PN514 Bre en 15804 PCR

BRE Global Product Category Rules (PCR)
For Type III EPD of Construction

Products to EN 15804+A2
PN 514 Rev 3.0
PN
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Revision No: 3.0
Product Category Rules For Type III Environmental Declaration Date: xxJan 2020
Of Construction Products To EN 15804+A2 Page: 2 of 52
Contents
Revision of the BRE Global Product Category Rules ............................................................. 4

Changes/amendments issued since last publication .......................................................... 4
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 6
1 Scope ............................................................................................................................. 8
2 Normative references ..................................................................................................... 9
3 Terms and Definitions ...................................................................................................10
4 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................14
5 General Programme Information ...................................................................................15
5.1 Objectives ..............................................................................................................15
5.2 Types of EPD with respect to life cycle stages covered ..........................................15
5.3 Comparability of EPD of construction products.......................................................17
5.4 Additional Information.............................................................................................17
5.5 Ownership, responsibility and liability for the EPD ..................................................17
5.6 Communication formats .........................................................................................17
6 Product Category Rules for LCA ...................................................................................18
6.1 Product Category ...................................................................................................18
6.2 Life Cycle Stages and their information modules to be included .............................18
6.3 Calculation Rules for LCA – General aspects .........................................................19
6.3.1 Functional Unit ................................................................................................19
6.3.2 Declared Unit ..................................................................................................19
6.3.3 Reference Service Life (RSL) ..........................................................................20
6.3.4 System Boundaries .........................................................................................20
6.3.5 Criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs ................................................28
6.3.6 Selection of data .............................................................................................28
6.3.7 Data quality requirements ...............................................................................29
6.3.8 Developing product level scenarios .................................................................29
6.3.9 Units................................................................................................................29
6.3.10 Imports ............................................................................................................29
6.3.11 Treatment of renewable energy purchase schemes ........................................29
6.3.12 Treatment of onsite Low or Zero Carbon energy generation (LZC)..................30
6.3.13 Treatment of Carbon Offset Schemes .............................................................31
6.4 Calculation Rules for LCA – Specific aspects .........................................................31
Uncontrolled copy if printed.
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Valid on day of printing only.
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6.4.1 Carbon Storage (Sequestration) ......................................................................31

6.4.2 Carbonation (of concrete) ................................................................................32
6.5 Inventory Analysis ..................................................................................................32
6.5.1 Collecting data ................................................................................................32
6.5.2 Calculation procedures....................................................................................33
6.5.3 Allocation of input flows and output emissions.................................................33
6.6 Impact Assessment ................................................................................................34
7 Content of the Environmental Product Declaration ........................................................36
7.1 Declaration of general information ..........................................................................36
7.2 Declaration of parameters derived from LCA ..........................................................36
7.2.1 Other parameters ............................................................................................37
7.3 Scenarios and additional technical information .......................................................39
7.4 Additional information on emissions to indoor air, soil and water during the use stage.
...............................................................................................................................39
7.5 Aggregation of information modules ......................................................................39
7.6 Format of BRE EN 15804 EPD ..............................................................................39
8 Project Report ...............................................................................................................41
8.1 Data availability for verification ...............................................................................41
8.2 Validity of EPD .......................................................................................................41
Appendix A – BRE PCR Peer Review and Industry Consultation .........................................42
Appendix B – Carbon Sequestration.....................................................................................43
Appendix C – Carbonation of products containing calcium oxide/calcium hydroxide ............45

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Revision of the BRE Global Product Category Rules
The BRE Global Product Category Rules (PCR) for Type III environmental product
declaration of construction products to EN 15804 will be revised by issue of revised editions
or amendments. Details will be posted on the BRE Green Book Live website at
www.greenbooklive.com.
Technical or other changes which affect the requirements for the issue of an environmental
product declaration will result in a new issue. Minor or administrative changes (e.g.
corrections of spelling and typographical errors, changes to address and copyright details,
update to normative reference details, the addition of notes for clarification, etc.) may be
made as amendments.
The revision (issue) number will be given in decimal format with the integer part giving the
issue and the fractional part giving the number of amendments (e.g. Rev 2.3 indicates that
the document is at issue 2 and this is the 3rd amendment to issue 2).
Users of this BRE Global PCR should ensure that they possess the latest issue and
amendment.
Changes/amendments issued since last publication

This Rev 3.0 supersedes Rev 2.0 which was published in January 2018.
Date Type Text/Clause affected

10 Feb Amendment Title
2021
Introduction standards referenced
1 Scope – remove reference to ISO21930
5.2 Types of EPD: Table update, additional text
6.3.3. amended text
6.3.4 Construction stages additional text
6.3.5 additional text
6.4.1 deleted text
6.6 amended text indicators
7.2 table
7.6 additional text
Appendix B additional text

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Date Type Text/Clause affected

Appendix C amended equation and table
11 Jan Amendment Text in clause 6.4.2
2018
Text in Appendix C3.1
Table C.1 of Appendix C6
Table C.2 of Appendix C6
28 April Amendment Update to references within PCR (EN 15804:2012+A1:2017 shortened to

2017 EN 15804+A1)
Inclusion of one new normative reference (PD CEN/TR 16970:2016)
Text in clause 3.14
Text in clause 3.18
Text in clause 5.4
Text in clause 5.6
Text in clause 6.2
Text, Figure 6.1, Tables and illustrative examples in clause 6.3.4
Text in clause 6.3.5
Text in clause 7.1
Text and Table 7.2 in clause 7.2.1
Text in clause 7.6
Text in clause 8.2
Text in Appendix A
Text in Appendix B

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Introduction
Manufacturers of construction products, designers, users and owners of buildings and others
active in the building and construction sector are demanding information that will enable
them to make decisions which address environmental impacts of buildings and other
construction works. An increasingly common solution is to create environmental product
declarations (EPD). These are ISO Type III environmental declarations providing quantified
environmental data for predetermined indicators using independently verified life cycle
assessment (LCA).
EPD are similar to the nutritional information found on the back of food packets. EPD present
quantified environmental information on the life cycle of a product, i.e. the impacts caused
throughout its life. In Europe, EPD for construction products are derived according to the
requirements of EN 15804, Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product
declarations – Core rules for the product category of construction products. Published in
2012 by the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN), EN 15804 is part of a suite of
standards for the assessment of the sustainability of construction works at both product level
and building level. This suite of standards includes:
• Framework level
o EN15643 -1,2,3,4,5 Sustainability of Construction works – Framework For
assessment of Buildings and Civil Engineering works
• Building Works Level (currently under revision*)
o EN15978 – Assessment of Environmental Performance of Buildings
o EN16309 – Assessment of Social Performance of Buildings
o EN16627 – Assessment of Economic Performance of Buildings
• Product Level
o EN15804 + A2 – Environmental Product Declarations – Core Rules for
Construction Products
o EN15942 – Environmental Product Declarations – Communication format
business-to-business
o CEN/TR 15941 – Environmental product declarations. Methodology for
selection and use of generic data
o CEN/TR 16970 - Guidance for the implementation of EN 15804
•
This document forms the product category rules (PCR) for BRE’s Type III EPD programme. It
is the 3rd revision including amendments that address the updated EN15804 standard (A2)
published in November 2019. Due to the on-going nature of the work of the CEN Technical

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Committee (TC 350), and the continuing developments in LCA, it is anticipated that the
information contained in this PCR will continue to evolve.
NOTE: Compliance with this PCR does not confer immunity from legal obligations. Users of
this PCR should ensure that they possess the latest issue and all amendments.
NOTE: Throughout this PCR document, the abbreviation ‘EPD’ is both the singular and plural
form for ISO Type III environmental product declarations.

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1 Scope
This is a PCR document for the assessment of the environmental performance of

construction products. It describes BRE’s methodology for creating an EPD for any
construction product or service.
The advantage of a single PCR covering all construction products is that it enables all
sectors to readily see how all materials are assessed at the product level. As there is
currently no such PCR existing, BRE has created a new PCR to fulfil this purpose.
This PCR document has been prepared to be in line with the requirements of EN
15804:2012+A2:2019, Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product
declarations – Core rules for the product category of construction products (EN 15804+A2).
NOTE: (Prior to the publication of the first issue of this PCR document) Permission to
reproduce extracts from BS EN 15804:2012, Sustainability of construction works –
Environmental product declarations – Core rules for the product category of construction
products is granted by BSI. British Standards can be obtained in PDF or hard copy formats
from the BSI online shop: www.bsigroup.com/Shop or by contacting BSI Customer Services
for hardcopies only: Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9001, Email: [email protected].

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2 Normative references
The following referenced and unreferenced documents are indispensable for the application
of this document.
• EN 15804:2012+A2:2019, Sustainability of construction works – Environmental
product declarations – Core rules for the product category of construction products
• EN 15643-1:2010, Sustainability of construction works – Sustainability assessment of
buildings – Part 1: General framework
• EN 15643-2:2011, Sustainability of construction works – Assessment of buildings –
Part 2: Framework for the assessment of environmental performance
• EN 15978:2011, Sustainability of construction works – Assessment of environmental
performance of buildings – Calculation method
• CEN/TR 15941:2010, Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product
declarations – Methodology for selection and use of generic data
• EN 15942:2011, Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product
declarations – Communication formats: business to business
• EN 16485:2014, Round and sawn timber – Environmental Product Declarations –
Product category rules for wood and wood-based products for use in construction
• EN 16449:2014, Wood and wood-based products – Calculation of the biogenic
carbon content of wood and conversion to carbon dioxide
• ISO 14025:2010, Environmental labels and declarations – Type III Environmental
declarations – Principles and procedures (identical to ISO 14025:2006)
• ISO 21930:2017, Sustainability of construction works – Environmental declaration of
building products (as referenced by EN 15804)
• ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles
and framework
• ISO 14044+A1:2018, Environmental management – Life cycle assessment –
Requirements and guidelines
• PD CEN/TR 16970:2016, Sustainability of construction works. Guidance for the
implementation of EN 15804
NOTE: Throughout this PCR, all undated references to standards refer to the current
published version of those standards (including any amendments). Clauses with dated
references within the PCR refer only to the cited edition of the particular standard(s). All
references to specific clauses and general texts in EN 15804+A2 refer to the cited normative
edition, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019.

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3 Terms and Definitions
The technical terms and concepts employed in life cycle assessment are defined in
accordance with EN 15804+A2. Terms are not defined where they retain their normal
dictionary definition. Where bold type is used within a definition, this indicates a cross
reference to another term defined in this clause.
3.1 Ancillary product / Complementary product
Construction product that enables another construction product to fulfil its purpose in the
intended application, for example, fasteners used to attach structural panels to framing
members.
3.2 Average data
Data representative of a product, product group or construction service, provided by more
than one supplier. A product group or construction service can contain similar products or
construction services.
3.3 Building product / Construction product
Goods or services used during the life cycle of a building or other construction works.
In this PCR, the term ’product’ used alone relates not only to product systems but can also
include service systems. In either case, the declaration is presented in a manner that clearly
indicates whether the declaration applies to goods, or only to a part of the goods or
packaging, or to an element of a service. See ISO 14025:2010, clause 7.2.2.
The manufacturing or processing of goods used as a building product may take place at the
factory or on the construction site.
The use of services can occur at any stage of the life cycle of the building or other
construction works.
Whereas ISO use ‘building product’, in this PCR the term ‘construction product’ is used.
There is no difference in meaning intended between the two terms as defined above and the
choice is based on the more common usage of ‘construction product’ in the UK and Europe.
3.4 Carbonation
The formation of calcium carbonate in products containing calcium oxide or calcium
hydroxide (such as concrete) as a result of chemical reaction between carbon dioxide from
the air with calcium hydroxide in the product.
3.5 Characterisation factor
Factor derived from a characterisation model which is applied to convert an assigned life
cycle inventory (LCI) analysis result to the common unit of the category indicator.
3.6 Declared unit
Quantity of a construction product for use as a reference unit in an EPD, based on LCA,
for the expression of environmental information needed in information modules, for
example kg, m, m2, m3.
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The declared unit shall only be used where the function and the reference scenario for the
whole life cycle, at the building level, cannot be stated.
3.7 Functional equivalence
The comparability of one or more products or services using common functional performance
criteria. It is considered in the context of a building or an assembly of construction
products, and is the basis on which a functional unit can be defined.
3.8 Functional unit
Quantified performance of a product system for a construction product for use as a
reference unit in an EPD based on LCA.
3.9 Gate
Point at which the construction product or material leaves the factory before it becomes an
input into another manufacturing process or before it goes to the distributor, a factory or
building site.
3.10 Generic data
Data that is publicly available, and may be average data or specific data
3.11 Information module
Compilation of data to be used as a basis for a Type III environmental declaration,
covering a unit process or a combination of unit processes that are part of the life cycle of a
product.
3.12 Non-renewable energy
Energy from sources which cannot be replenished on a human time scale (fossil sources) for
example coal, oil, natural gas and uranium.
3.13 Non-renewable resource
Resource that exists in a fixed amount that cannot be replenished on a human time scale. In
the context of EN 15804+A2, this relates to a resource that could be used for energy but is
used as a raw material, for example oil (petrochemicals) for polymer manufacture.
Consequently, water is excluded from this indicator.
3.14 PCR review
Process whereby a third party panel carries out a formal critical assessment of the product
category rules.
3.15 Product category
Group of products that can fulfil equivalent functions.
3.16 Product category rules (PCR)
Set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for developing Type III environmental
declarations for one or more product categories. This BRE PCR applies to the product
category “construction products”.

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3.17 Programme operator

Body that conducts an ISO Type III environmental product declaration programme, such
as BRE Global.
3.18 Radioactive waste
Waste containing radioactive material. Radioactive waste is categorised by the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as exempt waste (EW), low and intermediate-level waste
(LILW), or high-level waste (HLW). LILW is further sub-divided according to the half-lives of
the radionuclides it contains into “short lived” (less than 30 years) and long lived (more than
30 years). The IAEA classification of radioactive waste considers qualitative and quantitative
factors including activity levels and heat content.
In this PCR the radioactive waste indicator described in EN 15804+A2 is taken to represent
the total mass of LILW and HLW.
Beyond the requirements of the standard, BRE has defined an additional parameter for
reporting HLW, and derived characterisation factors for this because: (i) The World Nuclear
Association estimates that HLW accounts for over 95% of the radioactivity produced from
electricity generation, (ii) HLW is the most problematic waste to deal with and presents the
greatest risks to humans and ecosystems, and (iii) HLW is the only category of radioactive
waste from electricity generation that must be declared under the fuel mix disclosure
requirements of European Directive 2003/54/EC. HLW can therefore be reported as
additional environmental information in EPD generated using this PCR.
3.19 Reference service life
Service life of a construction product that is known or to be expected under a reference
set of in-use conditions and which may form the basis of estimating the service life under
other in-use conditions.
The reference service life is applied to the functional unit or declared unit. See EN
15804+A2, Annex A.
3.20 Renewable energy
Energy from renewable sources (typically non-fossil sources) for example solar, wind, hydro
(excluding pumped-through hydro) and biomass.
3.21 Renewable resource
Resource that is grown, naturally replenished or cleansed on a human time scale, for
example, trees in forests, grasses in grasslands and fertile soil. A renewable resource is
capable of being exhausted, but may last indefinitely with proper stewardship.
In this PCR water has been excluded from the definition of renewable resource, and is only
reported in the ‘net fresh water’ indicator described in EN 15804+A2.
3.22 Secondary fuel
Fuel recovered from previous use or from waste which substitutes primary fuels. See EN
15804+A2, clause 3.28, Notes 1, 2, 3 and 4.

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3.23 Secondary material

Material recovered from previous use or from waste which substitutes primary materials. See
EN 15804+A2, clause 3.29, Notes 1, 2 and 3.
3.24 Sequestration (of carbon)
The removal and storage of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in biomaterials such as
timber and agricultural products.
3.25 Service life
The period of time from construction/installation during which a building or its components
meets or exceeds its performance requirements.
3.26 Specific data
Data representative of a product, product group or construction service, provided by one
supplier.
3.27 Study period
The period of time over which the environmental impacts of a building or its components
shall be measured.
3.28 Third party
Person or body that is recognised as being independent of the parties involved, as concerns
the issues in question.
3.29 Type III environmental declaration / environmental product declaration (EPD)
Environmental declaration providing quantified environmental data using predetermined
parameters and, where relevant, additional environmental information. The predetermined
parameters are based on the ISO 14040 series of standards, which is made up of ISO 14040
and ISO 14044.
The additional environmental information may be quantitative or qualitative.
3.30 Waste
EN 15804+A2 defines waste as ‘substance or object which the holder discards or intends or
is required to discard’.

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4 Abbreviations
DU Declared Unit
EPD Environmental Product Declaration
FU Functional Unit
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
LCI Life Cycle Inventory
LCIA Life Cycle Impact Assessment
PCR Product Category Rules
RSL Reference Service Life
SP Study Period
SVHC Substances of Very High Concern (European Chemicals Agency)

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5 General Programme Information
5.1 Objectives
For the PCR to be used to produce EPD for construction products and services that:
1. Provide a measurable and verifiable data source for the assessment of the
environmental performance of buildings.
2. Enable interested parties to compare the environmental impacts of different
construction products as they are used within a building, based on units of equivalent
functionality. EN 15804+A2, clause 5.3, on comparability of EPD for construction
products sets out the strict requirements for comparison.
3. Provide a means of collecting relevant data for the preparation of product level and
building level tools for comparing the environmental impacts of construction products
and compliant software tools.
5.2 Types of EPD with respect to life cycle stages covered

This PCR adopts the information module approach required by EN 15804+A2 (as illustrated
in Figure 5.1). There are generally three types of EPD based on this PCR, as shown in Table
5.1.
Table 5.1: The three types of EPD
EPD Type Life cycle stages included

Cradle-to-Gate Covering product stage information A1 to A3 (raw material supply, transport,
+ Module C & manufacturing of products, and all upstream processes from cradle-to-gate), C1-C4
D (Demolition, Waste transport, waste processing and disposal) and D (benefits and
loads beyond the system boundary). This comprises the minimum of processes that
shall be required in a declaration for compliance with EN 15804+A2
Cradle-to-Gate Covering A1-A3, C and D as a minimum, plus any other information modules from
+ Module C & both the construction (A4-A5) and use stages (B1-B7)
D with options
Cradle-to- Covering all of the life cycle stages as a minimum, including end-of-life at or beyond
Grave the study period and Module D.

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Figure 5.1: Illustration of mandatory and optional elements and information modules for
construction products, adapted from EN 15804+A2
All construction products shall declare modules A1-A3, Modules C1-C4 and Module D unless
they are exempt in which case they shall declare A1-A3 cradle-gate as a minimum or cradle
to gate with options. For exemption rules see below EN 15804 A2 text below:
“Only products which fulfill all three of the conditions below shall be permitted to be exempt
from the requirement:
— the product or material is physically integrated with other products during

installation so they cannot be physically separated from them at end of life, and
— the product or material is no longer identifiable at end of life as a result of a
physical or chemical transformation process, and
— the product or material does not contain biogenic carbon.
NOTE 1 This means any product containing biogenic carbon cannot omit the declaration of
modules C1–C4 and module D.”
It is possible to have an EPD for a material (e.g. cement), for a product or component (e.g.
brick or bricks and mortar), and for an assembly of products or components (a building
element e.g. an external wall), which can then be used at both product level and building
level assessments. Note that the EPD of an assembly of materials, products or components
can incorporate the results of the EPD of all the constituent materials and construction
products. This is described in clause 5.4 (Modularity) in ISO 14025:2010.

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5.3 Comparability of EPD of construction products

In principle, comparison of the environmental performance of construction products using
EPD information shall only be carried out at the building level using the same functional unit
in a complete life cycle (cradle-to-grave EPD), as it should be based on their use in and
impacts on the building.
Comparison at sub-building level can also be carried out subject to conditions, provided the
technical and functional performances are identical. See EN 15804+A2 and ISO 14025 for
further guidance. This PCR shall apply the same conditions as listed in EN 15804+A2, clause
5.3 and ISO 14025:2010, clause 6.7.2.
5.4 Additional Information

The following two categories of information which are not derived from LCA are addressed
by this PCR:
Additional technical information, consisting of physical data characterising the product’s
functional performance during the life cycle beyond the product stage of the life cycle, i.e. in
construction, use, and end-of-life stages, shall be provided by the manufacturer where
applicable. This information is used to support the consistent development of scenarios in
respective modules for the evaluation of these life cycle stages at the building level.
Additional information on emissions to indoor air, soil and water during the use stage,
describing release of dangerous substances to indoor air, soil and water which are not
covered by impact assessment shall also be provided where applicable, subject to the
availability of harmonised measurement methods as provided by Technical Committees of
CEN, such as TC 351.
See section 7.3 and 7.4 in this PCR for further guidance on reporting of additional
information.
5.5 Ownership, responsibility and liability for the EPD

The manufacturer (or group of manufacturers) is the sole owner, and has liability and
responsibility for an EPD. See EN 15804+A2, clause 5.5.
5.6 Communication formats

EPD produced using this PCR can either be for business to consumer communication
(formatted according to conditions listed in ISO 14025:2010) or for business to business
communication (formatted in accordance with EN 15942:2011).
For BRE Global EN 15804 EPD, BRE has developed a template in line with the requirements
of EN 15942:2011, available to programme members from the BRE Programme Operator.

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6 Product Category Rules for LCA
6.1 Product Category

This PCR document sets out the product category rules for all construction products. Where
specific rules apply for particular groups, these shall be clearly stated.
6.2 Life Cycle Stages and their information modules to be included

As specified in Figure 5.1, the environmental information in a BRE EPD covering all life cycle
stages (cradle-to-grave) shall be subdivided into the following information module groups:
• Product stage comprising:
o A1 – raw material supply, including processing of secondary material input
o A2 – transport of raw material and secondary material to the manufacturer
o A3 – manufacture of the construction products, and all upstream processes
from cradle to gate
• Construction process stage comprising:
o A4 – transport of construction products to the building site
o A5 – the building installation/construction and associated waste
• Use stage (related to building fabric):
o B1 – use of the installed product, service or appliance
o B2 – maintenance of the product
o B3 – repair of the product
o B4 – replacement of the product
o B5 – refurbishment of the construction product
• Use stage (related to operation of building):
o B6 – operational energy
o B7 – operational water use
• End-of-life stage comprising:
o C1 – demolition of the building/building product
o C2 – transport of the demolition waste comprising the end-of-life construction
product to waste processing facility or to final disposal
o C3 – waste processing operations for reuse, recovery or recycling
o C4 – final disposal of end-of-life construction product
• Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary:
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o D – reuse/recovery/recycling potential evaluated as net impacts and benefits

Modules A1, A2 and A3 may be declared as one aggregated module A1 – A3.
In order to evaluate the impacts of the product in the life cycle stages that depend on the
building context, scenarios have to be defined to identify the specific conditions and
assumptions of the evaluation. This is to ensure that the product data used in this product
level assessment are applicable in a building level assessment. For example, the building
type in which a carpet product is to be installed and the scope of the building assessment will
determine the scenarios in the building life cycle, and these in turn determine the scenarios
that shall be evaluated for the installation (A4 – A5), the use pattern (B1 – B7) and the end of
life (C1 – C3) excluding final disposal (which will be product dependent). See EN 15978:2011
for more information on building life cycle stages scenario definition for building level
assessment.
6.3 Calculation Rules for LCA – General aspects

6.3.1 Functional Unit
In conducting an LCA, a functional unit is a quantified performance of a product system
under study, for use as a reference unit for the inputs and outputs of the system. This
reference unit enables different product systems capable of performing the same function to
be compared. To generate an LCA-based EPD for a construction product, the functional unit
of a construction product is based on:
• The quantified, relevant functional use or performance characteristic of the
construction product when integrated into a building, taking into account the
functional equivalent of the building.
• The product’s reference service life (see 6.3.3 of this PCR) or required service life of
the building, as this relates functional performance of a construction product over a
relevant time period (study period).
The EPD shall state the conversion factors required to calculate between the functional unit
and the declared unit (for example densities, unit volumes).
6.3.2 Declared Unit
The declared unit shall be applied if a functional unit cannot be defined such as when a
product may be used when the specific construction application is unknown or where it is
known but there exist multiple different construction application scenarios.
The declared unit shall be one of the unit types listed below:
• Mass, e.g. 1 tonne of cement
• Area, e.g. 1 square metre of wall element (dimensions shall be specified)
• Length, e.g. 1 metre of pipe or beam (dimensions shall be specified)
• Volume, e.g. 1 cubic metre of timber
• Item/piece, e.g. 1 radiator (dimensions shall be specified)

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Where a different unit to those above is declared information shall be provided on how to
convert it to one of those listed above.
6.3.3 Reference Service Life (RSL)

The reference service life of a product is considered within the context of its use in a building,
and is relevant to the use stage assessment. In cradle-to-grave assessments some
materials, components or building elements may be expected to need maintenance,
refurbishment or replacement before the end of the study period. This is dealt with in the
PCR by determining a reference service life for each material, component or building
element, as informed by the manufacturer. The RSL depends on the functional performance
of the product, the construction stage, and the reference conditions of the use stage. The
RSL shall be verifiable.
Using information provided by the manufacturer, the number of maintenance, refurbishment
or replacement operations is calculated by considering the likelihood that the component will
be replaced within the study period. This shall be taken into account in the EPD. Note that
the RSL is not the same as the study period (see Section 3.24 in this PCR). See EN
15804+A2, Annex A (normative) for requirements and guidance on determining RSL.
In the context of a building level assessment, if a component in an element is expected to be
replaced within the study period and can be replaced without removing the rest of the
building element, then only the materials associated with that particular component will be
replaced. If other components of the building element, or the entire element, must be
replaced because of the shorter lived components, then all the relevant components or
element will be replaced within the assessment, even if the materials removed have a
potentially longer lifetime.
6.3.4 System Boundaries
System boundaries have been established in accordance with the provisions of ISO
14044+A1:2018, clause 4.3.3.4 and EN 15804+A2, clause 6.3.4. This BRE PCR covers 5
types of EPD: (i) Cradle-to-Gate with Module C and D, (ii) Cradle-to-gate with options, and
(iii) Cradle-to-Grave EPDs as well as valid exemptions (iv) Cradle-to-gate EPD and (v)
Cradle-to-gate with options.
The EPD shall present data covering the relevant life cycle stages as illustrated in Figure 5.1.
The environmental information of an EPD covering all life cycle stages (cradle-to-grave) shall
be subdivided into the information modules groups within each life cycle stage, i.e. in addition
to the product stage whose modules A1 – A3 may be aggregated, the remaining modules in
the construction stage (A4 – A5), use stage – building fabric (B1 – B5), and –operation (B6 –
B7), end of life stage (C1 – C4) and Module D, shall be presented separately.
Product stage, information modules A1 – A3
The product stage shall include the information modules as stated in EN 15804+A2, clause
6.3.4.2.
See Table 6.1. This stage includes the provision of all materials, products and energy, as
well as waste processing up to the end-of-waste state (i.e. no longer considered a waste
material, as defined in EN 15804+A2, clause 6.3.5.2) or disposal of final residues during the
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product stage. In addition to the outputs of the product stage, the system boundary also
includes any other output leaving the system that has a value associated with it. Such
outputs shall be identified as co-products of the system.
Table 6.1: Product stage

Module Modelling requirements
A1 All raw material inputs required, virgin and secondary for the manufacture of the
quantity of the declared unit or functional unit (DU/FU) of the study product
A2 Transport of the raw materials inputs and any other process inputs to the
manufacturing plant
A3 The manufacturing process (energy, water), waste generated and disposed, other
emissions, packaging and ancillary materials used and wasted, all other wastes
from manufacturing plant allocated to the study product
Maintenance of equipment is not included in the LCA except for frequently consumed items
which are included in the inventory if they meet the data 1% cut-off rule or cannot be
excluded according to the rules in 6.3.5 below.
All energy used in factories and factory support offices is included. Head offices and sales
offices etc. are excluded. For renewable energy schemes, see 6.3.11 below.
Construction process stage, information modules A4 – A5
The construction process stage shall include the information modules as stated in EN
15804+A2, clause 6.3.5.3.
Table 6.2: Construction stage
A4 Transport of the amount of the DU/FU of the product from manufacturing plant
(gate) to the construction/installation site
A5 Installation of DU/FU of the product (energy, water), ancillary installation materials
(e.g. screws/nails/glue, etc.), plus disposal of any amount wasted (e.g. based on a
representative installation wastage rate) plus A1 – A3 for the quantity of product
wasted during installation (that needs to be remanufactured to fulfil the installation
of the correct quantity of the DU/FU) plus the delivery (A4) of this replacement
quantity to site. Also includes any storage requirements for the product on site
before installation, where applicable
See Table 6.2. This stage also includes waste processing up to the end-of-waste state or
disposal of final residues. In addition, the energy from storage of construction products, i.e.
provision of heating, cooling, humidity control, etc. where applicable may be included where

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data is available. The transport and installation of the construction product are dependent on
the context of the building where the construction product is used.
For the EPD data to adequately support a building level assessment, ancillary products and
any energy or water required for installation as well as on-site operations for the construction
product shall be included.
When module A4 is addressed in the EPD for transport from the production gate to the
construction site, the following information shall be provided to specify the transport
scenarios used or to support development of the scenarios at the construction works level:
— the capacity of the truck used in the calculation, which by default is defined by the volume
that can be loaded;
— the average distance and capacity utilization;
— the return transport scenario, which by default is typically “empty return”.
Construction waste percentage should be taken from industry averages. References shall be
provided such as the waste default scenarios often documented in PCRs, other industry
research (such as BRE Green Guide) and/or benchmarks. If a bespoke product specific
wastage rate has been determined it shall be appropriately justified.
Use stage, information modules B1 – B7

The use stage relating to the building fabric and the operation of the building (Table 6.3) shall
include the information modules as stated in EN 15804+A2, clause 6.3.5.4. .
NOTE: Depending on the LCA study, the study period (SP) may or may not be the same as
the product’s reference service life (RSL).
Table 6.3: Use stage (related to the building fabric and to the operation of the building
B1 Any emissions to the environment during the use of the product over the study
period
B2 Preventative and regular maintenance: planned cleaning, servicing, replacement
or mending of worn, damaged or degraded parts of the product during the
product’s RSL. If the LCA SP is longer than the product’s RSL, this should reflect
the first service life and the additional service life required to fulfil the function in
the total study period. Covers the maintenance required, e.g. cleaning chemicals
and energy and any disposal of such process emissions like the waste cleaning
chemicals, or (if replacement) the A1 – A3 and A4 for the replacement part of
product, the disposal of the part of product being replaced, and the A5 for ancillary
materials used (e.g. glue), energy, water, other wastes generated and disposed,
any emissions

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B3 Corrective, responsive or reactive repair of the product or part of the product

during the product’s RSL or the LCA SP. Includes an assumption of how many
such repair situations will arise during the SP or RSL. Covers (if replacement of a
part of the product) the A1 – A3 and A4 for the replacement part of product, the
disposal of the part of product being replaced, and the A5 for ancillary materials
used (e.g. glue), energy, water, other wastes generated and disposed, any
emissions
B4 The replacement of the entire product due to damage during the SP. Covers the
A1 – A3, A4 and A5 of the DU/FU of product, and the processes for
deconstructing (removing) the entire damaged product, managing the waste and
disposing of the waste (i.e. the entire end of life C1 – C4 for the DU/FU amount
that is being replaced)
B4 also covers the replacement of the entire product at the end of its RSL
B5 The refurbishment of the entire product as part of a planned or scheduled
programme of maintenance, repair and or replacement of a significant part of, or
the entire building in which the product is installed. It is therefore actually either
B2, B3 or B4 for the DU/FU, whichever is appropriate. In principle, the
replacement of the entire construction product as part of a scheduled programme
of refurbishment of the building is reported here as refurbishment of the product
B6 and Energy and water use for the operation of the product in the building (applicable
B7 only to building integrated technical systems, e.g. for HVAC, lighting, cold and hot
water and other sanitation systems, security, internal transport, etc.)
Notes:
1. It may be difficult to separate the use stage processes into the different modules B2
to B5, therefore the scenarios will always need to be clearly described in the EPD
2. replacement of the entire product due to damage shall be reported in B4,
replacement
3. replacement of the entire product as part of a scheduled programme of refurbishment
for the building shall be reported in B5, refurbishment
4. care should be taken to recognise that modules B1 to B5 will not be relevant for a lot
of construction products, even in a Cradle-to-Grave EPD
5. further, apart from for building services products, B6 and B7 will also not be relevant
for most construction products
Information module B1 refers to emissions to the environment, for example release of

substances from painted surfaces and these shall be reported as additional information on
release of dangerous substances to indoor air, soil and water once horizontal measurement
standards have been published by CEN TC 351 (see NOTE 1 in EN 15804+A2, clause
6.3.4.4.2). Note that known emissions to the environment during the application of products
such as painting will be reported as part of construction (installation) process stage, A5
above.
The impacts of maintenance (B2) are directly related to the context of the building, and shall
be assessed with defined scenarios. This also applies to repair (B3), replacement (B4) and
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refurbishment (B5); and the assessment shall include production, transportation, use of
energy and water, and any associated wastage and end-of-life processes. Here are three
examples of use stage calculations for a window unit, a carpet product, and an insulation
panel.
Number of replacements is derived as follows (rounded up to the nearest whole number):
Example for a window comment

product Reference Servi ce Li fe (RSL), yea rs 40
LCA Study Peri od (SP), yea rs 60
no. of repl a cements i n SP (round up to the next whol e no.) 0.5 1 a t yea r 40
scenario Information module per year per RSL per SP comment

cl ea n gl a s s pa nes of gl a zi ng uni t ma i ntena nce - B2 12 480 720
cl ea n wi ndow fra me ma i ntena nce - B2 6 240 360
grea s e wi ndow ha rdwa re (e.g. ha ndl es ) ma i ntena nce - B2 2 80 120
repa i r or repl a ce worn ha rdwa re a t a pl a nned poi nt ma i ntena nce - B2 1 40 60
repa i r or repl a ce gl a zi ng uni t a t a pl a nned poi nt ma i ntena nce - B2 0.1 4 6 a s s umi ng a s cchedul e of once every 10 yea rs
repl a ce gl a zi ng uni t due to broken gl a s s pa ne repa i r - B3 N/A 1 1 a s s umi ng one i nci dence duri ng RSL or SP
repl a ce da ma ged ha rdwa re repa i r - B3 N/A 1 1 a s s umi ng one i nci dence duri ng RSL or SP
repl a ce the entire wi ndow due to da ma ge repl a cement - B4 N/A 1 1 a s s umi ng one i nci dence duri ng RSL or SP
repl a ce the entire wi ndow a t end of i ts RSL repl a cement - B4 N/A 1
repl a ce entire wi ndow when the bui l di ng i s refurbi s hed refurbi s hment - B5 N/A 1 a s s umi ng refurbi s hment of the bui l di ng once i n SP
Example for a carpet product comment

no. of repl a cements i n SP (round up to the next whol e no.) 1.4 2 a t yea r 25, a nd then a t yea r 50

cl ea n ca rpet ma i ntena nce - B2 12 300 720
repl a ce i ns ta l l a ti on gl ue a t a pl a nned poi nt ma i ntena nce - B2 1 25 60 a s s umi ng a s cchedul e of once every yea r
repl a ce ca rpet due to da ma ge repl a cement - B4 N/A 1 1 a s s umi ng one i nci dence duri ng RSL or SP
repl a ce the ca rpet a t end of i ts RSL repl a cement - B4 N/A 2
Example for an insulation panel comment

no. of repl a cements i n SP (round up to the next whol e no.) 0.25 1 a t yea r 40

cl ea n the pa nel ma i ntena nce - B2 1 40 50
repl a ce the pa nel due to da ma ge repl a cement - B4 N/A 1 1 a s s umi ng one i nci dence duri ng RSL or SP
repl a ce the pa nel a t end of i ts RSL repl a cement - B4 N/A 1
repl a ce pa nel when the bui l di ng i s refurbi s hed refurbi s hment - B5 N/A 1 a s s umi ng refurbi s hment of the bui l di ng once i n SP
The boundaries of operational energy use (B6) and operational water use (B7) shall include
the energy and water use during the operation of the product, together with its associated
environmental aspects and impacts including processing and transportation of any waste
arising on site from the use of energy and or water. This covers integrated technical building
systems for building services elements, e.g. for heating, ventilation and cooling, lighting,
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domestic water services, communication and IT, internal transport (e.g. lifts), fire and
security.
Operational energy use can be obtained for example using Standard Assessment Procedure
(SAP) for energy ratings for dwellings, and the impacts of the life cycle stages of the
equipment required to supply energy to the building shall be assessed in the respective
modules A1 – A5, B2 –B5, and C1 – C4.
Operational water use covers the study period for the assessment, beginning from handover
of the building to the user.
End-of-life stage, information modules C1 – C4
As stated in EN 15804+A2, clause 6.3.5.5, the end-of-life stage of a construction product
starts when it is replaced, dismantled or deconstructed from the building (or at the building’s
end-of-life) and does not provide any further functionality. Products which reach the end of
life during the construction stage (A4 –A5) and the use stage (B1 – B7) have their end-of-life
considered within the life cycle stage in which it arises. The treatment of end-of-life of
products in any life cycle stage is assessed following the procedures set out in this section.
See Table 6.4.
During the end-of-life stage, all outputs from the system (i.e. leaving the building) are
considered to be waste until they reach the end-of-waste state. The end-of-waste state is
reached when any such material or output complies with all the following criteria (see EN
15804+A2, clause 6.3.5.5):
• It is (commonly) used for specific purposes
• There is an existing market or demand for it
• Its use is legal
• Its use will not lead to overall adverse effects, such as SVHC1 limits
The benefits and loads from the use of end-of-waste state materials in another product
system (i.e. beyond the system boundary) are reported in Module D, see below. Note that
materials for energy recovery are materials that have reached the end-of-waste state and are
used in an energy recovery process with an energy efficiency rate (of the process) higher
than 60%.
The potential benefits from utilising energy arising from a waste disposal process in
information module C4, e.g. incineration of waste and landfill gas can also be presented in
Module D, using current average substitution processes. See EN 15804+A2, clause 6.3.5.5.
Table 6.4: End-of-life stage
C1 Deconstruction (dismantling/demolition) of the DU/FU of the product from a
building
C2 Transporting the waste product to sorting/recycling or to end of life disposal site
1Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation of the European Chemicals
Agency
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C3 Sorting, collection, processing of waste product for the different routes (reuse,
recycling, energy recovery, final disposal) at a waste processing facility
C4 Final disposal at disposal site, including any required pre-treatment and the
management of the disposal facility
Benefits and loads beyond the product system boundary, information Module D
The stage shall include the information module as stated in EN 15804+A2, clause 6.3.5.6.
Module D covers the net benefits and loads arising from the reuse of products or the
recycling or recovery of energy from end-of-waste state materials resulting from the
construction stage (A4 – A5), the use stage (B1 – B7) and the end of life stage (C1 – C4).
Typically, any outputs leaving the system from modules A1 – A3 are accounted for as a co-
product if they have a value associated with them or as a waste if there is no value
associated with them. Consequently, it is expected that there will generally be no Module D
declarations arising from Modules A1 – A3. Figure 6.1 below provides graphical guidance on
the application of Module D.
Figure 6.1: Module D Principles

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Examples of secondary materials include recycled scrap metal, crushed concrete, glass
cullet, recycled wood chips and recycled plastic, while energy carriers include any
combustible material which is fed into an energy recovery process that has process
efficiency greater than 60%.
Module D is applied only to products/materials which substitute other materials or fuels in
another product system (e.g. as secondary materials and energy carriers) and have reached
the end-of-waste state. Further, Module D can only be calculated based on a specified
scenario which is consistent with any other scenario for waste processing and is based on
current average technology or practice. See EN 15804+A2, clause 6.4.3.3. The reuse,
recovery or recycling scenario must be clearly stated in the EPD.
Double counting must be avoided by excluding flows of co-products, and by calculating the
net output flows of the secondary material or fuel from the product system. The following is
an example of net output flow and module D calculation.
Example: The following scenarios are for an EPD being generated for a product A, with a
declared unit of 10 kg. After deconstruction and transport to waste processing, the output at
end of life is 8 kg available for recycling and 2 kg which is to be disposed of in a landfill:
• the 8 kg of scrap (waste) material has reached the end of waste state, and is
therefore available for reuse in a future system
• the impacts of processing the waste to obtain the 8 kg are to be reported in
information module C3
• the impacts of final disposal of the 2 kg are to be reported in module C4
Assuming the recovered material is capable of replacing a virgin material on a 1:1 basis in
the production of another product B (i.e. a future use), then the net output flow and Module D
calculations that can be reported for product A are as follows:
1. If the 8 kg of end of waste state material is available to replace 8 kg of virgin material,
then the benefit of avoiding 8 kg of virgin material production are reported in Module
D for product A
2. If the product A initially had a 50% recycled content (i.e. based on recycled input in
the product stage A1-A3 of product A), then the net output flow is actually 8 kg –
(10*50%) = 3 kg. Therefore 3 kg of end of waste material is available to replace 3 kg
of virgin material in the future use, and the benefit of avoiding 3 kg of virgin material
production are reported in Module D for product A
3. If the 3 kg of end of waste material available from 2 above required a further
processing step to make it suitable for a 1:1 replacement of virgin material, resulting
in a further loss of 0.5 kg, meaning only 2.5 kg from the end of waste material ends
up in the future product, then the impacts of this additional processing, as well as the
impacts from disposing of 0.5 kg, are subtracted from the avoided impacts of
producing 2.5 kg of virgin material for product B. This is reported as the Module D for
product A
4. If the product A actually had 90% recycled content (and not 50% as in scenario 2
above), then the net output flow is in fact 8 kg – (10*90%) = -1 kg. This implies that
product B will actually need an additional 1 kg of virgin material (instead of just 2 kg).
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This negative flow of scrap material is a load rather than a benefit, and it is therefore
not anticipated that the EPD for product A will include a Module D section showing
this burden
For further guidance in the calculation of the net output flows and benefits and loads in
Module D, see EN 15804+A2, clause 6.4.3.3 and in this BRE PCR, clause 6.5.3. Module D
does not affect the other modules as it is independent of other calculation rules.
6.3.5 Criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs
The criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs are to be applied as stated in clause 6.3.6
of EN 15804+A2.
The inventory process gathers all the inputs to the plant that are associated with a product,
including product ingredients, packaging materials and consumable items. For many
processes, a large number of substances and materials are used in very small quantities and
it is unrealistic to gather data on all of these.
However, it is important that significant environmental effects are not omitted by ignoring low
mass flows of substances. Analysis may later reveal that these substances do not
significantly affect the overall result but it is important that data is provided to enable this
conclusion to be drawn. To achieve this, the following conventions are applied:
In case of insufficient data or data gaps for a unit process, the cut-off criteria shall be 1% of
the total mass input of that process. The total of neglected input flows per module (A1-A3,
A4-A5, B1-B5, B6-B7, C1-C4 and D) shall be a maximum of 5% of energy usage and mass.
The exception is if they have any of the following in which case they have to be included:
• Significant effects on energy use in their extraction, their use, or disposal
• Significant environmental relevance (i.e. likely to contribute to an increase/decrease
in impacts of mandatory core indicators of more than 1%)
• Are classed as hazardous waste
Mass balance checks ensure the inputs stated are sufficient to produce all the outputs,
including waste arising. Whereas EN 15804+A2 allows for a maximum of 5% deficit, this
BRE PCR recommends that where there are insufficient inputs to account for all outputs, the
input inventories should be adjusted proportionally to 100% to balance this deficit.
6.3.6 Selection of data
In general, a combination of generic and manufacturer-specific data shall be the preferred
choice for use in calculating an EPD as follows:
• Specific or average data that has been derived from specific production processes
shall be used in the production/manufacturing LCA. Specific data may also be used
for upstream processes (raw material production) where available
• Generic data shall be used for all other upstream and downstream processes that are
beyond the control of the manufacturer (i.e. raw material production, construction
product installation, use and end-of-life respectively)
Where a cradle-to-grave EPD has been calculated using generic data for downstream
processes, e.g. for the disposal scenario in the end-of-life stage, to ensure consistency and
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comparability, both the use stage and the end-of-life stages shall be based on the same
additional technical information stated by the manufacturer for the development of the
scenarios for the LCA. The technological, geographical and time period of the generic data
used shall be documented in the project report (see CEN/TR 15941:2010 for guidance on
selection and use of generic data).
6.3.7 Data quality requirements
In accordance with ISO 14044+A1:2018, clause 4.2.3.6, the quality of the data used to
calculate the EPD shall be addressed in the project report. In addition, the specific
requirements listed in EN 15804+A2, clause 6.3.8 shall apply for construction products. The
most current, available data shall be used to calculate an EPD. The manufacturer-specific
data shall cover a production period of 1 year and this data period shall be documented, and
deviations from this data range shall be justified. Generic or specific data used for the
calculations shall have been updated within the last 5 years for manufacturer-specific data
and within the last 10 years for generic data.
For guidance on how to deal with data gaps refer to CEN/TR 15941:2010.
6.3.8 Developing product level scenarios
Realistic and representative scenarios shall be based on relevant technical information and
shall support the calculation of the information modules as shown in Figure 5.1 and the
assessment of the environmental performance of a building (building level assessment) in
construction, use and end-of-life stages. See EN 15804+A2, clause 6.3.8: a scenario shall be
realistic and representative of one of the most probable alternatives. (If there are, e.g. three
different applications, the most representative one, or all three scenarios shall be declared).
In the absence of technical data or references that support a manufacturer specific scenario
industry average values shall be taken from appropriate references such as BRE IMPACT or
other industry recognised resources.
6.3.9 Units
SI units shall be used. Exceptions are:
• Resources used for energy input (kWh or MJ)
• Water use (cubic metres)
• Temperature (degrees Celsius)
• Time (minutes, hours, days, years)
• Transport (tonnes, kilometres)
6.3.10 Imports
The inputs and outputs attributed to imports of raw materials, finished materials and products
are, wherever possible, based upon analyses appropriate to the country of origin and include
the energy of transportation. Where data for the country of origin are not available, the input
and output data are based upon the most comparable product (internationally or domestically
produced) with an addition made for the transportation from the country of origin.
6.3.11 Treatment of renewable energy purchase schemes

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Many energy suppliers offer “Green Supply” tariffs to their customers. The structure of these
tariffs, their relationship with carbon markets, regional and national energy regulation, and
their eventual effectiveness in providing additional low impact energy varies widely.
When calculating impacts associated with standard energy supply residual mix energy
models shall be used.
In order to maintain full transparency, the following shall be declared in the EPD:
• whether Guarantees of Origin (GOs) have been included in the quantification

of the LCA,
• how electricity has been modelled in the foreground data (e.g. specific data
and Guarantees of Origin, consumption mix, residual mix),
• how electricity has been modelled in the background data, (e.g. residual mix,
GOs consumption mix)
• if Guarantees of Origin (GOs) are used: have they been included in the
quantification of all environmental impacts,
When GOs or other contractual tools are used the following rules apply:
• For the quantification of the indicators of an EPD considering green electricity,

a GO-system has to be in place in the region the data applies to.
• all EPD calculating electricity without GOs shall be quantified with the residual
mix2 for foreground data. If specific data for energy generation is available
this shall be used
• For any modules beyond the factory gate for which GOs are not applied, the
consumption mix is used.
A double quantification shall be provided in the project report and declared in the EPD in two
tables including:
i. market based approach: using GOs and residual mix,
ii. location based approach: using the actual consumption mix = national
production + imports – exports,
Evidence of renewable energy purchase should be externally validated, e.g. in the UK,
whereas a previous Green Energy Supply Certification Scheme launched in 2010 was
withdrawn in 2015, it is possible to obtain tariffs that comply with specific requirements of the
European Ecolabel for Energy (EKOenergy)3 for example.
6.3.12 Treatment of onsite Low or Zero Carbon energy generation (LZC)
Benefits associated with onsite Low or Zero Carbon energy generation may be recognised in
EPD produced according to this PCR subject to the following requirements:
2
European countries that have no residual mix shall use the European attribute mix – provided by AIB.
3 http://www.ekoenergy.org/ecolabel/criteria/ accessed April 2017

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• If the LZC installation is an “Accredited Renewable” then evidence that all certificates
and tradable permits associated with the declared consumption have been accounted
for must be provided. In the UK renewables installations are accredited by the energy
regulator, Ofgem, via the Renewables and CHP Register. Relevant certificates and
permits are Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs), Climate Change Levy
Exemption Certificates (LECs) and Renewable Energy Guarantee of Origin (REGOs).
Outside the UK equivalent evidence shall be provided.
• A written statement shall be provided to confirm that any benefits claimed have not
been traded via UNFCCC mechanisms, emissions trading schemes (e.g. EU ETS) or
voluntary carbon markets. If the installation received funds via market mechanisms
then this must be declared and any associated benefits accounted for so as to avoid
double counting.
• If the LZC installation is too small to qualify as an Accredited Renewable then
evidence that the LZC product has been certificated by an accredited Certification
Body shall be provided. In the UK such schemes include the Microgeneration
Certification Scheme (MCS) and the CEN Solar Keymark scheme. UK Certification
Bodies are accredited by United Kingdom Accreditation Services (UKAS). Outside the
UK equivalent evidence shall be provided.
• Any benefits associated with net exports from onsite LZC generation (supply minus
onsite demand) shall not be attributed to products covered by the EPD.
6.3.13 Treatment of Carbon Offset Schemes
Benefits associated with carbon offset schemes shall not be included in EPD conducted to
this PCR.
6.4 Calculation Rules for LCA – Specific aspects

6.4.1 Carbon Storage (Sequestration)
Carbon sequestration refers to the removal and storage of carbon in biomaterials such as
timber and agricultural products. In this PCR, carbon sequestration is evaluated in the
product stage (A1 – A3) for biomaterial construction products. Both a mass balance and a
carbon balance shall be carried out to ensure that the carbon dioxide equivalent emissions
computed for the product system takes into account the actual carbon stored within the
construction product.
Sequestered carbon is an inherent physical property, and the content leaving the system
either in co-products, secondary materials, or materials for reuse, recycling, incineration or
landfill disposal is considered when evaluating the carbon content of the construction product
and the quantity of carbon dioxide needed to sequester that amount of carbon.
When conducting LCA for biomaterial based construction products, the amount of carbon
sequestered in the raw material input may already be accounted for in the biomaterial
dataset directly available in the database in use, e.g. ecoinvent v3. In other instances, the
carbon sequestered will need to be derived using a standardised calculation method.

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See Appendix B of this PCR for guidance on calculating the amount of carbon sequestered
in biomaterial based construction products.
6.4.2 Carbonation (of concrete)
This PCR takes into account the carbonation of concrete, which is the uptake (absorption
reaction) of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the calcium oxide (CaO) or calcium
hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) within the construction product. The reaction is only for surfaces
exposed to air, and is dependent on the porosity and the strength of the product.
Calcium oxide, also referred to as lime or quicklime, results from the calcination (heat
treatment) of calcium carbonates (CaCO3), accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide to
the atmosphere. Calcium hydroxide, also referred to as hydrated lime, is obtained from the
mixture of quicklime with water.
For products containing pure lime, 100% of the calcium oxide is assumed to carbonate within
a short time after construction/installation. Therefore, the carbonation of lime is considered in
the construction stage (A5) for both quick lime and hydrated lime, and is equivalent to the
carbon dioxide expelled from the calcium carbonate in making the lime.
For products containing cementitious material the amount of carbonation can be calculated
for both low-strength and high strength concrete, mortars, and screeds, taking into account
the effect of the strength of the concrete on the rate of carbonation. This is evaluated in the
use stage (B1).
For finished precast concrete products stored at stockyards before being transported to the
installation site, carbonation is considered in the manufacturing stage (A3) and may continue
to the construction stage (A5) and the use stage (B1).
End-of-life concrete that has been disposed of in landfill (end-of-life stage, C4) continues to
carbonate, as well as concrete that is crushed and exposed to air prior to landfilling. The
amount of carbonation is based on the typical particle size, the existing level of carbonation,
the likely depth of further carbonation, and, more importantly, the conditions in the landfill.
See Appendix C of this BRE PCR for further guidance on calculating the carbonation of
concrete.
6.5 Inventory Analysis

6.5.1 Collecting data
Data collection shall follow the guidance provided in ISO 14044+A1:2018, clause 4.3.2.
In addition to manufacturing process data (covering 1 year of production, deviations from this
period shall be justified), manufacturers shall provide a process flow diagram, including any
major transportation stages with a clearly marked system boundary to indicate included and
excluded processes. The resulting inventory is checked for balance in mass and water
(including taking into account the evaporation of water).
The total mass flowing into the system boundary must be accounted for with an equivalent
mass flow out of the system boundary. The material input and output, the water use and the
energy consumption data are checked for appropriateness compared to known systems.

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6.5.2 Calculation procedures

The calculation procedures described in ISO 14044+A1:2018 and EN 15804+A2 shall apply.
The same calculation procedure shall be applied consistently throughout the study.
6.5.3 Allocation of input flows and output emissions
Allocation of material and energy flows
Allocation procedures shall be according to ISO 14044+A1:2018, clause 4.3.4, and the rules
stated in EN 15804+A2 are based on the ISO 14044 guidance. However, the basic
procedures and assumptions used in ISO 14044+A1:2018 have been refined in order to
reflect the goal and scope of EN 15804+A2 and EN 15643-2:2011. For multiple products (co-
products), the materials, energy flows and associated emissions are allocated to the different
products as shown in Figure 6.2 by process subdivision, appropriate physical property, or on
the basis of revenue contribution. Revenue is defined as the total income generated from the
sale of all the outputs (i.e. price per tonne multiplied by total tonnes sold). In the Figure, ΔR is
the difference in revenue generated by the co-products and %R is percentage of revenue
generated by individual co-products.
This allocation hierarchy also applies to process wastes from the product stage (A1 – A3),
which are sold on for subsequent reuse or value recovery, as process wastes are considered
as co-products if they have reached the end-of-waste state. Any waste processing that
occurs in any module of the product system under study is included in the system boundary
of the respective module, i.e. the impacts are allocated within the life cycle stage that
generates them. Therefore, this allocation procedure is not applicable to wastes from the
other stages (A4 – C4). The net impacts of which can be reported in Module D. See the text
on allocation for future material and energy recovery below.

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Figure 6.2: BRE allocation preference
Examples of physical property for allocation include mass, volume or surface area, etc. For
economic allocation (allocation by value), a percentage revenue contribution of less than 1%
is considered as a ‘very low contribution’ and such a co-product may be neglected in the
allocation i.e. no impacts from the process are allocated to the co-product.
Allocation procedure for future material and energy recovery

The end-of-life system boundary of the product system is set where the system outputs (e.g.
materials, products or construction elements) have reached the end of waste state. When a
material leaves the system boundary at the end-of-waste state in Modules A4 – C4, the
potential loads and benefits of net flows (see section on Module D in 6.3.4 of this PCR, and
EN 15804+A2, clause 6.4.3.3) of reusable products, recyclable materials and/or useful
energy carriers leaving the product system can be declared in Module D based on a
specified scenario (see EN 15804+A2, clause 6.4.3.3). This scenario shall be consistent with
any other scenario for waste processing and be based on current average technology or
practice.
The method for calculating the net impacts is detailed in clause 6.4.3.3 of EN 15804+A2.
6.6 Impact Assessment

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As specified in EN 15804+A2 clause 6.5, the impact assessment shall be carried out for the
following impact categories using baseline characterisation factors listed in Annex C of EN
15804+A2:
• Climate change - total
• Climate change - fossil
• Climate change - biogenic
• Climate change - land use
• Ozone Depletion
• Acidification
• Eutrophication aquatic freshwater
• Eutrophication aquatic marine
• Eutrophication terrestrial
• Photochemical ozone formation
• Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals
• Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels
• Water use

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7 Content of the Environmental Product Declaration
7.1 Declaration of general information

EPD issued using this PCR shall fulfil the formatting requirements in clause 7.6 of this PCR,
and shall include the parameters identified in EN 15804+A2, clause 7.1 on declaration of
general information.
7.2 Declaration of parameters derived from LCA
To illustrate the product system studied, the EPD shall contain a simple flow diagram of the
processes included in the LCA. They shall be sub-divided at least into the life cycle stages of
the product: production, and if applicable construction, use and end-of-life (see Figure 5.1).
See EN 15804+A2, clause 7.2.1. The environmental impacts shall be declared and reported
using the parameters and units shown in Table 7.1 below.
Table 7.1: Parameters describing environmental impacts
Impact Category Parameter Unit
Climate change - total Global warming potential total, (GWP-total) kg CO2 eq.
Climate change - fossil Global Warming Potential fossil fuels (GWP- kg CO2 eq.
fossil)
Climate change - biogenic Global Warming Potential biogenic (GWP- kg CO2 eq.
biogenic)
Climate change - land use Global Warming Potential land use and land kg CO2 eq.
use change (GWP-luluc)
Ozone Depletion Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone kg CFC 11 eq.

layer, ODP
Acidification Acidification potential, Accumulated mol H+ eq.

Exceedance (AP)
Eutrophication aquatic Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients kg (PO4)3- eq.

freshwater reaching freshwater end compartment (EP-
freshwater)
Eutrophication aquatic marine Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients kg N eq.

reaching marine end compartment (EP-
marine)
Eutrophication terrestrial Eutrophication potential, Accumulated mol N eq.

Exceedance (EP-terrestrial)
Photochemical Ozone Creation Formation potential of tropospheric ozone, kg NMVOC eq.

(POCP)

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Impact Category Parameter Unit
Depletion of Abiotic Resources – Abiotic depletion potential for nonfossil kg Sb eq.

minerals and metals resources (ADP-minerals&metals)
Depletion of Abiotic Resources – Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources, MJ, net
fossil fuels (ADP-fossil) calorific value
Water use Water (user) deprivation potential, m3 world eq.

deprivation-weighted water consumption deprived
(WDP)
Particulate Matter Potential incidence of disease due to PM Disease

emissions emissions (PM) incidence
Ionizing radiation, human Potential Human exposure efficiency kBq U235 eq.
health relative to U235 (IRP)
Eco-toxicity (freshwater) Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for CTUe

ecosystems (ETP-fw)
Human toxicity, cancer effects Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans CTUh
(HTP-c)
Human toxicity, non-cancer Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for CTUh

effects humans (HTP-nc)
Land use related impacts/ Potential soil quality index (SQP) dimensionless
Soil quality
7.2.1 Other parameters

The following environmental information, describing resource use, waste and other output
flows, which is derived from LCI, but not assigned to the impact categories listed in Table
7.1, shall be included in the EPD as shown in Table 7.2 below.
Table 7.2: Other parameters (combined for ease of presentation)
Parameter Unit
Use of renewable primary energy excluding

MJ, net calorific
renewable primary energy resources used as
value
raw materials, PERE
Parameters describing
Use of renewable primary energy resources MJ, net calorific
resource use
used as raw materials, PERM value
Total use of renewable primary energy MJ, net calorific

resources, PERT value

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Parameter Unit
Use of non-renewable primary energy

MJ, net calorific
excluding non-renewable primary energy
value
resources used as raw materials, PENRE
Use of non-renewable primary energy MJ, net calorific

resources used as raw materials, PENRM value
Total use of non-renewable primary energy MJ, net calorific

resources, PENRT value
Use of secondary material, SM kg
MJ, net calorific

Use of renewable secondary fuels, RSF
value
MJ, net calorific

Use of non-renewable secondary fuels, NRSF
value
Net use of fresh water, FW m3
Hazardous waste, HWD kg
Parameters describing waste Non-hazardous waste, NHWD kg

to disposal
Radioactive waste disposed (total low,
kg
intermediate and high level waste), RWD
Components for reuse, CRU kg
Materials for recycling, MFR kg

Parameters describing other
output flows Materials for energy recovery, MER kg
MJ per energy
Export energy, EE
carrier
For additional guidance, see NOTES in clauses 7.2.3, 7.2.4 and 7.2.5 in EN 15804+A2.
The values presented in the results section of an EPD (covering both the environmental
parameters in Table 7.1 and the other parameters in Table 7.2) generated using this PCR
shall be to a maximum of 3 significant figures, and shall be consistent throughout the results
section. These values shall be per declared or functional unit. In the absence of values, the
following information shall be entered as appropriate:
• MND: ‘Module not declared’, for modules that have simply not been declared in the
EPD

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• MNR: ‘Module not relevant’, for modules that have not been declared because they
are not relevant or not applicable to the construction product
• INA: ‘Indicator not assessed’, for an indicator (parameter) that is not assessed even
though the module is declared
• AGG: ‘Aggregated’, refers to an aggregated value, applicable only to results for A1 to
A3 (see clause 7.5 below).
Where a zero (0) value is entered this shall be for a parameter that has been assessed and
evaluated to give a zero result.
7.3 Scenarios and additional technical information

The selection of scenarios in the life cycle stages that depend on the building context should
reflect the specific conditions and assumptions that support the use of the product data in
both the product level and in a building level assessment (see Figure 5.1 in this BRE PCR).
These scenarios are for optional life cycle stages in a cradle-to-gate with options EPD, and if
these optional stages are declared then the scenarios shall be specified and included in the
EPD. For a cradle-to-grave EPD, all modules shall be calculated for specified scenarios and
declared in the EPD.
Additional technical information supporting scenario development that is declared shall
comply with EN 15804+A2 clause 7.3, and shall be declared separately from the LCA
derived parameters. See Tables 7 – 12 in EN 15804+A2 for examples of technical
information for different modules in the life cycle stages, including parameters and units.
7.4 Additional information on emissions to indoor air, soil and water during the use
stage
Additional information on emissions to indoor air, soil and water during the use stage for
construction products exposed to interior spaces of the building shall be required when
horizontal measurement standards are published by CEN TC 351, as stated in EN 15804+A2
clause 7.4.
7.5 Aggregation of information modules

The indicators declared in the individual information modules of a product life cycle A1 to A5,
B1 to B7, C1 to C4 and Module D as described in Figure 5.1 shall not be added up to give
sub-total results for the modules A, B, C or D respectively. As an exception, information
modules A1, A2 and A3 may be aggregated to give results for the product stage – the
underlying data for these modules are not based on scenarios.
7.6 Format of BRE EN 15804 EPD

The BRE EPD template is available from the Programme Operator (BRE Global) for
members of the BRE Global EN 15804 EPD programme.
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In addition to the requirements for general information to be declared in the EPD described in
EN 15804+A2 clause 7.1, a BRE EPD shall include the Information Transfer Matrix (ITM)
described in Annex A (normative) of EN 15942:2011, which is a standardised part of EPD
communication. The requirements in EN 15942:2011 clause 6 on formatting apply to both
electronic and paper versions of a BRE EPD, including the following:
• The information in the EPD shall not be misleading
• The EPD information shall be accurately placed in the unique position as identified in
the ITM.
Users of this PCR not intending to generate a BRE EPD may present their EPD in line with
the respective Programme Operator requirements, provided the minimum formatting
requirements contained in both EN 15804+A2 and EN 15942:2011 are fulfilled.
The EPD shall be provided in both an electronic document format such as pdf and in a
machine readable format such as EPD+ILCD format in xml.

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8 Project Report
The project report summarises the project documentation in a systematic and
comprehensive way in order to support effective verification of the EPD.
The project report supports the data published in the EPD and sets out how the EPD was
prepared in accordance with this PCR, including a list of all assumptions made. The project
report shall record that the LCA based information and the additional information as declared
in the EPD meet the requirements of EN 15804+A2. It shall be made available to the verifier
with the requirements on confidentiality stated in ISO 14025:2010. The project report is not
part of the public communication.
The project report shall follow the instructions given in ISO 14044+A1:2018, clause 5.2 and
EN 15804+A2, clauses 8.2 and 8.3.
8.1 Data availability for verification

To facilitate verification it is considered good practice to make the following information
available to the verifier, taking into account data confidentiality according to EN 15804+A2,
clause 8.4:
a) Analysis of material and energy flows to justify their inclusion or exclusion, including
mass and water balance
b) Quantitative description of unit processes that are defined to model processes and
life cycle stages of the declared unit
c) Attribution of process and life cycle data to datasets of an LCA software (if used)
d) LCIA results per modules of unit processes, e.g. structured according to life cycle
stages
e) LCIA results per production plant/product if generic data is declared from several
plants or for a range of similar products
f) Documentation that substantiates the percentages and figures used for the
calculations in the end-of-life scenario and the RSL values
g) Documentation that substantiates the percentages and figures (number of cycles,
prices, etc.) used for the calculations in the allocation procedure, if it differs from the
PCR.
8.2 Validity of EPD

EPD are valid for a maximum of 5 years from the date of issue, after which the EPD shall be
reviewed and verified.
An EPD does not have to be recalculated after 5 years if the underlying data have not
changed significantly (but should be re-issued for currency). A significant change is deemed
to be a change in the product composition or production process which results in a change of
greater than +/- 10% of any one of the declared parameters of the EPD.

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Appendix A – BRE PCR Peer Review and Industry Consultation
This peer review and industry consultation was on the Issue 0.0 of this PCR published in July
2013.
Peer Review Statement
The following experts in LCA and buildings have undertaken a critical review of the final draft
PCR and issued the following statement:
• Wayne Trusty, President, Wayne B Trusty & Associates Limited (Chair)
• Jane Anderson, Principal Consultant, PE INTERNATIONAL
• Sverre Fossdal, Verification Leader, The Norwegian EPD Foundation
“The review was performed according to Clause 8.1.2 of ISO 14025:2006(E), taking into
consideration the EN 15804 standard. With the exception of the following points, the panel
confirms that the PCR is in compliance with the referenced standards, and commends BRE
for its work and its willingness to take account of and incorporate Panel comments
throughout the process.
There are two areas where the panel could not confirm compliance. Because the PCR is still
at a final draft stage and has not yet been released for stakeholder review or public
comment, the panel cannot confirm consultation as required under ISO 14025:2010. Further,
the BRE General programme of instructions have not yet been finalised and were not
available to the review panel. As a result, the panel cannot confirm that the PCR meets the
ISO 14025 requirement that it fulfil those instructions.”
Public Consultation
Following the peer review, a public consultation was carried out in line with the requirements
of ISO 14025:2010 clause 6.5.
The comments received have been compiled and responded to by BRE, and published on
the BRE website, www.bre.co.uk.
A further consultation was taken out on the amendments required to align this PCR with
EN15804 A2.
Statement of review of General Programme Instruction and Public Comments
Following the industry consultation process, the Chairman of the Peer Review Panel, Wayne
Trusty, has reviewed the public consultation comments, the final draft of the PCR, and the
BRE General programme of instructions; and issued the following statement:
“BRE Global requested that I review the General Programme Instructions and additions
made to the PCR following a public consultation. I have done so as past Chairman of the
Peer Review Panel and am not currently representing the other panel members.
On the basis of my review, I am satisfied that the PCR meets the ISO 14025 requirement
that it fulfill the General Programme Instructions. I can also confirm that BRE Global has
undertaken a public consultation process and that resulting changes to the PCR are not
substantive.”
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Appendix B – Carbon Sequestration
This section describes how the BRE EN 15804 PCR deals with carbon sequestration in
construction products made from biomaterials, in particular where carbon sequestration is
not automatically accounted for in the secondary dataset used for the biomaterials in the
respective LCA study.
B1 Introduction
In this PCR, carbon sequestration refers to the long-term storage of carbon in biomaterial
construction products (such as timber, wood-based panels, plant fibres e.g. hemp and flax,
plant oils e.g. palm and linseed, sheep’s wool etc.), and is considered in the product stage
(information modules A1 – A3).
Sequestered carbon is an inherent physical property and, therefore, only physical allocation
shall be used. Furthermore, sequestered carbon shall be calculated as only that present in
the biomaterial in the finished construction product (declared or functional unit), and not that
sequestered in the amount of biomaterial input required to make the product. The carbon
balance of the producing system is currently excluded from the assessment, since there is
not yet sufficiently robust information available to enable its contribution to be included.
The carbon content ( C f ) used for the calculation of sequestered carbon in the product must
be documented and justified.
Sequestered carbon will be assumed to remain in the product for the product’s service life
and no carbon storage benefit scenarios will be allowed4. Appropriate models will be applied
for the disposal routes for the product arising during life cycle stages B and C; these models
will account for the releases associated with the sequestered carbon, e.g. the landfill model
will address emissions including CO2 and methane with the emissions for landfill in the UK
adapted according to GasSim5.
Greenhouse gas emissions associated with land use change will be included according to
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories. These impacts shall be allocated according to the hierarchy
set out in Figure 6.2.
B2 Calculating CO2 eq. emissions
Example for Solid Timber:
Each carbon atom within the timber construction product has been sequestered from a
carbon dioxide molecule in the atmosphere. If the carbon content of the product is known,
then the amount of carbon sequestered in the product can be calculated. The sequestering
of carbon requires the absorption of CO2; this implies that to sequester 1 atom of carbon
needs the uptake of 1 molecule of CO2.
An example of the calculation for the amount of CO2 required to produce a given mass of
timber is presented below:
4 EN 16485:2014 includes a technical scenario for calculating a carbon storage benefit.

5 www.gassim.co.uk
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m.mCO2
Mass of CO2 sequestered = mdry (timber )  C f  Eqn. 1
m.mC
Where C f = percentage of carbon in dry matter, for timber = 0.5 (50%)
m.mCO2 = molecular mass of CO2 (44)
m.mC = atomic mass of carbon (12)
mdry (timber ) = dry weight of the timber in the finished product. If the moisture content6 ( mc
as a decimal) and the wet weight ( mwet ) of the timber are known, mdry = mwet (mc + 1)
By substituting for the masses of carbon and CO2, Eqn. 1 above becomes:
44
Mass of CO2 sequestered = mdry (timber )  0.5 
12
= mdry (timber )  1.833 Eqn. 2
For example, using Eqn. 2 above, the amount of CO2 sequestered in 1 m3 of timber with a
density of 370 kg/m3 at 12% moisture content (dry mass basis) is 605.6 kg. This amount of
CO2 in air shall be included as a negative emission of biogenic CO2 to the total CO2
equivalent emissions of the assessed timber construction product for the calculation of GWP.
Further, the resulting EPD shall include the density of the product, the moisture content (dry
mass basis) and the percentage carbon content assumed.
The method described above is in line with EN 16449:2014.
Carbon sequestration shall only be included where timber is sourced from wood originating
from forests which are operating under the established certification schemes for sustainable
forest management – FSC/PEFC. Where timber has not been certified the sequestration
benefits shall not be included in the LCA
6The moisture content of timber and wood-based panels is typically calculated on a dry mass basis.
Paper and some wood-based panels sometimes used a wet mass basis for moisture content (i.e. dry
material + water = 100%). For a wet mass basis, moisture content mdry = mwet (1 − mc )
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Appendix C – Carbonation of products containing calcium oxide/calcium

hydroxide
This section describes how the BRE EN 15804 PCR deals with the carbonation of calcium
oxide or calcium hydroxide within construction products.
C1 Introduction
The BRE PCR takes into account the carbonation of calcium rich hydrated oxides (CaO)
within hydration products containing lime. The reaction “front” advances progressively only
from surfaces exposed to air, and is dependent on the porosity and the strength of the
concrete product, and particle size (for crushed concrete products). Different assumptions
have been made for different products. In general, the following factors affect carbonation of
concrete products:
• Calcium oxide / hydroxide content
• Porosity / strength
• Atmospheric conditions; warmth and moisture
• Surface area / particle size
• Time and rate of reaction
• Presence of low permeability surface coatings
C2 Products Containing Lime
For products containing pure lime (Ca(OH)2), 100% of the CaO is assumed to carbonate
within a short time after construction/installation in the building, depending on the prevailing
environmental conditions. The porosity and permeability of the lime mortar due to the
presence of free lime is the basis for the rate of the carbonation reaction. The carbonation of
the lime over time is the effective hardening process of the lime mortar. Therefore, the
carbonation of lime is considered in the construction stage (information module A5) for both
quick lime and hydrated lime. The amount of carbonation is equivalent to the carbon dioxide
(CO2) expelled from the calcium carbonate in making the lime.
C3 Virgin Products Containing Cementitious Material
The amount of carbonation for cement based products has been calculated based on the
approach provided in a Danish report “Guidelines- Uptake of carbon dioxide in the life cycle
inventory of concrete”7 , and from information supplied by the Concrete Centre in the UK.
This document can be obtained from the Concrete Centre or BRE.
The approach covers two aspects: the depth of carbonation which can be expected in
different elements and the amount of carbonation. For products containing cementitious
material, the amount of carbonation can be calculated for both low-strength and high strength
7Kirsten Pommer & Claus Pade, ‘Guidelines- Uptake of carbon dioxide in the life cycle inventory of
concrete’, Danish Technological Institute, October 2005, prepared as part of the Nordic Innovation
Centre Project, ‘CO2 Uptake During the Concrete Life Cycle’
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concrete, mortars, and screeds, taking into account the effect of the strength of the concrete
on the rate of carbonation. This is evaluated in the use stage (information module B1).
Based on results from the study, and discussions with the Concrete Centre, concrete
products have been split into two groups. For either group, the assumptions about the rate of
carbonation of different types of products are similar. For all concrete it is the area exposed
rather than weight of the material that is the key factor in determining how much CO2 will be
absorbed.
C3.1 Group 1
This covers blocks, low strength concrete, mortar and screeds. The key assumption is that
the total depth of the product will carbonate within the building lifetime. For example, using
estimates provided within the Danish report, the depth of carbonation for ‘sheltered’ and
indoors’ locations occurring within 50 years is 88 mm. Since carbonation occurs from both
sides of the block, the total theoretical depth of carbonation would be approximately 180 mm,
which is greater than the depth of most blocks, low strength concrete and mortars. For
screeds, most are less than 100 mm thick and will therefore carbonate even though only one
face is exposed (note floor coverings such as vinyl would reduce the rate of carbonation).
The amount of carbonation (kg) per volume (m3) of concrete (i.e. amount of CO2 reabsorbed
through carbonation) is therefore based on the percentage of CaO which will carbonate and
the amount of CaO within the product, see Eqn. 1 below. For these products, based on data
provided by the Concrete Centre, the assumption is that 75% of the CaO will carbonate. The
amount of CaO can be calculated from the amount of cement within the concrete product,
the percentage of clinker within the cement and the percentage of CaO within the clinker, see
Eqn. 2.
Carbonation (kg/m3) = 0.75 x M CaO x m.mCO2 / m.mCaO Eqn. 1
Where 0.75 = amount of CaO that will carbonate

m.mCO2 = molecular mass of CO2 (44)
m.mCaO = molecular mass of CaO (56)
M CaO = mass of CaO within the concrete product (kg/m3), obtained as shown below:
Mass of CaO, M CaO = QCem  %CCem  %CaOC Eqn. 2
Where QCem = amount of cement in the concrete (kg/m3)
%C Cem = percentage of clinker in cement (90% for CEM I, 80% for CEM IIA and 70%
for Cem IIB)
%CaOC = percentage of CaO within Portland Cement clinker (65%)
By substitution, Eqn. 1 above becomes
Carbonation (kg/m3) = 0.75 x QCem x %C Cem x 0.65 x 44 / 56 Eqn. 3

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If (0.75 x 0.65 x 44 / 56) in Eqn. 3 above is replaced by ‘ z ’, then the equation can be re-
written thus:
Carbonation (kg/m3) = z  QCem  %CCem Eqn. 4
This is to be reported in the use stage, information module B1.

Note: where Qcem is given in kg/tonne of the product, the carbonation quantity obtained is
therefore also in kg/tonne of the product.
C3.2 Group 2
The second group covers high strength ready mix and precast concrete and paving.
For these products, because the strength of the concrete is higher (and it is less permeable
to CO2), the amount of carbonation is less during the building lifetime, and the Danish
Guidelines provide an estimate of the depth of carbonation expected, and therefore factors
which can be used to provide indicative carbonation and mass of carbon dioxide reabsorbed
for various elements.
The mass of CO2 absorbed (kg) for concrete that is not carbonated throughout its depth, as a
function of the area exposed, is therefore calculated as shown in Eqn. 5:
( )
Carbonation = K  S  SP  ( z  QCem  %CCem ) Eqn. 5
Where K = depth of carbonation (m)

S = surface area (m2)
SP = study period (years)
This is to be reported in the use stage, information module B1.
Values for the depth of carbonation K have been derived including correction factors for
surface conditions and for concretes using cement replacements such as fly-ash or
granulated blast furnace slag (Tables BB1 and BB2 respectively of EN16757 2017). See
summary Table C.2 below.
C4 Crushed concrete disposed in landfill
Additionally, where concrete is disposed, further carbonation is assumed to take place as the
concrete is broken up and buried if landfilled or more likely in the UK crushed for re-used in
aggregate. The carbonation is attributed to the original product and is presented in
information module C4 (end of life disposal) if landfilled or C3 (waste processing) if re-used.
The amount of carbonation within crushed landfilled concrete is based on the typical particle
size, the existing level of carbonation and the likely depth of further carbonation – as
concrete which has already carbonated cannot carbonate again. The volume of carbonation
for concrete disposed in landfill (kg/m3) is obtained by adjusting Eqn. 3 as shown below:
Carbonation = x  y  z  QCem  %CCem Eqn. 6
Where x = quantity of concrete product available to carbonate (%)

y = quantity of concrete product that can carbonate in the period (%)
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Example: Assuming a carbonated volume of 5% at demolition, an average particle size of

150 mm diameter, and assuming the same conditions for landfill as with buried infrastructure,
the depth of carbonation is 0.75mm  year (from the Danish report) which, over a period of
100 years, means that only approximately 25% of the concrete will be able to carbonate in
the landfill. The quantity of concrete for carbonation is therefore reduced by 5% (i.e. x =
95%) to account for the concrete which has already carbonated, previously reported in an
earlier life cycle stage, and by 75% (i.e. y = 25%) to account for the concrete within the 150
mm diameter particles which will not carbonate in the period. Therefore, in this example, the
volume of carbonation for the concrete disposed in landfill (kg/m3) is obtained as:
Carbonation = 95%  25%  z  QCem  %C Cem Eqn. 7
Note: for non-concrete hardcore there is no carbonation. For hardcore sourced from low
strength concretes or blocks, there will also be no carbonation as the concretes will have fully
carbonated already.
C5 Crushed Concrete for recycling
This section is generally only relevant for an EPD of recycled concrete.
This section may be more relevant for an EPD of recycled concrete. However, the legal
interpretation of End-of-Waste for the crushed concrete can differ significantly at national
level. If the crushed concrete is stored indefinitely at demolition sites for long period, then
based on the secondary aggregates Quality Protocol (clause 4.2.2) such crushed concrete
may revert to being waste. In such case certainty over the legal End-of-Waste status may
only be confirmed when demand exists, a certain market is allocated and the crushed
concrete is removed from site. (Note: EN 16757 report a conservative average value of 5 kg
CO2/m3, (STRIPPLE H. Greenhouse gas strategies for cement containing products”, IVL
Report B2024,2013)).
Concrete which is recycled as either aggregate or hardcore has the potential to continue to
carbonate depending on its previous life. Again, the amount of carbonation within recycled
concrete is based on the typical particle size, the existing level of carbonation and the likely
depth of further carbonation.
The calculation is to be carried out as for crushed concrete for landfilling, Eqn. 6 with values
reported in C3 waste processing.
Note: for non-concrete hardcore there is no carbonation. For hardcore sourced from low
strength concretes or blocks, there will also be no carbonation as the concretes will have fully
carbonated already.
C6 Additional information
The tables below (C.1 and C.2) provide additional information for calculating carbonation
during life cycle stages and for correction factors respectively.
Table C.1: Carbonation during the life cycle stages

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Life cycle stage Low & mid strength, ˂35 MPa High strength, >35 MPa
Mortars, Blocks, Ready mix Precast Paving

screeds concrete
Construction stage A5- A5- - - -
Use stage - - B1 B1 B1
End-of-life stage - - C3 C3 C3
Note: No carbonation can be declared in Module D

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Table C.2: Correction (k) factors for calculation of depth of carbonation for different concrete
strength classes (cylinder) and exposure conditions and also degree of carbonation for
different exposure conditions. (taken from EN 16757 2017)
Correction factor K(m) = k(mm)/1000 x Dc

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Where the depth of carbonation in mm * (year)0.5 = K = k x Dc

For concretes using cement replacements, it is necessary to include a correction factor.
Table BB2 of EN16757 2017. the following factors are applied:


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BRE Global Product Category Rules (PCR)

For Type III EPD of Construction

Revision of the BRE Global Product Category Rules ............................................................. 4

6.4.1 Carbon Storage (Sequestration) ......................................................................31

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Revision of the BRE Global Product Category Rules

Changes/amendments issued since last publication

Date Type Text/Clause affected

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Date Type Text/Clause affected

28 April Amendment Update to references within PCR (EN 15804:2012+A1:2017 shortened to

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This is a PCR document for the assessment of the environmental performance of

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3 Terms and Definitions

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3.17 Programme operator

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3.23 Secondary material

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5 General Programme Information

5.2 Types of EPD with respect to life cycle stages covered

EPD Type Life cycle stages included

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— the product or material is physically integrated with other products during

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5.3 Comparability of EPD of construction products

5.4 Additional Information

5.5 Ownership, responsibility and liability for the EPD

5.6 Communication formats

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6 Product Category Rules for LCA

6.1 Product Category

6.2 Life Cycle Stages and their information modules to be included

o D – reuse/recovery/recycling potential evaluated as net impacts and benefits

6.3 Calculation Rules for LCA – General aspects

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6.3.3 Reference Service Life (RSL)

Table 6.1: Product stage

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Use stage, information modules B1 – B7

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B3 Corrective, responsive or reactive repair of the product or part of the product

Information module B1 refers to emissions to the environment, for example release of

Example for a window comment

scenario Information module per year per RSL per SP comment

Example for a carpet product comment

scenario Information module per year per RSL per SP comment

Example for an insulation panel comment

scenario Information module per year per RSL per SP comment

Module Modelling requirements

Figure 6.1: Module D Principles

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• whether Guarantees of Origin (GOs) have been included in the quantification