Jjad038.pdftoken AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW Ercy7Dm3ZL 9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAugwggLkBgkqhkiG9w0BBwag PDF

Manuscript Doi: 10.
1093/ecco-jcc/jjad038
Diagnosis and Clinical Features of Perianal Lesions in Newly Diagnosed Crohn’s
Disease: Subgroup Analysis from Inception Cohort Registry Study of Patients with
Crohn's Disease (iCREST-CD)
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad038/7069458 by guest on 18 March 2023

Takayuki Yamamoto,a Hiroshi Nakase,b Kenji Watanabe,c Shinichiro Shinzaki,c,d Noritaka
Takatsu,e Toshimitsu Fujii,f Ryuichi Okamoto,f Katsuyoshi Matsuoka,g Akihiro Yamada,g
Reiko Kunisaki,h Minoru Matsuura,i Hisashi Shiga,j Shigeki Bamba,k Yohei Mikami,l
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Takahiro Shimoyama,a Satoshi Motoya,m Takehiro Torisu,n Taku Kobayashi,o Naoki
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Ohmiya,p Masayuki Saruta,q Koichiro Matsuda,r Takayuki Matsumoto,s Atsuo Maemoto,t
Yoko Murata,u Shinichi Yoshigoe,u Shinya Nagasaka,u Tsutomu Yajima,v Tadakazu
Hisamatsu,i,* iCREST-CD Study Group

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a
Department of Surgery and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Yokkaichi Hazu Medical
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Centre, 10-8 Hazuyama-cho Yokkaichi, Mie, Japan

b
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of
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Medicine, 16-291 South-1 jo-nishi, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

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Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
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Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan

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Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of
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Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan

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e
Department of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital,
1-1-1 Zokumyoin Chikushino Fukuoka, Japan

f
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-
5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction
in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact
[email protected]
Manuscript Doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad038
g
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho
University Sakura Medical Centre, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura, Chiba, Japan

h
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Yokohama City University Medical Centre, 4 -57
Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

i
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-
20-2 Shinkawa, Tokyo, Japan
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j
Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1 -1 Seyro-
machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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k
Division of Digestive Endoscopy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-
cho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan

l us
an
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio
University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjiku-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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m
IBD Centre, Hokkaido Preventive Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperative,
Sapporo-Kosei General Hospital, 8-5 Kita-3 johigashi, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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n
Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
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Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
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o
Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute
Hospital, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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p
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Department of Advanced Endoscopy, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1 -98
Dengakukubo, Kutsukake-Cho, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan

q
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei
University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishi- shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan

r
Department of Gastroenterology, Toyama Preventive Central Hospital, 2 -2 -78, Nishinagae,
Toyama, Japan
s
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate
Medical University, 10 -1, Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, Japan

t
IBD Centre, Sapporo Higashi Tokushima Hospital, 3-1, Kita 33 Higashi 14, Higashiku,
Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

u
Immunology, Medical Affairs Division, Janssen Pharmaceuticals K.K., 3-5-2 Nishi-Kanda,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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v
Statistics and Decision Sciences (SDS), Janssen Pharmaceuticals K.K., 3-5-2 Nishi-Kanda,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Collaborators: iCREST-CD Study Group
• Masakazu Nagahori, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo

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Medical and Dental University
• Tatsu Yukawa, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre Yokohama City University

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Medical Centre
• Daisuke Saito, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University

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School of Medicine
• Mikio Kawai, Department of Intestinal Inflammation Research, Hyogo College of

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Medicine
c
• Atsushi Masamune, Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate

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School of Medicine
• Mitsuo Nagasaka, Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School
of Medicine
• Tomoe Kazama, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical
University School of Medicine

Abbreviations
BMI: body mass index
CD: Crohn's disease
CT: Computed Tomography

CRP: C-reactive protein
EIM: extra-intestinal manifestation
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HBI: Harvey-Bradshaw Index
IBD: inflammatory bowel disease
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ICF: informed consent form
IEC: Independent Ethics Committee

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MHLW: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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QoL: quality of life
RBC: red blood cell

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SIBDQ: Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire

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WBC: white blood cell

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Corresponding author: Tadakazu Hisamatsu, Department of Gastroenterology and
Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka,
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Tokyo 181–8611, Japan. Tel.: 81-422-47-5511; Fax: 81-422-44-0655; Email:
[email protected]
Conference presentations: Poster presentation at the 12th annual meeting of the Japan
Society for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, November 26-27, 2021, Japan.

Abstract
Background and Aims: Perianal lesion is a refractory phenotype of Crohn's disease (CD)
with significantly diminished quality of life. We evaluated the clinical characteristics of

perianal lesions in newly diagnosed CD patients and the impact of perianal lesions on the
quality of life in Japanese patients with CD.
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Methods: Patients newly diagnosed with CD after June 2016 were included between
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December 2018 and June 2020 from the Inception Cohort Registry Study of Patients with CD
(iCREST-CD).
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Results: Perianal lesions were present in 324 (48.2%) of 672 patients with newly diagnosed
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CD. 71.9% (233/324) were male. The prevalence of perianal lesions was higher in patients
aged <40 years versus ≥40 years, and it decreased with age. Perianal fistula (59.9%) and
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abscess (30.6%) were the most common perianal lesions. In multivariate analyses, male sex,
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age <40 years, and ileocolonic disease location were significantly associated with a high
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prevalence of perianal lesions, whereas stricturing behaviour and alcohol intake were
associated with low prevalence. Fatigue was more frequent (33.3% vs 21.6%) and, work
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productivity and activity impairment-work time missed (36.3% vs 29.5%) and activity
impairment (51.9% vs 41.1%) were numerically higher in patients with than those without
perianal lesions.
Conclusions: At the time of CD diagnosis, approximately half of the patients had perianal
lesions; perianal abscesses and perianal fistulas were the most common. Young age, male
sex, disease location, and behaviour are significantly associated with the presence of perianal
lesions. The presence of perianal lesion was associated with fatigue and impairment of daily
activities.
Clinical trials registry: University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials
Registry System (UMIN-CTR, UMIN000032237)

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Keywords (3 words): Crohn's disease; Patient-reported outcomes; Perianal lesion
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Graphical abstract
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1. INTRODUCTION
Crohn‟s disease (CD) is a chronic transmural inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).1-3 The
incidence of perianal lesions in patients with CD has been reported to be in the range of 20–

40% worldwide,4,5 with a higher incidence of 30.3–58.8% in Asian countries.6, 7 An estimated
26% of patients with CD develop perianal fistula within two decades of the diagnosis.4 The
natural course of perianal CD may be affected by the location of the disease, age at diagnosis,
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type of intestinal fistula, and the presence of abscesses and intestinal strictures.8, 9
The
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retrospective Crohn's Disease Clinical Network and Cohort (CONNECT) study from Korea
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reported a significant association of perianal fistula with young age, male gender, diagnosis
of CD at primary care centres, and ileocolonic involvement.7

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Perianal lesions, especially perianal fistula in patients with CD are a marker of chronic,
debilitating, and aggressive disease, which can cause pain, swelling, and discharge in the
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perianal region.10 This condition has a major negative effect on the health-related quality of
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life (HRQoL) through increased morbidity, resulting from sphincter and perineal tissue
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destruction, physical disability, and a weakened sexual and psychological state.5, 11, 12 Studies
have demonstrated the association of perianal fistula with greater disease burden, adversely
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affected HRQoL, and high healthcare costs.13

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The diagnosis and treatment of perianal lesions, however, are challenging; an accurate
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understanding of the clinical features and the natural course of perianal CD is paramount in
providing the most appropriate therapeutic strategy.13 The Inception Cohort Registry Study of
Patients with Crohn's Disease (iCREST-CD), is an ongoing large-scale, multicentre,
prospective registry in Japan that is aimed at investigating the onset, diagnosis, and treatment
of newly diagnosed patients with CD. An interim analysis of the iCREST-CD study revealed
the demographics and disease characteristics of newly diagnosed CD patients and

demonstrated that the disease phenotype varied between patients <40 years and ≥40 years of
age.14
In this current report, we present a subgroup analysis of the iCREST-CD study to understand
the natural history and clinical characteristics of perianal lesions of CD, to provide an

understanding of the diagnostic and clinical aspects of perianal lesions, and to assess their
impact on the activities of daily living in newly diagnosed patients with CD. This study
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comprehensively and thoroughly evaluates the clinical features of perianal lesions associated
with newly diagnosed CD using the nationwide registry database.
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2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Study Design

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As aforementioned, the iCREST-CD is a prospective cohort study being conducted
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at 19 tertiary centres in Japan, with an observation period until June 2024. The
details of the study design have been described in the primary publication of the
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iCREST-CD study.14 The present study is a subgroup analysis using a prospectively

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maintained database (iCREST-CD) to investigate the impacts of perianal lesions on

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the clinical features of patients with newly diagnosed CD.
2.2 Study Population

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Male and female patients, newly diagnosed with CD as per the Japanese diagnostic
criteria (including suspected diagnosis)15-17 after 1st June 2016, aged ≥16 years at the
time of informed consent, were enrolled from December 17, 2018 to June 30, 2020.
Patients with an unknown date of diagnosis of CD and/or those who had used a
biologic agent indicated for autoimmune disease prior to the diagnosis of CD were
excluded.
2.3 Data Collection
Patients were identified from the medical records, and the data prospectively collected
from the day of informed consent were obtained. The data on activities of daily living

and quality of life (QoL) were self-reported by patients. Patient-completed
questionnaires were recorded into the study database through an internet-based
application by patients‟ smartphone or tablet terminals and were considered as source
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data. Patients will be prospectively followed up for 4 years during the observation
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period; additionally, retrospective data will be collected. Data such as patient
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demographics, clinical characteristics, and imaging tests from the initial diagnosis
until the enrolment were retrospectively collected. An interim analysis of the

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iCREST-CD study was conducted on Japanese patients registered in this study. The
current interim analysis of the iCREST-CD study describes the clinical characteristics
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of patients with perianal involvement at the time of diagnosis of CD. The longitudinal
perianal data after the diagnosis of CD will be analysed in our future studies.
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2.4 Study Investigations

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The study investigations included the patient demographics, clinical characteristics,
clinical evaluation, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). The patient demographic

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and clinical characteristic data included age, gender, age at disease onset, CD
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characteristics, body mass index (BMI), extra-intestinal complications, history of
hospitalisation, and occupation. Other clinical observations included the types of
perianal lesions observed at the definitive diagnosis of CD, the implementation rate of
imaging tests (colonoscopy, small bowel follow-through, balloon-assisted endoscopy,
small bowel capsule endoscopy, bowel ultrasonography, computed tomography [CT]

enterography, and magnetic resonance [MR] enterography), and the sites of intestinal
involvement associated with perianal lesions at diagnosis of CD.
The characteristics of intestinal lesions by perianal lesion type at the diagnosis of CD
were determined by (i) the location and type of intestinal lesions, (ii) the location and

behaviour of intestinal lesions through the modified Montreal system of
classification,18 and (iii) the types of fistula and abscesses in the intestinal lesions.
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Clinical evaluation was performed using the imaging findings and the Harvey-
Bradshaw Index (HBI). Disease activity in patients with perianal lesions at the
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diagnosis of CD was determined using HBI, patient general well-being, abdominal
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pain, and the number of liquid/soft stools at diagnosis.
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For PROs of lifestyle survey, health status, and QoL, data were collected using an
internet-based application for patients who provided written informed consent at the
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time of study enrolment (December 17, 2018 to June 30, 2020). The baseline PROs
could not be collected from patients who were already diagnosed with CD prior to this
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period. The health status of patients was determined by their general condition and
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abdominal pain.
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Quality of life was measured through the impairment of daily living activities using
the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue scale version 4

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(FACIT-Fatigue),19, 20
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Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire-
General Health version 2.2 (WPAI-GH),21, 22

and Short-form Inflammatory Bowel
Disease QoL (SIBDQ).23 The lifestyle survey evaluated the frequency of meals,
smoking and drinking history, amount of exercise, sleep, and work status.
2.5 Statistical Analysis
This subgroup analysis from the interim data of the iCREST-CD study was performed
after the last patient was enrolled. Data at the time of CD diagnosis were taken from

the data closest to the date of diagnosis within 3 months before and after CD
diagnosis. The statistical analysis was performed on SAS System version 9.4 (SAS,
Japan). Summary statistics, frequency, and proportion were calculated for the patient
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characteristics at the time of CD diagnosis. Age-wise and gender-wise distribution of
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the prevalence of perianal lesions was reported. The distribution of location and
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behaviour of intestinal CD in patients with and without perianal lesions was compared
using the Fisher‟s exact test. The difference in the types of perianal lesions was also
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evaluated in the male and female patient subgroups using the Fisher's exact test.
Differences in patient characteristics at the diagnosis of CD were assessed using the

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chi-square test (age at diagnosis – modified Montreal classification, smoking history,
alcohol history, and social background), Fisher's exact test (gender, age at diagnosis –
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Vienna classification, diagnosis of CD) and Student t-test (mean age at diagnosis,
BMI). The chi-square test was conducted to compare differences in the disease
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activity classification, well-being status, abdominal pain, and episodes of liquid stools
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according to the Bristol Scale. The Student t-test was used for the differences in the
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mean HBI scores between patients with/without perianal lesions. To determine the
presence of significant associations between risk factors and perianal lesions in
patients with CD, logistic regression analysis was performed. The univariate analysis
included sex, age, BMI, family history, disease location, disease behaviour, extra-
intestinal manifestation (EIM), smoking history, and alcohol intake as covariates; all
patients observed for each item were included. Subsequently, multivariate analysis
was performed to determine the dependent variables; only patients with data available
for all covariates (sex, age, BMI, family history, disease location, disease behaviour,
EIM, smoking history, and alcohol intake) were included. Fischer‟s exact test was
carried out to compare significant differences in the FACIT-Fatigue score categories

(<30 vs. ≥30). To detect significant differences in the WPAI-GH and SIBDQ scores
between subgroups, a Student t-test and/or a Wilcoxon rank sum test was performed.
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P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. RESULTS
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3.1 Eligibility for the Study and the Summary of the Eligible Patients
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A total of 673 newly diagnosed patients with CD were enrolled, of which, 672
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patients (male: 458, female: 214; the mean age at diagnosis of CD: 29.4 years) were
eligible for the interim analysis. One patient did not meet the diagnosis (probable)
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criteria; the subsequent re-diagnosis was ulcerative colitis. This patient was excluded
from the analysis. The detailed information for the patient baseline characteristics of
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the 672 patients is presented in Table 1.

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3.2 Prevalence of Perianal Lesions

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Perianal lesions were present in 48.2% of patients (324/672) and absent in 50.3% of
patients (338/672); data not available for the remaining 10 patients. In patients with
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perianal lesions, 94.4% (306/324) had a definitive diagnosis of CD, whereas 5.6% (18
patients) had a suspected diagnosis. Only two of the 324 patients (0.6%) showed
Crohn‟s perianal lesions without involvement of intestine (perianal fistula for both
patients). The majority (71.9%; 233/324) of patients with perianal lesions were male,
and the mean±standard deviation (SD) age at diagnosis was 25.6±9.3 years (Table 1).
Perianal lesions were more common in younger patients (<40 years), and the
prevalence of perianal lesions decreased with age (Table 1, Figure 1A). The
proportion of patients younger than 40 years was significantly higher in patients with
perianal lesions as compared with those without perianal lesions (92% [298/324] vs.
70.1% [237/338]; P<0.001; Table 1). Patients younger than 16 years of age had the
highest prevalence of perianal lesions (63%), while elderly patients over 75 years of

age did not have perianal lesions (Figure 1A). With respect to the subgroups of age
(<40 years vs. ≥40 years) and sex (male vs. female), the prevalence of perianal lesions
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was the highest in young males (aged <40 years) as compared with those older than
40 years, or female patients (Figures 1A, 1B, 1C). The mean BMI was not
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significantly different between patients with and without perianal lesions (Table 1).
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The proportion of patients with and without perianal lesions having a history
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(current/past) of smoking (31.9% vs. 31.8%) and current alcohol intake (59.7% vs.
56.1%) was comparable. In the social background, there was a significant difference
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between patients with and without perianal lesions across the different categories
(P=0.004, Table 1).

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[Insert Table 1 here]

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[Insert Figure 1 here]

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3.3 Types of Perianal Lesions
In a total of 672 patients, the most common type of perianal lesion observed at the
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time of CD diagnosis was perianal fistula (59.9%), followed by perianal abscess
(30.6%), skin tag (19.1%), perianal fissure (18.5%), ulcer (11.1%), stenosis (4.6%),
and others (3.7%) (Table 2). 58 (58.6%) of 99 patients with perianal abscess had an
underlining fistula. In both males and females, perianal fistulas were the most
common type of perianal lesions (66.5% and 42.9%, respectively). The second most
common type of lesion observed was perianal abscess (32.6%) in males and skin tag
(36.3%) in females (Table 2). The prevalence of both perianal fistulas and abscesses
was numerically higher in males. Skin tags were more commonly observed in females
(36.3% vs. 12.4% in males, P<0.001), and the prevalence of ulcers were numerically
higher in females (15.4% vs. 9.4% in males, P=0.167). The prevalence of fissure and
stenosis was similar between males and females.

3.4 Disease Activity
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At the diagnosis of CD, the mean HBI score was similar in patients with and without
perianal lesions (Table 3), although the disease activity was affected not only by
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perianal lesions but also by coexisting intestinal lesions and EIMs. There was no
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difference between patients with and without perianal lesions based on the severity of
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disease activity, the status of general well-being, and abdominal pain. Overall, the
patients with EIMs were low (24/672; 3.6%, Table 4). The prevalence of EIMs was
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similar between patients with vs. without perianal lesions (4.0% vs 3.0%), with
erythema nodosum being the most frequent complication in patients with (3.4%) or
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without (2.1%) perianal lesions. The levels of laboratory markers including white
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blood cells (WBC), platelets, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were
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significantly higher in patients with perianal lesions at the diagnosis of CD
(Supplementary Table 1).

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3.5 Location and Behaviour of Coexisting Intestinal CD
The distribution of intestinal location and disease behaviour in patients with and
without perianal lesions is shown in Figure 2. The most common location was L3
(ileocolonic), followed by L1 (ileal) and L2 (colonic) in both patients with and
without perianal lesions (Figure 2A). Ileocolonic disease location was significantly
higher and ileal location was significantly lower in patients with perianal lesions
compared to those without (both P<0.001). The most common behaviour was B1
(inflammatory), followed by B2 (stricturing) and B3 (penetrating), in patients with
and without perianal lesions (Figure 2B). The proportion of inflammatory CD was

significantly higher in patients with perianal lesions (68.2% vs. 57.7%, respectively;
P=0.006), while stricturing CD was significantly lower in patients with perianal
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lesions compared to those without (19.1% vs. 32.2%, respectively; P<0.001). Details
of behaviour and location of intestinal CD in patients with each type of perianal lesion
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are presented in Supplementary Table 2.

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3.6 Clinical Factors Associated with Presence of Perianal Lesions at the
Diagnosis of CD
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In univariate analyses, sex, age, ileocolonic location (L3 vs. L1), stricturing behaviour
(B2 vs. B1), history of smoking, and alcohol intake were found to be significantly
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(P<0.05) associated with the presence of perianal lesions, while no association was
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found with colonic location (L2 vs. L1), positive EIMs, BMI, family history, and
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penetrating disease behaviour (B3 vs. B1). Multivariate multiple regression analyses
(odds ratio, OR [95% confidence interval]) further confirmed that male sex (1.566
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[1.029-2.384], P=0.037), age <40 years (4.181 [2.288-7.639, P<0.001), and
ileocolonic location L3 (2.259 [1.379-3.700]; P=0.001 vs. L1) were significantly and
independently associated with a high prevalence of perianal lesions (Table 5). In
contrast, stricturing behaviour B2 (0.544 [0.345-0.856]; P=0.009 vs. B1) and a history
of alcohol intake (0.589 [0.376-0.922]; P=0.020) were significantly and independently
associated with a low prevalence of perianal lesions (Table 5).

3.7 Impacts on Activities of Daily Living
Participation in daily activity questionnaires was encouraged but not mandatory. The
data on activities of daily living were available in 138 patients (72 in patients with
perianal lesions and 66 in those without perianal lesions). The proportion of patients

experiencing fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue <30) was higher in patients with vs. without
perianal lesions (29.2% vs. 21.6%; P=0.465); however, the difference was not
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significant (Figure 3A). Patients with perianal lesions had numerically higher WPAI
scores on missing work time “absenteeism” (36.3% vs. 29.5%; P=0.645), impairment
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at work “presenteeism” (35.6% vs. 31.5%; P=0.610), overall work productivity loss
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(33.0% vs. 30.0%; P=0.683), and activity impairment (51.9% vs. 41.1%; P=0.102)
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when compared with patients without perianal lesions (Figure 3B). The mean SIBDQ
total score did not significantly differ in patients with perianal lesions vs. without
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perianal lesions (48.2 vs. 49.8; P=0.581). Similarly, the SIBDQ systemic, social,
bowel, and emotional sub scores were not significantly different between the two
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groups (Figure 3C).

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4. DISCUSSION
Perianal lesion, particularly perianal fistula, is an aggressive disease phenotype that can have
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a substantial detrimental impact on QoL of patients with CD. Crohn‟s perianal fistulas exert a
heavy negative physical and emotional impact on patients. The natural history of perianal CD
remains poorly described and is mostly based on retrospective studies from referral centres.
Our prospective cohort study comprehensively and thoroughly investigated patients with
various types of perianal lesions at the diagnosis of CD. The impacts of demographic and
habitual parameters along with disease presentation of coexisting intestinal CD and EIM on
the prevalence of perianal lesions were evaluated based on univariate and multivariate
statistical analyses. To our knowledge, no previous research has assessed harmful effects of
perianal lesions on the health status and QoL of patients at the diagnosis of CD. To resolve
this issue, we prospectively collected the PRO data using three types of questionnaire surveys
such as FACIT-Fatigue, WPAI-GH, and SIBDQ.

In a Western cohort study from Olmsted county in Minnesota, the cumulative incidence of
perianal fistula was 21% at 10 years and 26% at 20 years after the diagnosis of CD.4 A cohort
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study from Stockholm county reported that anorectal fistulas occurred in 13.7% of 1293
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patients before or after the diagnosis of CD.24 In a recent French cohort study, at the time of
diagnosis of CD, 116 (4%) of 2906 patients had fistulizing perianal CD.25 The prevalence of
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perianal lesions in Asian patients with CD appears to be much higher than that of Western
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countries. Consistent with the high prevalence reported among the Asian population (30.3–
58.8%), perianal lesions were present in 48.2% of the patients included in the iCREST
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study.6, 7 The multicentre, retrospective CONNECT study showed the prevalence of perianal
fistula in 39% (n=465) of patients with CD.7 The results from the Hong Kong territory-wide
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IBD Registry (HKIBDR) showed perianal involvement at diagnosis in 42.4% of patients. 26
Male sex was more prevalent in the population of patients with perianal lesions (71.9%) and
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in the overall study population (68%); this is also in line with the results reported by Zhu et
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al. (76.9%) in their single-centre study in Chinese patients,27 and the CONNECT (73.8%)7
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and the HKIBDR studies (78.8%).26 Furthermore, the HKIBDR study showed that the male
gender was significantly associated with the development of perianal CD.26
In our study, perianal lesions are more prevalent in patients with disease onset between 17-40
years of age. The CONNECT study also showed a significant association between perianal
lesions with a younger age at diagnosis.7 Similar to our study, most of the patients aged 17–
40 years in the CONNECT study7 had perianal lesions present (82.7% and 81.1%,
respectively). In the HKIBDR study, younger age at diagnosis of CD was associated with the
development of perianal lesions.26 A decrease in the proportion of both male and female
patients with perianal lesions with increasing age was noted in our study. The higher
prevalence of perianal fistulas in male and young CD patients was also confirmed in the

Western cohort studies.4,24,25 The reason for the high prevalence of perianal lesions in young
and male patients with CD remains unknown, although the role of genetic, microbiological,
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and immunological factors has been investigated in the pathogenesis of perianal CD.28
Our results showed that perianal fistulas and perianal abscesses were the most common types
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of perianal lesions (59.9% and 30.6%, respectively). These are corroborated by the results of
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Zhu et al. and HKIBDR studies, wherein the majority of patients with perianal lesions had
anal fistula followed by perianal abscess.26,27 In our study, the prevalence of both perianal
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fistulas and abscesses were numerically higher in males than in females. In contrast, skin tag
M
was more commonly observed in females (36.3% vs. 12.4% in males) and the prevalence of
the ulcer was only numerically higher in females (15.4% vs. 9.4% in males).
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Our multivariate analyses found that in addition to male sex and age <40 years, increased
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prevalence of perianal lesions was significantly associated with ileocolonic disease location,
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whereas stricturing CD and alcohol intake were associated with decreased prevalence of
perianal lesions. The presence of perianal lesions was reported to be associated with
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coexisting intestinal CD.29,30 Ileocolonic involvement was present in 69.1% of patients in our
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study, while the same was reported in 51.9% of patients by Zhu et al.,27 44.9% of patients in
the HKIBDR study,26 and 69.7% of patients in the CONNECT study.7 In another study, the
rectum and sigmoid colon are the most frequently involved regions; the more distal the
intestinal site of CD, the higher the risk of perianal CD.30 The impact of the location of
intestinal CD on perianal lesions needs to be further investigated. The inflammatory disease
behaviour in 68.2% of patients in our study is also in line with findings of the HKIBDR study
(56.5%)26 and Zhu et al. (75.0%).27 Non-perianal fistulas and intra-abdominal abscesses were
significantly more common in CD patients with perianal lesions compared to those without in
the CONNECT study.7 In our study, the prevalence of the penetrating type in intestinal CD
was 11.4% in patients with perianal lesions. This prevalence data of penetrating type lesions,

though lower than expected, may be appropriate since we studied the patients at the diagnosis
of CD, and it will increase with time. Additionally, it is interesting to see the prevalence of
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stricturing CD is significantly lower in patients with vs. without perianal lesions. The present
study investigated patients at the diagnosis of CD and therefore, the majority of the patients
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had inflammatory behaviour of intestinal CD. The prevalence of stricturing behaviour will
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increase with time along with penetrating disease behaviour. The change in disease behaviour
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of intestinal CD after the diagnosis of perianal lesions should be further investigated with a
longer observation time. In our study, alcohol intake was associated with a low prevalence of
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perianal lesions. However, patients with perianal symptoms might quit the consumption of
alcohol before the diagnosis of CD. The impacts of smoking and alcohol consumption on the
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occurrence and progression of perianal lesions should be re-investigated with a longer

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observational period.
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Previous studies have reported that compared to healthy individuals, patients with CD usually
feel fatigued.31-34 The FACIT-Fatigue scale is a generic PRO instrument to assess and
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compare the degree of fatigue regardless of any disease, with higher scores indicating lesser
fatigue. Complications or conditions other than perianal lesions or CD may affect the findings
of fatigue. In this study, the proportion of patients experiencing fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue <30)
was numerically higher in patients with vs. without perianal lesions (29.2% vs. 21.6%).
Fatigue has been associated with work productivity loss and reduced health-related QoL.35
The presence of active perianal disease was a predictor of work productivity loss in the
WORK-IBD study.35 The WPAI questionnaire is a validated PRO tool to evaluate work
productivity impairment due to perianal CD as impaired work time resulted from both
absenteeism (work time missed) and presenteeism (impairment while working);22,36 higher
scores indicate severe impairment. In the present study, patients with perianal lesions had
numerically higher WPAI scores on missing work time (absenteeism: 36.3% vs. 29.5%),

impairment at work (presenteeism: 35.6% vs. 31.5%), overall work productivity loss (33.0%
vs. 30.0%), and activity impairment (51.9% vs. 41.1%) as compared with those without
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perianal lesions. Particularly, activity impairment was more frequently observed in the
presence of perianal lesions. In our study, patients with perianal lesions frequently presented
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with fatigue and impairment of work productivity and daily activities; however, the
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differences between patients with and without perianal lesions were not statistically
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significant, probably because the data on activities of daily living were available in limited
patients.
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Disease severity is correlated with poor QoL in CD patients.37, 38

SIBDQ is a simplified
version of the IBDQ, with higher scores indicating better QoL. In our study, there was no
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significant difference in the SIBDQ total score and subscores (systemic, social, bowel, and
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emotional subscores) between patients with and without perianal lesions. A cross-sectional
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prospective study showed similar mean SIBDQ scores in patients with vs. without perianal
lesions (49.53 vs. 48.71).39 The overall higher SIBDQ score reported in our study suggests
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improved QoL and is reflective of the disease severity which was “mild” or “in remission” in
the majority of patients. The lowest score was obtained for the systemic symptoms domain
(subscore) and the highest score was observed for the bowel symptoms domain, similar to the
findings reported by Parra et al. in their observational study.36 The SIBDQ is an index
evaluated mainly to determine the deterioration of QoL caused by intestinal symptoms. 23
Hence, deterioration of QoL caused by perianal lesions cannot be properly reflected by this
index. Data from future studies using the newly developed and validated PRO measure, the
Crohn's Anal Fistula Quality of Life (CAF-QoL) scale40, may provide valuable insights on
the impact on QoL due to perianal CD.
There are no established and validated methods to timely and accurately diagnose perianal
CD in clinical practice. The morphology, anatomy, and activity of perianal CD are varied and

changeable. Therefore, it is challenging to obtain a precise diagnosis of perianal CD and
accurately determine its prevalence. In addition, the clinical evaluation of patients with CD
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with perianal lesions is affected by the presence of coexisting intestinal lesions; only a few
patients with CD with perianal lesions did not display the presence of intestinal lesions.
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Further, the data on activities of daily living were available in only a limited number of
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patients since the survey was not mandatory; this may have led to statistically non-significant
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results. As this study presents the data on perianal lesions at the early stage of CD diagnosis,
further studies are warranted to ascertain these findings in the later stages of the disease.
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At the time of CD diagnosis, nearly half of the patients had perianal lesions with a higher
prevalence observed in males and younger patients. Additionally, perianal abscess/fistula

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tended to be more common than other types of lesions. Patients with perianal lesions
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frequently experienced fatigue and impairment of daily activities, including missing work
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time, impairment at work, and work productivity loss. The 4-year follow-up data from this
registry study will provide robust evidence on the characteristics of perianal disease in newly
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diagnosed patients with CD in a real-world clinical setting.

Funding
This study was funded by Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Tokyo, Japan. Janssen
Pharmaceutical K.K. contributed to the study design, data collection, analysis and
interpretation and writing, reviewing, and approval of the final version.

Acknowledgments
The authors thank the collaborators to enrol patients. Collaborators of the iCREST-CD Study
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Group are listed. The authors would also like to thank the Japanese Society for Inflammatory
Bowel Disease for support of the study. Writing assistance for this manuscript was provided
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by Priyanka Sharma, M. Pharm and Uma Kundu, M. Pharm (SIRO Clinpharm Pvt. Ltd.,
us
India). This study was conducted in collaboration with JSIBD. Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.'s
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Amano. M and Matsuda. M contributed to the study operation and Takano. T contributed to
data management. EPS Corporation contributed to the statistical analysis. This study was
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operated by EP Cruise Co., Ltd., and expenses were paid by Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.
Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K. was responsible for the research cost, operational cost, and
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editorial and submission costs for the preparation of the paper.

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Author Contributions
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All authors participated in the interpretation of study results, drafting, critical revision, and
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approval of the final version of the manuscript.

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Ethics approval
The iCREST-CD study was approved by the ethics committee of Kyorin University, the
principal medical institution. The study protocol and informed consent form were approved
by the ethics committee or institutional review board of each study site, and the study was
conducted in accordance with „Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving
Human patients (December 22, 2014, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
Technology and Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, partially revised on February 28,
2017)‟ and „World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (WMA Fontaleza general
meeting revised in October 2013)‟. All patients who participated in this study provided

written informed consent. This study was registered in the University Hospital Medical
Information Network Clinical Trials Registry System (UMIN-CTR, UMIN000032237) in
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April 2018.
Conflicts of interest
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Yoko Murata, Shinichi Yoshigoe, Shinya Nagasaka, and Tsutomu Yajima are employees of
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Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K. and may hold stock or stock options of Johnson & Johnson.
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Kenji Watanabe reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
publication during the past 36 months, he has received research grants from EA Pharma,
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Takeda and EP CRSU and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus,
manuscript writing or educational events from JIMRO, EA Pharma, Takeda and Abbvie
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Japan, and held leadership or fiduciary roles in the Finance Committee of JSIBD, Japan
Small Intestine Society, The Japanese Society of Mucosal Immunology and Public Relations
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Committee of The Japanese Society for Mucosal Immunology. Tadakazu Hisamatsu reports
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no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this publication during the past
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36 months, he has received research grants from Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K, Alfresa, EA
Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe, AbbVie GK, JIMRO, Zeria, Daiichi-Sankyo,Kyorin. Nippon
Kayaku, Takeda, Pfizer Inc., and Mochida; consulting fees for advisory boards from Janssen
Pharmaceutical K.K, AbbVie GK, Takeda, Pfizer Inc., and Gilead; payment or honoraria for
lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from
Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K, EA Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe, AbbVie GK, JIMRO, Kyorin,
Takeda, Pfizer Inc., Mochida, and Gilead; and held leadership or fiduciary roles in MHLW,
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Intractable Diseases, “Research on Intractable
Inflammatory Bowel Disorders”, JSIBD, Japan Small Intestine Society, The Japanese Society
for Mucosal Immunology, and The Japanese Society of Clinical Immunology.

Ryuichi Okamoto reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
publication during the past 36 months, he has received research grants from Mitsubishi
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Tanabe, Zeria, Mochida, and Takeda; and held leadership or fiduciary roles in the Research
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Grant Committee of JSIBD and International Exchange Committee of JSIBD.
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Katsuyoshi Matsuoka reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside
this publication during the past 36 months, he has received research grants from AbbVie, EA
an
Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Mochida, Kyorin, Kissei, JIMRO, and Nippon Kayaku;
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payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or
educational events from AbbVie, EA Pharma, Mochida, Kyorin, Kissei, Janssen, JIMRO,
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Gilead Sciences, Pfizer, Takeda, Zeria, Miyarisan, Nippon Kayaku, Celltrion Healthcare, Eli
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Lilly, and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma; and held leadership or fiduciary roles in the Clinical
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Epidemiology Committee of JSIBD, The Japanese Society for Mucosal Immunology,
International Exchange Committee of The Japanese Society for Mucosal Immunology,

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AOCC Governing Board, Japan Small Intestine Society, and MHLW, Grant-in-Aid for
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Scientific Research on Intractable Diseases, “Research on Intractable Inflammatory Bowel
Disorders”.
Shigeki Bamba reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
publication during the past 36 months, he has received research grants from AbbVie GK;
payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or

educational events from AbbVie GK, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Kyorin, Janssen, Mochida and EA
Pharma; and held leadership or fiduciary roles in the Japan Small Intestine Committee, The
Japanese Society for Mucosal Immunology The Conflict of Interest and Ethics Committee of
The Japanese Society for Mucosal Immunology.

Toshimitsu Fujii reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
publication during the past 36 months, he has received research grants from Janssen
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Pharmaceutical K.K, AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, EA Pharma,
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Kissei, Takeda, Alfresa Corporation, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Gilead Sciences, and Sekisui
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Medical; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript
writing or educational events from Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K, AbbVie, Boehringer

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Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, EA Pharma, Kissei, Kyorin, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Mochida,
Nichiiko, Nippon Kayaku, Takeda and Zeria; and held leadership or fiduciary roles in the
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Clinical Epidemiology Committee of JSIBD and Specialist system Committee of JSIBD.

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Reiko Kunisaki reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
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Pharmaceutical K.K, AbbVie GK, EA Pharma, Kissei, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Takeda, Zeria,
Ajinomoto, Eli Lilly and Pfizer Inc.; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations,
c
speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Janssen Pharmaceutical

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K.K, AbbVie GK, EA Pharma, Kissei, Kyorin, Nippon Kayaku, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Takeda
and Zeria; and held leadership or fiduciary role in the Committee on Public Information of
JSIBD.
Koichiro Matsuda reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
publication during the past 36 months, he has received payment or honoraria (received by his
Institution) for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational
events from Jansen Pharmaceutical K.K, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Takeda
Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., AbbVie Inc.,Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; participated in the Data Safety
Monitoring Board or Advisory Board of Jansen Pharmaceutical K.K.; and holds stock or

stock options of Gilead Sciences, Inc.
Minoru Matsuura reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
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publication during the past 36 months, he has received payment or honoraria (received by his
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us
events from Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., AbbVie GK,
Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Mochida Pharmaceutical
an
Co., Ltd., Viatris Inc., Sandoz AG, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., JIMRO Co., Ltd., EA Pharma
Co., Ltd., ZERIA Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.; and held leadership or fiduciary role in the
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Clinical epidemiology committee of JSIBD, The Japanese Society for Mucosal Immunology,
Committee on Public Information of the Japanese Society for Mucosal Immunology, and
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Japan Small Intestine Society.

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Yohei Mikami reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
publication during the past 36 months, he has received research grant from Janssen
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Pharmaceutical K.K., and held leadership or fiduciary role in the Clinical Epidemiology
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Committee of JSIBD, Research Grant Committee of JSIBD, and The Japanese Society for
Mucosal Immunology.
Satoshi Motoya reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
publication during the past 36 months, he has received research grants from AbbVie GK,
Takeda, Janssen, Pfizer Japan Inc., and EA Pharma; payment or honoraria (received by his
events from Mitsubishi Tanabe, AbbVie GK, Mochida, Takeda, and Janssen; held leadership
or fiduciary role in the Public Relations Committee of JSIBD, Clinical Epidemiology
Committee of JSIBD, and Japan Small Intestine Society.

Naoki Ohmiya reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
publication during the past 36 months, he has received research grants from Abbvie GK,
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Daiichi Sankyo, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Takeda, Eli Lilly, Mitsubishi Tanabe, and Nippon
cr
Kayaku; payment or honoraria (received by his Institution) for lectures, presentations,
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speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from EA Pharma and Janssen;
held leadership or fiduciary role in the Japan Small Intestine Society.

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Hisashi Shiga reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
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Pharmaceutical K.K., payment or honoraria (received by his Institution) for lectures,

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presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Mitsubishi

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Tanabe Pharma, EA Pharma Co. Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., AbbVie Inc., Janssen
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Pharmaceutical K.K., Pfizer Inc.; held leadership or fiduciary role in the Education
Committee of JSIBD and Specialist System Committee of JSIBD.

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Takahiro Shimoyama reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript and outside
this publication during the past 36 months.
Shinichiro Shinzaki reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
publication during the past 36 months, he has received research grants from Sekisui Medical;
consulting fees from Abbvie Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Takeda Pharmaceutical;
payment or honoraria (received by his Institution) for lectures, presentations, speakers

bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Alfresa Pharma Corporation, Astra
Zeneka K.K., EA Pharma, Eisai, Gilead Sciences, Kissei, Kyorin, Janssen Pharmaceutical
K.K., JIMRO, Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma, Mochida, Nippon Kayaku, Pfizer, Sekisui
Medical, Takeda, Zeria; held leadership or fiduciary role in the International Exchange

Committee of JSIBD, Clinical Epidemiology Committee of JSIBD, The Japanese Society of
Gastroenterological Immunology, Board of education of The Japanese Society for Mucosal
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Immunology.
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Noritaka Takatsu reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript and outside this
us
publication during the past 36 months.
Takehiro Torisu reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript and outside this
an
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Takayuki Yamamoto reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
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Pharmaceutical K.K., held leadership or fiduciary role in the International exchange

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committee of JSIBD and Clinical Epidemiology Committee of JSIBD.

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Taku Kobayashi reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
c
publication during the past 36 months, he has received research grants (paid to his institution)
Ac
from Abbie GK, Activaid, Alfresa Pharma Corporation, JMDC Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc.,
Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Janssen
Pharmaceutical K.K., Pfizer Japan Inc., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bristol-Myers
Squibb, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Zeria Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., Otsuka Holdings, EA
Pharma, JIMRO, Kyorin and Google Asia Pacific Pte.Ltd.; payment or honoraria (received
by his Institution) for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or

educational events from Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Activaid, Alfresa Pharma
Corporation, Zeria, Kyorin, Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma
Corporation, Abbie GK, Pfizer Japan Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Thermo Fisher
Diagnostics K.K., JIMRO, and Galapagos; payment for expert testimony from Janssen

Pharmaceutical K.K., EA Pharma Co., Ltd., KISSEI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takeda
Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Activaid, Pfizer Japan Inc., Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., Alfresa
t
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Pharma Corporation, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Abbie GK, Mochida Pharmaceutical
Co., Ltd., and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation; held leadership or fiduciary role in the
cr
MHLW, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Intractable Diseases, “Research on
us
Intractable Inflammatory Bowel Disorders”, International Exchange Committee of JSIBD,
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The Japanese Society for Mucosal Immunology, International Exchange Committee of the
Japanese Society for Mucosal Immunology.

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Atsuo Maemoto reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript and outside this

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Takayuki Matsumoto reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
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Pharmaceutical K.K., and Mitsubishi Tanabe; payment or honoraria for lectures,

c
presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Janssen

Ac
Pharmaceutical K.K., Tanabe Mitsubishi Pharmaceutical, EA Pharma, Abbvie, and Takeda
Pharmaceutical; held leadership or fiduciary role in the MHLW, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific
Research on Intractable Diseases, “Research on Intractable Inflammatory Bowel Disorders”,
JSIBD, General Affairs Committee of JSIBD, Japan Small Intestine Society, The Japanese
gastroenterological association, and Japanese Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society.

Hiroshi Nakase reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
publication during the past 36 months, he has received research grants from Hoya Group
Pentax Medical, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, and Bristol-Myers Squibb; payment or
honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational

events from Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; held leadership or fiduciary role in the MHLW,
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Intractable Diseases, “Research on Intractable
t
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Inflammatory Bowel Disorders”, JSIBD, JSIBD, International Exchange Committee, Bulletin
editorial committee of JSIBD, Japan Small Intestine Society, The Japanese Society for
cr
Mucosal Immunology, Finance committee of the Japanese Society for Mucosal Immunology,
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Society Steering Committee of the Japanese Society for Mucosal Immunology, Board of
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Academic and Board Certified Physicians of The Japanese Society of Clinical Immunology,
Certified Physician/Guideline Subcommittee of The Japanese Society of Clinical

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Immunology, and The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology.
Masayuki Saruta reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
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publication during the past 36 months, he has received research grants from Mochida
Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Zeria Pharma Co., Ltd., EA Pharma Co., Ltd., Kissei
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Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and EPS Corporation; payment or honoraria for lectures,
c
presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Abbvie GK,
Ac
Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical
Co., Ltd., EA Pharma Co., Ltd., and Gilead Sciences K.K., held leadership or fiduciary role
in the MHLW, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Intractable Diseases, “Research on
Intractable Inflammatory Bowel Disorders”, General Affairs Committee of JSIBD, AOCC,
Japan Small Intestine Society, The Japanese Society for Mucosal Immunology, and Officer
Selection Committee of The Japanese Society for Mucosal Immunology.

Akihiro Yamada reports no conflict of interest for the submitted manuscript. Outside this
publication during the past 36 months, he has received research grants (paid to institution)
from Abbie GK, Mitsubishi Tanabe, EA Pharma, and Mochida.

Data availability
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due
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to the confidentiality clauses signed with the participating medical institutions.
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27. Zhu P, Chen Y, Gu Y et al. Analysis of clinical characteristics of perianal Crohn's
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30. Kaur M, Panikkath D, Yan X et al. Perianal Crohn's Disease is Associated with Distal
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32. Vogelaar L, van't Spijker A, van Tilburg AJ, et al. Determinants of fatigue in Crohn's
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33. Piche T, Ducrotté P, Sabate JM et al. Impact of functional bowel symptoms on quality
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Depression in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Remission under
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35. van Gennep S, Evers SW, Rietdijk ST et al. High Disease Burden Drives Indirect
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Costs in Employed Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: The WORK-IBD Study. Inflamm.
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Bowel Dis. 2021; 27: 352-363.
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38. Gibson PR, Weston AR, Shann A et al. Relationship between disease severity, quality
of life and health-care resource use in a cross-section of Australian patients with Crohn's
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39. Trad D. Impacts of Perianal Crohn's Disease on Quality of Life and Work

Productivity. Acta Sci. Gastron. Disord. 2021;4:38-44.
40. Adegbola SO, Dibley L, Sahnan K et al. Development and initial psychometric
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Anal Fistula Quality of Life (CAF-QoL) scale. Gut 2021;70:1649-1656.
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Figure legends
Figure 1. Prevalence of perianal lesions by (A) age group, and by age group in (B) male and
(C) female patients.

Figure 2. The distribution of (A) location and (B) behaviour of intestinal Crohn's disease in
patients with and without perianal lesions.
t
Fischer exact test was carried out to compare significant differences in the proportion of disease
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location and behaviour (L1, L2, L3, B1, B2, and B3) in patients with and without perianal lesions. P
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values shown in * signifies P<0.05.
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Figure 3. Impairment of activities of daily living (A) FACIT-Fatigue, (B) WPAI-GH, and
(C) SIBDQ subscore.

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P values were calculated using: Fisher's exact test for FACIT-Fatigue; Student t-test for WPAI-GH
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and SIBDQ subscore. FACIT-Fatigue, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue
scale; SIBDQ, Short-form Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire; WPAI-GH, Work

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Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire-General Health.

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Table 1. Characteristics of patients with/without perianal lesions at the diagnosis of Crohn's

disease
Parameters Patients with Patients P-Value
t
perianal lesions without
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(N=324), perianal
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n (%) lesions
us (N=338),
n (%)
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Gender Male 233 (71.9) 219 (64.8) P=0.055
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Female 91 (28.1) 119 (35.2)
Age at Mean (SD) 25.6 (9.3) 32.9 (15.1) P<0.001*

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diagnosis of Median (min-max) 23.0 (13–73) 28.0 (14–86)

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CD ≤16 years 30 (9.3) 28 (8.3) P<0.001*

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≥17 to <40 years 268 (82.7) 209 (61.8)
≥40 to <65 years 25 (7.7) 86 (25.4)

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≥65 years 1 (0.3) 15 (4.4)

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<40 years 298 (92.0) 237 (70.1) P<0.001*
≥40 years 26 (8.0) 101 (29.9)
Diagnosis of Definite 306 (94.4) 312 (92.3) P=0.348
CD Suspected 18 (5.6) 25 (7.4)
BMI (kg/m2) Number of patients 259 258

Mean±SD 20.41±3.63 20.67±3.36 P=0.396
Smoking Number of patients 72 66
history# No history of smoking 49 (68.1) 45 (68.2) P=0.947
Current smoker 11 (15.3) 9 (13.6)

Has smoked in the past 12 (16.7) 12 (18.2)
Alcohol Number of patients 72 66
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ip
history# Did not drink/stopped 29 (40.3) 29 (43.9) P=0.609
drinking
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Hardly drink 28 (38.9) 19 (28.8)
Occasional
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11 (15.3) 14 (21.2)
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Drinks frequently 4 (5.6) 4 (6.1)
Social Student 124 (38.3) 76 (22.5) P=0.004*

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background Company employee 142 (43.8) 165 (48.8)
Corporate Officer 4 (1.2) 6 (1.8)

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Officers and employees of 2 (0.6) 2 (0.6)

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private organizations
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Civil servants 6 (1.9) 11 (3.3)
Faculty member 3 (0.9) 3 (0.9)

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Self-employed 8 (2.5) 10 (3.0)
Housewife 14 (4.3) 25 (7.4)
Others 10 (3.1) 23 (6.8)
Unemployed 11 (3.4) 15 (4.4)
Unknown/not specified 0 (0.0) 2 (0.6)
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CD, Crohn‟s disease; SD, standard deviation
Details on perianal lesion were unknown for 10 patients, which are not included here.
All data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise stated. Denominator for the proportion of patients with or
without perianal lesion includes all patients.
P-values are calculated using chi-square test (age at diagnosis – Modified Montreal classification, smoking

history, alcohol history, social background), Fisher's exact test (gender, age at diagnosis - Vienna classification,
diagnosis of CD), and t-test (mean age at diagnosis, BMI).

#
At informed consent - however, data were collected within 3 months from the diagnosis of CD.
t
P values shown in * signifies P<0.05.
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Table 2. Percentage of males and females with types of perianal lesions observed at the
diagnosis of Crohn's disease
Parameter Patients with Males Females P-value
perianal lesions (N=233), (N=91),

(N=372), n (%) n (%)
n (%)
t
ip
Perianal fistula 194 (59.9) 155 (66.5) 39 (42.9) P<0.001*
Perianal abscess 99 (30.6) 76 (32.6) 23 (25.3) P=0.228
cr
Skin tag 62 (19.1) 29 (12.4) 33 (36.3) P<0.001*
Perianal fissure 60 (18.5) 44 (18.9)

us 16 (17.6) P=0.874
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Ulcer 36 (11.1) 22 (9.4) 14 (15.4) P=0.167
Stenosis 15 (4.6) 10 (4.3) 5 (5.5) P=0.769

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Others 12 (3.7) 6 (2.6) 6 (6.6) P=0.103
P-values are calculated using Fisher's exact test.

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Table 3. Disease activity in patients with/without perianal lesions at the diagnosis of Crohn's
disease
Parameter Patients with Patients P-Value
perianal without

lesions perianal lesions
(N=324) (N=338)
t
ip
HBI Number of patients 108 114
Mean±SD 5.8±4.8 5.1±5.0 P=0.256
cr
Disease activity Number of patients 108 114
Remission
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47 (43.5) 63 (55.3) P=0.059
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Mild activity 36 (33.3) 20 (17.5)
Moderate activity 23 (21.3) 29 (25.4)

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Severe activity 2 (1.9) 2 (1.8)
General Number of patients 117 121

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well-being 0: Good 39 (33.3) 51 (42.1) P=0.673

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1: Slightly poor 36 (30.8) 35 (28.9)

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2: Poor 22 (18.8) 17 (14.0)
3: Very Poor 14 (12.0) 12 (9.9)

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4: Very Poor 6 (5.1) 6 (5.0)
Abdominal pain Number of patients 120 126
0: None 42 (35.0) 57 (45.2) P=0.352
1: Mild 55 (45.8) 48 (38.1)
2: Moderate 19 (15.8) 19 (15.1)
3: Severe 4 (3.3) 2 (1.6)

Number of watery Number of patients 114 121
or muddy stools 0 to <3 episodes 61 (53.5) 71 (58.7) P=0.030*
per day according ≥3 to <6 episodes 39 (34.2) 24 (19.8)
to the Bristol Scale ≥6 to <10 episodes 9 (7.9) 21 (17.4)

≥10 episodes 5 (4.4) 5 (4.1)
Abbreviations: HBI, Harvey-Bradshaw Index; SD, standard deviation.
t
ip
Remission: HBI <5, mild activity: 5 ≤ HBI ≤ 7, moderate activity: 8 ≤ HBI ≤ 16, and severe activity: 16 <HBI.
All data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise stated. P-values are calculated using:
cr
chi-square test (disease activity, general well-being, abdominal pain, number of episodes of muddy stools), t-test
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(HBI).

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Table 4. Prevalence and proportion of patients with extra-intestinal manifestations
Complications Number of patients (%)
Patients with perianal Patients without
lesions (N=324) perianal lesions (N=338)

Overall 13 (4.0) 10 (3.0)
Iritis 2 (0.6) 1 (0.3)
t
ip
Uveitis 1 (0.3) 0
Ankylosing spondylitis 0 1 (0.3)
cr
Sacroiliitis 1 (0.3) 2 (0.6)
Erythema nodosum 11 (3.4)

us 7 (2.1)
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Pyoderma gangrenosum 2 (0.6) 1 (0.3)
Venous thrombosis 0 0
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Primary sclerosing cholangitis 0 0
Statistical comparisons were not conducted because of low prevalence of extra-intestinal manifestation
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Table 5. Clinical factors associated with presence of perianal lesions at the diagnosis of CD
Parameter Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis
N Patients OR (95% P-Value N Patients OR (95% P-Value

with CI) with CI)
perianal perianal
t
ip
lesions lesions
n (%) n (%)
cr
Sex Female 210 91 167 73
us
(43.3) (43.7)
Male 452 233 1.391 343 182 1.566 P=0.037*
(51.5) (1.001;
an P=0.049* (53.1) (1.029;
1.934) 2.384)
M
Age ≧40 127 26 96 18
(20.5) (18.8)
d
< 40 535 298 4.884 414 237 4.181 P<0.001*

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(55.7) (3.072; P<0.001* (57.2) (2.288;

ep
7.765) 7.639)
BMI <20.53 300 157 296 154

c
(52.3) (52.0)
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≧20.53 217 102 0.808 214 101 0.960 P=0.837
(47.0) (0.569; P=0.232 (47.2) (0.652;
1.146) 1.414)
Family No 626 306 485 242
history (48.9) (49.9)

Yes 34 18 1.176 25 13 0.859 P=0.736
(52.9) (0.589; P=0.645 (52.0) (0.356;
2.349) 2.075)

Disease L1 150 51 117 38
location (34.0) (32.5)
t
ip
L2 108 45 1.386 P=0.210 77 33 1.450 P=0.273
cr
(41.7) (0.832; (42.9) (0.746;
2.310) 2.818)
us
L3 396 224 2.528 P<0.001* 316 184 2.259 P=0.001*
(56.6) (1.708; an (58.2) (1.379;
3.741) 3.700)
Disease B1 416 221 310 171

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behaviour (53.1) (55.2)
d
B2 171 62 0.502 P<0.001* 140 53 0.544 P=0.009*

te
(36.3) (0.348; (37.5) (0.345;
0.724) 0.856)
ep
B3 71 37 0.960 P=0.874 60 31 1.258 P=0.470
(52.1) (0.580; (51.7) (0.675;

c
1.589) 2.344)
Ac
EIM No 639 311 490 244
(48.7) (49.8)
Yes 23 13 1.371 P=0.461 20 11 1.282 P=0.620
(56.5) (0.593; (55.0) (0.480;
3.172) 3.422)
Smoking No 447 237 345 188
history#1 (53.0) (54.5)
Yes 213 87 0.612 P=0.004* 165 67 0.951 P=0.832

(40.8) (0.440; (40.6) (0.600;
0.851) 1.507)
t
ip
Alcohol No 479 250 372 199
cr
intake#2 (52.2) (53.5)
Yes 180 74 0.639 P=0.012* 138 56 0.589 P=0.020*
us
(41.1) (0.452; (40.6) (0.376;
0.905) an 0.922)
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; EIM, extra-intestinal manifestations. OR,
odds ratio.
M
#1
Smoking history "Yes" is the total of "I am smoking now" and "I have smoked in the past".
#2
Alcohol intake “Yes” is the total of “sometimes drink” and “drink often”, and “no” is the total of “do not
d
drink / stop” and “almost never drink”.

te
Logistic regression analysis with sex, age, BMI, family history, disease location, disease behaviour, extra-
ep
intestinal manifestation (EIM), smoking history, and alcohol intake as covariates.

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t
ip
cr
us
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Figure 1
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t
ip
cr
us
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Figure 2
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t
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cr
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Figure 3
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Manuscript Doi: 10.

Diagnosis and Clinical Features of Perianal Lesions in Newly Diagnosed Crohn’s

Crohn's Disease (iCREST-CD)

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad038/7069458 by guest on 18 March 2023

Takatsu,e Toshimitsu Fujii,f Ryuichi Okamoto,f Katsuyoshi Matsuoka,g Akihiro Yamada,g

Yoko Murata,u Shinichi Yoshigoe,u Shinya Nagasaka,u Tsutomu Yajima,v Tadakazu

Hisamatsu,i,* iCREST-CD Study Group

Centre, 10-8 Hazuyama-cho Yokkaichi, Mie, Japan

Medicine, 16-291 South-1 jo-nishi, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan

Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan

1-1-1 Zokumyoin Chikushino Fukuoka, Japan

5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

University Sakura Medical Centre, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura, Chiba, Japan

Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

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20-2 Shinkawa, Tokyo, Japan

machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

cho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan

University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjiku-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Hospital, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Department of Advanced Endoscopy, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1 -98

Dengakukubo, Kutsukake-Cho, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan

University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishi- shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Medical University, 10 -1, Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate, Japan

Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

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Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan

• Masakazu Nagahori, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo

• Tatsu Yukawa, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre Yokohama City University

• Daisuke Saito, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University

• Mikio Kawai, Department of Intestinal Inflammation Research, Hyogo College of

• Atsushi Masamune, Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate

• Mitsuo Nagasaka, Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School

• Tomoe Kazama, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical

University School of Medicine

BMI: body mass index

CD: Crohn's disease

CT: Computed Tomography

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EIM: extra-intestinal manifestation

IBD: inflammatory bowel disease

IEC: Independent Ethics Committee

MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

QoL: quality of life

RBC: red blood cell

SIBDQ: Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire

WBC: white blood cell

Corresponding author: Tadakazu Hisamatsu, Department of Gastroenterology and

Tokyo 181–8611, Japan. Tel.: 81-422-47-5511; Fax: 81-422-44-0655; Email:

Society for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, November 26-27, 2021, Japan.

with significantly diminished quality of life. We evaluated the clinical characteristics of

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quality of life in Japanese patients with CD.

Registry System (UMIN-CTR, UMIN000032237)

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