2

Seeley’s
ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology Chapter 15
Tenth Edition

Cinnamon Vanputte
Respiratory System
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
Lecture Outline
See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables
pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

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Respiration Functions
Respiration includes the following processes: 1. Respiration
1. Ventilation, or breathing, which is the 2. Regulation of blood pH
movement of air into and out of the lungs
3. Voice Production
2. The exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon
4. Olfaction
dioxide (CO2) between the air in the lungs and
the blood 5. Innate Immunity
3. The transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood
4. The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the
blood and the tissues.
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Upper Respiratory Tract Respiratory System 1

External nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx

Figure 15.1
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Nose 1 Nose 2

External nose: Paranasal sinuses:

• composed of mainly of hyaline cartilage • air filled spaces within bone
Nasal cavity: • open into nasal cavity

• extends from nares (nostrils) to choane • lined with mucous

• choana: openings to pharynx Conchae:

• hard palate is its roof • on each side of nasal cavity
• increase surface area of nasal cavity
• help in cleaning, humidifying, warming of air
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Nose 3 Functions of the Nose

Nasolacrimal ducts: Filters
• carry tears from eyes Airway for respiration
• open into nasal cavity Involved in speech
Olfactory receptors
Warms air
Sneezing dislodges materials from nose

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Pharynx 1 Pharynx 2

Pharynx: a common passageway for the respiratory Uvula:

and digestive systems
• “little grape”
Nasopharynx:
• extension of soft palate
• takes in air
Oropharynx: Pharyngeal tonsil:
• extends from uvula to epiglottis • aids in defending against infections
• takes in food, drink, and air
Laryngopharynx:
• extends from epiglottis to esophagus
• food and drink pass through
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Nasal Cavity and Pharynx Lower Respiratory Tract

Larynx – lower portions of
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

Figure 15.2a
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Respiratory System 2 Larynx 1

Located in the anterior throat and extends from

the base of the tongue to the trachea
Consists of cartilages
Thyroid cartilage:
• largest piece of cartilage
• called Adam’s apple

Figure 15.1
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Larynx 2 Larynx 3

Epiglottis: Vocal folds/cords:

• piece of cartilage • source of voice production

• flap that prevents swallowed materials from • air moves past them, they vibrate, and sound is
entering larynx produced
• force of air determine loudness
• tension determines pitch
Laryngitis:
• inflammation of vocal folds
• caused by overuse, dry air, infection
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Anatomy of the Larynx Vestibular and Vocal Folds

Figure 15.3 Figure 15.4

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Trachea Bronchi
Windpipe Divide from trachea
Consists of 16 to 20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage Connect to lungs
Contains cilia pseudostratified columnar epi. Lined with cilia
Smoking kills cilia Contain C-shaped pieces of cartilage
Coughing dislodges materials from trachea
Divides into right and left primary bronchi
(lungs)

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Lungs Lung Airway Passages 1

Primary organ of respiration 1. Primary bronchi

2. Lobar (secondary) bronchi
Cone shaped
3. Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
The base rests on the diaphragm 4. Bronchioles
The apex extends above the clavicle 5. Terminal bronchioles
Right lung has 3 lobes 6. Respiratory bronchioles
7. Alveolar ducts
Left lung has 2 lobes
8. Alveoli
Contains many air passageways (divisions) • Structures become smaller and more
• numerous from primary bronchi to alveoli
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Anatomy of the Trachea and Lungs Lungs, Lung Lobes, and Bronchi

Figure 15.5 Figure 15.6

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Lung Airway Passages 2 Bronchioles and Alveoli

Alveoli:
• small air sacs
• where gas exchange occurs
• surrounded by capillaries
• 300 million in lungs
Asthma attack:
• contraction of terminal bronchioles leads to
reduced air flow
Figure 15.7
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Respiratory Membrane Layers of Respiratory Membrane

In lungs where gas exchange between air and Thin layer of fluid from alveolus
blood occurs
Alveolar epithelium (simple squamous)
Formed by walls of alveoli and capillaries
Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium
Alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles also
Thin interstitial space
contribute
Basement membrane of capillary endothelium
Very thin for diffusion of gases
Capillary endothelium (simple squamous)

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Alveolus and the Respiratory 31 32

Pleural Membranes and Cavities

Membrane
Pleura:
• double-layered membrane around lungs
Parietal pleura:
• membrane that lines thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura:
• membrane that covers lung’s surface
Pleural cavity:
Figure 15.8 • space around each lung
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Ventilation Phases of Ventilation

Ventilation (breathing): Inspiration:
• a process of moving air in and out of the lungs • breathe in

• uses the diaphragm, which is a skeletal muscle that • uses the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles
separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities Expiration:
• breathe out
• uses the diaphragm

Forceful expiration:
• uses internal intercostal muscles
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Effect of the Muscles of Respiration on 36

Pleural Cavities and Membranes

Thoracic Volume

Figure 15.9 Figure 15.10

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Pressure Changes and Air Flow Inspiration

When thoracic cavity volume increases pressure Diaphragm descends and rib cage expands
decreases
Thoracic cavity volume increases, pressure
When thoracic cavity volume decreases pressure decreases
increases
Atmospheric pressure is greater than (high)
Air flows from areas of high to low pressure alveolar pressure (low)
Air moves into alveoli (lungs)

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Inspiration and Expiration Pressure 40

Expiration
Changes
Diaphragm relaxes and rib cage recoils
Thoracic cavity volume decreases, pressure
increases
Alveolar pressure is greater than (high)
atmospheric pressure (low)
Air moves out of lungs

Figure 15.11
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Lung Recoil Surfactant

Lung recoil: Surfactant:
• is the tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in • a mixture of lipoproteins
size
• is produced by secretory cells of the alveoli
• occurs during quiet expiration
• is a single fluid layer on the surface of thin fluid
• is due to elastic fibers and thin film of fluid lining lining alveoli
alveoli
• reduces surface tension
• keeps lungs from collapsing

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Factors that Influence Pulmonary 44

Pleural Pressure
Ventilation
Pleural pressure is: Lung elasticity:
• pressure in the pleural cavity • lungs need to recoil between ventilations
• less than alveolar pressure • decreased by emphysema
• keep the alveoli from collapsing Lung compliance:
• expansion of thoracic cavity
• affected if rib cage is damaged
Respiratory passageway resistance:
• occurs during an asthma attack, infection, tumor
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Pulmonary Volumes 1 Pulmonary Volumes 2

Spirometer: Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):

• device that measures pulmonary volumes • volume of air that can be expired forcefully after a
normal expiration
Tidal volume (TV):
Residual volume (RV):
• volume of air inspired and expired during quiet
breathing • volume of air remaining in lungs after a maximal
expiration (can’t be measured with spirometer)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):
• volume of air that can be inspired forcefully after a
normal inspiration

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Respiratory Volumes and Respiratory 48

Pulmonary Volumes 3

Capacities
Vital capacity (VC):
• max. amount of air a person can expire after a max.
inspiration
VC = IRV + ERV + TV
Total lung capacity (TLC):
TLC = VC + RV

Figure 15.12
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Gas Exchange 1

Volumes
Gender Respiratory membrane:
Age • where gas exchange between blood and air occurs

Height • primarily alveoli

Weight • some in respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

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Gas Exchange 2 Respiratory Membrane Thickness

Respiratory membrane: Increased thickness decreases rate of diffusion
• does NOT occur in bronchioles, bronchi, trachea Pulmonary edema decreases diffusion
• influenced by thickness of membrane, total area of Rate of gas exchange is decreased
membrane, partial pressure of gases
O2 exchange is affected before CO2 because CO2
diffuse more easily than O2

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Respiratory Membrane Surface Area Partial Pressure

Total surface area is 70 square meters (basketball Partial pressure:
court) • the pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture
Decreased due to removal of lung tissue, of gases
destruction from cancer, emphysema • the total atmospheric pressure of all gases at sea
level is 760 mm Hg
• the atmosphere is 21% O2
• the partial pressure for O2 is 160 mm Hg
• the upper case letter P represents partial pressure
of a certain gas (Po2)
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Diffusion of Gases in Lungs Gas Exchange

Cells in body use O2 and produce CO2.
Blood returning from tissues and entering lungs
has a decreased Po2 and increased Pco2
O2 diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary
capillaries (blood)
CO2 diffuses from capillaries into alveoli

Figure 15.13
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Diffusion of Gases in Tissues Gas Exchange in the Tissues

Blood flow from lungs through left side of heart
to tissue capillaries
Oxygen diffuses from capillaries into interstitial
fluid because Po2 in interstitial fluid is lower than
capillary
Oxygen diffuses from interstitial fluid into cells
(Po2) is less

Figure 15.14a
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Carbon Dioxide Transport and 60

Gas Exchange in the Lungs

Blood pH 1

CO2 diffuses from cells into capillaries

CO2 enters blood and is transported in plasma,
combined with blood proteins, bicarbonate ions
CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
bicarbonate ions dissociate into a hydrogen ion
and a bicarbonate ion
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
Figure 15.14b
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Rhythmic Ventilation
Blood pH 2

Carbonic anhydrase (RBC) increases rate of CO2 Normal respiratory rate is 12 to 20 respirations
reacting with water per minute (adults).
CO2 levels increase blood pH decreases In children, the rates are higher and may vary
from 20 to 40 per minute.
The rhythm is controlled by neurons in the
medulla oblongata.
Rate is determined by the number of times
respiratory muscles are stimulated.

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Respiratory Structures in the Brainstem Nervous Control of Breathing

Higher brain centers allow voluntary breathing
Emotions and speech affect breathing
Hering-Breuer Reflex:
inhibits respiratory center when lungs are
stretched during inspiration

Figure 15.15
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Chemical Control of Breathing

Breathing
Chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata respond
to changes in blood pH
Blood pH are produced by changes in blood CO2
levels
An increase in CO2 causes decreased pH, result is
increased breathing
Low blood levels of O2 stimulate
chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies,
increased breathing
Figure 15.16
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Regulation of Blood pH

Figure 15.17
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