Electrochemical Energy Systems

SEE 606a
Instructor: Kanwar Singh Nalwa

Department of Sustainable Energy Engineering (SEE)

Lecture 1
Week: 1
 • Increasing global energy demand and GHG emissions
Motivation

Source: U.S. Energy Information Source: Vaclav Smil (2017). & BP Statistical
Administration, International Energy Review of World Energy.
Outlook 2019

2
Motivation

• Robust energy conversion and storage technologies

needed

Source: Delarue, E., & Morris, J. (2015). Source: U.S. Energy Information
Renewables Intermittency: Operational Limits and Administration, International Energy Outlook
Implications for Long-Term Energy System Models. 2019

3
Sources of Energy

• Fossil Fuels
– Coal
– Gas
– Petroleum

• India has good coal

reserves but weak oil
and gas reserves

• Needs to import

• Expensive

Source: ourworldindata.org
Oil and Coal?
• FOSSIL FUELS ?- 50 years worth oil, 2 centuries worth natural gas and 2 millenia
worth coal left. BUT serious climate issues

– Increased evaporation & rainfalls

– Erratic rainfall pattern, downpours
– Bleaching of corals
– Retreating of glaciers
– Shrinking sea ice and rising sea levels
– Increased tendency of wildfires
– More storms & flood damages

137 Gt/ year (2002-03)

288 Gt/year (2007-08)

What should be our response?

Which renewable/non-fossil?

• NUCLEAR - Extra 500 GW means 500 extra 1GW reactors. Open one every
month till 2030, Safety issues. X

• WIND – Already cheap at Rs. 3.5 /kWh, but scaling is a problem.

Wind speed is an issue in India, Good but limited

• Biomass –requires lots of land X

• Geothermal, Ocean waves – tidal speeds low  Limited

• SOLAR: Fastest Growing RE Technology

– 14 TW hits earth every hour  Practical potential ~ 600 TW
– Solar Thermal: requires large scale installations, unviable economics
– Solar Photovoltaics: 20 TW at 10 % eff.  0.16 % land of earth

– Current Solar PV installation @ Rs. 3 per kWh (with subsidies) for grid
electricity, higher for domestic solutions

– For minimization of cost Technical breakthroughs

• Driven by Materials research
Indian Power Sector – Overview (as on 31.12.2020)

Renewable
Nuclear 6.78 91.15 GW, 24.28%
GW 1.82%

HYDRO
45.79 GW, Total Installed
12.20% Power Capacity
= 375.31 GW

Thermal
231.59 GW,

Data from NISE

* Hydro Power does not include Small Hydro Plants (0 to 25 MW), which is included in
Renewables;
Installed Renewable Power Capacity (as on 31.12.2020)

Small Hydro 4.75

GW
5%

Biomass 10.31
GW
11%
Solar 37.47 GW
41%

Wind 38.62 GW
43%

Total Installed RE
Data from NISE Capacity = 91.15 GW
Renewable Energy Potential (> 1000 GW)

Bio-Energy, 25
Small Hydro 15 GW
GW

Wind, 300 GW

Solar, 750 GW

Data from NISE

Road Map for Renewable Power
By 2022 - 175 GW
India made a commitment in Paris Climate Agreement
• To reduce emission intensity of the economy by one-third; and
• For having at least 40 % electric power installed capacity from clean energy
sources by the year 2030.

Small Hydro, 5 GW
Bio-Energy, 10 GW

Wind, 60 GW Solar, 100 GW

By 2030 - 450 GW Data from NISE

SEE 606a Introduction IIT Kanpur
Why energy storage is important?
To make energy available at times and places when and where it cannot be produced.

• Mechanical energy can be stored in flywheel

• Thermal energy can be stored in the form of heat
• However, the magnitudes of these forms of energy are relatively small
and the methods for their conversion are unwieldy.

Much large amounts of energy can be present in the form of chemical species
This is attractive as the
process of storage is
inexpensive and efficient in
terms of the amount of
Storage in chemical form is often a useful energy stored per unit
intermediate stage. Energy can be later volume or weight
used in other forms, such as electrical, heat,
light, or mechanical energy

Electrochemical Energy Systems Week 1 Lecture 2

SEE 606a Battery Technology IIT Kanpur

Batteries are used to supply power backup in a wide array of applications.

The global battery technology

market is expected to grow
from USD 92.0 billion in 2020
to USD 152.3 billion by 20251

Development of viable, efficient and cheap batteries is crucial!!

1. https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-
Reports/battery-technology-market-253343109.html

Electrochemical Energy Systems Week 1 Lecture 2

SEE 606a Batteries IIT Kanpur
Battery is a device that uses electrochemical means to convert two different
types of energy: chemical energy and electrical energy

In many cases, possibility of interconversion of chemical and electrical energy

is possible. Such batteries are called secondary batteries or rechargeable batteries.

Driving factors for the development of better batteries

Fossil fuels are limited Emission of greenhouse gases Peak Shaving / Load Leveling

Utilization of energy and the supply

of energy are often not uniform with
time.

Market Driven

Safety & Security Use of small portable electronic

devices is rapidly increasing. These
Electrically powered systems require backup
devices require batteries with high
energy sources to prevent a major problem if the
energy density and power density.
primary energy source is interrupted.

Electrochemical Energy Systems Week 1 Lecture 2

SEE 606a Electric Vehicles IIT Kanpur
Electric Vehicles are the “Future of Automobile Industry”

Specific energy (energy stored per unit weight) and the cost are the two most
factors while considering any battery system for electric vehicle application

As a general rule of thumb, the distance covered by battery-propelled vehicle, in

kilometers, is approx. 2 times the specific energy of its battery system (in Wh/Kg).

The cheapest battery system is based on Pb/PbO2 which shows low specific
energy of 30-40 Wh/Kg and thus allow 60-80 km under normal conditions

•Hybrid-vehicles containing a
relatively small internal combustion
engine and a modest sized battery
was first introduced in USA in 1999.
•The sale of hybrid vehicles has
rapidly increased since then.
•The fuel cell/battery hybrid
combinations are also considered.

Electrochemical Energy Systems Week 1 Lecture 2