Renewable and Non-Renewable Sources of Energy
The concept and significance of Renewability: Social, Economic, Political and Environmental
Dimension of Energy
Week 6
The concept and significance of Renewability: Social, Economic, Political and Environmental
Dimension of Energy.
Week 7
Development and energy consumption trends
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Week 8
Major Types and Sources of Energy
Resources of Natural Oil and Gas
Week 9
Coal and Nuclear Minerals
Potential of Hydroelectric Power, Solar Energy, Wind, Wave and Biomass Based power and
Energy
Economics of conventional and non-conventional energy resources
Week 10
Energy Sources and Power Generation: Nuclear, Hydroelectric, Solar, Wind and Wave-General
Principles.
Ground water resources and its role in economic development of a country
Week 11
Current Scenario and Future Prospects of Solar Power, Hydrogen Power and Fuel Cells.
Week 12
Global metal markets and projections
National mineral policy
Week 13
UNFC classification
Legal, social and environmental aspects affecting the mine cycles
Week 14
UNFC classification
Legal, social and environmental aspects affecting the mine cycles

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Metals, LME, mine cycle, national mineral policy, UNFC, energy sources.
NATURAL HAZARDS AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

(GEOLGE5)
Generic Elective - (GE)
Course Objectives (2-3)

To create awareness and knowledge base of different types of natural disasters.
To understand the management of natural disasters.
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1. Definition and types of natural disasters

2. Geological basis of water related disasters such as floods etc.;
3. Landslide hazard mapping techniques
4. Earthquakes and seismic hazards
5. Forecasting and management of natural hazards
Unit 1
The Lithosphere and Related Hazards

Atmospheric Hazards, Hydrosphere and Related Hazards
Suggested Readings:
Bell, F.G. (1999). Geological Hazards, Routledge, London.
Bryant, E. (1985). Natural Hazards, Cambridge University Press.
Unit 2
Concepts of disaster
Types of disaster: natural and manmade - cyclone, flood, land slide, land subsidence,
fire and earthquake, tsunami and volcanic eruption
Suggested Readings:
Bell, F.G. (1999). Geological Hazards, Routledge, London.
Unit 3
Tectonics and Climate, Meteorite Impacts

Issues and concern for various causes of disasters
Disaster management, mitigation, and preparedness
Techniques of monitoring and design against the disasters
Management issues related to disaster
Suggested Readings:
Smith, K. (1992). Environmental Hazards. Routledge, London.
Unit 4
Disaster Management in India

Risk, Vulnerability and Hazard
Mitigation through capacity building
Legislative responsibilities of disaster management; disaster mapping, assessment
Pre-disaster risk & vulnerability reduction
Post disaster recovery & rehabilitation
Disaster related infrastructure development
Suggested Readings:
Subramaniam, V. (2001).Textbook in Environmental Science, Narosa International
Unit 5
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Hazard Zonation Mapping
Remote-sensing and GIS applications in real time disaster monitoring
Prevention and rehabilitation
Suggested Readings:
Subramaniam, V. (2001).Textbook in Environmental Science, Narosa International
Practicals
The course will also include discussions on topics determined by students in Tutorial. There
would be 12 student presentations apart from the lectures. The topics would be assigned to
students based on their interest. Practical will be by tutorials
References
1. Bell, F.G. (1999). Geological Hazards, Routledge, London.
2. Bryant, E. (1985). Natural Hazards, Cambridge University Press.
3. Smith, K. (1992). Environmental Hazards. Routledge, London.
4. Subramaniam, V. (2001). Textbook in Environmental Science, Narosa International
Week 1
The Lithosphere and Related Hazards
Week 2
Atmospheric Hazards, Hydrosphere and Related Hazards
Week 3
Types of disaster: natural and manmade - cyclone, flood, land slide, land subsidence, fire and
earthquake, tsunami and volcanic eruption.
Week 4
Types of disaster: natural and manmade - cyclone, flood, land slide, land subsidence, fire and
earthquake, tsunami and volcanic eruption.
Week 5
Tectonics and Climate, Meteorite Impacts
Issues and concern for various causes of disasters
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
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Disaster Management in India
Risk, Vulnerability and Hazard
Week 9
Mitigation through capacity building
Legislative responsibilities of disaster management; disaster mapping, assessment
Pre-disaster risk & vulnerability reduction
Week 10
Week 11
Week 12
Hazard Zonation Mapping
Week 13
Prevention and rehabilitation
Week 14
Prevention and rehabilitation.
Practicals will be by tutorials

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Natural disasters, hazard zonation, landslides, floods, earthquakes.
EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES

(GEOLGE6)
Generic Elective (GE)

The main aim of this course is to look in to the details of the processes shaping the surface
96
of the Earth. In this course, an understanding of the flow of energy through different geological
domains would be provided. It will look in to the details and techniques of the controls on the
rates of various surface processes.

In this course a student will develop holistic understanding of how earth surface processes
work and interact with each other. They will learn about the tools and techniques to measure
and interpret rates of earth surface processes. They will also learn the applied aspects of the
earth surface processes investigation.
Unit 1
Introduction to earth surface processes
Historical development in concepts, terrestrial relief, scales in geomorphology
Suggested Reading:
Allen, P.A., 1997. Earth Surface Processes, Blackwell publishing.
Bridge, J.S. and Demicco, R.V., 2008. Earth Surface Processes, Landforms and Sediment
Deposits, Cambridge University Press.
Unit 2
Energy flow and relative energy of surface processes.
Weathering and formation of soils, karst and speleology, slope and catchment erosion
processes, fluvial, aeolian, glacial, peri-glacial and coastal processes and resultant landforms,
Water and sediment flux in river systems, Morphometric analysis of drainage basin and
geomorphology-hydrology relationship.
Suggested readings:
Kale, V.S. and Gupta A 2001 Intoduction to Geomorphology, Orient Longman Ltd.
Unit 3
Rates and changes in surface processes
Techniques for measuring rates of processes: sediment budgeting, rock magnetism, isotope
geochemical tracers, cosmogenic nuclides, OSL & C-14 dating
Suggested readings:
Unit 4
Controlling factors (tectonics, climate, sea level changes and anthropogenic) and surface
Processes, climate change and geomorphic response of fluvial systems of arid and humid
regions Geomorphic response to tectonics, sea level/base level change, anthropogenic affects
Introduction to Anthropocene
Suggested Readings:
Leeder, M. and Perez-Arlucea M 2005 Physical processes in earth and environmental sciences,
Blackwell' publishing
Unit 5
Geomorphic concepts in cause-effect relationship
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Spatial & temporal scales, geomorphic system, connectivity, buffering, magnitude-
frequency concept, time lag, sensitivity, equilibrium, threshold, non-linearity &
complexities
Mega geomorphology and process interrelationship
Surface processes and natural hazards; Applied aspects of geomorphology; Introduction to
planetary geomorphology.
Suggested Readings:
Willcock, P.R., Iverson R M (2003) Prediction in geomorphology ' AGU Publication
Practicals
Mapping of different landforms and interpretation of surface processes
Exercises on hill slope development, fluvial channel, sediment erosion and transport, sediment
budgeting, aggradation and degradation events, drainage basin, drainage morphometry
Basic exercises on computation of rate for different surface processes
References
1. Allen, P.A., 1997. Earth Surface Processes, Blackwell publishing.
2. Bridge, J.S. and Demicco, R.V., 2008. Earth Surface Processes, Landforms and
Sediment Deposits, Cambridge University Press.
3. Kale, V.S. and Gupta A 2001 Intoduction to Geomorphology, Orient Longman Ltd.
4. Leeder, M. and Perez-Arlucea M 2005 Physical processes in earth and environmental
sciences, Blackwell publishing.
5. Willcock, P.R., Iverson R M (2003) Prediction in geomorphology ' AGU Publication.
Week 1
Introduction to earth surface processes; Historical development in concepts, terrestrial relief,
scales in geomorphology.
Week 2
Energy flow and relative energy of surface processes. Weathering and formation of soils
Week 3
Karst and speleology, slope and catchment erosion processes
Week 4
Fluvial processes and landforms
Week 5
Aeolian, glacial and peri-glacial processes and landforms
Week 6
Coastal processes and landforms; Water and sediment flux in river systems, Morphometric
Analysis of drainage basin and geomorphology-hydrology relationship
Week 7
Rates and changes in surface processes; Techniques for measuring rates of processes: sediment
budgeting
Week 8
Rock magnetism, isotope geochemical tracers, Cosmogenic nuclides, OSL & C-14 dating
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Week 9
Controlling factors (tectonics, climate, sea level changes and anthropogenic) and surface
processes; Climate change and geomorphic response of fluvial systems of arid and humid regions
Week 10
Geomorphic response to tectonics, sea level/base level change, anthropogenic affects
Week 11
Introduction to Anthropocene
Week 12
Geomorphic concepts in cause-effect relationship; Spatial & temporal scales, geomorphic
system, connectivity, buffering, magnitude-frequency concept, time lag, sensitivity, Equilibrium,
threshold, non-linearity & complexities
Week 13
Mega geomorphology and process interrelationship; Surface processes and natural hazards;
Week 14
Applied aspects of geomorphology; Introduction to planetary geomorphology.
Assessment Methods
Keywords
Surface Processes, cause-effect relationships, geomorphology, geochronology.
FOSSILS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

(GEOLGE7)

To study different groups of invertebrate, vertebrate and plant fossils.
To learn the utility of some of these fossils in determining the relative age of sedimentary rocks.
To know the utility of various fossil groups in palaeoecological, palaeoenvironmental,

palaeobiogeographical reconstructions.
To understand the role of fossils in hydrocarbon exploration.

Student will learn about different types of life forms that existed in the geological past.
99
Will learn about the evolutionary rates of certain important fossil groups and their role in
dividing the rocks into distinctive units based on their stratigraphic ranges.
Learn how fossils can be used in understanding the past environments, ecosystems, climate
and distribution of land and sea.
Will also learn about role of fossils in the exploration of hydrocarbons.
Unit 1
Introduction to fossils: Definition of fossil, fossilization processes (taphonomy), taphonomic
attributes and it implications, modes of fossil preservation, role of fossils in development of
geological time scale and fossils sampling techniques.
Suggested Readings:
Clarkson, E.N.K.(1998). Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution George Allen & Unwin
Prothero, D.R. (1998). Bringing fossils to life - An introduction to Paleobiology, McGraw
Hill.
Benton, M.J. & Harper, D.A.T. (2016). Introduction to Palaeobiology and the fossil record,
Wiley
Unit 2
Species concept: Definition of species, species problem in palaeontology, speciation, methods of
description and naming of fossils, code of systematic nomenclature
Suggested Readings:
Raup, D.M. & Stanley, S.M. (1985), Principles of Paleontology, W.H. Freeman and Company
Clarkson, E.N.K. (1998). Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution George Allen & Unwin
Unit 3
Introduction to various fossils groups: Brief introduction of important fossils groups: invertebrate,
vertebrate, microfossils, spore, pollens and plant fossils. Important age-diagnostic fossiliferous
horizons of India
Suggested Readings:
Clarkson, E.N.K. (1998). Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution George Allen & Unwin
Benton, M.J. (2005). Vertebrate paleontology (3rd edition). Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
Shukla, A. C. & Mishra, S.P. (1982).Essentials of Paleobotany.
Unit 4
Application of fossils: Principles and methods of paleoecology, application of fossils in the
study of paleoecology, paleobiogeography and paleoclimate; Role of fossils in
palaeoenvironmental reconstuctions
Suggested Reading:
Benton, M.J. & Harper, D.A.T. (2016). Introduction to Paleobiology and the fossil record. Wiley.
Unit 5
Societal importance of fossils: Implication of larger benthic and micropaleontology in

hydrocarbon exploration: identification of reservoirs and their correlation. Application of
spore and pollens in correlation of coal seams, spore and pollens as indicator of thermal
maturity of hydrocarbons reservoirs, fossils associated with mineral deposits, fossils as an
100
indicator of pollution.
Suggested Reading:
Jones, R.W. (2011). Applications of Palaeontology - Techniques and Case Studies
Shukla, A. C. & Mishra, S.P. (1982).Essentials of Paleobotany
Practicals
1. Study of fossils showing various modes of fossilization
2. Distribution of age diagnostic fossils in India
3. Biostratigraphic correlation
References
1. Schoch, R.M. 1989. Stratigraphy, Principles and Methods,VanNostrand Reinhold.
2. Clarkson, E.N.K.1998. Invertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, George Allen &Unwin
3. Prothero, D.R. 1998. Bringing fossils to life - An introduction to Paleobiology,

McGraw Hill.
4. Benton, M.J. 2005. Vertebrate Palaeontology (3rd edition), Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
5. Colbert's Evolution of the Vertebrates: A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time,
Edwin H. Colbert, Michael Morales, Eli C. Minkoff, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
6. Benton, M.J. & Harper, D.A.T. (2016). Introduction to Palaeobiology and the fossil record.
Wiley.
7. Jones, R.W. (2011). Applications of Palaeontology - Techniques and Case Studies
8. Raup, D.M. & Stanley, S.M. (1985), Principles of Paleontology, W.H. Freeman and Company
9. Shukla, A. C. & Mishra, S.P. (1982). Essentials of Palaeobotany
Unit 1
Introduction to fossils; Definition of fossil, fossilization processes (taphonomy),taphonomic
attributes and its implications, modes of fossil preservation
Unit 2
Role of fossils in development of geological time scale and fossils sampling techniques.
Unit 3
Species concept; Definition of species, species problem in paleontology, speciation
Unit 4
Methods of description and naming of fossils, code of systematic nomenclature
Unit 5
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Introduction to various fossils groups; Brief introduction of important fossil groups: invertebrate
Unit 6
Introduction to vertebrate fossils
Unit 7
Microfossils, spore, pollens and plant fossils.
Unit 8
Important age-diagnostic fossiliferous horizons of India
Unit 9
Application of fossils: Principles and methods of paleoecology, application of fossils in the
study of paleoecology, paleobiogeography and paleoclimate
Unit 10
Role of fossils in the reconstruction of palaeoenvironments
Unit 11
Societal importance of fossils: Implication of larger benthic and micropaleontology in
hydrocarbon exploration: identification of reservoirs and their correlation.
Unit 12
Application of spore and pollens in correlation of coal seams
Unit 13
Spore and pollens as indicator of thermal maturity of hydrocarbons reservoirs.
Unit 14
Fossils associated with mineral deposits, fossils as an indicator of pollution.

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Fossils, Biostratigraphy, Palaeoecology, Bathymetry, Palaeoclimate, Hydrocarbon
Exploration, Palaeobiogeography.
INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABILITY
(GEOLGE8)
102
The main aim of this course is to introduce the fundamental concepts of sustainability. It will
discuss about the ecosystems, energy, and natural resources.
A student will learn about the concept of sustainability. They will also learn about the
challenges faced by present and future generations regarding natural resources. They will
also learn about the measures that can be taken to meet the challenges.
Unit 1
Introduction to Sustainability; basic concepts; Human Population – Past and Future trends
Suggested Readings:
Rogers, P.P., K. F. Jalal, and J.A. Boyd. 2007. An Introduction to Sustainable Development.
Earthscan Publishers, 416 pp.
Brown, L. 2009. Plan B 4.0. Norton Publishers, New York. (The entire book is available in
pdf format: http://www.earthpolicy.org/images/uploads/book_files/pb4book.pdf)
Unit 2
Ecosystems; Extinctions and Tragedy of Commons; Climate and Energy; Water
Resources and Agriculture
Suggested Readings:
Brown, L. 2009. Plan B 4.0. Norton Publishers, New York. (The entire book is available in pdf
format: http://www.earthpolicy.org/images/uploads/book_files/pb4book.pdf)
Unit 3
National Resources Accounting Environmental Economics and Policy Measuring

Sustainability; Systems interconnectivity among Primary Sustainability challenges;
Sustainability Solutions: Some examples
Suggested Reading:
Brown, L. 2009. Plan B 4.0. Norton Publishers, New York. (The entire book is available in pdf
format: http://www.earthpolicy.org/images/uploads/book_files/pb4book.pdf)
References
1. Rogers, P.P., K. F. Jalal, and J.A. Boyd. 2007. An Introduction to Sustainable Development.
2. Brown, L. 2009. Plan B 4.0. Norton Publishers, New York. (The entire book is available in
pdf format: http://www.earthpolicy.org/images/uploads/book_files/pb4book.pdf)
Week 1
Introduction to Sustainability; basic concepts
Week 2
Basic concepts; Human Population – Past and Future trends
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Week 3
Ecosystems
Week 4
Extinctions and Tragedy of Commons
Week 5
Climate and Energy
Week 6
Climate and Energy
Week 7
Water Resources
Week 8
Water Resources and Agriculture
Week 9
Water Resources and Agriculture: Case Studies and Examples
Week 10
Sustainability
Week 11
Sustainability
Week 12
Systems interconnectivity among Primary Sustainability challenges
Week 13
Systems interconnectivity among Primary Sustainability challenges
Week 14
Sustainability Solutions: Some examples

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Sustainability, Natural Resources, Environmental Economics, Economic Policy.
GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT AND WATER QUALITY

(GEOLGE9)
104
Course Objective
To understand about the fundamentals of: groundwater management and water quality issues.
Learning outcome
The course will impart basic understanding about: groundwater science; aquifers; groundwater
flow and groundwater management principles and practices. The concepts of water quality;
water quality parameters and criteria for portable and irrigation use; contamination and
pollution and graphical representation of the water quality data.
Unit 1
Water science and its societal relevance, Hydrologic cycle and interaction of the surface and
subsurface water, Vertical distribution of subsurface water.
Suggested Readings:
Todd, D. K. (1980). Groundwater hydrology, 2ed. John Wiley. (p. 535).
Karanth, K.R. (1987). Groundwater: Assessment, Development and management, Tata McGraw-
Hill Pub. Co. Ltd.
Unit 2
Introduction to the concept of porosity and permeability, classification of rocks and
sediments as aquifer, aquitard, aquiclude and aquifuge. Types of Aquifer, concept of the
piezometric surface and water table and aquifer parameters.
Suggested Readings:
Karanth K.R. (1987). Groundwater: Assessment, Development and management, Tata McGraw-
Hill Pub. Co. Ltd.
Unit 3
Introduction to Darcy’s law and the concept of : static water level, pumping water level,
drawdown, radius of influence, cone of depression, specific capacity etc.
Suggested Readings:
Hill Pub. Co. Ltd.
Unit 4: Introduction to: the basic concept of water balance and the groundwater resources
estimation; principles of the groundwater management; rainwater harvesting and artificial
recharge to groundwater; aspects of watershed management as an integral part of groundwater
management.
Suggested Readings:
Karanth, K.R.(1987). Groundwater: Assessment, Development and management, Tata McGraw-
Hill Pub. Co. Ltd.
Unit 5: Introduction to the concept of water quality, contamination, pollution and water quality
parameters: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved
105
Oxygen (DO), organoleptic; physical; chemical; radioactive and bacteriological parameters. The
criteria for portable and irrigation use and graphical representation of the water quality data.
Suggested Readings:
Hill Pub. Co. Ltd.
Practicals
Preparation and interpretation of water level contour maps and depth to water level maps.
Graphical representation of chemical quality data and water classification (Trilinear diagrams).
Fundamental exercise on groundwater resources estimation. Basic fundamental exercises on
aspects related to designing rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge structures.
Suggested readings:
Karanth, K.R. (1987). Groundwater: Assessment, Development and management, Tata McGraw-
Hill Pub. Co. Ltd.
Freeze, R. A., & Cherry, J. A. (1979). Groundwater (p. 604). New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc
Englewood cliffs.
Syed Tajdarul Hassan. 2017. Introduction to Hydrology. E-PG Pathshala, UGC, MHRD,
Shekhar Shashank . 2017. Aquifer Properties. E-PG Pathshala, UGC, MHRD, Govt. of India.
Shekhar Shashank. 2017. Darcy’s law. E-PG Pathshala, UGC, MHRD, Govt. of India.
Shekhar Shashank. 2017. Assessment of groundwater quality. E-PG Pathshala, UGC, MHRD,
Teaching plan
Week 1
Water science and its societal relevance, Hydrologic cycle and interaction of the surface
and subsurface water, Vertical distribution of subsurface water.
Practical: Basic exercise based on depth to water level maps.
Week 2
Introduction to the concept of porosity and permeability, classification of rocks and sediments
as aquifer, aquitard, aquiclude and aquifuge.
Practical: Exercise based on depth to water level map.
Week 3
Types of Aquifer, concept of the piezometric surface and water table.
Practical: Basic exercise based on water table contour map.
106
Week 4
Aquifer parameters.
Class Test/quiz - 1
Week 5
Introduction to Darcy’s law and the concept of: static water level, pumping water level,
draw down, radius of influence, cone of depression, specific capacity etc.
Week 6
Introduction to: the basic concept of water balance and the groundwater resources estimation.
Week 7
Principles of the groundwater management.
Week 8
Rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge to groundwater.
Class Test/quiz - 2
Practical: Fundamental exercise on groundwater resources estimation.
Week 9
Rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge to groundwater.
Practical: Fundamental exercise on groundwater resources estimation.
Week 10
Watershed management as an integral part of groundwater management.
Practical Basic fundamental exercises on aspects related to designing rainwater harvesting
and artificial recharge structures.
Week 11
Introduction to the concept of water quality, contamination and pollution.
Project/assignment based presentation by the students, evaluation and discussions on the same
Practical: Basic fundamental exercises on aspects related to designing rainwater harvesting
Week 12
Water quality parameters: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), organoleptic; physical; chemical; radioactive and
bacteriological parameters.
Class Test/quiz - 3
Practical: Basic fundamental exercises on aspects related to designing rainwater harvesting
Week 13
The criteria for portable and irrigation use and graphical representation of the water quality data.
107
Practical: Practical exercise based on graphical representation of chemical quality data
and water classification (Trilinear diagrams).
Week 14
The criteria for portable and irrigation use and graphical representation of the water
quality data.
Practical: Practical exercise based on graphical representation of chemical quality data
and water classification (Trilinear diagrams).
Class Test/quiz - 4

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Water Science; groundwater; groundwater flow; water quality; water balance; groundwater
management.
HISTORY OF THE EARTH

(GEOLGE10)
The objective of this course is to make a student aware of the rhythm and pulses of earth's
physical, chemical and biological changes as recorded in rock sequences, their chemistry
and fossil content respectively. To understand the future changes expected one must
decipher the pattern of variations in these parameters through ages. This course designed to
make student aware of the history of various components of the Earth System.

By completeing this course the students will be well versed with the pattern of changes
occuring in various spheres of earth through geological time from Barysphere to mesosphere,
lithosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere, biosphere etc. A comprehensive understanding of all
these sphere through geological time will enable the student to understand future of our planet.
Unit 1
Physical History of Earth: Origin of Planet Earth, Early evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere,
Origin of Oceans. Earliest supercontinent and history of its breakup. Basic concepts of plate
Tectonics and Wilson Cycle.
108
Suggested Reading:
Hazen, Robert (2012). The Story of Earth : The first 4.5 billion years, Penguin.
Unit 2
Chemical History of Earth: Early differentiation of the Earth’s layers. Mechanical and
compositional layers of earth. Abundance of elements. Comparison of Earth’s chemistry with
other planets of our Solar System.
Suggested Reading:
Hazen, Robert (2012). The story of Earth: The first 4.5 billion years. Penguin.
Unit 3
Biological History of Earth: Origin of life on Earth. Earliest record of life in Earth’s rocks.
Evolution from single cell to multicellular life. Ediacara Fauna and its significance. Evolution
of skeletal organisms. A brief overview of Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic life.
Suggested Reading:
Knoll, A.H. Life on a young Planet. Princeton Science Library
Unit 4
Evolution of continents and oceans: Continental drift and sea floor spreading. History of
Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Separation of Gondwanaland
Suggested Reading:
Hazen, Robert (2012). Robert Hazen 2012. The Story of Earth: The first 4.5 billion
years. Penguin.
Practicals
1. Excercises on major palaeogeographical reconstruction with special reference to Indian

subcontinent.
2. Plotting of Global Stratotype Section and Points on a world map
3. Distribution of Marine Rocks on world map in various geological time slices
4. Studying sea level changes through geological time
References
1. Knoll, A.H.. Life on a young Planet. Princeton Science Library
2. Hazen, Robert (2012).The Story of Earth : The first 4.5 billion years, Penguin.
Week 1
Physical History of Earth

Origin of Planet Earth,
Week 2
Early evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere.
109
Week 3
Origin of Oceans. Earliest supercontinent and history of its breakup.
Week 4
Basic concepts of plate Tectonics and Wilson Cycle.
Week 5
Chemical History of Earth
Week 6
Early differentiation of the Earth’s layers. Mechanical and compositional layers of earth.
Week 7
Abundance of elements. Comparison of Earth’s chemistry with other planets of our Solar
System.
Week 8
Biological History of Earth
Week 9
Origin of life on Earth. Earliest record of life in Earth’s rocks.
Week 10
Evolution from single cell to multicellular life. Ediacara Fauna and its significance.
Week 11
Evolution of skeletal organisms. A brief overview of Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and
Cenozoic life.
Week 12
Evolution of continents and oceans
Week 13
Continental drift and sea floor spreading.
Week 14
History of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Separation of Gondwanaland
Practicals
1. Excercises on major palaeogeographical reconstruction with special reference to Indian

subcontinent.
2. Plotting of Global Stratotype Section and points on a world map
3. Distribution of Marine Rocks on world map in various geological time slices
4. Studying sea level changes through geological time

Assessment Methods
110
Keywords
Geological Time, Paleoclimate, Fossils, supercontinent, evolution
PLANETARY GEOLOGY
(GEOLGE11)

The background knowledge on the planetary material, interiors as well as processes
including the planet formation processes
1. Origin of planets
2. Planetary features including those of the exoplanets
3. Remote sensing techniques in planetary characterization
4. Impact cratering- rates and causes
5. Planetary surface processes and interiors
Unit 1
Introduction to Planetary Geology, Planetary configuration and description

The Big Bang & Early Solar System History
Unit 2
The Era of Planetary Formation

Impact Craters: A Geologic Process and Markers of Time
Meteorites: the building blocks of planets- Classification and types
Asteroids.
Suggested reading;
Rossi, A.P. & van Gesselt, S. (Eds) (2017). Planetary Geology, Springer.
Unit 3
Techniques in planetary science- Remote techniques
The Moon: Formation & Evolution, Internal structure, composition, water on the moon
Mercury and the MESSENGER Mission
Venus: Earth’s Twin?
Suggested reading;
Unit 4
The early Earth and primary geochemical differentiation, the first billion years and emergence
111
of life, the great oxidation event and search for life beyond earth
Planetary surface and interior processes, Atmosphere
Mars- Results from the Curiosity Rover, Climatic Evolution & Prospects for Life
Suggested reading;
Unit 5
Saturn: Rings & Strange Moons, structure
Pluto
Exoplanets and search for earth like planets
Suggested reading;
Practicals
Geologic events on earth.

Geological features seen on aerial photographs (emphases on Moon and Mars).
Satellite imagery data of planets and data interpretation Planetary feature on earth and
moon.
References
Week 1
Introduction to Planetary Geology, Planetary configuration and description
Week 2
The Big Bang & Early Solar System History
Week 3
Impact Craters: A Geologic Process and Markers of Time
Week 4
Meteorites: the building blocks of planets- Classification and types
Week 5
Asteroids
Week 6
Techniques in planetary science- Remote techniques
Week 7
The Moon: Formation & Evolution, Internal structure, composition, water on the moon
Week8
Venus: Earth’s Twin?
Week 9
The early Earth and primary geochemical differentiation, the first billion years and emergence of
life.
112
Week 10
The great oxidation event and search for life beyond earth
Week 11
Planetary surface and interior processes and their Atmosphere
Week 12
Mars- Results from the Curiosity Rover, Climatic Evolution & Prospects for Life
Week 13
Saturn: Rings & Strange Moons, structure
Week 14
Pluto and Exoplanets and search for earth like planets

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Craters. atmosphere, exoplanets, impact features, remote sensing.
SOILS: PAST AND PRESENT

(GEOLGE12)
Generic Elective - (GE) Credits: 6
1. Students will be given idea about different soil forming processes
2. Modern soils and key pedofeatures
3. Geological record of fossil soils
1. Students will have idea on soil forming processes
2. Students will come to know recognizing criteria of palaeosol
3. Students will have idea on geological record of fossil soils
Unit 1
113
Soil forming processes: Chemical weathering, major buffer maintaining ocean/atmosphere/
biosphere O2 and CO2, new compounds/minerals of greater volume and lower density;
Oxidation; Carbonation; Hydrolysis; Hydration; Base Exchange; Chelation; Microbial
Weathering.
Suggested Readings:
Birkeland, P.W. (1999). Soil and Geomorphology. Oxford University Press.
Retallack, G.J. (2001). Soils of the Past: An Introduction to Paleopedology, Oxford.
Prothero, D. R., & Schwab, F. (2004). Sedimentary Geology. Macmillan.
Unit 2
General soil forming regimes: Gleization; podzolization; lessivage; ferrallitizatin;
calcification; salinization. Soil forming processes: Physical weathering, loosening and
particle size reduction; pressure release; thermal expansion; growth of foreign crystal.
Suggested Readings:
Unit 3
Modern soils and key pedofeatures: Soil structures; horizons; roots; Fe-Mn mottles and
concretions; pedogenic carbonate.
Suggested Readings:
Unit 4
Introduction to palaeopedology and palaeosols; role of factors controlling palaeosol
formation- parent material, climate, vegetation, topography, time. Introduction to soil
taxonomy and palaeosol taxonomy
Suggested Readings:
Unit 5
Micromorphology: Thin section analysis of palaeosols. Geochemistry: molecular rations;
chemical weathering indices. Stable isotope geochemistry: carbon13 and oxygen18 system for
vegetation, temperature, pCO2. Diagenetic overprinting in fossil soils: compaction; oxidation
of organic matter; cementation; illitization.
Suggested Readings:
Unit 6
Geological record of fossil soils- Precambrian palaeosols- evolution of

palaeoatmospheric conditions. Geological record of fossil soils.
Suggested Reading:
114
Practicals
1. Micromorphic detailing of the palaeosols- structure, horizonation, color, rhizocretions,

pedogenic carbonate etc.
2. Particle size analysis and clay mineral analysis of the palaeosols
3. Micromorphological analysis- thin section preparation, description, and interpretation
4. Geochemical analysis- bulk geochemistry, molecular rations and weathering indices
5. Field trip to examine modern and fossil soils- field characterization and sampling
procedures
References
1. Retallack, G.J. (2001) Soils of the Past: An Introduction to Paleopedology (2nd

edition): Oxford, Blackwell Science, Ltd., 416 p.
2. Birkeland, P.W. (1999) Soil and Geomorphology. Oxford University Press (430 pp.).
3. Bullock, P., Fedoroff, N., Jongeroius, A., Stoops, G. & Tursina, T. (1985) Handbook of
Soil Thin Section Description. Waine Research Publication, Wolverhampton (152 pp.).
1. Sheldon, N.D. & Tabor, N.J. (2009) Quantitative palaeoenvironmental and paleoclimatic
reconstruction using paleosols. Earth-Science Reviews 95, 1–52.
2. Stoops, G. (2003) Guidelines for analysis and distribution of soil and regolith thin
sections. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, Wisconsin, 184 pp.
3. Soil Survey Staff, (2006) Key to Soil Taxonomy, 10th ed. USDA Natural Resources
Conservation Service, Washington D.C.(341 pp.)
4. Bhattacharyya T., Sarkar, D., Pal, D. K. (Eds.) Soil Survey Manual. NBSSLUP
Publication No 146.
Week 1
Introduction to soils and soils forming processes and types of major soils.
Week 2
Concept of weathering related to physical, chemical and biological weathering. Physical
weathering, loosening and particle size reduction; pressure release; thermal expansion;
growth of foreign crystal.
Week 3
Chemical weathering: Oxidation; Carbonation; Hydrolysis; Hydration; Base
Exchange; Chelation; Microbial weathering.
Week 4
Controlling factors of soil formation- parent material, climate, vegetation, topography, time.
115
Week 5
Modern soils and key pedofeatures: Soil structures; horizons; roots; Fe-Mn mottles and
concretions; pedogenic carbonates
Week 6
General soil forming regimes: Gleization; podzolization; lessivage; ferrallitizatin; calcification;
salinization.
Week 7
Introduction to soil taxonomy and palaeosol taxonomy.
Week 8
Thin section analysis of palaeosols, Geochemical attributes of soils and palaeosols.
Week 9
Stable isotope geochemistry: Carbon13 and Oxygen18 system for vegetation, estimation of
palaeotemperature, and paleo-pCO2. Diagenetic overprinting in fossil soils: compaction;
oxidation of organic matter; cementation; illitization
Week 10
Introduction to palaeopedology and palaeosols. Formation of soils/paleosols through
time. Controlling factors of palaeosol formation.
Week11
Geological record of fossil soils- Precambrian palaeosols- evolution of
palaeoatmospheric conditions
Week 12
Geological record of fossil soils- Palaeozoic paleosols- evolution of land animals and plants,
coal, Permian-Triassic transition palaeosols and extinction events.
Week 13
Geological record of fossil soils- Mesozoic-Cenozoic palaeosols- fossil soils at K-T extinction
event.
Week 14
Paleogene fossil soils at green house to ice house transition, evolution of Asian monsoon
system.

Regular class lenctues, Assignment, Seminar, Quiz
Assessment Methods
Internal Assessment (Seminar and Assignment), Quiz, Examination
Keywords
Soil, Paleosol, Palaeopedology, Permo-Triassic, Pleistocene-Holocene
116
GEOTOURISM
(GEOLOGE13)

This is designed as an applied course where student learns to combine and optimize the tourism
potential of spectacular geological features.
1. Distinguishing and identifying potential geological sites of tourist interest
2. Spectacular (e.g. geomorphic landforms, structures) as well as intrinsic sites (major time
boundaries, fossil sites, LIP's, transgressions regressions etc)
3. Economic aspects and linking geospots with other tourist destinations in a theme
Unit 1
Tourism and its different forms and their interrelations.
Geotourism: definition, characteristics and international/national perspectives
Eco-tourism and Geo-tourism
Suggested Readings:
Global Geotourism perspectives, Dowling, R. K., & Newsome, D. (Eds) USA:
Goodfellow Publishers Limited (2010).
Young C.Y. Ng. & Yunting Lu (2015). The Principles of Geotourism, Anze Chen, (Springer).
Geotourism, Dowling, R. K., & Newsome, D. (Eds) Elsevier Butterworth- Heinemann (2006)
Geoheritage and Geotourism- a European Perspective, Thomas A. Hose (Ed) Boydell Press
Woodbridge, UK
Unit 2
Geology and Tourism
Geodiversity, geoheritage, geoconservation and their relationship to geotourism
Geotourism and cultural heritage
The application of geographical information systems in geotourism.
Suggested Readings
T.A. Hose (Ed.) (2016). Appreciating Physical Landscapes: Three Hundred Years of
Geotourism, Geological Society Special Publication No. 417, London.
Thomas A. Hose (Ed.).Geoheritage and Geotourism- a European Perspective, Thomas A. Hose
(Ed) Boydell Press Woodbridge, UK
Ross Dowling & David Newsome (Eds) (2018). Handbook on Geotourism, Edward
Elgar Publishing.
Unit 3
Education as a key tenet of geotourism and Earth Science Education & Geotourism
Geoheritage and public geoliteracy: opportunities for effective geoscience education within
geosites
Earth Science Museums and their role in promotion of Geotourism
Examples of Geotourist sites from- e.g. Glacier features, Ox-bow lakes, Deltas etc.
117
Suggested Readings:
Dowling, R. K., & Newsome, D. (Eds) (2010). Global Geotourism perspectives, USA:
Goodfellow Publishers Limited.
Dowling, R. K., & Newsome, D. (Eds) (2006). Geotourism, Elsevier Butterworth- Heinemann
(2006).
Unit 4
Geotourism, Society and Sustainability

Public–private partnership framework for sustainable geopark development
Geotourism––a focus on the urban environment including historical geotourism
Potential of Geotourism in Economic development of any region.
Role of Tourism sector in terms of world economy/ Indian economy
Role of Geotourism in Tourism industry with special reference to Indian scenario
Entrepreneurship and start-up.
Suggested Readings:
A monograph on National Geoheritage Monuments of India. Indian National Trust for Art
and Cultural Heritage(INTACH) Natural Heritage Division, New Delhi (2016).
National Geological Monuments. Geological Survey of India, Kolkata, Special Publication No.6
1(2001)
Kale, V.S. (ed.) (2014). Landscapes and Landforms of India, Springer, Dordrecht.
Unit 5
Geotourism and geoparks

UNESCO Global Geoparks and Geoconservation
Geo site developed by Geological Survey of India
Suggested Readings:
History of Geoconservation, C. V. Burek and C.D. Prosser (Eds.) Special Publication 300,
Geological Society of London (2008)
National Geological Monuments. Geological Survey of India, Kolkata, Special Publication No.6 1
(2001).
Practicals
Study of Geological Map of India

Plotting the established geosites, geoparks and geo monuments of India on map.
Plotting geosites, geoparks and geo monuments on map of World.
Detailed study of geosites of India-Locality, Approach, Geological importance and foot fall.
Five Case studies from India where geosites can be developed.
References
Young C.Y. Ng. & Yunting Lu (2015). The Principles of Geotourism, Anze Chen, (Springer).
Dowling, R. K., & Newsome, D. (Eds) (2006). Geotourism, Elsevier Butterworth- Heinemann.
Hose, T.A. (Ed.) Geoheritage and Geotourism- a European Perspective, Boydell Press
Woodbridge, UK.
Hose, T.A. (Ed.) (2016). Appreciating Physical Landscapes: Three Hundred Years of
118
Hose, T.A. (Ed.) (2016). Appreciating Physical Landscapes: Three Hundred Years of
Dowling, R. & Newsome, D. (Eds) (2018). Handbook on Geotourism, Edward Elgar

Publishing.
Dowling, R. K., & Newsome, D. (Eds) (2010). Global Geotourism perspectives) USA:
Goodfellow Publishers Limited.
A monograph on National Geoheritage Monuments of India. Indian National Trust for Art and
Cultural Heritage(INTACH) Natural Heritage Division, New Delhi (2016)
National Geological Monuments. Geological Survey of India, Kolkata, Special Publication

No.61 (2001)
Kale, V.S. (2014). Landscapes and Landforms of India, Springer, Dordrecht.
Burek, C.V. & Prosser, C.D. (Eds.) (2008). History of Geoconservation Special Publication
300, Geological Society of London.
Week-1
Tourism and its different forms and their interrelations.
Week-2
Geotourism: definition, characteristics and international/national perspectives
Week-3
Eco-tourism and Geo-tourism
Week-4
Geology and Tourism, Geodiversity, geoheritage.
Week-5
Geo conservation and their relationship to geotourism.Geotourism and cultural heritage
Week-6
The application of geographical information systems in geotourism
Week-7
Education as a key tenet of geotourism and Earth Science Education & Geotourism
Week-8
Geoheritage and public geoliteracy: opportunities for effective geoscience education within
geosites
Week-9
Earth Science Museums and their role in promotion of Geotourism.Examples of Geotourist sites
from- e.g. Glacier features, Ox-bow lakes, Deltas etc.
Week-10
Geotourism, Society and Sustainability. Public–private partnership framework for sustainable
geopark development.
Week-11
119
Geotourism––a focus on the urban environment including historical geotourism. Potential of
Geotourism in Economic development of any region.
Week-12
Role of Tourism sector in terms of world economy/ Indian economy.
Role of Geotourism in Tourism industry with special reference to Indian scenario-
Entrepreneurship and start-up.
Week-13
Geotourism and geoparks. UNESCO Global Geoparks and Geoconservation.
Week-14
Geo site developed by Geological Survey of India

Assessment Methods
Keywords
Geological features, geomorphology, nature tourism. Geoparks, natural museum.
120

Annexure-113. B.sc. (Hons) Geology (CBCS) 2019

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UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

Bachelor of Science (Hons.) Geology

(Effective from Academic Year 2019-20)

Revised Syllabus approved by

Date: Academic Council No.

Applicable for students registered with

The LOCF approach is envisioned to provide a focused, outcome-based syllabus at the

the students for both, academia and employability.

programme prepares students for sustainability and life-long learning.

Sustainable development of natural resources keeping a balance between economics and

further education and life, at large.

as they engage themselves in the programme of their choice.

2. LEARNING OUTCOME-BASED CURRICULUM

FRAMEWORK IN PROGRAMME B.SC. (HONS.) GEOLOGY

2.1NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE PROGRAMME IN B.SC. (HONS)

positions in the government, industry and education sector.

2.2 AIMS OF BACHELOR DEGREE PROGRAMME IN B.SC. (HONS)

societies enhance their cultural- social-national centric thought.

3. GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES IN B.SC. (HONS) GEOLOGY

needs of what society compels us to understand.

imperative in understanding Earth. Everything from climate change, to the abundance of

4. QUALIFICATION DESCRIPTORS FOR GRADUATES B.SC.

projects, to address questions to achieve a solution

societies enhance their cultural- social-national centric thought.

including rocks, minerals and fossils

present as well to understand the time scales of geological processes

oceanography, soil and water resource

SEMESTER COURSE OPTED COURSE NAME CREDIT

Core Course - I Earth System Science 4

SEMESTER COURSE OPTED COURSE NAME CREDIT

II Core Course – III Elements of 4

Generic Elective –II 2

Core Course – VII 2

Generic Elective – III 2

Skill Enhancement Field Work-I 2

SEMESTER COURSE OPTED COURSE NAME CREDIT

Core Course – IX Stratigraphic 4

IV Core Course – X Hydrogeology 4

Skill Enhancement Field Work – II 2

Core Course – XII 2

SEMESTER COURSE OPTED COURSE NAME CREDIT

Core Course – XIII 2

Grand Total of Credits in Six Semesters 140

7. COURSES FOR PROGRAMME B.SC. (HONS) GEOLOGY

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE

Course Objective (2-3)

Interactions between lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere

Course Learning Outcomes

Soils - processes of formation, soil profile and soil types.

Understanding the past from geologic records; Nature of geologic records;

Principals of stratigraphy; Physiographic divisions of India

Study of major ocean currents of the World

2. Gross, M. G. (1977). Oceanography: A view of the earth.

4. Krishnan, M. S. (1982) Geology of India and Burma, CBS Publishers, Delhi.

Weekly Teaching Plan

Teaching Learning Process

Course Objective (2-3)

Course Learning Outcomes