Marco Valerio Battisti - Extended Approach To The Canonical Quantization in The Minisuperspace
Marco Valerio Battisti - Extended Approach To The Canonical Quantization in The Minisuperspace
Marco Valerio Battisti - Extended Approach To The Canonical Quantization in The Minisuperspace
ij
Generators of rotation group
J
ij
=
1
_
1 p
2
_
q
i
p
j
q
j
p
i
_
(2)
In 3-dim:
J SU(2), [J
i
, q
j
] = i
ijk
q
k
, [J
i
, p
j
] = i
ijk
p
k
No sign in (1) is selected at all by the
assumptions
Algebra (1) can be obtained considering:
- q as a suitably -deformed Newton-Wigner
position operator
- p, J as the generators of translations and
rotations of -Poincare algebra
1-dim:
[q, p] = i
_
1 p
2
(3)
p R in the (+)-sector
p I(1/
, 1/
) in the ()-sector
Representation algebra: momentum space
p(p) = p(p) (4)
q(p) = i
_
1 p
2
p
(p)
Hilbert spaces p, q self-adjoint operators:
F
= L
2
_
R(I), dp/
_
1 p
2
_
(5)
Hilbert spaces unitarily inequivalent
dierent physical predictions
For 0 the ordinary one L
2
(R, dp) is re-
covered in both the cases
Harmonic oscillator: H =
p
2
2m
+
1
2
m
2
q
2
Considering the above representation (4)
(
HE)(p) = 0 (6)
Mathieu equation (p) in terms of Math-
ieu cosine and sine
Spectrum at the lowest order (
/d 1):
E
n
=
2
(2n +1)
8
(2n
2
+2n +1)
_
d
2
_
(7)
Characteristic length scale d = 1/
m
E
()
n
corresponds to the spectrum of the
h.o. in polymer quantum mechanics
E
(+)
n
spectrum of GUP ([q, p] = i(1 +p
2
))
II. Deformed FRW dynamics
The FRW cosmological models
ds
2
= N
2
dt
2
+a
2
_
dr
2
1 kr
2
+r
2
d
2
_
(8)
N = N(t) is the lapse function
a = a(t) the scale factor
Isotropy: phase space of GR 2-dim
= (a, p
a
)
Scalar constraint:
H =
2G
3
p
2
a
a
3
8G
ak +a
3
= 0 (9)
= (a) denotes a generic energy density
1/a
4
ultra-relativistic gas
1/a
5
perfect gas
const cosmological constant
Extended Hamiltonian:
H
E
=
2G
3
N
p
2
a
a
+
3
8G
Nak Na
3
+ (10)
is a Lagrange multiplier
momenta conjugate to N, i.e. it vanishes
Equations of motion:
N = {N, H
E
} = , = {, H
E
} = H (11)
Primary constraint = 0 satised at all times
scalar (secondary) constraint = H = 0
Dynamics of coordinate a and momenta
p
a
depends on the symplectic structure
If {a, p
a
} = 1 we obtain Friedmann equation
H
2
=
_
a
a
_
2
=
8G
3
k
a
2
(12)
Modied symplectic geometry
Parameter independent with respect
i[q, p] ={q, p}
=
_
1 p
2
(13)
Deformed Poisson bracket:
{F, G}
= {F, G}{q, p}
= {F, G}
_
1 p
2
(14)
This is anti-symmetric, bilinear and satises
the Leibniz rules as well as the Jacobi identity
Time evolution of q, p with respect to H
q = {q, H}
=
H
p
_
1 p
2
(15)
p = {p, H}
=
H
q
_
1 p
2
FRW deformed phase space
Fundamental commutator:
{a, p
a
}
=
_
1 p
2
a
(16)
Equation of motion with respect to H
E
a = {a, H
E
}
=
4G
3
N
p
a
a
_
1 p
2
a
(17)
p
a
= {p
a
, H
E
}
= N
_
2G
3
p
2
a
a
2
3
8G
k+
+3a
2
+a
3
d
da
_
_
1 p
2
a
(18)
Deformed Friedmann equation
H
2
=
_
8G
3
k
a
2
__
1
3
2G
a
2
_
a
2
3
8G
k
__
(19)
FRW at (k = 0) model
H
2
k=0
=
8G
3
_
1
crit
_
(20)
critical density
crit
= (2G/3)
P
.
We have assumed the existence of a funda-
mental scale, i.e.
crit
For 0,
crit
ordinary behavior
()-equation equivalent to LQC
(+)-equation equivalent to braneworlds
The () sign implies a bouncing cosmology,
while with the (+) one a can not vanish
A ()-braneworlds scenario appears if the extra-
dimension is time-like (open question)
III. Deformed uncertainty principle
Uncertainty principle related to (16)
a =
1
2
_
1 p
a
2
(p
a
)
2
_
1/2
(21)
For p
a
(p
a
)
_
(1 p
a
)/
minimal uncertainty in the scale factor
a
0
=
/2
Brane-framework, (+)-sector: a
0
= 0 is
a global minimum (No physical states which
are position eigenstates exist at all)
LQC-framework, ()-sector: a
0
= 0 ap-
pears for p
a
= (p
a
)
1/
, i.e. when
the deformation energy is reached
IV. Discussion and conclusions
A unique framework which phenomeno-
logically describes both the eective Fried-
mann evolution of LQC and branewords
models is obtained by the use of a de-
formed Heisenberg algebra.
The algebra leaves undeformed the trans-
lation group and preserves the rotational
invariance. Furthermore is related to the
-Poincare one and no sign in the defor-
mation term is selected at all.
The brane-deformed scenario is such that
a minimal uncertainty in the scale factor
appears. On the other hand, in the loop
one, we have the vanishing uncertainty
when the deformed energy is reached.