QM Slides Eng 03
QM Slides Eng 03
QM Slides Eng 03
of Quantum Mechanics
04. Quantization
Tim Shilkin
www.pdmi.ras.ru/∼shilkin
d2 x
m 2 (t) = −∇U (x(t)),
dt
where U is the potential energy of a particle in a eld with potential v .
dx
x(0) = x0, m (0) = p0
dt
The set of parameters (x0, p0) is the 6-dimensional Euclidean space
R3 × R3
called phase space of a classical particle.
3. Observables in classical mechanics
• f (x, p) = x coordinate
• f (x, p) = p momentum
|p|2
• f (x, p) = 2m kinetic energy
• f (x, p) = U (x) potential energy
|p|2
• f (x, p) = 2m + U (x) total energy
• f (x, p) = (x − x∗) × p angular momentum with respect to x∗
| p| 2
Theorem. Assume H(x, p) = 2m + U (x) is the Hamiltonian of a
classical particle. Then
dx
(t) = ∇pH(x(t), p(t))
Newton's
dt
⇐⇒
second law dp
(t) = −∇xH(x(t), p(t))
dt
6. How do the physical characteristics of a particle evolve in time
in classical mechanics?
1 (formally)
fg 7→ πh(f )πh(g) + πh(g)πh(f )
2 self-adjoint
However, such matching is convenient only in the case of bounded
operators. For unbounded operators this denition is formal, since
unbounded operators must be carefully dealt with domains of the
product and sum of operators.
Therefore, in order to get a working quantum theory, it is necessary
to drop the requirement that the quantization πh is an isomorphism of
algebras of classical and quantum observables. Instead, we require that
the mapping f 7→ πh(f ) becomes an isomorphism of the corresponding
algebras only in the limit as h → 0.
−1
1) lim 1 π πh(f )πh(g) + πh(g)πh(f ) = f g
h→0 2 h
2) lim πh−1 ~i [πh(f ), πh(g)] = {f, g} Bohr's correspondence principle
h→0
2. Ñommutation relations
of quantum mechanics
QP − P Q = i I
then Q and P can not be bounded simultaneously.
Proof. By contradiction. Let A, B be bounded and satisfy
AB − BA = i I
Then
A=0
n kAkn−1 ≤ 2 kAknkBk =⇒ (?!!)
∀ n∈N n ≤ 2 kAk kBk