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ISMAP 2017 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 995 (2018)
1234567890 ‘’“”012033 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/995/1/012033

Factors Affecting Road Traffic Accident in Batu Pahat, Johor,

Malaysia

Norziha Che-Him, Rozaini Roslan, Mohd Saifullah Rusiman, Kamil Khalid, MGhazali
Kamardan, Farquis Azbi Arobi, Nazeera Mohamad

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology,

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Pagoh Educational Hub, 84600 Pagoh, Johor,
Malaysia

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]

Abstract. A road traffic accident resulted from the combination of factors related to the few
components of the system involving environment, roads, road users, vehicles and the
interaction between those systems. Road traffic accident (RTA) in Malaysia recorded as the
highest fatality rate (per 100,000 population) among the ASEAN countries. In 2016, more than
half of million cases accident recorded with more than 7,000 people were killed. Therefore, the
RTA is one of the most critical issue in Malaysia even become the worldwide burden to
authority. Generally, driving is a complex process which involves movement of a vehicle by
either a computer or human controller. However, failure to control and coordinate will
contribute to an accident. The objective of this study is to identify the pattern of accident in
Johor Malaysia and to examine the relationship between the number of accident and the types
of vehicles and roads. The results could help the government to recognise the different patterns,
types of vehicles and roads that show major factors in the increasing of road traffic accident in
Malaysia.

1. Introduction
In developing country such as Malaysia, transportation systems are vital elements and the demand for
vehicles keep on increasing every year. One of the major risks that give impact to transportation
system is road traffic accident. Road traffic accident is one of the most popular causes of death in
Malaysia as well as other developing countries such as Iran, Thailand and United States. In fact,
World Health Organization (WHO) has classified road traffic accidents as the ninth most common
cause of death worldwide. Earlier research in 1983 found that the world faced a road safety problem as
early as 1970s [1]. In 2017, WHO estimated around 1.3 million people may die every year due to the
road traffic crashes. However, majority of the victims are cyclists, motorcyclists and pedestrians. This
situation happened during the collision since there is little or may be no external protective device that
would absorb energy.
Meanwhile, in 2017, Malaysia has recorded around 150,000 registered vehicles until March
2017. However, WHO estimated the trend of fatality rate in Malaysia is potentially increase year by
year and Malaysia was found to be among the highest fatality rate due to road traffic accident in the
world in 2013 [2]. As elsewhere in the world, the main causes of road accident are careless driving,

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ISMAP 2017 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 995 (2018)
1234567890 ‘’“”012033 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/995/1/012033

speeding, faulty vehicles, insufficient hours of sleep, uneven roads and many more. Many studies
focused on road traffic accidents involving motorcycles [3,4,5]. They found that motorcycle tend to be
the highest potential vehicle that may involve in accident. However, other transport systems either
private vehicles such as cars, multi-purpose vehicles (MPV) and four-wheel drive (4WD) or public
vehicles such as van and bus also need to take into consideration since all these vehicles also have
their own impact on road traffic accident in Malaysia as well as other countries. On the other hand, the
road-related factors also need to be highlighted in studying road traffic accident. The unexpected
situation of accident also may occur along a bend, crossroad, straight road and many more due to the
improper intersection design [6].
This paper is organised as follows: Section 2 presents the related data of road traffic accident in
Batu Pahat, Johor from 2012-2015. Section 3 describes the research methodology in analysing the
gathered data. Meanwhile, Section 4 shows the results and analysis and Section 5 concludes the study.

2. Data
Monthly number of accident cases from Batu Pahat, Johor of Malaysia for the four years from January
2012 to December 2015 were obtained from Batu Pahat District Police Office. In total 29,967 cases
were reported across Batu Pahat during this time period. Figure 1 shows the total number of accidents
reported in Batu Pahat from 2012-2015. The diagram shows the highest number of accidents reported
was in 2015.
8000
7000
Number of accidents

6000
5000
4000
3000

2012 2013 2014 2015

Year

Figure 1. Annual total number of accidents in Batu Pahat from 2012-2015.

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ISMAP 2017 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 995 (2018)
1234567890 ‘’“”012033 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/995/1/012033

3. Research Methodology
The study started with the descriptive analysis in order to determine the overall pattern of the data set.
The statistical techniques involved in this analysis are mean, median, percentage, standard deviation
and variance. At the initial stage of analysis, the application of descriptive statistics is quite relevant to
explore and summarise the data set [7].

4. Results and Analysis

This section discussed the results obtained from the data analysis. Discussions begins with descriptive
analysis in identifying the number of accident pattern in Batu Pahat followed by the relationship
between two variables. Here, Figure 2 shows that in August, the highest number of accident recorded
compared to the other months. Besides, car is the major factor of road accident in Batu Pahat with
68.43 meanwhile, bus recorded the lowest percentage with 0.82% (see Figure 3). Figure 4 represents
most of the accident in Batu Pahat that occurred on the straight road. This may due to the
inappropriate or excessive speed by the victim along the straight road. Roundabout recorded the
lowest number of accident in Batu Pahat from 2012-2015.
700
680
Number of accidents

660
640
620
600

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

Month

Figure 2. Monthly total number of accidents in Batu Pahat, Johor from 2012-2015.

In identifying the relationship between two variables, we plot the scatter plots between dependent
variable, y and independent variable, x . Figure 5 shows scatter plot between number of accident and
types of vehicles. Types of vehicles consist of bus, bicycle, lorry, car, motorcycle, MPV, 4WD,
pedestrian and van. From Figure 5, we could conclude that car, MPV, 4WD, van and motorcycle show
positive relationship towards number of accident.

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ISMAP 2017 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 995 (2018)
1234567890 ‘’“”012033 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/995/1/012033

Meanwhile, bus, bicycle and pedestrian shows no relationship towards number of accident. Next,
Figure 6 shows scatter plot between number of accident and types of roads. Types of roads consist of
roundabout, straight, bend, multilevel junction, crossroads and T or Y junction. From Figure 6, we
could conclude here that crossroads, straight and T or Y junction shows positive relationship towards
the number of accident while others shows no relationship.

Car 68.43%
Lorry 5.97%
Bus 0.82%

Others 11.34%

Van 1.53%
Motorcycle 11.9%

Figure 3. Percentage number of accident according to types of vehicles.

Straight 66.57%

Roundabout 0.5%

Junctions 28.08%
Bend 4.85%

Figure 4. Percentage number of accident according to types of roads.

4
 ISMAP 2017

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

750
750
750
750
750

650
650
650
650
650

Number of Accident
Number of Accident
Number of Accident
Number of Accident
Number of Accident

550
550
550
550
550
2 4 6 8 10 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 30 35 40 45 50 350 400 450 500 50 70 90

Number of Bus Number of Bicycle Number of Lorry Number of Car Number of Motorcycle
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series

(f) (g) (h) (i)

750
750
750
750

5
1234567890
995 (2018)

650
650
650
650

Number of Accident
Number of Accident
Number of Accident
Number of Accident
‘’“”012033

550
550
550
30 40 50 60 15 20 25 30 35 40 1 2 3 4 5 550 5 10 15

Number of MPV Number of 4WD Number of Pedestrian Number of Van

Figure 5. Relationship between number of accident in Batu Pahat 2012-2015 and (a) number of bus, (b) number of bicycle, (c) number of lorry, (d)
number of car, (e) number of motorcycle, (f) number of MPV, (g) number of 4WD, (h) number of pedestrian, (i) number of van.
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1742-6596/995/1/012033
ISMAP 2017 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 995 (2018)
1234567890 ‘’“”012033 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/995/1/012033

(a) (b)

Number of Accident

Number of Accident
750

750
650

650
550

550
1 2 3 4 5 6 350 400 450 500

Roundabout Straight

(c) (d)
Number of Accident

Number of Accident
750

750
650

650
550

550

15 25 35 45 2 4 6 8 10 12

Bend Multilevel Junction

(e) (f)
Number of Accident

Number of Accident
750

750
650

650
550

550

40 50 60 80 100 140

Crossroads T or Y Junction

Figure 6. Relationship between number of accident in Batu Pahat 2012-2015 and (a) roundabout, (b)
straight, (c) bend, (d) multilevel junction, (e) crossroads, (f) T or Y junction.

5. Conclusion
Types of vehicles such as car, MPV, 4WD, van and motorcycles and types of roads such as crossroads,
straight and T or Y junction affected the increasing number of accident in Batu Pahat, Johor from
2012-2015. From the data analyse, the main highlight is the types of roads influenced of the increasing
number of accident in Malaysia as well as other countries.

It has been the main objective for the Ministry of Works Malaysia to reduce the number of road
accidents in Malaysia. Parallel with this paper in exploring the potential factors that may contribute to
the increasing number of accident in Malaysia. Therefore, Malaysia government, other relevant
authorities and especially all drivers in Malaysia should take in account an extra prevention steps to
help in reducing the number of accident in Malaysia in future.

6
ISMAP 2017 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 995 (2018)
1234567890 ‘’“”012033 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/995/1/012033

Acknowledgement

We would like to say thank you to the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) and the Office
for Research, Innovation, Commercialization and Consultancy Management (ORICC), UTHM for
kindly providing us with the internal funding for publishing this paper.

References

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[3] Muhammad Marizwan A M and András V 2012 Motorcycle fatalities in Malaysia International
Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences Research 36 30-9
[4] Alessandro L C, Belchior M L, Iris S A R, Amanda L S, Taua T L and Alidianne F C X 2013
Motorcycle accidents: morbidity and associated factors in a city of Northeast of Brazil Tanzania
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[5] Zahid S, Noor Irdiana N, Fara Dela A K, Nuur Fathin R and Mehdi M 2016 Factor analysis of
motorcycle crashes in Malaysia Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners 4 135-146
[6] Mustafa M N 2005 Overview of current road safety situation in Malaysia Highway Planning Unit,
Road Safety Section, Ministry of Works 5-9
[7] Cox D R and Hinkley D V 1974 Theoretical Statistics (United Kingdom: Chapman & Hall) p 410