Tissue Culture

Tissue
Culture
-Biology
PORTF
OLIO
NAME: Thirumal.N
CLASS/SEC: X-A
SUBJECT: SCIENCE
TOPIC: TISSUE
CULTURE
Table of
Contents
 EXPLANATION
 HISTORY
 TYPES
 STEPS
 ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES
What is Tissue
Culture ?
Tissue culture is a technique in which
fragments of plants are cultured and
grown in a laboratory. Many times the
organs are also used for tissue culture.
The media used for the growth of the
culture is broth and agar.
This technique is also known as
micropropagation. It has proved
beneficial for the production of disease-
free plants and increase plant yield in
developing countries. It only requires a
sterile workplace, greenhouse, trained
manpower, and a nursery.
Oil palm, banana, eggplant, pineapple,
rubber tree, tomato, sweet potato have
been produced by tissue culture in the
developing countries.
HISTORY
Gottlieb Haberlandt (28 November
1854 – 30 January 1945) was an
Austrian botanist. He was the son of
European 'soybean' pioneer
Professor Friedrich J. Haberlandt.
Haberlandt first pointed out the
possibilities of the culture of isolated
tissues, plant tissue culture. He suggested
that the potentialities of individual cells
via tissue culture and also suggested that
the reciprocal influences of tissues on
one another could be determined by this
method. Since Haberlandt's original
assertions methods for tissue and cell
culture have been realized, leading to
significant discoveries in Biology and
Medicine. His original idea presented in
1902 was called totipotentiality:
“Theoretically all plant cells are able to
give rise to a complete plant.
TYPES
Embryo Culture
This involves the in-vitro development of
an embryo. For this, an embryo is
isolated from a living organism. Both, a
mature or an immature embryo can be
used in the process. Mature embryos can
be obtained from ripe seeds. The
immature embryos are obtained from the
seeds that failed to germinate. The ovule,
seed or fruit is already sterilized,
therefore, it does not need to be sterilized
again.
Callus Culture
A callus is an unorganized, dividing mass
of cells. When the explants are cultured
in a proper medium, the callus is
obtained. The growth of callus is
followed by organ differentiation. The
culture is grown on a gel-like medium
composed of agar and specific nutrients
required for the growth of the cells.
Organ Culture
In this, any organ of the plant such as
shoot, leaf, can be used as an explant. A
number of methods can be used for the
organ culture, such as plasma clot
method, raft method, grid method, and
agar gel method. This method is used to
preserve the structure and functions an
organism. method, and agar gel method.
Protoplast Culture
It is a cell without a cell wall. A
protoplast can be cultured using the
hanging-drop method, or micro-culture
chambers. In protoplast culture, a number
of phases can be observed: development
of cell wall, cell division, regeneration of
a whole plant
STEPS
Initiation Phase
At this stage, the tissue is initiated into
the culture. The tissue of interest is
obtained, introduced and sterilized to
prevent the process from any
contamination.
Multiplication Phase
In this stage, the sterilized explant is
introduced into the medium composed of
growth regulators and appropriate
nutrients. They are responsible for the
multiplication of cells. This
undifferentiated mass of cells is known
as a callus.
Root Formation
The roots start forming. Plant growth
hormones are added to initiate the root
formation. Consequently, we obtain a
complete plantlets.
Shoot Formation
The plant growth hormones for the
formation of shoot are added and the
growth is observed for a week.
Acclimatization
When the plant starts developing, it is
transferred to the greenhouse to develop
under controlled environmental
conditions. It is finally transferred to the
nurseries to grow under natural
environmental conditions.
ADVANT
AGES
 The new plantlets can be grown in a
short amount of time.
 Only a small amount of initial plant

tissue is required.
 The new plantlets and plants are more
likely to be free of viruses and
diseases.
 The process is not dependant on the

seasons and can be done throughout
the year.
 You need only a relatively small

space to perform the process (ten
times the plants in one-tenth of the
space).
 On a larger scale, the tissue culture
process helps to supply the consumer
market with new subspecies and
variety.
 People looking to cultivate

challenging plants such as specific
breeds of orchid find more success
with the tissue culture process than
traditional soil.
DISADVANT
AGES
 Tissue Culture can require more labor
and cost more money.
 There is a chance that the propagated

plants will be less resilient to diseases
due to the type of environment they
are grown in.
 It is imperative that, before being

cultured, the material is screened;
failure to pick up any abnormalities
could lead to the new plants being
infected.
 While the success rate is high if the

correct procedures are followed,
success with the tissue culture is not a
guarantee. There is still a chance that
the process triggers a secondary
metabolic chemical reaction, and the
new explants or cells' growth gets
stunted, or even die off.
THA
NK
YOU
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Tissue

 Only a small amount of initial plant

 The process is not dependant on the

 You need only a relatively small

 People looking to cultivate

 There is a chance that the propagated

 It is imperative that, before being

 While the success rate is high if the

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