Gingiva
Gingiva
Gingiva
Terms in periodontology
Alveolar bone.
Root cementum.
Periodontal ligament (Supporting tissues).
Gingiva (investing tissue).
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The gingiva
Macroscopic features
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Attached gingiva:
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Interdental gingiva:
Col
The lateral border and tip of the Interdental papilla are formed by
continuation of marginal gingiva and the intervening portion by the
attached gingiva.
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Microscopic features
The oral epithelium: it covers the crest and the outer surface of the
marginal and attached gingiva. On average, the oral epithelium is 0.2-
0.3 mm in thickness. It is keratinized or parakeratinized or
combination of both
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The sulcular epithelium: It lines the gingival sulcus and is thin; non-
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium without rete pegs. It
extends from the coronal limit of the junctional epithelium to the crest
of the gingival margin. Although it contains Keratinocytes they do not
undergo Keratinization. Partial Keratinization may occur in response
to physical stimulation.
The sulcular epithelium is extremely important because it may act as a
semi permeable membrane through which injurious bacterial products
pass into the gingival and tissue fluid from the gingiva seeps into the
sulcus.
The junctional epithelium (JE): The epithelium that attaches the gingiva
to the surface of the tooth. It forms the base of the sulcus.
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The connective tissue fibers: which are formed by the fibroblasts cells
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Gingival tissue has rich vascular supply from internal maxillary artery.
Supraperiosteal arteriols.
Vessels of periodontal ligaments.
Arterioles emerging from the crest of the Interdental septa.
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1. Gingival color:
Dark skinned people often exhibit dark blue or brown color. Melanin,
a non-hemoglobin-derived brown pigment, is responsible for the
normal pigmentation of the skin, gingiva and remainder of the oral
mucous membrane. It is present in all normal individuals, often not in
sufficient quantities to be detected clinically but in black individuals it
is prominent in the oral cavity.
The color of inflamed gingiva may vary from red to bluish red
due to vasodilatation which leads to bleeding tendency.
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2. Gingival contour.
3. Gingival consistency.
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5. Size:
The size of the gingiva corresponds with the sum total of the bulk of
cellular and intercellular elements and their vascular supply.
Alteration in size is a common feature of gingival disease.
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