A Bit Calculations
A Bit Calculations
A Bit Calculations
2
πd
Swept area, A = (where d = rotor diameter)
4
Wind speed increases with height. Since wind speed data used in this study were obtained at a height of 10m
and most modern wind turbines have hub heights considerably higher, the measured wind speed must be
extrapolated to typical hub heights. A typical extrapolation composes of power law as shown below:
v
=¿
v°
α = surface roughness coefficient or wind profile exponent, which lies between range 0.05 – 0.5. It is
iii. Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) of the rotor at the design point (λD)
This depends on the power expected and the wind speed. The rated wind speed will be used here.
NOTE: the rate wind speed for a wind turbine is the wind speed at which the turbine is designed to produce
its maximum rated power output. Wind turbines are designed to operate over a range of wind speeds and the
power output will increase with increasing wind speed up to the rated wind speed.
1 3
P= ρ A V C p ηd ηg eqn. (1)
2
η g = generator efficiency
η d ηg = 0.70
NOTE: according to Betz’s Law, no turbine can capture more than 59.3% of the K.E in the wind stream. The
factor 16/17 (0.593) is known as Betz’s coefficient or Betz’s limit. Practical utility-scale wind turbine
achieves approximately 75% pf the Betz’s limit on average or 35 – 40% efficiency. A reasonable
approximation of the coefficient of power and the combines effect of the drive train and generator for a well-
d=
√ 300∗2∗4
1.225∗π∗123∗0.3∗0.7
d = √ 1.71855029794J
d = 1.31093489462 meters
Design TSR depends on the application for which the turbine is being developed. Our intention is to
generate electricity. Thus, we require a fast-running rotor and hence a high TSR.
Number of blades in a rotor is directly related to the design TSR. The higher the TSR, the lower the number
As the application is to generate electricity, we prefer a low solidity, rotor with minimum number of blades
Therefore, B = 3
BC
NOTE: Solidity, σ =
πD
D = rotor diameter
From the graph, it is logical to take a design TSR of 5 for such rotors
Therefore, TSR, λD = 5
Design Lift Coefficient(s) of the airfoil(s) (CL) and Angle of attack of the airfoil(s) (α)
The NREL S823 and NREL S822 airfoils will be used to design the blade; NREL S823 for the root region
and the NREL S822 for the tip region of the blade. These airfoils are designed specifically for wind turbine
blade applications and are widely used in the wind energy industry. These airfoils have been optimized for
high lift and low drag performance in the low Reynolds’ number range typically encountered by wind
turbine blades.
The NREL S823 airfoil has a high maximum lift coefficient, which is beneficial for wind turbine blade
design because it allows for greater power production at lower wind speeds. Additionally, it has a relatively
thick and cambered profile, which allows for better structural integrity and easier manufacturing.
The NREL S822 airfoil has a lower maximum lift coefficient than the S823, but it has a lower drag
coefficient at higher angles of attack. This characteristic makes it more suitable for use in the outer sections
of wind turbine blades where higher wind speeds prevail, and lower lift coefficients are required to minimize
Overall, the NREL S823 and NREL S822 airfoils offer a good balance between high lift and low drag
performance. Making them popular choices for wind turbine blade designs.
The airfoil performance data for the NREL S823 and NREL S822 airfoils were obtained from
www.airfoiltools.com
The total blade length (700mm) starting from the root is divided into 10 sections at an interval of 70mm.
The chord (C) and blade setting angle (β) at these sections are calculate using the below equations:+
λ D∗r
λ r=
R
2 1
∅ = tan−1
3 λr
β= ∅ −α
8 πr
∁= (1−cos ∅ )
βCL
The maximum thickness: For NREL S822 = 16% of chord length at 39.2% of the chord length
For NREL S823 = 21.2% of chord length at 24.3% of the chord length
RESULTS
(mm) Thickness
(mm)
1 70 NREL 6.25 1.1 101.5 0.5 42.29 36.04 131.54 27.89 31.96
S823 6 0
2 140 NREL 6.25 1.1 101.5 1.0 30.00 23.75 135.46 28.72 32.92
S823 6 0
3 210 NREL 6.25 1.1 101.5 1.5 24.46 16.21 115.04 24.39 27.95
S823 6 0
4 280 NREL 6.25 1.1 101.5 2.0 17.71 11.46 95.83 20.32 23.29
S823 6 0
5 350 NREL 4.75 0.9 117.1 2.5 14.53 9.78 95.69 15.31 37.51
S822 8 0
6 420 NREL 4.75 0.9 117.1 3.0 12.29 7.54 82.28 13.16 32.25
8 0
S822
7 490 NREL 4.75 0.9 117.1 3.5 10.63 5.88 71.88 11.50 28.18
S822 8 0
8 560 NREL 4.75 0.9 117.1 4.0 9.36 4.61 63.74 10.20 24.99
S822 8 0
9 630 NREL 4.75 0.9 117.1 4.5 8.35 3.60 57.09 9.13 22.38
S822 8 0
10 700 NREL 4.75 0.9 117.1 5.0 7.54 2.79 51.74 8.29 20.28
S822 8 0